:Aragonese language

File:Evolución cheografica de l'aragonés.svg

Aragonese, which developed in portions of the Ebro basin, can be traced back to the High Middle Ages. It spread throughout the Pyrenees to areas where languages similar to modern Basque might have been previously spoken. The Kingdom of Aragon (formed by the counties of Aragon, Sobrarbe and Ribagorza) expanded southward from the mountains, pushing the Moors farther south in the Reconquista and spreading the Aragonese language.

The union of the Catalan counties and the Kingdom of Aragon which formed the 12th-century Crown of Aragon did not merge the languages of the two territories; Catalan continued to be spoken in the east and Navarro-Aragonese in the west, with the boundaries blurred by dialectal continuity. The Aragonese Reconquista in the south ended with the cession of Murcia by James I of Aragon to the Kingdom of Castile as dowry for an Aragonese princess.

The best-known proponent of the Aragonese language was Johan Ferrandez d'Heredia, the Grand Master of the Knights Hospitaller in Rhodes at the end of the 14th century. He wrote an extensive catalog of works in Aragonese and translated several works from Greek into Aragonese (the first in medieval Europe).

The spread of Castilian (Spanish), the Castilian origin of the Trastámara dynasty, and the similarity between Castilian (Spanish) and Aragonese facilitated the recession of the latter. A turning point was the 15th-century coronation of the Castilian Ferdinand I of Aragon, also known as Ferdinand of Antequera.

In the early 18th century, after the defeat of the allies of Aragon in the War of the Spanish Succession, Philip V ordered the prohibition of the Aragonese language in schools and the establishment of Castilian (Spanish) as the only official language in Aragon. This was ordered in the Aragonese Nueva Planta decrees of 1707.

In recent times, Aragonese was mostly regarded as a group of rural dialects of Spanish. Compulsory education undermined its already weak position; for example, pupils were punished for using it. However, the 1978 Spanish transition to democracy heralded literary works and studies of the language.

File:Grupos de parlas de l'aragonés.svg

Aragonese is the native language of the Aragonese mountain ranges of the Pyrenees, in the comarcas of Somontano, Jacetania, Sobrarbe, and Ribagorza. Cities and towns in which Aragonese is spoken are Huesca, Graus, Monzón, Barbastro, Bielsa, Chistén, Fonz, Echo, Estadilla, Benasque, Campo, Sabiñánigo, Jaca, Plan, Ansó, Ayerbe, Broto, and El Grado.

It is spoken as a second language by inhabitants of Zaragoza, Huesca, Ejea de los Caballeros, or Teruel. According to recent polls, there are about 25,500 speakers (2011) including speakers living outside the native area. In 2017, the Dirección General de Política Lingüística de Aragón estimated there were 10,000 to 12,000 active speakers of Aragonese.

In 2009, the Languages Act of Aragon (Law 10/2009) recognized the "native language, original and historic" of Aragon. The language received several linguistic rights, including its use in public administration.[http://www.boa.aragon.es/cgi-bin/BOAE/BRSCGI?CMD=VERDOC&BASE=BOLE&PIECE=BOLE&DOCR=3&SEC=FIRMA&RNG=200&SEPARADOR=&&PUBL=20091230 Languages Act of Aragon] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190721120237/http://www.boa.aragon.es/cgi-bin/BOAE/BRSCGI?CMD=VERDOC&BASE=BOLE&PIECE=BOLE&DOCR=3&SEC=FIRMA&RNG=200&SEPARADOR=&&PUBL=20091230 |date=2019-07-21 }} Official Bulletin of AragonLey 10/2009, de 22 de diciembre, de uso, protección y promoción de las lenguas propias de Aragón. [https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-2010-1711 BOE núm. 30, de 4 de febrero de 2010, páginas 9875 a 9887] Some of the legislation was repealed by a new law in 2013 (Law 3/2013).Ley 3/2013, de 9 de mayo, de uso, protección y promoción de las lenguas y modalidades lingüísticas propias de Aragón. [https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-2013-6103 BOE núm. 138, de 10 de junio de 2013, páginas 43654 a 43662] [See Languages Acts of Aragon for more information on the subject]

{{Main|Aragonese dialects}}

• Western dialect: Ansó, Valle de Hecho, Chasa, Berdún, Chaca
• Central dialect: Panticosa, Biescas, Torla, Broto, Bielsa, Yebra de Basa, Aínsa-Sobrarbe
• Eastern dialect: Benás, Plan, Bisagorri, Campo, Perarrúa, Graus, Estadilla
• Southern dialect: Agüero, Ayerbe, Rasal, Bolea, Lierta, Uesca, Almudévar, Nozito, Labata, Alguezra, Angüés, Pertusa, Balbastro, Nabal{{e18|arg|Aragonese}}

File:Linguistic map Southwestern Europe-en.gif

Aragonese has many historical traits in common with Catalan. Some are conservative features that are also shared with the Asturleonese languages and Galician–Portuguese, where Spanish innovated in ways that did not spread to nearby languages.

