:Korean Peninsula Energy Development Organization

Image:KEDO funding.gif

Formal ground breaking on the site for two light water reactors (LWR) was on August 19, 1997, at Kumho, 30 km north of Sinpo.{{cite web|url=http://www1.korea-np.co.jp/pk/005th_issue/97082102.htm |title=KEDO Breaks Ground on US Led Nuclear Project That will Undermine Client Status of S Korea |publisher=korea-np.co.jp |date=October 21, 1994 |access-date=June 9, 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090824204606/http://www1.korea-np.co.jp/pk/005th_issue/97082102.htm |archive-date=August 24, 2009 }}{{Cite AV media |url=http://www.aparchive.com/metadata/youtube/6edf05067334f1cb8109d087b7c9226b |title=North Korea: Nuclear Reactors Kedo Consortium Press Conference |format=Motion picture |publisher=Associated Press |date=August 19, 1997 |access-date=April 3, 2016}} The Kumho site had been previously selected for two similar sized reactors that had been promised in the 1980s by the Soviet Union, before its collapse.{{Cite journal |url=http://cisac.stanford.edu/publications/north_koreas_choice_bombs_over_electricity/ |title=North Korea's Choice: Bombs Over Electricity |author1=Siegfried S. Hecker |author2=Sean C. Lee |author3=Chaim Braun |date=Summer 2010 |journal=The Bridge |volume=40 |issue=2 |pages=5–12 |publisher=National Academy of Engineering |access-date=March 5, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101205175419/http://cisac.stanford.edu/publications/north_koreas_choice_bombs_over_electricity/ |archive-date=December 5, 2010 |url-status=dead }}

Soon after the Agreed Framework{{cite news |url=http://www.iaea.org/Publications/Documents/Infcircs/Others/infcirc457.pdf |title=Agreed Framework of 21 October 1994 Between the United States of America and the Democratic People's Republic of Korea |id=INFCIRC/457 |publisher=IAEA |date=November 2, 1994 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031217175315/http://www.iaea.org/Publications/Documents/Infcircs/Others/infcirc457.pdf |archive-date=December 17, 2003}} was signed, U.S. Congress control changed to the Republican Party, who did not support the agreement.{{citation|url=http://www.isn.ethz.ch/isn/Digital-Library/Publications/Detail/?ots591=0C54E3B3-1E9C-BE1E-2C24-A6A8C7060233&lng=en&ord582=grp2&id=31958|title=North Korea: Negotiations Work|author=Leon V Sigal|date=February 2007|publisher=MIT Center for International Studies|access-date=March 5, 2009}}[http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/z?c104:H.J.RES.83.EH: Joint resolution relating to the United States-North Korea Agreed Framework and the obligations of North Korea under that and previous agreements with respect to the denuclearization of the Korean Peninsula and dialog with the Republic of Korea] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904103407/http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/z?c104:H.J.RES.83.EH: |date=September 4, 2015 }}, House of Representatives, 104th Congress, 1st Session, H.J. Res. 83, September 18, 1995 Some Republican Senators were strongly against the agreement, regarding it as appeasement.{{cite web|url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/kim/interviews/gallucci.html |title=frontline: kim's nuclear gamble: interviews: robert gallucci |publisher=PBS |date=March 5, 2003 |access-date=June 9, 2009}}{{cite web|url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/kim/interviews/perle.html |title=frontline: kim's nuclear gamble: interviews: richard perle |publisher=PBS |date=March 27, 2003 |access-date=June 9, 2009}} KEDO's first director, Stephen Bosworth, later commented "The Agreed Framework was a political orphan within two weeks after its signature".{{cite web|last=Behar |first=Richard |url=https://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune_archive/2003/05/12/342316/ |title=Rummy's North Korea Connection What did Donald Rumsfeld know about ABB's deal to build nuclear reactors there? And why won't he talk about it? - May 12, 2003 |publisher=Money.cnn.com |date=May 12, 2003 |access-date=June 9, 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090908091709/http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune_archive/2003/05/12/342316/ |archive-date=September 8, 2009 }}

Arranging project financing was not easy, and formal invitations to bid were not issued until 1998, by which time the delays were infuriating North Korea.{{cite news|last=Behar |first=Richard |url=https://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune_archive/2003/05/12/342316/ |title=Rummy's North Korea Connection |work=FORTUNE Magazine |publisher=CNN Money |date=May 12, 2003 |access-date=April 14, 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090908091709/http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune_archive/2003/05/12/342316/ |archive-date=September 8, 2009 }} Significant spending on the LWR project did not commence until 2000,{{cite web|url=http://www.kedo.org/pdfs/KEDO_AR_2004.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060724131611/http://www.kedo.org/pdfs/KEDO_AR_2004.pdf |archive-date=2006-07-24 |url-status=live |title=Korean Peninsula Energy Development Organization Annual Report 2004 |date=December 31, 2004 |publisher=Korean Peninsula Energy Development Organization |access-date=April 14, 2010}} with "First Concrete" pouring at the construction site on August 7, 2002.{{cite web|author=Tim Carter |url=http://www.kedo.org/news_detail.asp?NewsID=22 |title=Promoting Peace and Stability on the Korean Peninsula and Beyond |publisher=KEDO |date= August 7, 2002|access-date=April 14, 2010}} Construction of both reactors was well behind the original schedule.

