:Chechen genocide

{{Main|Caucasian War|Russian conquest of Chechnya and Dagestan}}

In 1817, the commander-in-chief of the Russian army in the Caucasus, General Alexey Yermolov, who had a particular dislike for the Chechens,{{cite book |last1=Hoesli |first1=E. |title=À la conquête du Caucase: Épopée géopolitique et guerres d'influence |trans-title=Conquering the Caucasus: Geopolitical epic and wars of influence |language=fr |location=Paris |publisher=Syrtes |year=2006 |pages=42 |isbn=2-84545-130-X}} decides to move the Caucasian fortified line, which served as the southern border of the Russian Empire,{{cite web |last1=Ulyanov |first1=М. |url=https://encyclopedia.mil.ru/encyclopedia/history/more.htm?id=12234115 |script-title=ru:Герои Кавказской войны |title=Geroi Kavkazskoy voyny |trans-title=Heroes of the Caucasian War |website=Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation |date=2007 |access-date=8 August 2022 |language=ru |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230906055820/https://encyclopedia.mil.ru/encyclopedia/history/more.htm?id=12234115 |archive-date=6 September 2023}} from the banks of the Terek to the Chechen lands near the Sunzha River.{{sfn|Yermolov|1890|pp=233, 253}} This led to the Caucasian War of 1817–1864.{{cite book |last1=Kolosov |first1=L. N. |script-title=ru:Славный Бейбулат |title=Slavnyy Beybulat |trans-title=Glorious Beybulat |location=Grozny |publisher=Checheno-Ingush Publishing and Printing Association "Book" |year=1991 |pages=35, 40 |isbn=5-7666-0419-X |language=ru}}{{sfn|Nadskakuła|2013|pp=52–53}}{{cite book |last1=Levchenko |first1=Т. V. |script-title=ru:Традиции российского казачества — духовный ресурс патриотического воспитания детей и молодёжи |title=Traditsii rossiyskogo kazachestva — dukhovnyy resurs patrioticheskogo vospitaniya detey i molodozhi |trans-title=The traditions of the Russian Cossacks are a spiritual resource for the patriotic education of children and youth |url=https://vounb.ru/for_download/El_library/Vlg_avtor/Levchenko_Tradicii_rossiyskogo_kazachestva.pdf |location=Volgograd |publisher=VolSMU Publishing House |year=2013 |pages=82 |language=ru |access-date=8 August 2022 |archive-date=29 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211129135204/https://www.vounb.ru/for_download/El_library/Vlg_avtor/Levchenko_Tradicii_rossiyskogo_kazachestva.pdf |url-status=dead}}

The occupation of Sunzha was accompanied by a partial expulsion of the Chechens to the mountains{{cite book |last1=Anchabadze |first1=G. Z. |script-title=ru:Абхазия и Кавказская война 1810–1864 гг. |title=Abkhaziya i Kavkazskaya voyna 1810–1864 gg. |trans-title=Abkhazia and the Caucasian War 1810–1864. |url=http://abkhazworld.com/aw/Pdf/Anchabadze_G_Abkhazia_i_Kavkazskaya_voyna_2018.pdf |year=2018 |pages=11 |language=ru |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230223205818/http://abkhazworld.com/aw/Pdf/Anchabadze_G_Abkhazia_i_Kavkazskaya_voyna_2018.pdf |archive-date=23 February 2023}} ("to live on St. Anthony's food",{{efn|The Christian ascetic Anthony of Thebes (III–IV centuries) lived in the desert, eating herbs and roots.{{cite book |last1=Fedorov |first1=А. I. |script-title=ru:Фразеологический словарь русского литературного языка: ок. 13 000 фразеологических единиц |title=Frazeologicheskiy slovar' russkogo literaturnogo yazyka: ok. 13 000 frazeologicheskikh yedinits |trans-title=Phraseological dictionary of the Russian literary language: approx. 13,000 phraseological units |edition=3rd |location=М. |publisher=Астрель; ACT |year=2008 |pages=615 |isbn=978-5-17-049014-1 |language=ru}}{{cite book |script-title=ru:Энциклопедический лексикон |title=Entsiklopedicheskiy leksikon |trans-title=Encyclopedic Lexicon |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FLcaAAAAYAAJ |location=St. Petersburg |publisher=Printing house of A. Plushar |year=1835 |volume=2: АЛМ–АРА |pages=381 |language=ru}}}} in the words of Yermolov).{{sfn|Yermolov|1890|p=279}} The latter hoped that, having seized the fields and pastures of the Chechens and created hunger among them,{{sfn|Yermolov|1890|pp=210, 288, 293, 344}} because of the lack of land, they would "begin to exterminate each other" better than him{{sfn|Yermolov|1890|p=279}} or, in any case, will submit to him.{{cite book |last1=Yermolov |first1=А. P. |author-link=Aleksey Petrovich Yermolov |script-title=ru:Кавказские письма: 1816–1860 |title=Kavkazskiye pis'ma: 1816–1860 |trans-title=Caucasian letters: 1816–1860 |location=St. Petersburg |publisher=LLC "Magazine "Zvezda"" |year=2014 |pages=214, 219 |isbn=978-5-7439-0214-9 |language=ru}}

As Yermolov liked to call himself, the "proconsul of the Caucasus"{{cite book |last1=Gordin |first1=Ya. |script-title=ru:Ермолов |title=Yermolov |trans-title=Yermolov |location=Moscow |publisher=LLC "Book on Demand" |year=2017 |pages=489 |isbn=978-5-521-00353-2 |language=ru}} accused the Chechens of attacking the line.{{sfn|Yermolov|1890|pp=210, 279, 294}} "I'd rather leave the desert steppes from the Terek to Sunzha," he said, "than tolerate robberies in the rear of our fortifications."{{efn|Like other European powers, who saw banditry, a chronic tendency to anarchy and rejection of progress and civilization in protests against their rule in Africa and Asia,{{cite book |last1=Rémon |first1=R. |title=Introduction à l'histoire de notre temps |trans-title=Introduction to the history of our time |language=fr |location=Paris |publisher=Seuil |year=1989 |volume=3: Le XXe siècle : de 1914 à nos jours |pages=208–209 |isbn=2-02-010656-6}} and explained the expansion of their colonial possessions by the need to protect themselves from "robbers and scum",{{Cite periodical |last1=Ferro |first1=M. |author-link=Marc Ferro |title=Colonialisme russe-soviétique et colonialismes occidentaux: une brève comparaison |trans-title=Russian-Soviet Colonialism and Western Colonialisms: A Brief Comparison |url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/receo_0338-0599_1995_num_26_4_2761 |periodical=Revue d'études comparatives Est-Ouest |year=1995 |volume=26 |issue=4 |pages=77–78 |language=fr |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230223193408/https://www.persee.fr/doc/receo_0338-0599_1995_num_26_4_2761 |archive-date=23 February 2023}} the Russian Empire did not recognize the fair nature of the highlanders fight and called their resistance and partisan raids "robbery", "predation", "savagery", "highhandedness", and the mountain militias "predatory parties", "bands", "rabble", etc. Meanwhile, raids were often a response to the Cossacks or soldiers driving away cattle from the Chechens and were thus mutual in nature.{{sfn|Kolosov|1991|pp=5, 8–9, 10, 13, 33, 151, 158}}{{sfn|Pokrovsky|1923|pp=196, 204}}{{cite book |last1=Pokrovsky |first1=N. I. |script-title=ru:Кавказские войны и имамат Шамиля |title=Kavkazskiye voyny i imamat Shamilya |trans-title=Caucasian wars and the Imamate of Shamil |location=М. |publisher=Российская политическая энциклопедия (РОССПЭН) |year=2000 |pages=29, 309 |isbn=((5-8243-0078-Х)) |language=ru}}}} In support of his words, in 1819–1820 he conducted punitive expeditions against a number of villages and razed some of them to the ground.{{Cite periodical |last1=Ovsyannikov |first1=D. V. |script-title=ru:К вопросу о роли исламского фактора в военно-политических событиях в Чечне в первой четверти XIX в. |title=K voprosu o roli islamskogo faktora v voyenno-politicheskikh sobytiyakh v Chechne v pervoy chetverti XIX v. |trans-title=On the question of the role of the Islamic factor in military-political events in Chechnya in the first quarter of the 19th century. |url=https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/k-voprosu-o-roli-islamskogo-faktora-v-voenno-politicheskih-sobytiyah-v-chechne-v-pervoy-chetverti-xix-v |periodical=Vestnik of St. Petersburg State University |year=2014 |issue=1 |pages=16 |language=ru |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230411021119/https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/k-voprosu-o-roli-islamskogo-faktora-v-voenno-politicheskih-sobytiyah-v-chechne-v-pervoy-chetverti-xix-v |archive-date=11 April 2023}}{{sfn|Aydamirov|2005|p=41}} Similar operations with the extermination of auls, the taking of hostages as a guarantee of obedience, the destruction of wheats and crops, deforestation, the relocation of residents to the plains under the supervision of the royal forces, the construction of new fortifications on the conquered lands were carried out in subsequent years, throughout the entire Caucasian war.{{sfn|Aydamirov|2005|pp=43–46, 49–52, 54, 56–58, 67–69, 71–73, 75–76, 82–83}}

According to the historian Yevgeny Anisimov, Yermolov is "the founder of the policy of genocide of the Caucasus highlanders"{{cite web |last1=Anisimov |first1=Ye. V. |url=https://src-h.slav.hokudai.ac.jp/sympo/Proceed97/Anisimov.html |script-title=ru:Исторические корни имперского мышления в России |title=Istoricheskiye korni imperskogo myshleniya v Rossii |trans-title=Historical roots of imperial thinking in Russia |website=Slavic Research Center |date=1996 |access-date=8 August 2022 |language=ru |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240206145127/https://src-h.slav.hokudai.ac.jp/sympo/Proceed97/Anisimov.html |archive-date=6 February 2024}} and "the initiator of the creation of 'dead zones' where all life was subjected to complete destruction",{{Cite periodical |last1=Anisimov |first1=Ye. V. |script-title=ru:Распад имперского мышления в Советском Союзе |title=Raspad imperskogo myshleniya v Sovetskom Soyuze |trans-title=The Collapse of Imperial Thinking in the Soviet Union |url=https://nsarchive.gwu.edu/rus/text_files/EastUropeProblems/1991-33-34/33-34-198-225.pdf |periodical=Проблемы Восточной Европы |year=1991 |issue=33–34 |pages=205 |language=ru |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230223205824/https://nsarchive.gwu.edu/rus/text_files/EastUropeProblems/1991-33-34/33-34-198-225.pdf |archive-date=23 February 2023}} including houses, crops, gardens and forests, and the highlanders "were driven higher into the mountains where they, deprived of everything, died of hunger, disease and cold."{{cite book |last1=Anisimov |first1=Ye. V. |script-title=ru:Императорская Россия |title=Imperatorskaya Rossiya |trans-title=Imperial Russia |location=St. Petersburg |publisher=Piter |year=2008 |page=530 |isbn=978-5-91180-779-5 |language=ru}}

Under Yermolov's successors, hostilities continued. For example, in the winter of 1830–1831, General Alexey Velyaminov undertook an expedition to Chechnya with great forces, during which he "suddenly attacked the Chechen auls, putting everything to torch and sword, destroying and stealing cattle, burning stocks of hay and bread, capturing old men and women, chasing away Chechen families in the forests."{{sfn|Polezhaev|1933|pp=97–98}}

In 1832, a nine-thousand-strong Russian detachment destroyed more than 60 rebellious villages in Chechnya within seven weeks. "There is no need to list all the auls […]. Many of the destroyed auls have disappeared forever," writes the tsarist imperial historian Pavel Bobrovsky.{{cite book |last1=Bobrovsky |first1=P. О. |script-title=ru:История 13-го Лейб-гренадерского эриванского его величества полка за 250 лет. 1642–1892 |title=Istoriya 13-go Leyb-grenaderskogo erivanskogo yego velichestva polka za 250 let. 1642–1892 |trans-title=The history of His Majesty's 13th Life Grenadier Erivan Regiment for 250 years. 1642–1892 |others=Ч. IV |url=https://runivers.ru/upload/iblock/33d/Bobrovski-Istoria%2013%20Erivanskogo%20polka_4%20tom.pdf |location=St. Petersburg |publisher=Printing house of V. S. Balashev |year=1895 |pages=200 |language=ru |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230906055820/https://runivers.ru/upload/iblock/33d/Bobrovski-Istoria%2013%20Erivanskogo%20polka_4%20tom.pdf |archive-date=6 September 2023}}

His colleague Alexander Lavrov reports that as the plain was conquered, the recalcitrant population retreated into the depths of the dense mountainous forests, where they built new dwellings: "But soon their turn came. […] Chechens, confident in the inaccessibility of their homes, were taken by surprise. They defended themselves desperately, did not want to concede a single inch of their land and died on the bayonets of our soldiers."{{cite book |last1=Lavrov |first1=А. N. |script-title=ru:Краткое описание боевой жизни и деятельности 77-го Пехотного тенгинского его императорского высочества великого князя Алексея Александровича полка. 1700–1900 |title=Kratkoye opisaniye boyevoy zhizni i deyatel'nosti 77-go Pekhotnogo tenginskogo yego imperatorskogo vysochestva velikogo knyazya Alekseya Aleksandrovicha polka. 1700–1900 |trans-title=A brief description of the combat life and activities of the 77th Tengin Infantry Regiment of His Imperial Highness Grand Duke Alexei Alexandrovich. 1700–1900 |url=https://runivers.ru/upload/iblock/adf/Kratkoe%20opisanie%20boevoy%20zhizni%20i%20deyatlknosti%2077-go%20pehotnogo%20Tenginskogo%20polka%20Lavrov.pdf |location=Tiflis [Tbilisi] |publisher=Типография канц. главнонач. гражд. ч. на Кавказе |year=1900 |pages=106–107 |language=ru |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230906055831/https://runivers.ru/upload/iblock/adf/Kratkoe%20opisanie%20boevoy%20zhizni%20i%20deyatlknosti%2077-go%20pehotnogo%20Tenginskogo%20polka%20Lavrov.pdf |archive-date=6 September 2023}}