• Romance initial f- is preserved, e.g. {{Lang|la|filium}} > {{lang|an|fillo}} ('son', Sp. {{lang|es|hijo}}, Cat. {{lang|ca|fill}}, Pt. {{lang|pt|filho}}).
• Romance groups cl-, fl- and pl- are preserved and in most dialects do not undergo any change, e.g. clavis > clau ('key', Sp. llave, Cat. clau, Pt. chave). However, in some transitional dialects from both sides (Ribagorzano in Aragonese and Ribagorçà and Pallarès in Catalan) it becomes cll-, fll- and pll-, e.g. clavis > cllau.
• Romance palatal approximant (ge-, gi-, i-) consistently became medieval {{IPA|[dʒ]}}, as in medieval Catalan and Portuguese. This becomes modern ch {{IPA|[tʃ]}}, as a result of the devoicing of sibilants (see below). In Spanish, the medieval result was either {{IPA|[dʒ]}}/{{IPA|[ʒ]}}, (modern {{IPA|[x]}}), {{IPA|[ʝ]}}, or nothing, depending on the context. e.g. {{Lang|la|iuvenem}} > {{lang|an|choven}} ('young man', Sp. {{lang|es|joven}} {{IPA|/ˈxoβen/}}, Cat. {{lang|ca|jove}} {{IPA|/ˈʒoβə/}}), {{Lang|la|gelare}} > {{lang|an|chelar}} ('to freeze', Sp. {{lang|es|helar}} {{IPA|/eˈlaɾ/}}, Cat. {{lang|ca|gelar}} {{IPA|/ʒəˈla/}}).
• Romance groups -lt-, -ct- result in {{IPA|[jt]}}, e.g. {{Lang|la|factum}} > {{lang|an|feito}} ('done', Sp. {{lang|es|hecho}}, Cat. {{lang|ca|fet}}, Gal./Port. {{lang|gl|feito}}), {{Lang|la|multum}} > {{lang|an|muito}} ('many, much', Sp. {{lang|es|mucho}}, Cat. {{lang|ca|molt}}, Gal. {{lang|gl|moito}}, Port. {{lang|gl|muito}}).
• Romance groups -x-, -ps-, scj- result in voiceless palatal fricative ix {{IPA|[ʃ]}}, e.g. {{Lang|la|coxu}} > {{lang|an|coixo}} ('crippled', Sp. {{lang|es|cojo}}, Cat. {{lang|ca|coix}}).
• Romance groups -lj-, -c'l-, -t'l- result in palatal lateral ll {{IPA|[ʎ]}}, e.g. {{Lang|la|muliere}} > {{lang|an|muller}} ('woman', Sp. {{lang|es|mujer}}, Cat. {{lang|ca|muller}}), {{Lang|la|acuc'la}} > {{lang|an|agulla}} ('needle', Sp. {{lang|es|aguja}}, Cat. {{lang|ca|agulla}}).

• Open o, e from Romance result systematically in diphthongs {{IPA|[we]}}, {{IPA|[je]}}, e.g. {{Lang|la|vet'la}} > {{lang|an|viella}} ('old woman', Sp. {{lang|es|vieja}}, Cat. {{lang|ca|vella}}, Pt. {{Lang|pt|velha}}). This includes before a palatal approximant, e.g. {{Lang|la|octō}} > {{lang|an|ueito}} ('eight', Sp. {{lang|es|ocho}}, Cat. {{lang|ca|vuit}}, Pt. oito). Spanish diphthongizes except before yod, whereas Catalan only diphthongizes before yod.
• Voiced stops {{IPA|/b, d, ɡ/}} may be lenited to approximants {{IPA|[β, ð, ɣ]}}.

