:Sudanese civil war (2023–present)

{{main|History of Sudan|Coups d'état in Sudan}}

Since gaining independence in 1956, Sudan has experienced 20 military coup attempts, the most of any African nation.{{cite web |last=Fabricius |first=Peter |date=31 July 2020 |title=Sudan, a coup laboratory |url=https://issafrica.org/iss-today/sudan-a-coup-laboratory |access-date=17 April 2023 |website=Institute for Security Studies |archive-date=17 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230417070705/https://issafrica.org/iss-today/sudan-a-coup-laboratory |url-status=live}} Sudan has usually been ruled by the military, interspersed with short periods of democratic parliamentary rule.{{cite web |last=Biajo |first=Nabeel |date=22 October 2022 |title=Military Rule No Longer Viable in Sudan: Analyst |url=https://www.voaafrica.com/a/sudan-october-revolution/6799915.html |access-date=17 April 2023 |website=VOA Africa |archive-date=17 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230417070705/https://www.voaafrica.com/a/sudan-october-revolution/6799915.html |url-status=live}}{{cite news |title=Sudan is sliding towards civil war |newspaper=The Economist |url=https://www.economist.com/middle-east-and-africa/2023/04/20/sudan-is-sliding-towards-civil-war |access-date=12 May 2023 |issn=0013-0613 |archive-date=11 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230511163325/https://www.economist.com/middle-east-and-africa/2023/04/20/sudan-is-sliding-towards-civil-war |url-status=live }}

Two civil wars{{snd}}the first from 1955 to 1972 and the second, 1983 to 2005{{snd}}between the central government and the southern regions, which led to the independence of South Sudan in 2011, killed 1.5 million people, and a conflict in the western region of Darfur displaced two million people and killed more than 200,000 others.{{cite news |title=The basics about Sudan |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/live/world-africa-65285254?ns_mchannel=social&ns_source=twitter&ns_campaign=bbc_live&ns_linkname=643bcbc5e0389a2bbfc6153f%26The%20basics%20about%20Sudan%262023-04-16T17%3A27%3A06.378Z&ns_fee=0&pinned_post_locator=urn:asset:15060871-2998-42f6-b96f-0362a0d4b488&pinned_post_asset_id=643bcbc5e0389a2bbfc6153f&pinned_post_type=share |access-date=7 September 2024 |publisher=BBC News |date=16 April 2023 |archive-date=7 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240907011236/https://www.bbc.com/news/live/world-africa-65285254?ns_mchannel=social&ns_source=twitter&ns_campaign=bbc_live&ns_linkname=643bcbc5e0389a2bbfc6153f%26The%20basics%20about%20Sudan%262023-04-16T17:27:06.378Z&ns_fee=0&pinned_post_locator=urn:asset:15060871-2998-42f6-b96f-0362a0d4b488&pinned_post_asset_id=643bcbc5e0389a2bbfc6153f&pinned_post_type=share |url-status=live }}

By the turn of the 21st century, Sudan's western Darfur region had endured prolonged instability and social strife due to racial and ethnic tensions and disputes over land and water. In 2003, this situation erupted into a full-scale rebellion against government rule, against which president and military strongman Omar al-Bashir vowed to use forceful action. The resulting War in Darfur was marked by widespread state-sponsored acts of violence, leading to charges of war crimes and genocide against al-Bashir.{{cite news |last1=Abdelaziz |first1=Khalid |last2=Eltahir |first2=Nafisa |last3=Eltahir |first3=Nafisa |date=15 April 2023 |title=Sudan's army chief, paramilitary head ready to de-escalate tensions, mediators say |publisher=Reuters |editor-last=MacSwan |editor-first=Angus |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/sudanese-politicians-blame-bashir-loyalists-discord-2023-04-14/ |url-status=live |url-access= registration |access-date=15 April 2023 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230415191940/https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/sudanese-politicians-blame-bashir-loyalists-discord-2023-04-14/ |archive-date=15 April 2023}} The initial phase of the conflict left approximately 300,000 dead and 2.7 million forcibly displaced; even though the intensity of the violence later declined, the situation in the region remained far from peaceful.{{cite web|first1=Samy|last1=Magdy|first2=Joseph|last2=Krauss|url=https://apnews.com/article/b5eba878a74445eb90febe4ec9231917|title=Sudanese general's path to power ran through Darfur|work=Associated Press|date=20 May 2019|access-date=3 May 2023|archive-date=26 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230426213242/https://apnews.com/article/b5eba878a74445eb90febe4ec9231917|url-status=live}}