A participant in the Caucasian War, memoirist Vladimir Poltoratsky recalled how in March 1847, Russian soldiers crept up at dawn to the aul where one of the Chechen military commanders was located, and then

{{Blockquote|they burst into the aul in a terrible wave, shamelessly dousing everything with warm Chechen blood all the way... Two, three, no more rifle shots were heard—it is clear that the Russian bayonet was in use, slaughtering the guilty and the innocent without a miss and mercy. The groans of the dying, taken by surprise, came from all sides tore the soul apart. The slaughter of people of all sexes and ages was carried out on a wide, terrifying scale…{{Cite periodical |script-title=ru:Воспоминания В. А. Полторацкого |title=Vospominaniya V. A. Poltoratskogo |trans-title=Memoirs of V. A. Poltoratsky |periodical=Istoricheskiy Vestnik |url=https://runivers.ru/upload/iblock/48d/Istoricheskii%20vestnik%20T051%201893.pdf |location=St. Petersburg |publisher=Printing house of A. S. Suvorin |year=1893 |volume=LI |pages=73, 75 |language=ru |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230906055819/https://runivers.ru/upload/iblock/48d/Istoricheskii%20vestnik%20T051%201893.pdf |archive-date=6 September 2023}}}}

Chechnya finally fell in July 1859.{{sfn|Aydamirov|2005|p=79}}{{sfn|Fredholm|2000|p=316}} By that time, it had repeatedly become the theater of the devastating expeditions of the imperial troops, so that at times its inhabitants really had to eat grass, as Yermolov once foresaw.{{cite book |last1=Krovyakov |first1=N. |script-title=ru:Шамиль: Очерк из истории борьбы народов Кавказа за независимость |title=Shamil': Ocherk iz istorii bor'by narodov Kavkaza za nezavisimost' |trans-title=Shamil: Essay on the history of the struggle of the peoples of the Caucasus for independence |location=Мoscow |publisher=Interbuk |year=1989 |pages=67 |language=ru}}

Concurrent with the Circassian genocide, the Chechens were evicted in large numbers,{{sfn|Fredholm|2000|p=316}} and while many came back, the former Chechen lowlands lacked their historical Chechen populations for a long period{{sfn|Fredholm|2000|pp=315–316}} until Chechens were settled in the region during the return from their 1944–1957 deportation to Central Asia. The Arshtins, at that time a (debatably) separate people, were completely wiped out as a distinct group: according to official documents, 1,366 Arshtin families disappeared (i.e. either fled or were killed) and only 75 families remained.{{sfn|Anchabadze|2001|p=29}}{{cite book |last=Jaimoukha |first=Amjad |date=2004 |title=The Chechens: A Handbook |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-0203356432 |doi=10.4324/9780203356432 |page=259}} Additionally, in 1860–1861 the Russian army forced a series of evictions of lands in the central Caucasus, forcing about 10,000 Circassians, 22,000 Chechens and additionally a significant number of Muslim Ossetians out and to Turkey.{{cite book |first1=Özdemir |last1=Özbay |title=Dünden Bugüne Kuzey Kafkasya |language=tr |trans-title=North Caucasus from Past to Present |location=Ankara |date=1999 |page=165}}İstoriya narodov Severnogo Kavkaza, p. 206–207 {{full citation needed|date=February 2024}} In addition another 5,000 Chechen families were sent to Turkey in 1865.{{cite book |last=Jersild |first=Austin |date=2002 |title=Orientalism and Empire: North Caucasus Mountain Peoples and the Georgian Frontier, 1845–1917 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r-67cnNNsG8C |publisher=McGill-Queen's Press |isbn=9780773523296 |jstor=j.ctt8018p |oclc=123470225}}

{{Main|Deportation of the Chechens and Ingush}}

File:Семья Газдиевых у тела умершей дочери (Казахстан).jpg, 1944]]

On February 23, 1944, Operation Lentil began, the total deportation of Chechens and Ingush to Central Asia, which became the largest and most brutal ethnic deportation in the history of the Soviet Union.{{Cite periodical |last1=Polian |first1=P. |author-link=Pavel Polian |script-title=ru:Коса и камень: конфликтный этнос в крепчающих объятиях Советской власти |title=Kosa i kamen': konfliktnyy etnos v krepchayushchikh ob"yatiyakh Sovetskoy vlasti |trans-title=Scythe and stone: a conflicting ethnic group in the strengthening embrace of Soviet power |url=https://magazines.gorky.media/zvezda/2007/12/kosa-i-kamen-konfliktnyj-etnos-v-krepchayushhih-obyatiyah-sovetskoj-vlasti.html |periodical=Zvezda |year=2007 |issue=12 |script-quote=ru:Депортация вайнахов, бесспорно, выделялась на фоне других тщательностью подготовки, массовостью задействованных войск и жестокостью осуществления. |quote=Deportatsiya vaynakhov, bessporno, vydelyalas' na fone drugikh tshchatel'nost'yu podgotovki, massovost'yu zadeystvovannykh voysk i zhestokost'yu osushchestvleniya. |trans-quote=The deportation of the Vainakhs, undoubtedly, stood out from others due to the thoroughness of preparation, the massive number of troops involved and the brutality of its implementation. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230223193412/https://magazines.gorky.media/zvezda/2007/12/kosa-i-kamen-konfliktnyj-etnos-v-krepchayushhih-obyatiyah-sovetskoj-vlasti.html |archive-date=23 February 2023}}{{cite book |last1=Denis |first1=J. |chapter=De la condamnation à l'expulsion: la construction de l'image de collaboration de masse durant la Grande Guerre patriotique |trans-chapter=From conviction to expulsion: the construction of the image of mass collaboration during the Great Patriotic War |title=Les déportations en heritage: Les peuples réprimés du Caucase et de Crimée, hier et aujourd'hui |trans-title=Legacy of Deportations: The Repressed Peoples of the Caucasus and Crimea, Yesterday and Today |language=fr |editor1-last=Campana |editor1-first=A. |editor2-last=Dufaud |editor2-first=G. |editor3-last=Tournon |editor3-first=S. |location=Rennes |publisher=Presses Universitaires de Rennes |year=2009 |pages=46 |isbn=978-2-7535-0986-3 |quote=Le déroulement des opérations est marqué par une extrême brutalité dans tous les territoires […]. Mais la plus grande violence se manifeste sans conteste envers les Tchétchènes et les Ingouches. |trans-quote=The course of operations is marked by extreme brutality in all territories […]. But the greatest violence is undoubtedly manifested against the Chechens and the Ingush.}}{{sfn|Fredholm|2000|pp=315–316}} The Soviet authorities accused the Chechens and Ingush of betrayal of Motherland in the form of the transfer of many of them to the side of Nazi Germany that attacked the Soviet Union. In reality, there was no mass cooperation with the Germans in Checheno-Ingushetia, since there was "no one to cooperate with":{{cite news |last1=Medvedev |first1=S. |author-link=Sergei Medvedev (writer) |url=https://www.svoboda.org/a/29994003.html |script-title=ru:"Выселить с треском" |title="Vyselit's treskom" |trans-title="Evict with a bang" |website=Radio Svoboda |date=12 June 2019 |access-date=8 August 2022 |language=ru |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230223193410/https://www.svoboda.org/a/29994003.html |archive-date=23 February 2023}}{{sfn|Dmitrievsky|Gvareli|Chelysheva|2009a|pp=75, 352}}{{cite web |last1=Vatchagaev |first1=М. |author-link=Mairbek Vatchagaev |url=https://www.kavkazr.com/a/deportatsiya-pamyatj-pokoleniy/31713941.html |script-title=ru:«Мы всё ещё не сошли с того поезда». Депортация чеченцев и ингушей |title=«My vso yeshcho ne soshli s togo poyezda». Deportatsiya chechentsev i ingushey |trans-title="We still haven’t gotten off that train." Deportation of Chechens and Ingush |website=Caucasus.Realities |date=23 February 2022 |access-date=8 August 2022 |language=ru |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231003030052/https://www.kavkazr.com/a/deportatsiya-pamyatj-pokoleniy/31713941.html |archive-date=3 October 2023}} the Nazis were able to briefly seize only the city of Malgobek, at that time inhabited mainly by Russians.{{Cite periodical |last1=Souvarine |first1=B. |author-link=Boris Souvarine |title=L'U.R.S.S. et l'islam |trans-title=The U.S.S.R. and Islam |url=https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k9620053z/ |periodical=Le Contrat Social |location=Paris |publisher=Institut d'histoire sociale |year=1959 |volume=III |issue=3 |pages=146–147 |language=fr |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230223193415/https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k9620053z/ |archive-date=23 February 2023}}

Of the 496,460 (according to other sources, 520,055){{Cite periodical |last1=Sinitsyn |first1=F. L. |script-title=ru:Депортации народов как фактор дестабилизации этнической ситуации в Поволжском, Кавказском и Крымском регионах СССР (1941–1944 гг.) |title=Deportatsii narodov kak faktor destabilizatsii etnicheskoy situatsii v Povolzhskom, Kavkazskom i Krymskom regionakh SSSR (1941–1944 gg.) |trans-title=Deportations of peoples as a factor in destabilizing the ethnic situation in the Volga, Caucasus and Crimean regions of the USSR (1941–1944) |url=https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/deportatsii-narodov-kak-faktor-destabilizatsii-etnicheskoy-situatsii-v-povolzhskom-kavkazskom-i-krymskom-regionah-sssr-1941-1944-gg |periodical=Informatsionnaya Bezopasnost' Regionov |year=2011 |volume=2 |issue=9 |pages=140 |language=ru |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230223193408/https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/deportatsii-narodov-kak-faktor-destabilizatsii-etnicheskoy-situatsii-v-povolzhskom-kavkazskom-i-krymskom-regionah-sssr-1941-1944-gg |archive-date=23 February 2023}} Chechens and Ingush deported in 1944, by January 1949 there were 364,220 people registered.{{cite book |script-title=ru:Реабилитация: как это было. Документы Президиума ЦК КПСС и другие материалы |title=Reabilitatsiya: kak eto bylo. Dokumenty Prezidiuma TSK KPSS i drugiye materialy |trans-title=Rehabilitation: how it happened. Documents of the Presidium of the CPSU Central Committee and other materials |location=Moscow |publisher=International Democracy Foundation |year=2003 |volume=II: Февраль 1956 — начало 80-х годов |editor1-last=Artizov |editor1-first=А. N. |editor2-last=Sigachev |editor2-first=Yu. V. |editor3-last=Khlopov |editor3-first=V. G. |editor4-last=Shevchuk |editor4-first=I. N. |pages=655 |isbn=5-85646-099-5 |language=ru}} At the same time, up to 48% of the Chechen-Ingush special contingent were children under the age 16.{{sfn|Shabaev|1994|pp=55, 102–103}}

Survivors of the deportation recall being transported in cold and often overcrowded "calf" wagons without toilets. The dead along the way were thrown out or hastily buried in the snow.{{harvnb|Kanafina|2005}}; {{harvnb|Belyakov|2014}}; {{harvnb|Chadayev|2008}}; {{harvnb|Yakhyaev|1991|pp=13, 27, 63, 83, 95, 98, 110, 111–112}} Upon arrival, the Chechens and Ingush were faced with a lack of basic living conditions. The help officially due to them reached few people and was insufficient.{{harvnb|Ibrahimov|2018|pp=69–70}}; {{harvnb|Davydova|2004}}; {{harvnb|Hoesli|2006|pp=441–443}}{{sfn|Yakhyaev|1991|pp=233–234}} The exiles ate grasses, garbage, eggs and chicks of wild birds and other animals, collected fallen wheat heads and grains, resorted to theft, and begged for alms. Representatives of the authorities, and at first the local population, among whom a rumor was allegedly spread that "cannibals" were being brought to them, were suspicious of the special immigrants. The latter were called "betrayers", "traitors to the homeland", "enemies of the people", "bandits", "beasts".{{harvnb|Yakhyaev|1991|pp=13, 23, 29, 32, 36, 39, 41, 43, 49, 55, 60 et seqq}}; {{harvnb|Sadulaev|2009}}; {{harvnb|Belyakov|2014}}; {{harvnb|Akaev|Bugaev|Daduev|2015}}

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In the spring of 1944, 46 Chechen families submitted the following appeal to the Chairman of the Kirov District Executive Committee of the Frunze Region of the Kyrgyz Soviet Socialist Republic:

{{Blockquote|From the Chechen people. I ask you not to leave our request, since on February 23, 1944 we were deported here to Kyrgyzstan, our people are dying, to this day more than 30 people are starving, the rest are exhausted, we have from 3 to 5 cows and forty to fifty sheep left in each household, a lot of bread, we took nothing with us. If the state does not provide help, then we are already a lost people. Give us help, or take us back. If you do not help, I ask to shoot us all, together with our families.{{cite book |last1=Kozlov |first1=V. А. |last2=Benvenuti |first2=F. |last3=Kozlova |first3=М. Ye. |last4=Polyan |first4=P. М. |last5=Sheremet |first5=V. I. |editor1-last=Zyuzina |editor1-first=I. А. |editor2-last=Kozlov |editor2-first=V. А. |editor3-last=Kozlova |editor3-first=М. Ye. |editor4-last=Pobol |editor4-first=N. L. |editor5-last=Polyan |editor5-first=P. М. |editor6-last=Tsarevskaya-Dyakina |editor6-first=Т. V. |editor7-last=Sheremet |editor7-first=V. I.

|script-title=ru:Вайнахи и имперская власть: Проблема Чечни и Ингушетии во внутренней политике России и СССР (начало XIX — середина XX в.) |title=Vaynakhi i imperskaya vlast': Problema Chechni i Ingushetii vo vnutrenney politike Rossii i SSSR (nachalo XIX — seredina XX v.) |trans-title=Vainakhs and imperial power: The problem of Chechnya and Ingushetia in the internal politics of Russia and the USSR (beginning of the 19th - mid-20th centuries) |location=Мoscow |publisher=Russian Political Encyclopedia (ROSSPEN); Foundation "Presidential Center of B. N. Yeltsin" |year=2011 |pages=739 |isbn=978-5-8243-1443-4 |language=ru}}}}