• Loss of final unstressed -e but not -o, e.g. {{Lang|la|grande}} > {{lang|an|gran}} ('big'), {{Lang|la|factum}} > {{lang|an|feito}} ('done'). Catalan loses both -e and -o (Cat. {{Lang|ca|gran}}, {{Lang|ca|fet}}); Spanish preserves -o and sometimes -e (Sp. {{Lang|es|hecho}}, {{Lang|es|gran}} ~ {{Lang|es|grande}}).
• Former voiced sibilants become voiceless ({{IPA|[z] > [s]}}, {{IPA|[dʒ] > [tʃ]}}).
• The palatal {{IPA|/j/}} is most often realized as a fricative {{IPA|[ʝ]}}.{{Cite book |last=Estudio de Filología Aragonesa |title=Gramatica basica de l'Aragonés (Texto Provisional) |publisher=Edicions Dichitals de l'Academia de l'Aragonés |year=2017 |location=Zaragoza}}

• Latin -b- is maintained in past imperfect endings of verbs of the second and third conjugations: {{lang|an|teneba, teniba}} ('he had', Sp. {{lang|es|tenía}}, Cat. {{lang|ca|tenia}}), {{lang|an|dormiba}} ('he was sleeping', Sp. {{lang|es|dormía}}, Cat. {{lang|ca|dormia}}).
• High Aragonese dialects ({{Lang|an|alto aragonés}}) and some dialects of Gascon have preserved the voicelessness of many intervocalic stop consonants, e.g. {{Lang|la|cletam}} > {{lang|an|cleta}} ('sheep hurdle', Cat. {{lang|ca|cleda}}, Fr. {{lang|fr|claie}}), {{Lang|la|cuculliatam}} > {{Lang|an|cocullata}} ('crested lark', Sp. {{lang|es|cogujada}}, Cat. {{lang|ca|cogullada}}).
• Several Aragonese dialects maintain Latin -ll- as geminate {{IPA|/ll/}}.
• The mid vowels {{IPA|/e, o/}} can be as open as {{IPA|[ɛ, ɔ]}}, mainly in the Benasque dialect.{{Cite book|title=Fonética y fonología del aragonés: una asignatura pendiente|last=Simón|first=Javier|year=2016|location=Universidad de Zaragoza}}
• No native word can begin with an {{IPA|/r/}}, a trait shared with Gascon and Basque.{{cite book |last1=Rijk |first1=Rudolf P. G. de |author1-link=Rudolf de Rijk |title=Standard Basque : a progressive grammar |date=2008 |publisher=MIT Press |location=Cambridge, Mass. |isbn=9780262042420 |oclc=636283146}}

{{Update section|date=October 2023}}

Before 2023, Aragonese had three orthographic standards:

• The {{Lang|an|grafía de Uesca}}, codified in 1987 by the Consello d'a Fabla Aragonesa (CFA) at a convention in Huesca, is used by most Aragonese writers. It has a more uniform system of assigning letters to phonemes, with less regard for etymology; words traditionally written with {{angbr|v}} and {{angbr|b}} are uniformly written with {{angbr|b}} in the Uesca system. Similarly, {{angbr|ch}}, {{angbr|j}}, and {{angbr|g}} before {{angbr|e}} and {{angbr|i}} are all written {{angbr|ch}}. It uses letters associated with Spanish, such as {{angbr|ñ}}.{{Cite book |last=Primer Congreso ta ra Normalizazion de l’aragonés |url=http://www.charrando.com/normasgraficas.pdf |title=Normas graficas de l'aragonés: Emologatas en o I Congreso ta ra Normalización de l'aragonés |date=1987 |publisher=Publicazions d’o Consello d’a Fabla Aragonesa |isbn=84-86036-19-4 |location=Uesca |language=an |access-date=2008-10-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927223602/http://www.charrando.com/normasgraficas.pdf |archive-date=2007-09-27 |url-status=bot: unknown}}
• The {{Lang|an|grafia SLA}}, devised in 2004 by the Sociedat de Lingüistica Aragonesa (SLA), is used by some Aragonese writers. It uses etymological forms which are closer to Catalan, Occitan, and medieval Aragonese sources; trying to come closer to the original Aragonese and the other Occitano-Romance languages. In the SLA system {{angbr|v}}, {{angbr|b}}, {{angbr|ch}}, {{angbr|j}}, and {{angbr|g}} before {{angbr|e}} and {{angbr|i}} are distinct, and the digraph {{angbr|ny}} replaces {{angbr|ñ}}.
• In 2010, the Academia de l'Aragonés (founded in 2006) established an orthographic standard to modernize medieval orthography and to make it more etymological.{{Citation |last=Academia de l'Aragonés |title=Propuesta ortografica de l'Academia de l'Aragonés |date=2010 |url=http://www.academiadelaragones.org/biblio/PROPUESTA%20ORTOGRAFICA%20ACAR%20(copia%20protechida%20ta%20referencia).pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101011074537/http://www.academiadelaragones.org/biblio/PROPUESTA%20ORTOGRAFICA%20ACAR%20%28copia%20protechida%20ta%20referencia%29.pdf |language=an |archive-date=2010-10-11 |url-status=dead}}

