:Gododdin

{{Infobox country

| conventional_long_name = Kingdom of Gododdin

| common_name = Gododdin

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| image_map = Yr.Hen.Ogledd.550.650.Koch.jpg

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| religion = Celtic Christianity

| government_type = Monarchy

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| year_end =

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| year_start = circa 4th century

| flag_alt =

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| image_map_alt = Yr Hen Ogledd (The Old North) c. 550 – c. 650

| image_map_caption = Yr Hen Ogledd (The Old North) c. 550 – c. 650

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| common_languages = Brythonic

| title_leader = King

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| p1 = Hen Ogledd

| s1 = Kingdom of Northumbria

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| p2 = Votadini

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| era = Early Middle Ages

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The Gododdin ({{IPA|cy|ɡɔˈdɔðɪn}}) were a Brittonic people of north-eastern Britannia, the area known as the Hen Ogledd or Old North (modern south-east Scotland and north-east England), in the sub-Roman period. Descendants of the Votadini, they are best known as the subject of the 6th-century Welsh poem Y Gododdin, which memorialises the Battle of Catraeth and is attributed to Aneirin.

The name Gododdin is the Modern Welsh form, but the name appeared in Old Welsh as Guotodin and derived from the tribal name Votadini recorded in Classical sources, such as in Greek texts from the Roman period.Claudius Ptolemaeus, "Geographia" (ca. 2nd century)

Kingdom

It is not known exactly how far the kingdom of the Gododdin extended, possibly from the Stirling area to the kingdom of Bryneich (Bernicia), and including what are now the Lothian and Borders regions of eastern Scotland. It was bounded to the west by the Brittonic Kingdom of Strathclyde, and to the north by the Picts. Those living around Clackmannanshire were known as the Manaw Gododdin.Watson, 1926 {{page needed|date=June 2015}}Jackson, 1969 {{page needed|date=June 2015}} According to tradition, local kings of this period lived at both Traprain Law and Din Eidyn (Edinburgh, whose English name is ultimately a calque, with the Old English {{lang|ang|-burh}} corresponding to the Welsh {{lang|xcb|din}}; in Scottish Gaelic it is still known as {{lang|gd|Dùn Èideann}}), and probably also at {{lang|xcb|Din Baer}} (Dunbar, Scottish Gaelic {{lang|gd|Dùn Bàrr}}). Gododdin included districts such as Manaw Gododdin and Eidyn south of the Firth of Forth.

Cunedda, legendary founder of the Kingdom of Gwynedd in north Wales, is supposed to have been a Manaw Gododdin warlord who migrated southwest during the 5th century.[http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/basis/nennius-full.html Historia Britonum], retrieved 4 April 2009.

Later history

File:Brittonic and Old English place names in the pre-1974 counties of Northumbria Durham Selkirkshire Roxburghshire Berwickshire Peeblesshire and the Lothians.png and the River Tees: in green, names probably containing Brittonic elements; in red and orange, names probably containing the Old English elements -ham and -ingaham respectively. Brittonic names lie mostly to the north of the Lammermuir and Moorfoot Hills and may reflect the territory of the Gododdin.Map by Alaric Hall, first published [http://www.heroicage.org/issues/10/placenames/frames.htm here] as part of Bethany Fox, '[http://www.heroicage.org/issues/10/fox.html The P-Celtic Place-Names of North-East England and South-East Scotland]', The Heroic Age, 10 (2007).]]

In the 6th century, Bryneich was invaded by the Angles and became known as Bernicia. The Angles continued to press north. In around 600 the Gododdin raised a force of about 300 men to assault the Angle stronghold of Catraeth, perhaps Catterick, North Yorkshire. The battle, which ended disastrously for the Britons, was memorialised in the poem Y Gododdin.{{Cite web |date=2020-08-16 |title=King Arthur in History |url=https://sianechard.ca/web-pages/king-arthur-in-history/ |access-date=2025-01-17 |website=Siân Echard |publisher=Department of English Language and Literatures, University of British Columbia |language=en}}

In 638, Eidyn, modern Edinburgh, was under siege and fell to the Angles,{{Cite web |title=The History of Edinburgh Castle |url=https://www.historic-uk.com/HistoryMagazine/DestinationsUK/Edinburgh-Castle/ |access-date=2025-01-17 |website=Historic UK |language=en-GB}} for the Gododdin seem to have come under the rule of Bernicia around this time. To what extent the native population was replaced or assimilated is unknown. Bernicia became part of Northumbria.{{Cite web |title=History of Northumberland and Borders |url=https://history.earthsci.carleton.ca/uk/ukhistory.htm |access-date=2025-01-17 |website=history.earthsci.carleton.ca}} Shortly afterwards this came under a unified England, then in 1018 Malcolm II brought the region as far as the River Tweed under Scottish rule.

Notes

References

Kenneth H. Jackson (1969). The Gododdin: The Oldest Scottish poem (Edinburgh: University Press) * W.J. Watson (1926, 1986). The History of the Celtic Place-Names of Scotland: being the Rhind lectures on archaeology (expanded) delivered in 1916. (Edinburgh, London: W. Blackwood & Sons, 1926; Edinburgh: Birlinn, 1986, reprint edition). {{ISBN|1-874744-06-8}}
W.J. Watson (1926, 1986). The History of the Celtic Place-Names of Scotland: being the Rhind lectures on archaeology (expanded) delivered in 1916. (Edinburgh, London: W. Blackwood & Sons, 1926; Edinburgh: Birlinn, 1986, reprint edition). {{ISBN|1-874744-06-8}}
Davies, John. "Dinas Powys, Catraeth, and Llantwit Major." A History of Wales. London: Allen Lane :, 1993. 61–62. Print.
Davies, Norman. "The Germanico-Celtic Isles." The Isles: A History. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1999. 165–166, 185–187, 195, 207. Print.