On October 10, 1953, the special settler Suleymanov Movla, a native of the village of Shali, living in the city of Kzyl-Orda of the Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic, filed an application to Moscow, petitioning to remove restrictions from himself and asking to explain to him for what crimes and on the basis of what law he was punished. Without waiting for a reply, on December 10, 1953, Suleymanov re-appealed to the USSR Prosecutor General's Office, which forwarded his complaint to the Grozny Region Prosecutor's Office. As the Deputy Grozny Regional Prosecutor reported in his response dated January 16, 1954, the inspection revealed that Suleymanov, his mother and two sisters "belonged to the Chechen nationality and for this reason were evicted from the territory of the former Checheno-Ingush ASSR." With this in mind, the Deputy Prosecutor added that he considers Suleymanov's complaint "not eligible."{{cite web |url=https://parlamentchr.ru/analitika/vystuplenie-dokladchikov-na-nauchno-prakticheskoj-konferentsii-priurochennoj-vosstanovleniyu-chiassr.html |script-title=ru:Выступление докладчиков на научно-практической конференции, приуроченной восстановлению ЧИАССР |title=Vystupleniye dokladchikov na nauchno-prakticheskoy konferentsii, priurochennoy vosstanovleniyu CHIASSR |trans-title=Speech by speakers at a scientific and practical conference dedicated to the restoration of the Chechen Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic |website=Parliament of the Chechen Republic |date=18 January 2013 |access-date=8 August 2022 |language=ru |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240207141655/https://parlamentchr.ru/analitika/vystuplenie-dokladchikov-na-nauchno-prakticheskoj-konferentsii-priurochennoj-vosstanovleniyu-chiassr.html |archive-date=7 February 2024}}{{cite book |last1=Ibragimov |first1=М. М. |script-chapter=ru:Борьба чеченского народа за сохранение национальной и конфессиональной идентичности в экстремальных условиях сталинской депортации |chapter=Bor'ba chechenskogo naroda za sokhraneniye natsional'noy i konfessional'noy identichnosti v ekstremal'nykh usloviyakh stalinskoy deportatsii |trans-chapter=The struggle of the Chechen people to preserve their national and religious identity in the extreme conditions of Stalin’s deportation |script-title=ru:Репрессированные народы: история и современность |title=Repressirovannyye narody: istoriya i sovremennost' |trans-title=Repressed peoples: history and modernity |others=Materials of the All-Russian Scientific Conference (Elista, November 26–28, 2013). Part II |editor1-last=Ochirov |editor1-first=N. G. |editor2-last=Salaev |editor2-first=B. K. |location=Elista |publisher=KIGI RAN |year=2013 |pages=58 |isbn=978-5-903833-53-5 |language=ru}}

Due to the fact that the only criterion for deportation was the ethnicity of the special settlers, that the mortality among them was very high, and that proper conditions for their transportation, reception and accommodation were not created on the road and in the places of deportation, that the culture and national identity of the deportees were doomed to extinction, that their exile was eternal, the status of special settlers was hereditary, and "unauthorized departure (escape)" from places of "mandatory and permanent settlement" was punishable by up to 20 years of hard labor,{{sfn|Shabaev|1994|pp=152–153}}{{Cite periodical |last1=Werth |first1=N. |author-link=Nicolas Werth |title=Les déportations des «populations suspectes» dans les espaces russes et soviétiques 1914–1953: Violences de guerre, ingéniérie sociale, excision ethno-historique |trans-title=Deportations of "suspicious populations" in Russian and Soviet spaces 1914–1953: War violence, social engineering, ethno-historical excision |periodical=Communisme |location=Lausanne |publisher=L'Âge d'Homme |year=2004 |issue=78/79: Violence, guerre, révolution: l'exemple communiste |pages=35, 43 |isbn=2-8251-1942-3 |language=fr}} some researchers believe that "in fact (or even strictly legally)" Lentil is genocide.{{harvnb|Solovej|1996|pp=132–133}}; {{harvnb|Naimark|2012|pp=91–93, 119, 121}}; {{harvnb|Courtois|2002|pp=110–111}}; {{harvnb|Ghebali|2014|p=660}}; {{harvnb|Dmitrievsky|Gvareli|Chelysheva|2009a|p=351}}; {{harvnb|Golitsyna|2009}}; {{harvnb|Shevelov|2009}}{{cite book |last1=Akulov |first1=М. |script-chapter=ru:Государство ограниченного благоденствия: Об утопии и терроре в Третьем Рейхе и Советском Союзе |chapter=Gosudarstvo ogranichennogo blagodenstviya: Ob utopii i terrore v Tret'yem Reykhe i Sovetskom Soyuze |trans-chapter=The Limited Welfare State: On Utopia and Terror in the Third Reich and the Soviet Union |script-title=ru:Живая память: Сталинизм в Казахстане — Прошлое, Память, Преодоление |title=Zhivaya pamyat': Stalinizm v Kazakhstane — Proshloye, Pamyat', Preodoleniye |trans-title=Living Memory: Stalinism in Kazakhstan - Past, Memory, Overcoming |url=https://www.soros.kz/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/Живая-память.pdf |editor1-last=Abylkhozhin |editor1-first=J. B. |editor2-last=Akulov |editor2-first=М. L. |editor3-last=Tsai |editor3-first=А. V. |location=Almaty |publisher=Dayk-Press |year=2019 |pages=39 |isbn=978-601-290-110-8 |language=ru |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230906055823/https://www.soros.kz/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/%D0%96%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F-%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%8F%D1%82%D1%8C.pdf |archive-date=6 September 2023}}

File:Evstafiev-chechnya-killed-in-truck.jpg, 1995]]

{{Main|First Chechen War|Second Chechen War|Casualties of the Second Chechen War|Second Chechen War crimes and terrorism}}

In the 1990s and 2000s, the territory of Chechnya, which proclaimed itself an independent state in 1991 but did not receive Russian and international recognition, underwent two military campaigns, officially referred to in the Russian Federation as the restoration of constitutional order (1994–1996) and a counter-terrorist operation (1999–2009).{{sfn|Fredholm|2000|pp=317}}

Already the first of these campaigns was described by some commentators as genocide.{{harvnb|Partchieva|Guérin|1997|pp=25–26}}; {{harvnb|Bunich|1995|pp=118, 268, 301}}; {{harvnb|Novodvorskaya|Zlotnik|Makushenko|1995}}; {{harvnb|Tskhovrebov|1995}}{{Cite periodical |script-title=ru:Чечня в моём сердце |title=Chechnya v moyom serdtse |trans-title=Chechnya in my heart |others=Special edition of the Russian independent historical and human rights magazine "Map" |url=http://history.org.ua/LiberUA/karta15_1997/karta15_1997.pdf |periodical=Karta |year=1997 |issue=15 |pages=30, 41, 51 |language=ru |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220711110636/http://history.org.ua/LiberUA/karta15_1997/karta15_1997.pdf |archive-date=11 July 2022}}

In the fall of 1995, human rights activist Igor Kalyapin called the events in Chechnya "one of the most terrible wars of the twentieth century," during which strikes are deliberately and purposefully delivered primarily to civilian objects and crowded places:{{cite periodical |last1=Demin |first1=D. |url=http://www.uic.unn.ru/hrnnov/rus/nnshr/paper/list1/list9.htm |script-title=ru:Чечня — одна из самых жутких войн двадцатого века |title=Chechnya — odna iz samykh zhutkikh voyn dvadtsatogo veka |trans-title=Chechnya is one of the most terrible wars of the twentieth century |website=Pravozashchita |year=1995 |issue=1 |access-date=8 August 2022 |language=ru |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220403183559/http://www.uic.unn.ru/hrnnov/rus/nnshr/paper/list1/list9.htm |archive-date=3 April 2022}}

{{Blockquote|Quite a lot has already been said about the so-called filtration points, I will not repeat what is happening there. You won't see this in any movie. […]

I repeat, it is difficult to talk about human rights here, it is necessary to talk about genocide, about military crimes, to demand trial of those who organized this. […]

To summarize, you can take the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, ratified by Russia, read articles, and there will not be a single one that has not been violated.{{cite periodical |last1=Demin |first1=D. |url=http://www.uic.unn.ru/hrnnov/rus/nnshr/paper/list2/list4.htm |script-title=ru:Чечня — одна из самых жутких войн двадцатого века |title=Chechnya — odna iz samykh zhutkikh voyn dvadtsatogo veka |trans-title=Chechnya is one of the most terrible wars of the twentieth century |website=Pravozashchita |year=1995 |issue=2 |access-date=8 August 2022 |language=ru |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240516141209/http://www.uic.unn.ru/hrnnov/rus/nnshr/paper/list2/list4.htm |archive-date=16 May 2024}}}}

In the spring of 1996, François Jean, an employee of the international humanitarian organization Doctors Without Borders, regarded the actions of Russian troops as "a total war directed not only against combatants, but against the entire population, whether young, old, men, women or children," a war, "in which neither civilians nor hospitals are considered and in which all international norms and obligations are openly violated with the general indifference" of the world community.{{cite book |last1=Jean |first1=F. |title=De l'Éthiopie à la Tchétchénie |trans-title=From Ethiopia to Chechnya |language=fr |url=https://msf-crash.org/sites/default/files/2017-06/7322-de-lethiopie-a-la-tchetchenie-recueil-de-textes-de-f.-jean.pdf |publisher=Médecins Sans Frontières |year=2004 |pages=149, 150 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230223205818/https://msf-crash.org/sites/default/files/2017-06/7322-de-lethiopie-a-la-tchetchenie-recueil-de-textes-de-f.-jean.pdf |archive-date=23 February 2023}}

The second campaign in Chechnya, which began in 1999, was even more violent than the previous one.{{cite book |last1=Obrecht |first1=Th. |title=Russie, la loi du pouvoir: Enquête sur une parodie démocratique |trans-title=Russia, the law of power: Investigation into a democratic parody |language=fr |location=Paris |publisher=Autrement |year=2006 |pages=71, 104 |isbn=2-7467-0810-8}}{{sfn|Allaman|2000|pp=2, 59}} According to human rights activists, Russian troops systematically committed the following crimes in Chechnya: the destruction of cities and villages, not justified by military necessity; shelling and bombardment of unprotected settlements; summary extrajudicial executions and killings of civilians; torture, ill-treatment and infringement of human dignity; serious bodily harm intentionally inflicted on persons not directly participating in hostilities; deliberate strikes against the civilian population, civilian and medical vehicles; illegal detentions of the civilian population; enforced disappearances; looting and destruction of civilian and public property; extortion; taking hostages for ransom; corpse trade.{{cite web |last1=Le Huérou |first1=A. |last2=Regamey |first2=A. |url=https://www.sciencespo.fr/mass-violence-war-massacre-resistance/fr/document/massacres-de-civils-en-tcha-tcha-nie |title=Massacres de civils en Tchétchénie |trans-title=Massacres of civilians in Chechnya |language=fr |website=SciencesPo |date=11 October 2012 |access-date=8 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230106103312/https://www.sciencespo.fr/mass-violence-war-massacre-resistance/fr/document/massacres-de-civils-en-tcha-tcha-nie |archive-date=6 January 2023}}{{Cite periodical |last1=Divac Öberg |first1=M. |title=Le suivi par le Conseil de l'Europe du conflit en Tchétchénie |trans-title=Council of Europe monitoring of the conflict in Chechnya |url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/afdi_0066-3085_2004_num_50_1_3820 |periodical=Annuaire français de droit international |location=Paris |publisher=CNRS Éditions |year=2004 |volume=50 |pages=758–759, 762 |language=fr |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221210173014/https://www.persee.fr/doc/afdi_0066-3085_2004_num_50_1_3820 |archive-date=10 December 2022}}{{sfn|Dmitrievsky|Guarelli|Chelysheva|2009b|pp=16–17, 22–26, 29–35, 55–56, 58–60, 62–65, 67, 104–105, 113, 130, 161, 175, 206, 226, 230, 339, 349–350, 378, 380, 388, 405, 474–475, 508}} There were also rapes,{{sfn|Dmitrievsky|Guarelli|Chelysheva|2009b|pp=23, 71, 73, 74, 76, 325–329, 339}}{{sfn|Baiev|2005|pp=167, 312–313, 325, 413}}{{cite book |script-title=ru:Чечня: без средств для жизни: Оценка нарушения экономических, социальных и культурных прав в Чеченской республике |title=Chechnya: bez sredstv dlya zhizni: Otsenka narusheniya ekonomicheskikh, sotsial'nykh i kul'turnykh prav v Chechenskoy respublike |trans-title=Chechnya: without means to live: Assessment of violations of economic, social and cultural rights in the Chechen Republic |url=http://www.omct.org/files/2004/05/2321/chechnya_russe.pdf |location=Geneva |publisher=World Organization Against Torture |year=2004 |pages=35 |isbn=2-88477-070-4 |language=ru |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230206235630/http://www.omct.org/files/2004/05/2321/chechnya_russe.pdf |archive-date=6 February 2023}} which, along with women, were also subjected to men.{{harvnb|Mandeville|2002}}; {{harvnb|Sylvaine|Alexandra|2000}}; {{harvnb|Allaman|2000|p=114}}; {{harvnb|Bovkun|2000}}; {{harvnb|Politkovskaya|2001a}}{{cite news |last1=Babitsky |first1=А. |author-link=Andrei Babitsky |url=https://www.svoboda.org/a/24201983.html |script-title=ru:Кавказские хроники |title=Kavkazskiye khroniki |trans-title=Caucasian Chronicles |website=Radio Svoboda |date=6 August 2001 |access-date=8 August 2022 |language=ru |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221210173012/https://www.svoboda.org/a/24201983.html |archive-date=10 December 2022}} In addition, as in the times of the Caucasian War of the 19th century,{{sfn|Hoesli|2006|p=621}} there were recorded cases of demonstrative defecation by the Russian military in residential and public premises of Chechens.{{harvnb|Batsyn|2001}}; {{harvnb|Baiev|2005|p=345}}; {{harvnb|Dmitrievsky|Guarelli|Chelysheva|2009b|pp=63–64}}{{YouTube|Ch9pklaCCiA|Русские, почему вы молчите? Пятая часть. Имперская мгла от Черного до Белого моря|time=1h8m20s}}.