During the 16th century, Aragonese Moriscos wrote aljamiado texts (Romance texts in Arabic script), possibly because of their inability to write in Arabic. The language in these texts has a mixture of Aragonese and Castilian traits, and they are among the last known written examples of the Aragonese formerly spoken in central and southern Aragon.

In 2023, a new orthographic standard has been published by the Academia Aragonesa de la Lengua.[https://academiaaragonesadelalengua.org/sites/default/files/ficheros-pdf/ortografia-de-laragones_web_an.pdf Academia Aragonesa de la Lengua - Instituto de l'Aragonés Ortografía de l'aragonés] This version is close to the Academia de l'Aragonés orthography, but with the following differences: {{IPA|/kw/}} is always spelled ⟨cu⟩, e. g. cuan, cuestión (exception is made for some loanwords: quad, quadrívium, quark, quásar, quáter, quórum); {{IPA|/ɲ/}} is spelled ⟨ny⟩ or ⟨ñ⟩ by personal preference; final ⟨z⟩ is not written as ⟨tz⟩.

The marginal phoneme {{IPA|/x/}} (only in loanwords, e. g. jabugo) is spelled j in the Uesca, Academia de l'Aragonés and Academia Aragonesa de la Lengua standards (not mentioned in the SLA standard). Additionally, the Academia de l'Aragonés and Academia Aragonesa de la Lengua orthographies allow the letter j in some loanwords internationally known with it (e. g. jazz, jacuzzi, which normally have {{IPA|/tʃ/}} in the Aragonese pronunciation) and also mention the letters k and w, also used only in loanwords (w may represent {{IPA|/b/}} or {{IPA|/w/}}).

Aragonese grammar has a lot in common with Occitan and Catalan,{{Cite thesis |last=Tomás Arias |first=Javier |title=Elementos de lingüística contrastiva en aragonés: estudio de algunas afinidades con gascón, catalán y otros romances |date=2016 |type=Doctoral thesis |publisher=Universitat de Barcelona |trans-title=Elements of Contrastive Linguistics in Aragonese: A Study of Certain Affinities with Gascon, Catalan and Other Romance Languages |hdl=2445/108282 |hdl-access=free |language=es}} but also Spanish.

The definite article in Aragonese has undergone dialect-related changes, {{clarify|date=September 2020}} with definite articles in Old Aragonese similar to their present Spanish equivalents. There are two main forms:

These forms are used in the eastern and some central dialects.

These forms are used in the western and some central dialects.{{Cite book |last=Nagore |first=Francho |title=Gramática de la Lengua Aragonesa |publisher=Mira Editores |year=1989 |location=Zaragoza |language=es |trans-title=Grammar of the Aragonese Language}}

Neighboring Romance languages have influenced Aragonese.{{Cite book |last=Frawley |first=William |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sl_dDVctycgC |title=International Encyclopedia of Linguistics: 4-Volume Set |date=2003 |publisher=Oxford University Press, USA |isbn=978-0-19-513977-8 |pages=469 |language=en}} Catalan and Occitan influenced Aragonese for many years. Since the 15th century, Spanish has most influenced Aragonese; it was adopted throughout Aragon as the first language, limiting Aragonese to the northern region surrounding the Pyrenees. French has also influenced Aragonese; Italian loanwords have entered through other languages (such as Catalan), and Portuguese words have entered through Spanish. Germanic words came with the conquest of the region by Germanic peoples during the fifth century, and English has introduced a number of new words into the language.

Words that were part of the Latin second declension—as well as words that joined it later on—are usually masculine:

• {{Lang|la|filiu(m)}} > {{Lang|an|fillo}} ('son')
• {{Lang|la|sciuru}} + {{Lang|la|olu(m)}} > {{Lang|an|esquiruelo, esquirol}} ('squirrel')

Words that were part of the Latin first declension are usually feminine:

• {{Lang|la|filia(m)}} > {{Lang|an|filla}} ('daughter').

