:Russia–Syria–Iran–Iraq coalition

{{short description|Former joint intelligence-sharing cooperation between opponents of ISIL}}

{{Infobox organization

| image = File:Iranwiqu31.jpg

| image_size = 150

| alt =

| map = File:Russia–Syria–Iran–Iraq Coalition.jpg

| map_caption = Members on the map

| map_size = 300

| formation = September 2015

| type = Military alliance

| dissolved = December 2024

| purpose = Anti-IS

| headquarters = Damascus

| services =

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| name = Russia–Syria–Iran–Iraq Coalition

| location =

| region = West Asia

| membership =

{{unbulletedlist|{{flag|Hezbollah}}|{{flag|Iran}}|{{flag|Iraq}}|{{flag|Russia}}| {{flag|Ba'athist Syria}}}}

}}

The Russia–Syria–Iran–Iraq coalition (RSII coalition),{{cite web|url= https://www.tehrantimes.com/news/456594/Gen-Soleimani-led-Russia-Syria-Iran-Iraq-Hezbollah-coalition|title=Gen. Soleimani led Russia-Syria-Iran-Iraq-Hezbollah coalition against terrorism: Venezuelan ambassador|work=Tehran Times|date=4 January 2021 }} also referred to as 4+1 (in which the "plus one" refers to Hezbollah of Lebanon),{{cite web|url=http://warincontext.org/2015/09/27/hezbollah-joins-russia-iran-syria-and-iraq-in-41-alliance/|title=Hezbollah joins Russia, Iran, Syria and Iraq in '4+1 Alliance'|date=27 September 2015 |access-date=9 December 2015}} was a joint intelligence-sharing cooperation between opponents of the Islamic State (IS) with operation rooms in Syria's Damascus and Iraq's Green Zone in Baghdad.{{cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-syria-soleimani-insigh-idUSKCN0S02BV20151006|title=How Iranian general plotted out Syrian assault in Moscow|author=Laila Bassam and Tom Perry|date=6 October 2015|work=Reuters|access-date=1 March 2016}}{{cite web|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2015/10/iraq-syria-russia-iran-isil-151014061134849.html|title=Iraq liaises with Syria, Russia and Iran to bomb ISIL|access-date=9 December 2015}} It was formed as a consequence of an agreement reached at the end of September 2015 between Russia, Iran, Iraq and the Syrian Arab Republic to "help and cooperate in collecting information about the terrorist Daesh group" (ISIS) with a view to combatting the advances of the group, according to the statement issued by the Iraqi Joint Operations Command.{{cite news|last1=Mullen|first1=Jethro|title=Iraq agrees to share intelligence with Russia, Iran and Syria |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2015/09/27/middleeast/iraq-russia-iran-syria-intelligence-deal/|publisher=CNN|date=27 September 2015 |access-date=28 September 2015}}{{cite news|title=Iraq, Russia, Iran and Syria coordinate against ISIL|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2015/09/iraq-russia-iran-syria-coordinate-isil-150927125919507.html|publisher=Al Jazeera|date=27 September 2015|access-date=27 September 2015}}{{cite web|last1=Gordon|first1=Michael|title=Russia Surprises U.S. With Accord on Battling ISIS|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/09/28/world/middleeast/iraq-agrees-to-share-intelligence-on-isis-with-russia-syria-and-iran.html?_r=0|work=New York Times|date=27 September 2015|access-date=6 November 2015}} The statement also cited "the increasing concern from Russia about thousands of Russian terrorists committing criminal acts within ISIS."

In October 2015, it was suggested that the Russia–Syria–Iran–Iraq coalition may have been devised during the visit by Qasem Soleimani, commander of the Iranian Quds Force, to Moscow in July 2015. During the early days of the operation, the Russian Air Force were backed by the Syrian Armed Forces, Iranian Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps, and other allied militias.{{cite web|title=US, allies ask Russia to halt strikes outside IS areas in Syria|date=3 October 2015 |url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1210559/us-allies-ask-russia-to-halt-strikes-outside-is-areas-in-syria|publisher=Reuters|access-date=3 October 2015}} The United States of America has been particularly hostile to the activities of Iran, Russia and Hezbollah in Syria since the start of the civil war, have criticized this coalition.{{cite web|title=Iran, Russia, and the Syrian Regime are Coordinating to Expel US Forces from Syria |date=3 August 2023 |url=https://www.understandingwar.org/backgrounder/iran-russia-and-syrian-regime-are-coordinating-expel-us-forces-syria |publisher=The Institute for the Study of War |access-date=1 October 2024}}

After the fall of the Assad regime in Syria and the withdrawal of Iran from the country, it is unclear if the alliance is still active as it could possibly be dissolved.{{cite web|title=How Assad’s fall hurts Russia and Iran|last1=Julian |first1=McBride |date=10 December 2024|url=https://www.aspistrategist.org.au/how-assads-fall-hurts-russia-and-iran/ |publisher=The Australian Strategic Policy Institute |access-date=15 December 2024}}

Background

=Russia and Iran=

For two and a half decades, the Russian elite were split on Iran. Some, like Russian Prime Minister Dmitry Medvedev, saw Iran as a bargaining chip in possible deals with the Western world. On the other hand, Eurasianists like political analyst Aleksandr Dugin wanted a Russo-Iranian alliance to counter Western influence.[https://web.archive.org/web/20100407184530/http://www.strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil/pdffiles/PUB936.pdf Dmitry Shlapentokh: Russian Elite Image of Iran: From The Late Soviet Era to The Present, Strategic Studies Institute, Carlisle, September 2009.]