The fact that genocide against the Chechen people is being committed in Chechnya has been mentioned in different years by some human rights activists,{{cite web |last1=Bonner |first1=Ye. |author-link=Yelena Bonner |url=https://inosmi.ru/20030617/183935.html |script-title=ru:Елена Боннер: Владимир Потёмкин: Андрей Сахаров перевернулся бы в гробу, если бы я позволила его имени и его образу стать частью потёмкинской деревни, которую российское правительство пытается построить для благодушного Запада |title=Yelena Bonner: Vladimir Potomkin: Andrey Sakharov perevernulsya by v grobu, yesli by ya pozvolila yego imeni i yego obrazu stat' chast'yu potomkinskoy derevni, kotoruyu rossiyskoye pravitel'stvo pytayetsya postroit' dlya blagodushnogo Zapada |trans-title=Yelena Bonner: Vladimir Potemkin: Andrei Sakharov would be turning over in his grave if I allowed his name and his image to become part of the Potemkin village that the Russian government is trying to build for the complacent West |website=InoSMI |date=17 June 2003 |access-date=8 August 2022 |language=ru |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230223205820/https://inosmi.ru/20030617/183935.html |archive-date=23 February 2023}}{{cite news |last1=Migits |first1=S. |last2=Agayev |first2=V. |url=https://p.dw.com/p/24va |script-title=ru:Права человека |title=Prava cheloveka |trans-title=Human rights |work=Deutsche Welle |date=11 April 2002 |access-date=8 August 2022 |language=ru |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230223205823/https://www.dw.com/ru/%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0-%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0/a-495602 |archive-date=23 February 2023}} organizations,{{cite news |url=https://p.dw.com/p/2iLq |script-title=ru:Куда высылать чеченских беженцев? |title=Kuda vysylat' chechenskikh bezhentsev? |trans-title=Where should Chechen refugees be sent? |work=Deutsche Welle |date=1 October 2002 |access-date=8 August 2022 |language=ru |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230223205824/https://www.dw.com/ru/%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0-%D0%B2%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8C-%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85-%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%B2/a-647146 |archive-date=23 February 2023}}{{harvnb|Zholkver|2005}}; {{harvnb|Badalov|2002}}; {{harvnb|Brössler|2002}} journalists,{{harvnb|Marschall|1999}}; {{harvnb|Lacerre|Mandeville|2002}}; {{harvnb|Shevelov|2009}}; {{harvnb|Kaylan|2010}}; {{harvnb|Zaidman|2022}}{{cite web |url=https://inosmi.ru/20020206/140074.html |script-title=ru:Трагедия Чечни: Запад снова меняет свое отношение к Чечне |title=Tragediya Chechni: Zapad snova menyayet svoye otnosheniye k Chechne |trans-title=The tragedy of Chechnya: the West is again changing its attitude towards Chechnya |website=InoSMI |date=6 February 2002 |access-date=8 August 2022 |language=ru |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230223205829/https://inosmi.ru/20020206/140074.html |archive-date=23 February 2023}} publicists,{{harvnb|Glucksmann|2003}}; {{harvnb|Brodsky|2004}}; {{harvnb|Belotserkovsky|2011}}; {{harvnb|Williams|Orlando|2017}}{{YouTube|rEStJMvvMcg|Ограничение свободы слова в интернете недопустимо. Пол Гобл|time=3m34s}}. cultural figures,{{cite news |url=https://p.dw.com/p/2wpc |script-title=ru:Геноцид в Чечне разрушает и Россию |title=Genotsid v Chechne razrushayet i Rossiyu |trans-title=Genocide in Chechnya destroys Russia too |work=Deutsche Welle |date=2002 |access-date=8 August 2022 |language=ru |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230223205824/https://www.dw.com/ru/%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B4-%D0%B2-%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B5-%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%80%D1%83%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%B5%D1%82-%D0%B8-%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8E/a-702808 |archive-date=23 February 2023}}{{harvnb|Carax|2004}}; {{harvnb|Lizé|2014}}; {{harvnb|Johnson|2022}} politicians,{{harvnb|European Parliament|2003}}; {{harvnb|Capvern|2004}}; {{harvnb|Prokofiev|2006}}; {{harvnb|Brzezinski|1999}}; {{harvnb|Lagunina|2000}}{{cite web |url=https://ura.news/news/1607 |script-title=ru:Чешский сенатор обвинил Путина в геноциде чеченцев |title=Cheshskiy senator obvinil Putina v genotside chechentsev |trans-title=Czech senator accused Putin of genocide of Chechens |website=URA.RU |date=28 February 2006 |access-date=8 August 2022 |language=ru |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220704020843/https://ura.news/news/1607 |archive-date=4 July 2022}}{{cite web |url=https://www.panarmenian.net/rus/news/3326/ |script-title=ru:Бывший спикер парламента Армении выступает с антироссийскими заявлениями |title=Byvshiy spiker parlamenta Armenii vystupayet s antirossiyskimi zayavleniyami |trans-title=The former speaker of the Armenian parliament makes anti-Russian statements |website=PanARMENIAN.Net |date=21 May 2002 |access-date=8 August 2022 |language=ru |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230223205818/https://www.panarmenian.net/rus/news/3326/ |archive-date=23 February 2023}} residents of Chechnya{{Cite periodical |last1=Donnard |first1=G. |title=«La Russie a peut-être plus besoin de la guerre en Tchétchénie que de la Tchétchénie elle-même»: À propos du livre Tchétchénie: une affaire intérieure? |trans-title="Russia perhaps needs the war in Chechnya more than Chechnya itself": About the book Chechnya: an internal affair? |url=https://www.cairn.info/revue-multitudes-2005-3-page-233.htm |periodical=Multitudes |year=2005 |volume=3 |issue=22 |pages=234 |language=fr |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230223205830/https://www.cairn.info/revue-multitudes-2005-3-page-233.htm |archive-date=23 February 2023}}{{cite news |last1=Nivat |first1=A. |author-link=Anne Nivat |url=https://www.monde-diplomatique.fr/2006/05/NIVAT/13484 |title=Voix dissidentes à Moscou |trans-title=Dissident voices in Moscow |language=fr |website=Monde diplomatique |date=May 2006 |access-date=8 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230223205820/https://www.monde-diplomatique.fr/2006/05/NIVAT/13484 |archive-date=23 February 2023}}{{cite book |editor1-last=Baysaev |editor1-first=U. |editor2-last=Грушкин |editor2-first=D. |script-title=ru:Чечня: хроника насилия: Части 2/3. Январь 2001 года |title=Chechnya: khronika nasiliya: Chasti 2/3. Yanvar' 2001 goda |trans-title=Chechnya: a chronicle of violence: Parts 2/3. January 2001 |url=https://memohrc.org/sites/default/files/zjlwz1_source.pdf |location=Мoscow |publisher=Zven'ya |year=2006 |pages=235, 272, 295, 376, 430, 534 |language=ru |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230827003505/https://memohrc.org/sites/default/files/zjlwz1_source.pdf |archive-date=27 August 2023}} and others.{{harvnb|Gaimar|2004}}; {{harvnb|Hovhannisyan|2010}}; {{harvnb|Bukovsky|Bonner|2003}}; {{harvnb|Gardels|2004}}; {{harvnb|Gessen|2012|p=235}}{{cite web |url=https://www.ukrinform.ru/rubric-polytics/2188994-rossia-skoree-vsego-otkazetsa-vypolnat-resenie-suda-v-gaage-diplomat.html |script-title=ru:Россия, скорее всего, откажется выполнять решение суда в Гааге — дипломат |title=Rossiya, skoreye vsego, otkazhetsya vypolnyat' resheniye suda v Gaage — diplomat |trans-title=Russia will most likely refuse to comply with the court decision in The Hague - diplomat |website=Ukrinform |date=7 March 2017 |access-date=8 August 2022 |language=ru |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211114130229/https://www.ukrinform.ru/rubric-polytics/2188994-rossia-skoree-vsego-otkazetsa-vypolnat-resenie-suda-v-gaage-diplomat.html |archive-date=14 November 2021}}

Some Russian sources of the 19th century described the Chechens as a violent, treacherous, "miserable" people,{{sfn|Polezhaev|1933|p=227}} whose concepts "do not exceed cattle",{{sfn|Pokrovsky|1923|p=210}} having "no morals, nothing to distinguish them from wild beasts",{{cite book |last1=Shishkov |first1=А. |script-title=ru:Восточная лютня |title=Vostochnaya lyutnya |trans-title=Eastern lute |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xahoAAAAcAAJ |location=Мoscow |publisher=Университетская типография |year=1824 |pages=49 |language=ru}} "dirty in soul and body, alien to nobility, unfamiliar with generosity", which differs from all Caucasian ethnic groups "by a special desire for banditry and predation, greed for robbery and murder, deceit, warlike spirit, courage, determination, ferocity, fearlessness and unbridled arrogance",{{Cite periodical |last1=Markelov |first1=N. |script-title=ru:"Где рыскает в горах воинственный разбой..." |title="Gde ryskayet v gorakh voinstvennyy razboy..." |trans-title="Where warlike banditry prowls the mountains..." |url=http://magazines.russ.ru/novyi_mi/2007/9/ma10.html |periodical=Novyy Mir |year=2007 |issue=9 |language=ru |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230906055824/https://magazines.gorky.media/novyi_mi/2007/9/gde-ryskaet-v-gorah-voinstvennyj-razboj-2.html |archive-date=6 September 2023}} as well as "malice".{{cite book |last1=Bronevsky |first1=S. |script-title=ru:Новейшие географические и исторические известия о Кавказе |title=Noveyshiye geograficheskiye i istoricheskiye izvestiya o Kavkaze |trans-title=The latest geographical and historical news about the Caucasus |url=https://runivers.ru/upload/iblock/ef5/S.M.Bronevskij.%20Novejshie%20geograficheskie%20i%20istoricheskie%20izvestiya%20o%20Kavkaze.%20Chastg%202%20n1823wmrutu485sg.pdf |location=Мoscow |publisher=Printing house of S. Selivanovsky |year=1823 |others=Ч. II |pages=172 |language=ru |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230715233145/https://runivers.ru/upload/iblock/ef5/S.M.Bronevskij.%20Novejshie%20geograficheskie%20i%20istoricheskie%20izvestiya%20o%20Kavkaze.%20Chastg%202%20n1823wmrutu485sg.pdf |archive-date=15 July 2023}} Yermolov believed that the Chechens "do not even comprehend the most understandable law: the right of the strongest"{{cite book |last1=Shostakovich |first1=S. V. |script-title=ru:Дипломатическая деятельность А. С. Грибоедова |title=Diplomaticheskaya deyatel'nost' A. S. Griboyedova |trans-title=Diplomatic activities of A. S. Griboyedov |url=http://feb-web.ru/feb/griboed/critics/sho/sho-001-.htm |location=Мoscow |publisher=Publishing house of socio-economic literature |year=1960 |pages=74 |language=ru |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230619170637/http://feb-web.ru/feb/griboed/critics/sho/sho-001-.htm |archive-date=19 June 2023}} and that "there are not more vile, or more insidious, or more criminal people in the world."{{sfn|Pokrovsky|1923|p=201}} In 1895, the traveler Anna Rossikova wrote that the turbulent history and distinctive features of the Chechens had long since sowed distrust of them by the Russians: "For the majority of Russian people, a Chechen is neither more nor less than a robber, and Chechnya is a den of robber gangs."{{cite periodical |last1=Rossikova |first1=А. |script-title=ru:Путешествие по центральной части Горной Чечни |title=Puteshestviye po tsentral'noy chasti Gornoy Chechni |trans-title=Traveling through the central part of Mountain Chechnya |url=https://elib.rgo.ru/safe-view/123456789/213777/1/UnVQUkxJQjEyMDQ3ODk4LnBkZg |periodical=Notes of the Caucasian Department of the Imperial Russian Geographical Society |location=Tiflis [Tbilisi] |publisher=Printing house of the Georgian Publishing Partnership |year=1895 |volume=XVIII |pages=139 |language=ru |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230906055820/https://elib.rgo.ru/safe-view/123456789/213777/1/UnVQUkxJQjEyMDQ3ODk4LnBkZg |archive-date=6 September 2023}}

According to the historian Dmitri Furman, the Chechens continued to be "unreliable" and "suspicious" people for the Soviet authorities. "It is natural," he believes, "after you have done someone a lot of harm, you can no longer trust him."{{cite web |last1=Furman |first1=D. |author-link=Dmitri Furman |url=http://old.sakharov-center.ru/chr/chrus01_1.htm |script-title=ru:Самый трудный народ для России |title=Samyy trudnyy narod dlya Rossii |trans-title=The most difficult people for Russia |website=Museum and Community Center named after A. Sakharova |date=1999 |access-date=7 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170521172619/http://old.sakharov-center.ru/chr/chrus01_1.htm |archive-date=21 May 2017}}