Some Latin neuter plural nouns joined the first declension as singular feminine nouns:

• {{Lang|la|folia}} > {{Lang|an|fuella}} ('leaf').

Words ending in -or are feminine:

• {{Lang|an|a honor}}, {{Lang|an|a calor}}, {{Lang|an|a color}}, and (in Medieval Aragonese) {{Lang|an|la amor}}

The names of fruit trees usually end in -era (a suffix derived from Latin -aria) and are usually feminine:

• a perera, a manzanera, a nuquera, {{Lang|an|a castanyera}}, {{Lang|an|a tellera}} / {{Lang|an|o tilero}}, a olivera, a ciresera, l'almendrera

The genders of river names vary:

• Many ending in -a are feminine: {{Lang|an|a Cinca}}/{{Lang|an|a Cinga}}, {{Lang|an|a Cinqueta}}, {{Lang|an|a Garona}}, {{Lang|an|L'Arba}}, {{Lang|an|a Noguera}}, {{Lang|an|a Isuela}}, {{Lang|an|La Uecha}}, {{Lang|an|La Uerva}}, etc. The last was known as {{Lang|an|río de la Uerba}} during the 16th century.
• Many from the second and the third declension are masculine: L'Ebro, O Galligo, {{Lang|an|O Flumen}}, {{Lang|an|L'Alcanadre}}.

Just like most other Occitano-Romance languages, Aragonese has partitive and locative clitic pronouns derived from the Latin {{Lang|la|inde}} and {{Lang|la|ibi}}: {{Lang|an|en}}/{{Lang|an|ne}} and {{Lang|an|bi}}/{{Lang|an|i}}/{{Lang|an|ie}}; unlike Ibero-Romance.

Such pronouns are present in most major Romance languages (Catalan {{Lang|ca|en}} and {{Lang|ca|hi}}, Occitan {{Lang|oc|ne}} and {{Lang|oc|i}}, French {{Lang|fr|en}} and {{Lang|fr|y}}, and Italian {{Lang|it|ne}} and {{Lang|it|ci}}/{{Lang|it|vi}}).

{{Lang|an|En}}/{{Lang|an|ne}} is used for:

• Partitive objects: {{Lang|an|No n'he visto como aquello}} ("I haven't seen anything like that", literally 'Not (of it) I have seen like that').
• Partitive subjects: {{Lang|an|En fa tanto de mal}} ("It hurts so much", literally '(of it) it causes so much of pain')
• Ablatives, places from which movements originate: {{Lang|an|Se'n va ra memoria}} ("Memory goes away", literally '(away from [the mind]) memory goes')

{{Lang|an|Bi}}/{{Lang|an|hi}}/{{Lang|an|ie}} is used for:

• Locatives, where something takes place: {{Lang|an|N'hi heba uno}} ("There was one of them"), literally '(Of them) there was one')
• Allatives, places that movements go towards or end: {{Lang|an|Vés-be}} ('Go there (imperative)')

{{Main|Aragonese-language literature}}

Aragonese was not written until the 12th and 13th centuries; the history {{ill|Liber Regum|an}},{{Cite book |last=Enguita Utrilla |first=José María |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AJYbAAAAIAAJ&q=Libre+dels+tres+reys+d%2527orient |title=I Curso sobre lengua y literatura en Aragón (Edad Media) |date=1991 |publisher=Institución Fernando el Católico |isbn=9788478200917 |location=Zaragoza |language=es |trans-title=Course I on Language and Literature in Aragon (Middle Ages)}} {{Lang|an|Razón feita d'amor}}, {{Lang|an|Libre dels tres reys d'orient}}, and {{Lang|an|Vida de Santa María Egipcíaca}} date from this period;see {{Cite book |last=Paul the Deacon |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LwDJOAAACAAJ&q=La+vida+de+Santa+Maria+egipciaca |title=La Vida de Santa María Egipiciaqua |date=1977 |publisher=University of Exeter |isbn = 9780859890670|language=es}}, a fourteenth-century translation into Old Castilian from Latin of a work by Paul the Deacon an Aragonese version of the Chronicle of the Morea also exists, differing also in its content and written in the late 14th century called {{Lang|an|Libro de los fechos et conquistas del principado de la Morea}}.