=Syrian civil war=

{{see also|Northwestern Syria offensive (October–November 2015)|Iranian intervention in the Syrian civil war|Russian involvement in the Syrian civil war}}

Syria's civil war started when opposing groups in the country protested against Assad's rule in early 2011, the protests ultimately turning violent and drawing-in regional opponents and supporters of Assad. The war is being conducted between numerous opponents and government parties. More than 250,000 people have been killed and more than 10 million displaced. With most opponents, and their western allies, demanding Assad's leaving as a prerequisite for talks, efforts to find a solution have failed thus far. Recently Western countries have said Assad could play some role in a transition.{{cite news|last1=EVANS AND AL-KHALIDI|first1=SULEIMAN , DOMINIC|title=Assad says Russian air campaign vital to save Middle East|date=4 October 2015|url=http://in.reuters.com/article/mideast-crisis-assad-iran-idINKCN0RY0EY20151004 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208222244/http://in.reuters.com/article/mideast-crisis-assad-iran-idINKCN0RY0EY20151004 |url-status=dead |archive-date=8 December 2015 |work=Reuters|access-date=4 October 2015}} Regarding the transitional period Assad has asserted that it was not western countries' job to decide on Syria's future. He has accused the US and its allies of hypocrisy for their support for insurgents, saying that air raids by Syrian jets, now combined by Russia, have been far more productive than anything performed by the year-long air operations by the US-led coalition. According to Assad the countries involved in US-led coalition, themselves support terrorism, thus they cannot fight terrorism. That is why, he says, several months of fighting against terrorism, has resulted in spreading it.

==After 2015==

{{Main|Russian intervention in the Syrian civil war|Hezbollah involvement in the Syrian civil war}}

After the loss of Idlib province to a rebel offensive in the first half of 2015, the situation was judged by Assad's allies to have become critical for Assad's survival. High level talks were held between Moscow and Tehran in the first half of 2015 and a political agreement was achieved.{{cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-syria-soleimani-insigh-idUSKCN0S02BV20151006|title=How Iranian general plotted out Syrian assault in Moscow|work=Reuters|access-date= 14 October 2015|date=6 October 2015}} In October 2015, it was suggested that the Russian operation in Syria may have been devised during the visit by Qasem Soleimani, commander of the Iranian Quds Force, to Moscow in July 2015, which was then denied by Russian officials.{{cite news|url=http://www.svoboda.org/content/article/27188701.html|title=МИД России: иранский генерал Сулеймани в Москве не был|work=Радио Свобода|date=14 August 2015 |access-date=16 October 2015}} Responding to an official request by Syrian government,{{cite web|url=http://sana.sy/en/?p=56454|title=Syria's ambassador to Russia urges all countries to join Syria and Russia against terrorism|author=Manal|date=October 2015|agency=Syrian Arab News Agency}} in September 2015, Russia sent its warplanes and other military hardware and combat troops to Bassel Al-Assad International Airport near Latakia to be ready for their operation.{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/sep/14/russia-sends-artillery-and-tanks-to-syria-as-part-of-continued-military-buildup|title=Russia sends artillery and tanks to Syria as part of continued military buildup|author=Alec Luhn|work=The Guardian|access-date=9 October 2015|date=14 September 2015}} In 2016, Russia declared it would send humanitarian aid to Aleppo with the help of the Syrian government. Russia also claimed that it would allow civilians to leave the city, and urged the Syrian government to offer the chance for militants to surrender.{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-syria-russia-idUSKCN1080S2|title=Russia says starts humanitarian operation in Syria's Aleppo|date=28 July 2016|newspaper=Reuters|access-date=5 August 2016}}

The Russian Air Force has used Iranian airbases for refueling namely the Hamadan Airbase.{{cite news|author1=Anne Barnard |author2=Andrew E. Kramer |date=22 August 2016|title=Iran Revokes Russia's Use of Air Base, Saying Moscow 'Betrayed Trust'|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/08/23/world/middleeast/iran-russia-syria.html|newspaper=New York Times|access-date=24 August 2016}}