The two wars in Chechnya in the late 20th and early 21st centuries were accompanied by anti-Chechen great-power propaganda,{{harvnb|Fedorov|2005|pp=137, 183}}; {{harvnb|Dmitrievsky|Gvareli|Chelysheva|2009a|p=138}}; {{harvnb|Jean|2004|pp=163, 214}}; {{harvnb|Nadskakuła|2013|pp=58, 62}}; {{harvnb|Basnukaev|1999}}{{cite web |url=https://memohrc.org/ru/news/dela-protiv-chechencev-v-sovremennoy-rossii |script-title=ru:Дела против чеченцев в современной России |title=Dela protiv chechentsev v sovremennoy Rossii |trans-title=Cases against Chechens in modern Russia |website=Human Rights Center Memorial |date=18 February 2009 |access-date=8 August 2022 |language=ru |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230906055843/https://memohrc.org/ru/news/dela-protiv-chechencev-v-sovremennoy-rossii |archive-date=6 September 2023}} as a result of which the Chechens became the most demonized ethnic group in the media and public consciousness of Russia in the 1990–2000s.{{sfn|Dmitrievsky|Guarelli|Chelysheva|2009b|p=13}}{{cite book |last1=Schnirelmann |first1=V. А. |author-link=Victor Schnirelmann |script-chapter=ru:Проблемы современного расизма |chapter=Problemy sovremennogo rasizma |trans-chapter=Problems of modern racism |script-title=ru:VIII Конгресс этнографов и антропологов России: Тезисы докладов |title=VIII Kongress etnografov i antropologov Rossii: Tezisy dokladov |trans-title=VIII Congress of Ethnographers and Anthropologists of Russia: Abstracts of reports |others=Orenburg, July 1–5, 2009 |editor1-last=Tishkov |editor1-first=V. А. |display-editors=etal |url=https://www.osu.ru/sites/niisu/docs/kongress.pdf |location=Orenburg |publisher=Publishing center OGAU |year=2009 |pages=29, 30 |isbn=978-5-88838-517-3 |language=ru |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220303042522/http://www.osu.ru/sites/niisu/docs/kongress.pdf |archive-date=3 March 2022}} In 2003, the political scientist Emil Pain, citing Rossikova's 1895 remark quoted above, stated that it "looks like a quote from a contemporary sociological review."{{cite web |last1=Pain |first1=Y. |url=https://www.ng.ru/ideas/2003-10-14/11_xenofobia.html |script-title=ru:Почему помолодела ксенофобия |title=Pochemu pomolodela ksenofobiya |trans-title=Why has xenophobia become younger? |website=Nezavisimaya gazeta |date=14 October 2003 |access-date=8 August 2022 |language=ru |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230906055820/https://www.ng.ru/ideas/2003-10-14/11_xenofobia.html |archive-date=6 September 2023}} A negative or dismissive attitude towards the Chechens was observed both among the philistine environment and among the intelligentsia.{{sfn|Brodsky|2004}}{{sfn|Dmitrievsky|Guarelli|Chelysheva|2009b|p=13}}{{YouTube|ssE6oFJJaQ4|Ответ русской интеллигенции по вопросу русско-чеченской войны. Ефим Фиштейн|time=09m22s}}.

In 2008, non-governmental organizations in Russia announced systematic falsifications in criminal cases initiated against Chechens in 1999–2003.{{cite web |url=https://www.sova-center.ru/racism-xenophobia/publications/2008/08/d13900/ |script-title=ru:О соблюдении Российской Федерацией Международной конвенции о ликвидации всех форм расовой дискриминации: Альтернативный доклад НПО для Комитета ООН по ликвидации расовой дискриминации|script-website=ru:Информационно-аналитический центр «Сова» |title=O soblyudenii Rossiyskoy Federatsiyey Mezhdunarodnoy konventsii o likvidatsii vsekh form rasovoy diskriminatsii: Al'ternativnyy doklad NPO dlya Komiteta OON po likvidatsii rasovoy diskriminatsii|website=Informatsionno-analiticheskiy tsentr «Sova» |trans-title=On the Russian Federation's compliance with the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination: Alternative NGO report for the UN Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination |trans-website=SOVA Information and Analytical Center |date=12 August 2008 |access-date=8 August 2022 |language=ru |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230906055839/https://www.sova-center.ru/racism-xenophobia/publications/2008/08/d13900/ |archive-date=6 September 2023}} In the 2000s, human rights activist Svetlana Gannushkina and lawyer Murad Musaev complained that "every Chechen is guilty until proven innocent"{{sfn|Obrecht|2006|ps=: "D'après Svetlana Gannouchkina […], 'chaque Tchétchène est coupable aussi longtemps qu'il ne peut pas prouver son innocence'. Elle est bien placée pour le savoir puisque son comité représente le dernier recours pour beaucoup de Tchétchènes, qui vivent généralement comme des parias en Russie, pays qui reste pourtant leur patrie, de gré ou de force".|p=151}} and that being a Chechen is "almost always an aggravating circumstance"{{cite web |last1=Kolesnichenko |first1=А. |url=https://newizv.ru/news/society/31-05-2010/127255-advokat-murad-musaev |script-title=ru:Адвокат Мурад Мусаев |title=Advokat Murad Musayev |trans-title=Lawyer Murad Musaev |website=Novyye izvestiya |date=31 May 2010 |access-date=8 August 2022 |language=ru |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230906055821/https://newizv.ru/news/2010-05-31/advokat-murad-musaev-114874 |archive-date=6 September 2023}} in Russian courts. "For many Chechens, serving a prison sentence in Russia is often tantamount to the death penalty," journalist Emmanuel Grynszpan wrote in a 2019 article published by Amnesty International Switzerland.{{sfn|Grynszpan|2019}} The total number of Chechens serving sentences in Russian prisons for participating in an armed rebellion of separatists is estimated by human rights activists at 20-25 thousand people. They are said to be the most racially and religiously discriminated against by corrections officers.{{harvnb|Grynszpan|2019}}; {{harvnb|Sadovskaya|2019}}; {{harvnb|Umarova|2017}}{{cite web |url=https://www.kavkaz-uzel.eu/articles/259748 |script-title=ru:О положении жителей Чеченской Республики и Республики Ингушетия в учреждениях пенитенциарной системы за период с сентября 2011 года по август 2014 года |title=O polozhenii zhiteley Chechenskoy Respubliki i Respubliki Ingushetiya v uchrezhdeniyakh penitentsiarnoy sistemy za period s sentyabrya 2011 goda po avgust 2014 goda |trans-title=On the situation of residents of the Chechen Republic and the Republic of Ingushetia in institutions of the penitentiary system for the period from September 2011 to August 2014 |website=Kavkazskiy uzel |date=31 March 2015 |access-date=8 August 2022 |language=ru |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230914112504/https://www.kavkaz-uzel.eu/articles/259748 |archive-date=14 September 2023}}

According to some reports, ethnic hatred towards the Chechens manifested itself to the greatest extent among the servicemen who participated in the hostilities in the republic, which allegedly partly motivated their unlawful behavior.{{sfn|Dmitrievsky|Guarelli|Chelysheva|2009b|pp=13, 15, 31}}{{sfn|Dmitrievsky|Gvareli|Chelysheva|2009a|p=17}} Military observer Vyacheslav Izmailov claimed that General Vladimir Shamanov "calls Chechens animals, monkeys, gorillas and thus provokes his soldiers against them."{{sfn|Dmitrievsky|Guarelli|Chelysheva|2009b|p=17}} According to journalist Vladimir Voronov, Shamanov's entourage liked to repeat: "There is only one way to win: to roll the whole of Chechnya together with the Czechs into asphalt."{{cite web |last1=Voronov |first1=V. |url=http://www.chaskor.ru/article/ochen_surovyj_6758 |script-title=ru:Очень суровый |title=Ochen' surovyy |trans-title=Very harsh |website=Chastnyy Korrespondent |date=26 May 2009 |access-date=8 August 2022 |language=ru |archive-date=15 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180815185110/http://www.chaskor.ru/article/ochen_surovyj_6758 |url-status=dead}}{{efn|The word "Czechs" in Russian military jargon means Chechens.{{YouTube|IW_EXA2Yzfc|Аркадий Бабченко в программе Инны Курочкиной NEP Prague|time=4m50s}}.}} In March 2000, General Sergei Makarov called the Chechens a "parasite people".{{cite periodical |last1=Ryklin |first1=А. |script-title=ru:Кузница кровников |title=Kuznitsa krovnikov |trans-title=Bloodline Forge |url=http://old.memo.ru/hr/hotpoints/N-Caucas/ch99/000307/i0307a.htm |periodical=Itogi |date=7 March 2000 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170414161338/http://old.memo.ru/hr/hotpoints/N-Caucas/ch99/000307/i0307a.htm |archive-date=14 April 2017 |language=ru}} The Russian military often said: "A good Chechen is a dead Chechen."{{harvnb|Politkovskaya|2001b}}; {{harvnb|Kots|2006}}; {{harvnb|Bobrova|2002}}{{cite web |url=https://www.gazeta.ru/comments/2004/09/20_e_174668.shtml |script-title=ru:Патриотическая провокация |title=Patrioticheskaya provokatsiya |trans-title=Patriotic provocation |website=Gazeta.ru |date=20 September 2004 |access-date=8 August 2022 |language=ru |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230906055823/https://www.gazeta.ru/comments/2004/09/20_e_174668.shtml |archive-date=6 September 2023}} Journalist Anna Politkovskaya claimed that when she asked the military about why they killed this or that person, they answered: "Because he is a Chechen." "This is genocide,"{{YouTube|cky1IFMQtL4|А. Политковская, фильм Эрика Бергкраута|time=14m49s}}. the journalist concluded.

Lentil and other ethnic deportations of the first half of the 20th century were condemned by the Kremlin in the post-Stalin period,{{cite web |last1=Akayev |first1=V. |url=http://vesti95.ru/2013/02/59548954980/ |script-title=ru:Депортация: фальсификация причин и необходимость объективного анализа |title=Deportatsiya: fal'sifikatsiya prichin i neobkhodimost' ob"yektivnogo analiza |trans-title=Deportation: falsification of reasons and the need for objective analysis |website=News of the Republic |date=26 February 2013 |access-date=8 August 2022 |language=ru |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220610151237/http://vesti95.ru/2013/02/59548954980/ |archive-date=10 June 2022 |url-status=dead}} but neither in the USSR nor in the Russian Federation was anyone put on trial for their planning and implementation.{{cite web |last1=Malek |first1=М. |url=https://urokiistorii.ru/articles/deportirovannye-narody-rossii-frankfurter-allgemeine-zeitung |script-title=ru:Депортированные народы России / Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung |title=Deportirovannyye narody Rossii / Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung |trans-title=Deported peoples of Russia / Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung |website=Uroki istorii |date=17 March 2014 |access-date=8 August 2022 |language=ru |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211207150908/https://urokiistorii.ru/articles/deportirovannye-narody-rossii-frankfurter-allgemeine-zeitung |archive-date=7 December 2021}}

Cases of criminal proceedings of the Russian military, who allegedly committed grave crimes against the civilian population of Chechnya in the 1990–2000s, are isolated.{{sfn|Dmitrievsky|Gvareli|Chelysheva|2009a|p=12}}{{cite web |last1=Merenkova |first1=L. |last2=Mikhalchenko |first2=L. |url=https://www.kavkazr.com/a/30447190.html |script-title=ru:Как Путин «спасал Чечню от террористов». Свидетельства очевидцев |title=Kak Putin «spasal Chechnyu ot terroristov». Svidetel'stva ochevidtsev |trans-title=How Putin "saved Chechnya from terrorists." Eyewitness accounts |website=Caucasus.Realities |date=5 September 2020 |access-date=8 August 2022 |language=ru |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231222200732/https://www.kavkazr.com/a/30447190.html |archive-date=22 December 2023}}

In 2007, journalists Natalya Kozlova and Sergei Ptichkin from the government-run newspaper Rossiyskaya Gazeta, condemning the criminal prosecution of a special forces group of the Main Intelligence Directorate (GRU) accused of killing six peaceful Chechens in January 2002, claimed that "the whole army was then operating in the territory of Chechnya outside the framework of the legal field, something prosecutors prefer not to mention for some reason."{{cite web |last1=Kozlova |first1=N. |last2=Ptichkin |first2=S. |url=https://rg.ru/2007/04/17/ulman.html |script-title=ru:Ульман в бегах: Подсудимые исчезли. Проблема — нет |title=Ul'man v begakh: Podsudimyye ischezli. Problema — net |trans-title=Ullman on the run: The defendants have disappeared. Problem - no |website=Rossiyskaya gazeta |date=17 April 2007 |access-date=8 August 2022 |language=ru |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230906055820/https://rg.ru/2007/04/17/ulman.html |archive-date=6 September 2023}}

According to some experts, for decades, Russia has been searching for and prosecuting surviving participants in the Chechen side of the conflict accused of murder, terrorism and other especially grave crime—and, according to human rights activists, this is often done legally negligently, with confessions being beaten out under torture,—while the vast majority of representatives of the Russian state, potentially responsible for war crimes in Chechnya, enjoy impunity and in some cases occupy high positions.{{cite web |url=https://oc-media.org/ru/izvestnogo-poeta-zaderzhali-v-moskve-ego-podozrevayut-v-napadenii-na-voennosluzhashchikh-v-2000-m-godu/ |script-title=ru:В Москве задержали поэта. Его подозревают в нападении на военнослужащих в 2000-м году |title=V Moskve zaderzhali poeta. Yego podozrevayut v napadenii na voyennosluzhashchikh v 2000-m godu |trans-title=A poet was detained in Moscow. He is suspected of attacking military personnel in 2000 |website=OC Media |date=26 March 2021 |access-date=8 August 2022 |language=ru |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230906055822/https://oc-media.org/ru/izvestnogo-poeta-zaderzhali-v-moskve-ego-podozrevayut-v-napadenii-na-voennosluzhashchikh-v-2000-m-godu/ |archive-date=6 September 2023}}{{harvnb|Politkovskaya|2007}}; {{harvnb|Dmitrievsky|Gvareli|Chelysheva|2009a|pp=12, 22}}; {{harvnb|Dmitrievsky|Guarelli|Chelysheva|2009b|pp=25, 31, 35, 61, 64, 69, 75, 77, 379, 380, 503}}