Since 1500, Spanish has been the cultural language of Aragon; many Aragonese wrote in Spanish, and during the 17th century the Argensola brothers went to Castile to teach Spanish.{{Cite journal |last=Carrasquer Launed |first=Francisco |date=1993 |title=Cinco oscenses: Samblancat, Alaiz, Acín, Maurín y Sender, en la punta de lanza de la prerrevolución española |trans-title=Five Oscenses: Samblancat, Alaiz, Acín, Maurín and Sender, at the Spearhead of the Spanish Pre-revolution |url=http://revistas.iea.es/index.php/ALZ/article/view/46 |journal=Alazet: Revista de filología |language=es |volume=5 |pages=16–17 |quote=... aragoneses eran los hermanos Argensola, que según el dicho clásico subieron a Castilla desde Barbastro a enseñar castellano a los castellanos ...}}

Aragonese became a popular village language.{{Cite journal |last=Vespertino Rodríguez |first=Antonio |date=2002–2004 |title=El aragonés de la literatura aljamiado-morisca |url=https://ifc.dpz.es/recursos/publicaciones/26/50/097vespertino.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://ifc.dpz.es/recursos/publicaciones/26/50/097vespertino.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live |journal=Archivo de filología aragonesa |language=es |volume=59-60 |issue=2 |pages=1731–1756}} During the 17th century, popular literature in the language began to appear. In a 1650 Huesca literary contest, Aragonese poems were submitted by Matías Pradas, Isabel de Rodas and "Fileno, montañés".{{Cite book| last=Navarro|first=Chusé Inazio|date=2011|title= Letras de cobre. Un breve recorrido por la literatura en lengua aragonesa. |language=es| publisher= Euskaltzaindia|url=https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=3854920}}

The 19th and 20th centuries have seen a renaissance of Aragonese literature in several dialects. In 1844, Braulio Foz's novel {{Lang|an|Vida de Pedro Saputo}} was published in the Almudévar (southern) dialect.{{Cite book |last=Friedman |first=Edward H. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PrB-EAAAQBAJ |title=A Companion to the Spanish Picaresque Novel |date=2022 |publisher=Boydell & Brewer |isbn=978-1-85566-367-1 |pages=186 |language=en}} The 20th century featured Domingo Miral's costumbrist comedies and Veremundo Méndez Coarasa's poetry, both in Hecho (western) Aragonese; Cleto Torrodellas' poetry and Tonón de Baldomera's popular writings in the Graus (eastern) dialect and Arnal Cavero's costumbrist stories and Juana Coscujuela's novel {{Lang|an|A Lueca, historia d'una moceta d'o Semontano}}, also in the southern dialect.

The 1997 Aragonese law of languages stipulated that Aragonese (and Catalan) speakers had a right to the teaching of and in their own language.{{Cite journal |last1=Huguet |first1=Ángel |last2=Lapresta |first2=Cecilio |last3=Madariaga |first3=José M. |date=2008 |title=A Study on Language Attitudes Towards Regional and Foreign Languages by School Children in Aragon, Spain |journal=International Journal of Multilingualism |language=en |volume=5 |issue=4 |pages=275–293 |doi=10.1080/14790710802152412 |s2cid=144326159}} Following this, Aragonese lessons started in schools in the 1997–1998 academic year. It was originally taught as an extra-curricular, non-evaluable voluntary subject in four schools.{{Cite book |url=https://www.mercator-research.eu/fileadmin/mercator/documents/regional_dossiers/aragonese_in_spain.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.mercator-research.eu/fileadmin/mercator/documents/regional_dossiers/aragonese_in_spain.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live |title=The Aragonese Language in Education in Spain |last1=Martínez Cortés |first1=Juan Pablo |last2=Paricio Martín |first2=Santiago J. |date=2017 |publisher=Mercator |location=Leeuwarden}} However, whilst legally schools can choose to use Aragonese as the language of instruction, as of the 2013–2014 academic year, there are no recorded instances of this option being taken in primary or secondary education. In fact, the only current scenario in which Aragonese is used as the language of instruction is in the Aragonese philology university course, which is optional, taught over the summer and in which only some of the lectures are in Aragonese.

In pre-school education, students whose parents wish them to be taught Aragonese receive between thirty minutes to one hour of Aragonese lessons a week. In the 2014–2015 academic year there were 262 students recorded in pre-school Aragonese lessons.