In the wake of the breakdown of the Agreed Framework in 2003, KEDO largely lost its function. KEDO ensured that the nuclear power plant project assets at the construction site at Kumho in North Korea and at manufacturers' facilities around the world ($1.5 billion invested to date) were preserved and maintained. The project was reported to be about 30% complete. One reactor containment building was about 50% complete and another about 15% finished. No key equipment for the reactors had been moved to the site.

In 2005, there were reports indicating that KEDO had agreed in principle to terminate the light-water reactor project. On January 9, 2006, it was announced that the project was over and the workers would be returning to their home countries. North Korea demanded compensation and has refused to return the approximately $45 million worth of equipment left behind.{{cite web|url=http://english.donga.com/srv/service.php3?bicode=050000&biid=2006010957518 |title=Reactor Project Ends in Failure |author=Myoung-Gun Lee |publisher=English.donga.com |date=January 9, 2006 |access-date=April 14, 2010}}

• Stephen W. Bosworth, 1995–1997{{cite web|url=http://www.icasinc.org/bios/bosworth.html |title=Stephen W. Bosworth - Biographic Sketch |publisher=Institute for Corean-American Studies |access-date=April 14, 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090310042628/http://www.icasinc.org/bios/bosworth.html |archive-date=March 10, 2009 }}
• L. Desaix Anderson, 1997–2001
• Charles Kartman, 2001–2005{{cite web|url=http://www.case.edu/artsci/asia/AsiasSecurityChallenges.html#Kartman |title=2006 Asian Studies Conference |date=March 25, 2006 |publisher=Case Western Reserve University |access-date=April 14, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060320054211/http://www.case.edu/artsci/asia/AsiasSecurityChallenges.html |archive-date=March 20, 2006 |url-status=dead }}{{cite news |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/kim/interviews/kartman.html |title=Interview: Charles Kartman |work=Frontline |publisher=Public Broadcasting Service |date=February 20, 2003 |access-date=April 14, 2010}}

• Division of Korea
• Six-party talks

{{Reflist|30em}}

• {{Official website}}
• [http://www.kedo.org/pdfs/SupplyAgreement.pdf Agreement on Supply of a Light-Water Reactor Project to the Democratic People's Republic of Korea] - KEDO, 1995
• {{cite news|url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/kim/interviews/kartman.html|title=Interview: Charles Kartman|work=Frontline|publisher=Public Broadcasting Service|date=February 20, 2003|access-date=April 14, 2010}}
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20070112090018/http://www.usip.org/events/2005/0310_cibkedo.html Ten Years of KEDO: What Have We Learned?], U.S. Institute of Peace, March 10, 2005
• [http://joongangdaily.joins.com/200509/11/200509112221351179900090309031.html Half-forgotten project is a key in next round of 6-party talks] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051125065435/http://joongangdaily.joins.com/200509/11/200509112221351179900090309031.html |date=November 25, 2005 }} - JoongAng Daily, September 12, 2005
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20051213195303/http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Korea/GI24Dg01.html Kumho: North Korea's nuclear ghost town] - Asia Times, September 24, 2005
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20060327125138/http://english.chosun.com/w21data/html/news/200511/200511230021.html KEDO Puts Final Nail in N.Korea Reactor Project], The Chosun Ilbo, November 23, 2005
• [http://joongangdaily.joins.com/200512/12/200512122211175139900090309031.html KEDO told to leave North Korea] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060520080723/http://joongangdaily.joins.com/200512/12/200512122211175139900090309031.html |date=May 20, 2006 }}, JoongAng Daily, December 13, 2005
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20050620200549/http://today.reuters.com/news/newsArticle.aspx?type=worldNews N.Korea says to build light-water nuclear reactors], Reuters, December 20, 2005
• [http://joongangdaily.joins.com/200512/01/200512012125258609900090109011.html An unfair burden]{{Dead link|date=December 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, JoongAng Daily, December 23, 2005
• [http://www.stanleyfoundation.org/publications/pdb/KEDO07pdb.pdf What Did We Learn From KEDO?], The Stanley Foundation, November 2006
• [http://times.hankooki.com/lpage/nation/200701/kt2007011619432511960.htm KEDO Demands $1.9 Bil. Compensation From NK]{{Dead link|date=December 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, The Korea Times, January 16, 2007
• [http://cisac.stanford.edu/publications/a_history_of_kedo_19942006/ A History of KEDO 1994-2006], Robert Carlin, Joel Wit, Charles Kartman, Center for International Security and Cooperation, July 18, 2012
• [http://38north.org/2012/07/kedointvw/ Reflections on KEDO: Ambassador Stephen Bosworth, Joel Wit and Robert Carlin] (video interview of first KEDO Director), 38 North, July 19, 2012

{{Nuclear program of North Korea}}

{{Economy of North Korea}}

{{Authority control}}

Category:Organizations established in 1995

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Category:Foreign relations of North Korea

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