On 18 October 2022, Ukraine's parliament condemned the "genocide of the Chechen people" during the First and Second Chechen War.{{cite news |url=https://novayagazeta.eu/articles/2022/10/18/ukraines-parliament-declares-the-chechen-republic-of-ichkeria-temporarily-occupied-by-russia-and-condemns-genocide-of-chechens-en-news |date=18 October 2022 |work=Novaya Gazeta |title=Ukraine's parliament declares the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria 'temporarily occupied by Russia' and condemns 'genocide of Chechens' |access-date=19 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231127153903/https://novayagazeta.eu/articles/2022/10/18/ukraines-parliament-declares-the-chechen-republic-of-ichkeria-temporarily-occupied-by-russia-and-condemns-genocide-of-chechens-en-news |archive-date=27 November 2023}}{{cite news |url=https://meduza.io/en/news/2022/10/18/ukraine-s-parliament-declares-chechen-republic-of-ichkeria-russian-occupied-territory |date=18 October 2022 |work=Meduza |title=Ukraine's parliament declares 'Chechen Republic of Ichkeria' Russian-occupied territory |access-date=19 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326182241/https://meduza.io/en/news/2022/10/18/ukraine-s-parliament-declares-chechen-republic-of-ichkeria-russian-occupied-territory |archive-date=26 March 2023}}

• History of Chechnya
• Islam in Russia
• Islam in the Soviet Union
• Islamophobia
• Persecution of Muslims
• Racism in Russia
• Racism in the Soviet Union
• Russian war crimes
• Circassian genocide
• Soviet war crimes