The subject of Aragonese now has a fully developed curriculum in primary education in Aragon. Despite this, in the 2014–2015 academic year there were only seven Aragonese teachers in the region across both pre-primary and primary education and none hold permanent positions, whilst the number of primary education students receiving Aragonese lessons was 320.

As of 2017 there were 1068 reported Aragonese language students and 12 Aragonese language instructors in Aragon." Torres-Oliva, M., Petreñas, C., Huguet, Á., & Lapresta, C. (2019). The legal rights of Aragonese-speaking schoolchildren: The current state of Aragonese language teaching in Aragon (Spain). Language Problems & Language Planning, 43(3), 262–285. https://doi.org/10.1075/lplp.00045.tor

There is no officially approved program or teaching materials for the Aragonese language at the secondary level, and though two non-official textbooks are available ({{Lang|an|Pos ixo... Materials ta aprender aragonés}} (Benítez, 2007) and {{Lang|an|Aragonés ta Secundaria}} (Campos, 2014)) many instructors create their own learning materials. Further, most schools with Aragonese programs that have the possibility of being offered as an examinative subject have elected not to do so.

As of 2007 it is possible to use Aragonese as a language of instruction for multiple courses; however, no program is yet to instruct any curricular or examinative courses in Aragonese.

As of the 2014–2015 academic year there were 14 Aragonese language students at the secondary level.van Dongera, R., Krol-Hage, R. (Ed.), Sterk, R. (Ed.), Terlaak Poot, M. (Ed.), Martínez Cortés, J. P., & Paricio Martín, J. (2016). Aragonese: The Aragonese language in education in Spain. (Regional dossiers series). Mercator European Research Centre on Multilingualism and Language Learning.

Aragonese is not currently a possible field of study for a bachelor's or postgraduate degree in any official capacity, nor is Aragonese used as a medium of instruction. A bachelor's or master's degree may be obtained in Magisterio (teaching) at the University of Zaragoza; however, no specialization in Aragonese language is currently available. As such those who wish to teach Aragonese at the pre-school, primary, or secondary level must already be competent in the language by being a native speaker or by other means. Further, prospective instructors must pass an ad hoc exam curated by the individual schools at which they wish to teach in order to prove their competence, as there are no recognized standard competency exams for the Aragonese language.

Since the 1994–1995 academic year, Aragonese has been an elective subject within the bachelor's degree for primary school education at the University of Zaragoza's Huesca campus.

The University of Zaragoza's Huesca campus also offers a Diploma de Especialización (These are studies that require a previous university degree and have a duration of between 30 and 59 ECTS credits.) in Aragonese Philology with 37 ECTS credits.[https://magister.unizar.es/estudios/diploma-especializacion-filologia-aragonesa Diploma de Especialización en Filología Aragonesa] - Universidad de Zaragoza, accessed on 01 February 2023.

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• Academia de l'Aragonés
• Arredol – Electronic Aragonese newspaper
• Rosario Ustáriz Borra

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• {{Citation |last=Mott |first=Brian |title=Chistabino (Pyrenean Aragonese) |url=http://www.uta.edu/faculty/cmfitz/swnal/projects/CoLang/courses/Transcription/Mott_2007.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.uta.edu/faculty/cmfitz/swnal/projects/CoLang/courses/Transcription/Mott_2007.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live |journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association |volume=37 |issue=1 |pages=103–114 |year=2007 |doi=10.1017/S0025100306002842|doi-broken-date=2024-11-06 |doi-access=free }}

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{{Commons category|Aragonese language}}

{{Wiktionary category|type=Aragonese language|category=Aragonese language}}

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{{Wikibooks|Aragonese}}

• [http://www.consello.org/pdf_temporal/repertoriopublicazions.pdf Catalogue of Aragonese publications]
• [http://www.academiadelaragones.org/ Academia de l'Aragonés]
• [http://www.consello.org/ Consello d'a Fabla Aragonesa]
• [http://www.fablans.org/ Ligallo de Fablans de l'Aragonés] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210311154144/http://fablans.org/ |date=2021-03-11 }}
• [http://www.nogara-religada.org/ A.C. Nogará]
• [http://sites.google.com/site/sociedat/ Sociedat de Lingüistica Aragonesa]
• [http://www.charrando.com/ Aragonese language]

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Category:Culture of Aragon

Category:Pyrenean-Mozarabic languages

Category:Subject–verb–object languages