Agreement

At the end of September 2015, a joint information center in Baghdad was set up by Iran, Iraq, Russia, and Syria to coordinate their operations against ISIL.{{cn|date=December 2020}} According to Russian foreign minister Sergey Lavrov's statement made in mid-October 2015, prior to the start of its operations in Syria, Russia invited the U.S. to join the Baghdad-based information center but received what he called an "unconstructive" response. Putin's proposal that the U.S. receive a high-level Russian delegation and that a U.S. delegation arrive in Moscow to discuss co-operation in Syria was likewise declined by the U.S.{{cite news|url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-mideast-crisis-syria-russia-lavrov-idUKKCN0S810P20151014?mod=related&channelName=worldNews|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208221320/http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-mideast-crisis-syria-russia-lavrov-idUKKCN0S810P20151014?mod=related&channelName=worldNews|url-status=dead|archive-date=8 December 2015|title=Russia's Lavrov says Washington declines deeper military talks on Syria|work=NEWSru|date=14 October 2015|access-date=17 October 2015}}{{cite web|url=http://newsru.com/russia/14oct2015/lavrov.html|title="Это обидно": Лавров сообщил, что США отказались принять делегацию РФ для обсуждения сирийского кризиса|work=NEWSru|date=14 October 2015|access-date=16 October 2015}} Following an official request from the Syrian government for martial help against rebel and jihadist groups in Syria, the coalition started its work.{{cite web|title=Russia carries out first air strikes in Syria|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2015/09/russian-carries-air-strikes-syria-150930133155190.html|publisher=Al Jazeera|date=30 September 2015|access-date=22 March 2018}} It was generally thought that Iran would play a leading role in the ground operations of Syria's army and allies{{citation needed|date=November 2015}}, whilst Russia would be leading in the air in conjunction with the Syrian air force, thereby establishing a complementary role.{{cite web|url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/khamenei-calls-for-stronger-iranian-military-to-deter-enemies/article26610890/|title=Iranian troops join ground offensive in Syria|work=The Globe and Mail|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151005173807/http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/khamenei-calls-for-stronger-iranian-military-to-deter-enemies/article26610890/|archive-date=5 October 2015|df=dmy-all}} For Western countries and the Russia–Syria–Iran–Iraq coalition ISIS has been a common enemy, although each country has very different friends and opposing views of how to solve the crisis.

In an interview with Iranian TV, Assad said that the success of this agreement was vital to save the Middle East from destruction. He said that the year-long air campaign by the US-led coalition had been counterproductive and had helped terrorism to spread and win new recruits, but that the new coalition of Russia, Syria, Iran, and Iraq, could achieve real results.

Iranian role

{{Main|Iranian involvement in the Syrian civil war|Iranian intervention in Iraq (2014–present)}}

Other than being a crucial thoroughfare to Hezbollah in Lebanon, Syria has been the only consistent ally for Iran since the 1979 Islamic revolution in Iran. Iran has provided significant support for the Syrian government in the Syrian civil war, including logistical, technical and financial support.[https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/iran/10654144/Iran-boosts-support-to-Syria.html Iran boosts support to Syria], telegraph, 21 February 2014 In April 2014, Hossein Amir-Abdolahian, the Iranian deputy foreign minister, said: "We aren’t seeking to have Bashar Assad remain president for life. But we do not subscribe to the idea of using extremist forces and terrorism to topple Assad and the Syrian government."{{cite news|last=Moghtader|first=Michelle|title=Iran does not seek indefinite power for Assad, senior diplomat says|url=http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Middle-East/2014/Apr-04/252258-iran-does-not-seek-indefinite-power-for-assad-senior-diplomat-says.ashx#axzz2y7sng6sf|access-date=6 April 2014|newspaper=The Daily Star |date=4 April 2014}} On 24 July General Qasem Soleimani visited Moscow{{cite web|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/russia-iran-seen-coordinating-on-defense-of-assad-regime-in-syria-1442856556|title=Russia, Iran Seen Coordinating on Defense of Assad Regime in Syria|author1=Jay Solomon|author2=Sam Dagher|date=21 September 2015|work=The Wall Street Journal}} to devise the details of the plan for coordinated military action in Syria.{{cite web|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/israeli-official-irans-military-mastermind-went-to-russia-to-talk-to-putin-saving-assad-2015-9?r=US&IR=T|title=Israeli official: Iran mastermind went to Russia|date=10 September 2015|work=Business Insider}} In October 2015, it was suggested that the Russia–Syria–Iran–Iraq coalition may have been devised during his visit.{{cite web|url=http://www.kommersant.ru/Doc/2789564|title=Ъ – Иранский генерал потерялся между Тегераном и Москвой|work=Kommersant|date=14 August 2015|access-date=16 October 2015}}

Citing two Lebanese sources, Reuters reported on 1 October 2015 that hundreds of Iranian troops arrived in Syria over the previous 10 days and would soon join Syrian government forces and their Lebanese Hezbollah allies in a major ground offensive backed by Russian airstrikes. Iran has also been training the Popular Mobilization Forces who are fighting ISIS.

References

External links

[http://rbth.com/news/2016/08/20/iran-offer-its-base-to-russia-in-cooperation-against-isis-minister_622719 Iran offers its base to Russia in cooperation against ISIS - minister] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200923110924/http://rbth.com/news/2016/08/20/iran-offer-its-base-to-russia-in-cooperation-against-isis-minister_622719 |date=23 September 2020 }}, Russia Beyond, 20 August 2016.

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Category:21st-century military alliances

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