{{Notelist}}

{{reflist}}

{{refbegin|colwidth=30em}}

• {{cite periodical |last1=Akaev |first1=V. |last2=Bugaev |first2=A. |last3=Daduev |first3=M. |script-title=ru:Депортация чеченского народа: что это было и можно ли это забыть? К 70-летию депортации чеченского и ингушского народов) |title=Deportatsiya chechenskogo naroda: chto eto bylo i mozhno li eto zabyt'? K 70-letiyu deportatsii chechenskogo i ingushskogo narodov) |trans-title=Deportation of the Chechen people: what was it and can it be forgotten? To the 70th anniversary of the deportation of the Chechen and Ingush peoples) |url=https://czasopisma.marszalek.com.pl/images/pliki/npw/09/npw2015205.pdf |periodical=Nowa Polityka Wschodnia |year=2015 |volume=2 |issue=9 |pages=94 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230223193405/https://czasopisma.marszalek.com.pl/images/pliki/npw/09/npw2015205.pdf |archive-date=23 February 2023}}
• {{cite book |last1=Allaman |first1=J. |title=La guerre de Tchétchénie ou l'irrésistible ascension de Vladimir Poutine |trans-title=The Chechen War or the irresistible rise of Vladimir Putin |language=fr |location=Genève |publisher=Georg Éditeur |year=2000 |pages=114 |isbn=2-8257-0703-1}}
• {{cite book |last1=Anchabadze |first1=G. Z. |script-title=ru:Вайнахи |title=Vaynakhi |trans-title=The Vainakhs |url=https://www.kavkaz-uzel.eu/system/uploads/article_attachment/attach/0000/3103/Vaynahi.pdf |location=Tbilisi |year=2001 |language=ru}}
• {{cite book|last1=Aydamirov |first1=А. |author-link=Abuzar Aydamirov |script-title=ru:Собрание сочинений в шести томах |title=Sobraniye sochineniy v shesti tomakh |trans-title=Collected works in six volumes |location=Grozny |publisher=Center for Humanitarian Research of the Chechen Republic |year=2005 |volume=6: Хронология чеченской истории |language=ru}}
• {{cite web |last1=Badalov |first1=R. |url=https://www.kavkaz-uzel.eu/articles/30501/ |script-title=ru:Заявление Общественного движения «Чеченский комитет национального спасения» по поводу интервью премьер-министра Великобритании Тони Блэра |title=Zayavleniye Obshchestvennogo dvizheniya «Chechenskiy komitet natsional'nogo spaseniya» po povodu interv'yu prem'yer-ministra Velikobritanii Toni Blera |trans-title=Statement by the public movement "Chechen Committee of National Salvation" regarding the interview with British Prime Minister Tony Blair |website=Kavkazskiy uzel |date=11 October 2002 |access-date=8 August 2022 |language=ru |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230223205822/https://www.kavkaz-uzel.eu/articles/30501/ |archive-date=23 February 2023}}
• {{cite book |last1=Baiev |first1=Kh. |author1-link=Khassan Baiev |collaboration=with Ruth et Nicholas Daniloff |translator1-last=Baranger |translator1-first=L. |title=Le serment tchétchène: Un chirurgien dans la guerre |trans-title=The Chechen Oath: A Surgeon in War |language=fr |location=Paris |publisher=Jean-Claude Lattès |year=2005 |isbn=2-7096-2644-6}}
• {{cite web |last1=Basnukaev |first1=М. |url=https://ca-c.org.ru/datarus/basnukaev.shtml |script-title=ru:Чечня: вопросы национальной безопасности и проблемы формирования гражданского общества |title=Chechnya: voprosy natsional'noy bezopasnosti i problemy formirovaniya grazhdanskogo obshchestva |trans-title=Chechnya: issues of national security and problems of formation of civil society |website=Central Asia and the Caucasus |date=1999 |access-date=8 August 2022 |language=ru |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230906055823/https://ca-c.org.ru/datarus/basnukaev.shtml |archive-date=6 September 2023}}
• {{cite periodical |last1=Batsyn |first1=V. |script-title=ru:Российское образование на оселке Чечни |title=Rossiyskoye obrazovaniye na oselke Chechni |trans-title=Russian education on the small town of Chechnya |url=http://upr.1september.ru/article.php?ID=200104102 |periodical=Upravleniye Shkoloy |year=2001 |volume=41 |issue=233 |language=ru |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230223205845/https://upr.1sept.ru/article.php?ID=200104102 |archive-date=23 February 2023}}
• {{cite web |last1=Belotserkovsky |first1=V. |url=https://echo.msk.ru/blog/vadimbil/794594-echo/ |script-title=ru:Как могли немцы Путина наградить? |title=Kak mogli nemtsy Putina nagradit'? |trans-title=How could the Germans reward Putin? |website=Echo of Moscow |date=19 July 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110929094029/https://echo.msk.ru/blog/vadimbil/794594-echo/ |archive-date=29 September 2011 |language=ru}}
• {{cite web |last1=Belyakov |first1=D. |url=https://expert.ru/russian_reporter/2014/07/ispyitanie-somneniem/ |script-title=ru:Испытание сомнением |title=Ispytaniye somneniyem |trans-title=Test of Doubt |website=Ekspert |date=20 February 2014 |access-date=8 August 2022 |language=ru |archive-date=5 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211205135804/https://expert.ru/russian_reporter/2014/07/ispyitanie-somneniem/ |url-status=dead}}
• {{cite web |last1=Bobrova |first1=I. |url=http://www.mk.ru/old/article/2002/10/18/160858-shaman-s-diagnozom-chechenskiy-sindrom.html |script-title=ru:Шаман с диагнозом «чеченский синдром»: «Покойный» Алексей Климов проходил под № «37» |title=Shaman s diagnozom «chechenskiy sindrom»: «Pokoynyy» Aleksey Klimov prokhodil pod № «37» |trans-title=Shaman diagnosed with "Chechen syndrome": "Deceased" Alexey Klimov passed under number "37" |website=Moscow's comsomolets |date=18 October 2002 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220415193122/http://www.mk.ru/old/article/2002/10/18/160858-shaman-s-diagnozom-chechenskiy-sindrom.html |archive-date=15 April 2022 |access-date=8 August 2022 |language=ru}}
• {{cite web |last1=Bovkun |first1=Е. |url=http://www.svoboda.org/a/24220678.html |script-title=ru:Видеозапись зверств российских войск в Чечне и реакция на неё в Германии |title=Videozapis' zverstv rossiyskikh voysk v Chechne i reaktsiya na neyo v Germanii |trans-title=Video recording of the atrocities of Russian troops in Chechnya and the reaction to it in Germany |website=Radio Svoboda |date=25 February 2000 |access-date=8 August 2022 |language=ru}}
• {{cite periodical |last1=Brodsky |first1=А. |script-title=ru:Чеченская война в зеркале современной российской литературы |title=Chechenskaya voyna v zerkale sovremennoy rossiyskoy literatury |trans-title=The Chechen war in the mirror of modern Russian literature |url=https://magazines.gorky.media/nlo/2004/6/chechenskaya-vojna-v-zerkale-sovremennoj-rossijskoj-literatury.html |periodical=NLO |year=2004 |issue=6 |language=ru}}
• {{cite web |last1=Brössler |first1=D. |url=https://inosmi.ru/20021029/162682.html |script-title=ru:Москва мечет громы и молнии в адрес друзей своих врагов: Кремль пытается добиться международной изоляции чеченских повстанцев |title=Moskva mechet gromy i molnii v adres druzey svoikh vragov: Kreml' pytayetsya dobit'sya mezhdunarodnoy izolyatsii chechenskikh povstantsev |trans-title=Moscow is throwing thunder and lightning at the friends of its enemies: the Kremlin is trying to achieve international isolation of the Chechen rebels |website=InoSMI |date=29 October 2002 |access-date=8 August 2022 |language=ru |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230223205822/https://inosmi.ru/20021029/162682.html |archive-date=23 February 2023}}
• {{cite web |last1=Brzezinski |first1=Z. |author-link=Zbigniew Brzezinski |url=https://www.vedomosti.ru/newspaper/articles/1999/11/15/ostanovit-genocid-v-chechne |script-title=ru:Остановить геноцид в Чечне |title=Ostanovit' genotsid v Chechne |trans-title=Stop genocide in Chechnya |website=Vedomosti |date=15 November 1999 |access-date=8 August 2022 |language=ru |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230223205830/https://www.vedomosti.ru/newspaper/articles/1999/11/15/ostanovit-genocid-v-chechne |archive-date=23 February 2023}}
• {{cite web |last1=Bukovsky |first1=V. |last2=Bonner |first2=Ye. |author2-link=Yelena Bonner |url=https://www.sakharov-center.ru/article/pismo-vk-bukovskogo-i-eg-bonner-prezidentu-ssa-dz-busu-2003 |script-title=ru:Письмо В. К. Буковского и Е. Г. Боннэр президенту США Дж. Бушу, 2003 |title=Pis'mo V. K. Bukovskogo i Ye. G. Bonner prezidentu SSHA Dzh. Bushu, 2003 |trans-title=Letter from V.K. Bukovsky and E.G. Bonner to US President George W. Bush, 2003 |website=Sakharov Center |date=18 September 2003 |access-date=8 August 2022 |language=ru |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230902193530/https://www.sakharov-center.ru/article/pismo-vk-bukovskogo-i-eg-bonner-prezidentu-ssa-dz-busu-2003 |archive-date=2 September 2023}}
• {{cite book |last1=Bunich |first1=I. L. |author-link=Igor Bunich |script-title=ru:Хроника чеченской бойни и шесть дней в Буденновске |title=Khronika chechenskoy boyni i shest' dney v Budennovske |trans-title=Chronicle of the Chechen massacre and six days in Budennovsk |location=St. Petersburg |publisher=Облик |year=1995 |isbn=5-85976-015-9 |language=ru}}
• {{cite web |last1=Capvern |first1=P. |url=https://p.dw.com/p/4ibC |script-title=ru:Европарламент требует нового подхода к России |title=Yevroparlament trebuyet novogo podkhoda k Rossii |trans-title=The European Parliament demands a new approach to Russia |work=Deutsche Welle |date=29 February 2004 |access-date=8 August 2022 |language=ru |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230223205820/https://www.dw.com/ru/%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82-%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%B5%D1%82-%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE-%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0-%D0%BA-%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B8/a-1124754 |archive-date=23 February 2023}}
• {{cite web |last1=Carax |first1=L. |author-link=Leos Carax |url=https://inosmi.ru/20040317/208501.html |script-title=ru:Чечня: господин Ширак, Вы — трус |title=Chechnya: gospodin Shirak, Vy — trus |trans-title=Chechnya: Mr. Chirac, you are a coward |website=InoSMI |date=17 March 2004 |access-date=8 August 2022 |language=ru |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230223205837/https://inosmi.ru/20040317/208501.html |archive-date=23 February 2023}}
• {{cite web |last1=Chadayev |first1=U. |url=http://www.watchdog.cz/?show=000000-000015-000006-000030&lang=2 |script-title=ru:Депортация 1944-го: как это было |title=Deportatsiya 1944-go: kak eto bylo |trans-title=Deportation of 1944: how it happened |website=Prague Watchdog |date=25 February 2008 |access-date=8 August 2022 |language=ru}}
• {{cite periodical |last1=Courtois |first1=S. |title=Le génocide de classe: définition, description, comparaison |trans-title=Class genocide: definition, description, comparison |url=https://www.cairn.info/revue-les-cahiers-de-la-shoah-2002-1-page-89.htm |periodical=Les Cahiers de la Shoah |year=2002 |volume=6 |issue=1 |language=fr}}
• {{cite web |last1=Davydova |first1=N. |url=https://www.kommersant.ru/doc/2294495 |script-title=ru:История — белые пятна: Вайнахская ссылка |title=Istoriya — belyye pyatna: Vaynakhskaya ssylka |trans-title=History - white spots: Vainakh exile |website=Kommersant |date=12 December 2004 |access-date=8 August 2022 |language=ru}}
• {{cite web |last1=Delmaev |first1=Kh. V. |script-title=ru:Либерализм и национальный вопрос |title=Liberalizm i natsional'nyy vopros |trans-title=Liberalism and the national question |url=https://ca-c.org.ru/datarus/delmaev.shtml |website=CA&C Press AB |year=2002 |access-date=8 August 2022 |language=ru}}
• {{cite book |last1=Dmitrievsky |first1=S. M. |last2=Gvareli |first2=B. I. |last3=Chelysheva |first3=O. A. |script-title=ru:Международный трибунал для Чечни: Правовые перспективы привлечения к индивидуальной уголовной ответственности лиц, подозреваемых в совершении военных преступлений и преступлений против человечности в ходе вооруженного конфликта в Чеченской Республике |title=Mezhdunarodnyy tribunal dlya Chechni: Pravovyye perspektivy privlecheniya k individual'noy ugolovnoy otvetstvennosti lits, podozrevayemykh v sovershenii voyennykh prestupleniy i prestupleniy protiv chelovechnosti v khode vooruzhennogo konflikta v Chechenskoy Respublike |trans-title=International Tribunal for Chechnya: Legal prospects for bringing to individual criminal responsibility persons suspected of committing war crimes and crimes against humanity during the armed conflict in the Chechen Republic |url=https://www.kavkaz-uzel.eu/system/uploads/article_attachment/attach/0001/15745/Mezhdunarodnyy_tribunal_dlya_Chechni._Tom_I.pdf |location=Nizhny Novgorod |year=2009a |volume=1 |language=ru |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230201205807/https://www.kavkaz-uzel.eu/system/uploads/article_attachment/attach/0001/15745/Mezhdunarodnyy_tribunal_dlya_Chechni._Tom_I.pdf |archive-date=1 February 2023}}
• {{cite book |last1=Dmitrievsky |first1=S. M. |last2=Guarelli |first2=B. I. |last3=Chelysheva |first3=О. А. |script-title=ru:Международный трибунал для Чечни: Правовые перспективы привлечения к индивидуальной уголовной ответственности лиц, подозреваемых в совершении военных преступлений и преступлений против человечности в ходе вооруженного конфликта в Чеченской Республике |title=Mezhdunarodnyy tribunal dlya Chechni: Pravovyye perspektivy privlecheniya k individual'noy ugolovnoy otvetstvennosti lits, podozrevayemykh v sovershenii voyennykh prestupleniy i prestupleniy protiv chelovechnosti v khode vooruzhennogo konflikta v Chechenskoy Respublike |trans-title=International Tribunal for Chechnya: Legal prospects for bringing to individual criminal responsibility persons suspected of committing war crimes and crimes against humanity during the armed conflict in the Chechen Republic |url=https://www.kavkaz-uzel.eu/system/uploads/article_attachment/attach/0001/15746/Mezhdunarodnyy_tribunal_dlya_Chechni._Tom_II.pdf |location=Nizhny Novgorod |year=2009b |volume=2 |language=ru}}
• {{cite web |url=https://www.europarl.europa.eu/doceo/document/CRE-5-2003-01-16-ITM-009_EN.html |title=Debates |website=European Parliament |date=16 January 2003 |access-date=8 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230223205819/https://www.europarl.europa.eu/doceo/document/CRE-5-2003-01-16-ITM-009_EN.html |archive-date=23 February 2023 |ref={{sfnref |European Parliament |2003}} }}
• {{cite book |editor1-last=Fedorov |editor1-first=О. |script-title=ru:Курс «Противодействие ксенофобии и этнической дискриминации»: учеб. пособие для сотрудников аппаратов уполномоченных и комис. по правам человека в РФ |title=Kurs «Protivodeystviye ksenofobii i etnicheskoy diskriminatsii»: ucheb. posobiye dlya sotrudnikov apparatov upolnomochennykh i komis. po pravam cheloveka v RF |trans-title=Course "Countering xenophobia and ethnic discrimination": textbook. manual for employees of authorized and commission offices. on human rights in the Russian Federation |others=Ч. 1 |url=http://www.mhg.ru/files/knigi/prksen1.pdf |location=Мoscow |publisher=Moscow Helsinki. Group |year=2005 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061008223445/http://www.mhg.ru/files/knigi/prksen1.pdf|archive-date=8 October 2006 |language=ru |access-date=8 August 2022}}
• {{cite journal |last=Fredholm |first=Michael |date=2000 |title=The prospects for genocide in Chechnya and extremist retaliation against the West |journal=Central Asian Survey |volume=19 |number=3–4 |pages=315–327 |doi=10.1080/026349300750057955 }}
• {{cite web |last1=Gaimar |first1=V. |url=https://inosmi.ru/20040721/211448.html |script-title=ru:"Преступления против человечества" |title="Prestupleniya protiv chelovechestva" |trans-title="Crimes against humanity" |website=InoSMI |date=21 July 2004 |access-date=8 August 2022 |language=ru |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230223205832/https://inosmi.ru/20040721/211448.html |archive-date=23 February 2023}}
• {{cite news |last1=Gardels |first1=N. |url=https://www.welt.de/print-welt/article340715/Moskau-sollte-Truppen-aus-Tschetschenien-abziehen.html |title=Moskau sollte Truppen aus Tschetschenien abziehen |trans-title=Moscow should withdraw troops from Chechnya |language=de |work=Die Welt |date=16 September 2004 |access-date=8 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230223205822/https://www.welt.de/print-welt/article340715/Moskau-sollte-Truppen-aus-Tschetschenien-abziehen.html |archive-date=23 February 2023}}
• {{cite book |last1=Gessen |first1=M. |author-link=Masha Gessen |title=Poutine: L'homme sans visage |trans-title=Putin: The Man Without a Face |translator1-last=Demange |translator1-first=O. |translator2-last=Lucas |translator2-first=S. |translator3-last=Paloméra |translator3-first=M.-F. de |language=fr |location=Paris |publisher=Fayard |year=2012 |isbn=978-2-213-66856-7}}
• {{cite web |last1=Glucksmann |first1=А. |author-link=André Glucksmann |url=https://inosmi.ru/inrussia/20031002/195114.html |script-title=ru:Андре Глюксман: Похороненные заживо |title=Andre Glucksman: Pokhoronennyye zazhivo |trans-title=Andre Glucksmann: Buried Alive |website=InoSMI |date=2 October 2003 |access-date=8 August 2022 |language=ru}}
• {{cite news |last1=Golitsyna |first1=N. |url=https://www.svoboda.org/a/1497123.html |script-title=ru:Чечня: не забытый геноцид |title=Chechnya: ne zabytyy genotsid |trans-title=Chechnya: an unforgotten genocide |website=Radio Svoboda |date=21 February 2009 |access-date=8 August 2022 |language=ru}}
• {{cite web |last1=Grynszpan |first1=E. |url=https://www.amnesty.ch/fr/sur-amnesty/publications/magazine-amnesty/2019-2/broyes-par-la-machine-carcerale |title=Broyé·e·s par la machine carcérale |trans-title=Crushed by the prison machine |language=fr |website=Amnesty International Schweiz |date=2019 |access-date=8 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230906055828/https://www.amnesty.ch/fr/sur-amnesty/publications/magazine-amnesty/2019-2/broyes-par-la-machine-carcerale |archive-date=6 September 2023}}
• {{cite web |last1=Hovhannisyan |first1=L. |url=https://www.kavkaz-uzel.eu/articles/167525/ |script-title=ru:Делегаты форума FIDH подчеркнули важность исторической памяти для предотвращения преступлений, подобных геноциду армян (видео) |title=Delegaty foruma FIDH podcherknuli vazhnost' istoricheskoy pamyati dlya predotvrashcheniya prestupleniy, podobnykh genotsidu armyan (video) |trans-title=FIDH Forum delegates emphasized the importance of historical memory for preventing crimes like the Armenian genocide (video) |website=Kavkazskiy uzel |date=9 April 2010 |access-date=8 August 2022 |language=ru |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230223205844/https://www.kavkaz-uzel.eu/articles/167525/ |archive-date=23 February 2023}}
• {{cite periodical |last1=Ibrahimov |first1=М. М. |script-title=ru:Выселение чеченцев и ингушей: как это было |title=Vyseleniye chechentsev i ingushey: kak eto bylo |trans-title=Eviction of Chechens and Ingush: how it happened |url=https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/vyselenie-chechentsev-i-ingushey-kak-eto-bylo |periodical=Sovremennaya Nauchnaya Mysl' |year=2018 |issue=1 |language=ru}}
• {{cite web |last1=Johnson |first1=G. |url=https://www.createastir.ca/articles/vancouver-recital-society-evgeny-kissin |title=Legendary pianist Evgeny Kissin sounds off on Russia's invasion of Ukraine and the uniting power of music |website=Stir |date=20 April 2022 |access-date=8 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231210151922/https://www.createastir.ca/articles/vancouver-recital-society-evgeny-kissin |archive-date=10 December 2023}}
• {{cite book |last=Jones |first=Adam |title=Genocide: A Comprehensive Introduction |year=2010 |location=London, New York |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781136937972 |lccn=2016025350 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0kBZBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA203}}
• {{cite web |last1=Kaylan |first1=M. |url=https://www.forbes.com/2010/04/01/chechens-moscow-subway-terrorism-opinions-columnists-melik-kaylan.html?sh=4e3f067b9833 |title=Civilizing The 'Barbarians' |language=en |website=Forbes |date=2 April 2010 |access-date=8 August 2022}}
• {{cite web |last1=Kanafina |first1=Zh. |url=https://www.caravan.kz/articles/operaciya-chechevica-370796/ |script-title=ru:Операция «Чечевица» |title=Operatsiya «Chechevitsa» |trans-title=Operation Lentil |website=Karavan |date=5 April 2005 |access-date=8 August 2022 |language=ru}}
• {{cite book |last1=Khizriev |first1=Kh. A. |script-chapter=ru:Затеречные чеченцы |chapter=Zaterechnyye chechentsy |trans-chapter=Zaterechnye Chechens |chapter-url=https://www.grozny-inform.ru/LoadedFiles/hi/7.pdf |script-title=ru:Актуальные проблемы истории Чечни |title=Aktual'nyye problemy istorii Chechni |trans-title=Current problems in the history of Chechnya |editor1-last=Khizriev |editor1-first=Kh. A. |location=Grozny |publisher=Чеченский государственный университет |year=2011 |language=ru}}
• {{cite web |last1=Kots |first1=А. |url=https://www.kp.ru/daily/23686.4/51732/ |script-title=ru:Как контрактники с ментами в войну играли: Дневник младшего сержанта контрактной службы Мозолева Владимира Николаевича |title=Kak kontraktniki s mentami v voynu igrali: Dnevnik mladshego serzhanta kontraktnoy sluzhby Mozoleva Vladimira Nikolayevicha |trans-title=How contract soldiers played war with cops: Diary of junior sergeant of contract service Vladimir Nikolaevich Mozolev |website=Komsomol'skaya pravda |date=7 April 2006 |access-date=8 August 2022 |language=ru |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405043554/https://www.kp.ru/daily/23686.4/51732/ |archive-date=5 April 2023}}
• {{cite web |last1=Lacerre |first1=I. |last2=Mandeville |first2=L. |url=https://inosmi.ru/20020321/140354.html |script-title=ru:Москва убеждена в своей победе в Чечне: В Париже вышла книга журналиста Андрея Бабицкого |title=Moskva ubezhdena v svoyey pobede v Chechne: V Parizhe vyshla kniga zhurnalista Andreya Babitskogo |trans-title=Moscow is convinced of its victory in Chechnya: A book by journalist Andrei Babitsky was published in Paris |website=InoSMI |date=21 March 2002 |access-date=8 August 2022 |language=ru}}
• {{cite news |last1=Lagunina |first1=I. |url=https://www.svoboda.org/a/24220291.html |script-title=ru:В США создан Американский комитет для Чечни |title=V SSHA sozdan Amerikanskiy komitet dlya Chechni |trans-title=The American Committee for Chechnya was created in the USA |website=Radio Svoboda |date=1 March 2000 |access-date=8 August 2022 |language=ru |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230223205822/https://www.svoboda.org/a/24220291.html |archive-date=23 February 2023}}
• {{cite news |last1=Lizé |first1=H. |url=https://www.leparisien.fr/festival-de-cannes/michel-hazanavicius-de-retour-a-cannes-avec-the-search-22-05-2014-3861467.php |title=Michel Hazanavicius de retour à Cannes avec «The Search» |trans-title=Michel Hazanavicius returns to Cannes with "The Search" |language=fr |work=Le Parisien |date=22 May 2014 |access-date=8 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230223205822/https://www.leparisien.fr/festival-de-cannes/michel-hazanavicius-de-retour-a-cannes-avec-the-search-22-05-2014-3861467.php |archive-date=23 February 2023}}
• {{cite web |last1=Mandeville |first1=L. |url=https://inosmi.ru/untitled/20020325/140373.html |script-title=ru:Глухое молчание Запада в ответ на геноцид чеченского народа: Запад изменяет отношение к Чечне |title=Glukhoye molchaniye Zapada v otvet na genotsid chechenskogo naroda: Zapad izmenyayet otnosheniye k Chechne |trans-title=The deaf silence of the West in response to the genocide of the Chechen people: the West is changing its attitude towards Chechnya |website=InoSMI |date=25 March 2002 |access-date=8 August 2022 |language=ru}}
• {{cite news |last1=Marschall |first1=Ch. von |url=https://www.tagesspiegel.de/politik/warum-schweigt-der-westen-leitartikel/107142.html |title=Warum schweigt der Westen? (Leitartikel) |trans-title=Why is the West silent? (Editorial) |language=de |work=Der Tagesspiegel |date=28 November 1999 |access-date=8 August 2022}}
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• {{cite book |last1=Partchieva |first1=P. |last2=Guérin |first2=F. |title=Parlons tchétchène-ingouche: Langue et culture |trans-title=Let's speak Chechen-Ingush: Language and culture |language=fr |location=Paris–Montréal |publisher=L'Harmattan |year=1997 |isbn=2-7384-5486-0}}
• {{cite web |last1=Pasquier |first1=S. |url=https://www.lexpress.fr/actualite/monde/europe/le-combat-sans-fin-des-tchetchenes_497490.html |title=Le combat sans fin des Tchétchènes |trans-title=The endless fight of the Chechens |language=fr |website=L'Express |date=28 November 2002 |access-date=8 August 2022}}
• {{cite book |last1=Pokrovsky |first1=М. N. |author-link=Mikhail Pokrovsky |script-title=ru:Дипломатия и войны царской России в XIX столетии |title=Diplomatiya i voyny tsarskoy Rossii v XIX stoletii |trans-title=Diplomacy and wars of Tsarist Russia in the 19th century |url=https://viewer.rusneb.ru/ru/000199_000009_002561069 |location=М. |publisher=Krasnaya nov' |year=1923}}
• {{cite book |last1=Polezhaev |first1=А. I. |script-title=ru:Стихотворения |title=Stikhotvoreniya |trans-title=Poems |editor1-last=Baranov |editor1-first=V. V. |location=М.–L. |publisher=Academia |year=1933 |language=ru}}
• {{cite news |last1=Politkovskaya |first1=А. |author-link=Anna Politkovskaya |url=https://politkovskaya.novayagazeta.ru/pub/2001/2001-14.shtml |script-title=ru:Концлагерь с коммерческим уклоном: Отчёт о командировке в зону |title=Kontslager's kommercheskim uklonom: Otchot o komandirovke v zonu |trans-title=Concentration camp with a commercial bias: Report on a business trip to the zone |work=Novaya Gazeta |date=6 February 2001a |access-date=8 August 2022 |language=ru}}
• {{cite news |last1=Politkovskaya |first1=А. |author-link=Anna Politkovskaya |url=https://politkovskaya.novayagazeta.ru/pub/2001/2001-17.shtml |script-title=ru:Обыкновенный садизм: В ямах у нас сидят все — и солдаты, и чеченцы |title=Obyknovennyy sadizm: V yamakh u nas sidyat vse — i soldaty, i chechentsy |trans-title=Ordinary sadism: Everyone is sitting in our pits - both soldiers and Chechens |work=Novaya Gazeta |date=12 March 2001b |access-date=8 August 2022 |language=ru |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230906055820/https://politkovskaya.novayagazeta.ru/pub/2001/2001-17.shtml |archive-date=6 September 2023}}
• {{cite news |last1=Politkovskaya |first1=А. |author-link=Anna Politkovskaya |url=http://www.novayagazeta.ru/file/Doc/chast_II.pdf |script-title=ru:Путинская Россия : Ч. II |title=Putinskaya Rossiya : CH. II |trans-title=Putin's Russia: Part II |work=Novaya Gazeta |date=2007 |language=ru |access-date=8 August 2022 |archive-date=30 August 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080830205439/http://www.novayagazeta.ru/file/Doc/chast_II.pdf |url-status=bot: unknown}}
• {{cite web |last1=Prokofiev |first1=To. |url=https://ruski.radio.cz/moskva-minsk-gavana-i-pekin-ne-vyzyvayut-doveriya-u-cheshskih-politikov-8622028 |script-title=ru:Москва, Минск, Гавана и Пекин не вызывают доверия у чешских политиков |title=Moskva, Minsk, Gavana i Pekin ne vyzyvayut doveriya u cheshskikh politikov |trans-title=Moscow, Minsk, Havana and Beijing do not inspire confidence among Czech politicians |website=Radio Prague International |date=8 March 2006 |access-date=8 August 2022 |language=ru |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230601065612/https://ruski.radio.cz/moskva-minsk-gavana-i-pekin-ne-vyzyvayut-doveriya-u-cheshskih-politikov-8622028 |archive-date=1 June 2023}}
• {{cite web |last1=Sadovskaya |first1=А. |url=https://www.kavkazr.com/a/mozhem-povtorit/29743574.html |script-title=ru:«Можем повторить»? |title=«Mozhem povtorit'»? |trans-title="Can we do it again"? |website=Caucasus.Realities |date=31 January 2019 |access-date=8 August 2022 |language=ru |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230906055822/https://www.kavkazr.com/a/mozhem-povtorit/29743574.html |archive-date=6 September 2023}}
• {{cite web |last1=Sadulaev |first1=М. |url=http://nana-journal.ru/component/content/article/12-red-wheel/559-confession.html |script-title=ru:Исповедь депортированной |title=Ispoved' deportirovannoy |trans-title=Confession of a deportee |website=Nana |date=2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170325101452/http://nana-journal.ru/component/content/article/12-red-wheel/559-confession.html |archive-date=25 March 2017 |language=ru}}
• {{cite book |last1=Shabaev |first1=D. V. |script-title=ru:Правда о выселении балкарцев |title=Pravda o vyselenii balkartsev |trans-title=The truth about the eviction of Balkars |edition=2nd |location=Nalchik |publisher=Elbrus |year=1994 |isbn=5-7680-0867-5 |language=ru}}
• {{cite news |last1=Shevelov |first1=М. |url=https://www.svoboda.org/a/1603224.html |script-title=ru:Между Фритцлем и Дудаевым |title=Mezhdu Frittslem i Dudayevym |trans-title=Between Fritzl and Dudayev |website=Radio Svoboda |date=6 April 2009 |access-date=8 August 2022 |language=ru}}
• {{cite book |last1=Solovej |first1=V. |author-link=Valery Solovei |chapter=Groznyi et Sébastopol, deux villes-frontières russes |trans-chapter=Groznyi and Sevastopol, two Russian border towns |translator1-last=Decaestecker |translator1-first=V. |title=L'Europe et ses villes-frontières |trans-title=Europe and its border towns |editor1-last=Kotek |editor1-first=J. |language=fr |location=Bruxelles |publisher=Complexe |year=1996 |isbn=2-87027-663-X}}
• {{cite magazine |last1=Sylvaine |first1=P. |last2=Alexandra |first2=S. |url=https://www.lexpress.fr/informations/grozny-ville-fantome_637256.html |title=Grozny, ville fantôme |trans-title=Grozny, ghost town |language=fr |magazine=L'Express |date=23 March 2000 |access-date=8 August 2022}}
• {{cite periodical |last1=Tsekatunova |first1=L. B. |script-title=ru:Чеченский кризис |title=Chechenskiy krizis |trans-title=Chechen crisis |url=https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/chechenskiy-krizis |periodical=Bulletin of Moscow University of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia |year=2009 |issue=11 |language=ru}}
• {{cite journal |last=Tskhovrebov |first=Zelim |date=1995 |title=An Unfolding Case of a Genocide: Chechnya, World Order and the 'Right to Be Left Alone' |journal=Nordic Journal of International Law |volume=64 |number=3 |publisher=Kluwer Academic Publishers |pages=501–555 |doi=10.1163/157181095X00841}}
• {{cite web |last1=Umarova |first1=А. |url=https://www.ekhokavkaza.com/a/28403603.html |script-title=ru:Живыми кавказцев из российских тюрем выпускают не всех |title=Zhivymi kavkaztsev iz rossiyskikh tyurem vypuskayut ne vsekh |trans-title=Not all Caucasians are released alive from Russian prisons |website=Echo of the Caucasus |date=31 March 2017 |access-date=8 August 2022 |language=ru |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230906055821/https://www.ekhokavkaza.com/a/28403603.html |archive-date=6 September 2023}}
• {{cite web |last1=Williams |first1=B. G. |last2=Orlando |first2=S. |url=https://inosmi.ru/20171117/240787546.html |script-title=ru:Восемь веских причин бояться Путина |title=Vosem' veskikh prichin boyat'sya Putina |trans-title=Eight good reasons to fear Putin |website=InoSMI |date=17 September 2017 |access-date=8 August 2022 |language=ru |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230223211323/https://inosmi.ru/20171117/240787546.html |archive-date=23 February 2023}}
• {{cite book |editor1-last=Yakhyaev |editor1-first=L. |script-title=ru:Белая книга: Из истории выселения чеченцев и ингушей. 1944–1957 гг. Воспоминания, архивные материалы, фотодокументы |title=Belaya kniga: Iz istorii vyseleniya chechentsev i ingushey. 1944–1957 gg. Vospominaniya, arkhivnyye materialy, fotodokumenty |trans-title=White book: From the history of the eviction of Chechens and Ingush. 1944–1957 Memories, archival materials, photographic documents |location=Grozny-Alma-Ata |year=1991 |isbn=((5-7666-0267-8)) |language=ru}}
• {{cite book |last1=Yermolov |first1=А. P. |author1-link=Aleksey Petrovich Yermolov |script-chapter=ru:Письма Алексея Петровича Ермолова к Арсению Андреевичу (впоследствии графу) Закревскому |chapter=Pis'ma Alekseya Petrovicha Yermolova k Arseniyu Andreyevichu (vposledstvii grafu) Zakrevskomu |trans-chapter=Letters from Alexei Petrovich Ermolov to Arseny Andreevich (later Count) Zakrevsky |url=http://elib.shpl.ru/ru/nodes/11619-t-73-1890 |editor1-last=Dubrovnik |editor1-first=N. |script-title=ru:Сборник Императорского Русского исторического общества |title=Sbornik Imperatorskogo Russkogo istoricheskogo obshchestva |trans-title=Collection of the Imperial Russian Historical Society |year=1890 |volume=73: Бумаги графа Арсения Андреевича Закревского |language=ru}}
• {{cite web |last1=Zaidman |first1=V. |url=https://graniru.org/blogs/free/entries/284719.html |script-title=ru:Четверть века с Гитлером |title=Chetvert' veka s Gitlerom |trans-title=A quarter of a century with Hitler |website=Grani.Ru |date=19 March 2022 |access-date=8 August 2022 |language=ru}}
• {{cite news |last1=Zholkver |first1=N. |url=https://p.dw.com/p/6UN1 |script-title=ru:Эхо Чечни докатилось до Нижней Саксонии |title=Ekho Chechni dokatilos' do Nizhney Saksonii |trans-title=The echo of Chechnya reached Lower Saxony |work=Deutsche Welle |date=8 April 2005 |access-date=8 August 2022 |language=ru |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230223205844/https://www.dw.com/ru/%D1%8D%D1%85%D0%BE-%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8-%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%8C-%D0%B4%D0%BE-%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B9-%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B8/a-1546715 |archive-date=23 February 2023}}

{{refend}}

{{refbegin}}

• {{cite journal |last=Brauer |first=Birgit |date=2002 |title=Chechens and the survival of their cultural identity in exile |journal=Journal of Genocide Research |volume=4 |number=3 |pages=387–400 |doi=10.1080/14623520220151970}}
• {{cite journal |last=Campana |first=Aurélie |date=2009 |title=Collective Memory and Violence: The Use of Myths in the Chechen Separatist Ideology, 1991–1994 |journal=Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs |volume=29 |number=1 |pages=43–56 |doi=10.1080/13602000902726756}}
• {{cite book |last=Campana |first=Aurélie |date=2012 |chapter=The Chechen Memory of Deportation: From Recalling a Silenced Past to the Political Use of Public Memory |editor1-last=Lee |editor1-first=Philip |editor2-last=Thomas |editor2-first=Pradip Ninan |title=Public Memory, Public Media and the Politics of Justice |series=Palgrave Macmillan Memory Studies |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |doi=10.1057/9781137265173_8 |isbn=9781137265173}}
• {{cite journal |last=Casula |first=Philipp |date=2015 |title=Between "ethnocide" and "genocide": violence and Otherness in the coverage of the Afghanistan and Chechnya wars |journal=Nationalities Papers |volume=43 |number=5 |pages=700–718 |doi=10.1080/00905992.2015.1048673}}
• {{cite journal |last1=Conley-Zilkic |first1=Bridget |last2=Waal |first2=Alex de. |author2-link=Alex de Waal |date=2014 |title=Setting the agenda for evidence-based research on ending mass atrocities |journal=Journal of Genocide Research |volume=16 |number=1 |pages=55–76 |doi=10.1080/14623528.2014.878113|doi-access=free }}
• {{cite journal |last=Exeler |first=Franziska |date=2023 |title=Filtration Camps, Past and Present, and Russia’s War Against Ukraine |journal=Journal of Genocide Research |volume=25 |number=3–4 |pages=426–444 |doi=10.1080/14623528.2023.2203962}}
• {{cite journal |last=Gilligan |first=Emma |date=2009 |title=The Chechen Story: A Tragedy of Violence and Retaliation |journal=Journal of Human Rights |volume=8 |number=4 |pages=427–437 |doi=10.1080/14754830903355724}}
• {{cite journal |last=Gould |first=Rebecca Ruth |author-link=Rebecca Gould |date=2020 |title=Language, Memory, Massacre: The Legacy of Trauma among Chechen Diasporas |journal=Journal of Literature and Trauma Studies |volume=9 |number=1 |pages=43–74 |doi=10.1353/jlt.2020.a909198}}
• {{cite journal |last=Jones |first=Adam |author-link=Adam Jones (Canadian scholar) |date=2011 |title=Let Our Fame Be Great: Journeys Among the Defiant People of the Caucasus |journal=Journal of Genocide Research |volume=13 |number=1–2 |pages=199–202 |doi=10.1080/14623528.2011.554083}}
• {{cite journal |last1=Li |first1=Yuhui |last2=Niemann |first2=Christopher |date=2016 |title=Social Construction of Ethnic Identity and Conflict: The Cases of the Chechen and the Uighur |journal=Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs |volume=36 |number=4 |pages=584–596 |doi=10.1080/13602004.2016.1248178}}
• {{cite journal |last=Midlarsky |first=Manus I. |date=2009 |title=Territoriality and the onset of mass violence: the political extremism of Joseph Stalin |journal=Journal of Genocide Research |volume=11 |number=2–3 |pages=265–283 |doi=10.1080/14623520903118979}}
• {{cite journal |last=Nichols |first=J. |date=2000 |title=The Chechen Refugees |journal=Berkeley Journal of International Law}}
• {{cite journal |last=Pohl |first=Michaela |date=2002 |title="It cannot be that our graves will be here": The survival of Chechen and Ingush deportees in Kazakhstan, 1944-1957 |journal=Journal of Genocide Research |volume=4 |number=3 |pages=401–430 |doi=10.1080/14623520220151989}}
• {{cite journal |last=Statiev |first=Alexander |date=2009 |title=Soviet ethnic deportations: intent versus outcome |journal=Journal of Genocide Research |volume=11 |number=2–3 |pages=243–264 |doi=10.1080/14623520903118961}}

{{refend}}

{{Chechen wars}}

{{Genocide topics}}

Category:Ethnic cleansing in Europe

Category:Forced migration in the Soviet Union

Category:Persecution of Muslims by Christians

Category:Genocide of indigenous peoples in Europe

Category:Soviet ethnic policy

Category:Anti-Chechen sentiment

Category:Caucasian War