To crush uprisings by non-Arab tribes in the Nuba Mountains, al-Bashir relied upon the Janjaweed, a collection of Arab militias that were drawn from camel-trading tribes which were active in Darfur and portions of Chad. In 2013, al-Bashir announced that the Janjaweed would be reorganised as the Rapid Support Forces (RSF) and he also announced that the RSF would be placed under the command of the Janjaweed's commander Mohamed Hamdan Dagalo, more commonly known as Hemedti.{{cite news |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/4/16/who-is-hemedti-the-puppeteer-behind-sudans-feared-rsf-fighters |title=Who is 'Hemedti', general behind Sudan's feared RSF force? |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230427222622/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/4/16/who-is-hemedti-the-puppeteer-behind-sudans-feared-rsf-fighters |archive-date=27 April 2023 |work=Al Jazeera |date=16 April 2023}}{{cite news |last1=Fulton |first1=Adam |last2=Holmes |first2=Oliver |date=25 April 2023 |title=Sudan conflict: why is there fighting and what is at stake in the region? |language=en-GB |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/apr/25/sudan-conflict-why-is-there-fighting-what-is-happening |access-date=26 April 2023 |issn=0261-3077 |archive-date=3 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230503000543/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/apr/27/sudan-conflict-why-is-there-fighting-what-is-at-stake |url-status=live}}Harriet Barber, [https://www.telegraph.co.uk/global-health/terror-and-security/sudan-unrest-militia-rapid-support-forces-janjaweed/ 'Men with no mercy': The vicious history of Sudan's Rapid Support Forces] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230426213242/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/global-health/terror-and-security/sudan-unrest-militia-rapid-support-forces-janjaweed/ |date=26 April 2023}}, Telegraph (25 April 2023).Michael Georgy, [https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/sudans-hemedti-carved-route-power-by-crushing-darfur-revolt-2023-04-15/ How Sudan's Hemedti carved his route to power] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230424150330/https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/sudans-hemedti-carved-route-power-by-crushing-darfur-revolt-2023-04-15/ |date=24 April 2023 }}, Reuters (15 April 2023) The RSF perpetrated mass killings, mass rapes, pillage, torture, and destruction of villages. They were accused of committing ethnic cleansing against the Fur, Masalit, and Zaghawa peoples. Leaders of the RSF have been indicted for genocide, war crimes, and crimes against humanity by the International Criminal Court (ICC),[https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/who-are-sudans-rapid-support-forces-2023-04-13/ Factbox: Who are Sudan's Rapid Support Forces?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414114321/https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/who-are-sudans-rapid-support-forces-2023-04-13/ |date=14 April 2023 }}, Reuters (15 April 2023). but Hemedti was not personally implicated in the 2003–2004 atrocities.

In 2017, a new law gave the RSF the status of an "independent security force". Hemedti received several gold mines in Darfur as patronage from al-Bashir, and his personal wealth grew substantially. Bashir sent RSF forces to quash a 2013 uprising in South Darfur and deployed RSF units to fight in Yemen and Libya. During this time, the RSF developed a working relationship with the Russian private military outfit Wagner Group.{{Cite news |last1=Elbagir |first1=Nima |last2=Qiblawi |first2=Tamara |date=15 April 2023 |title=How paramilitary group leader Dagalo has consolidated power in Sudan |language=en-UK |work=CNN |url=https://edition.cnn.com/africa/live-news/sudan-army-paramilitary-palace-news-04-15-23/ |access-date=16 April 2023 |archive-date=16 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230416004524/https://edition.cnn.com/africa/live-news/sudan-army-paramilitary-palace-news-04-15-23 |url-status=live}} These developments ensured that RSF forces grew into the tens of thousands and came to possess thousands of armed pickup trucks which regularly patrolled the streets of Khartoum. The Bashir regime allowed the RSF and other armed groups to proliferate to prevent threats to its security from within the armed forces, a practice known as "coup-proofing".{{Cite news |last1=Uras |first1=Umut |last2=Gadzo |first2=Mersiha |last3=Siddiqui |first3=Usaid |title=Sudan updates: Explosions, shooting rock Khartoum |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2023/4/15/sudan-unrest-live-news-explosions-shooting-rock-khartoum |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230415095207/http://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2023/4/15/sudan-unrest-live-news-explosions-shooting-rock-khartoum |archive-date=15 April 2023 |access-date=15 April 2023 |work=Al Jazeera}}

{{Main|Sudanese transition to democracy (2019–2021)|Politics of Sudan}}

{{Multiple image

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| image1 = Abdel Fattah al-Burhan, 2019 (cropped).jpg

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| caption1 = Abdel Fattah al-Burhan, Chairman of the Transitional Sovereignty Council

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| caption2 = Mohamed Hamdan Dagalo, better known as Hemedti, Commander of the Rapid Support Forces

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In December 2018, protests against al-Bashir's regime began, starting the first phase of the Sudanese Revolution. Eight months of sustained civil disobedience were met with violent repression.

[https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/sudan-turmoil-bashir-fall-fighting-khartoum-timeline Sudan timeline: From the fall of Bashir to street-fighting in Khartoum] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230423093524/https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/sudan-turmoil-bashir-fall-fighting-khartoum-timeline |date=23 April 2023}}, Middle East Eye (18 April 2023). In April 2019, the military (including the RSF) ousted al-Bashir in a coup d'état, ending his three decades of rule; the army established the Transitional Military Council, a junta. Bashir was imprisoned in Khartoum; he was not turned over to the ICC, which had issued warrants for his arrest on charges of war crimes.Jack Jeffrey & Samy Magdt, [https://apnews.com/article/sudan-military-democracy-coup-d70cdb605bfef095eca113f77e73c68c Deal to restore democratic transition in Sudan delayed again] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230416120046/https://apnews.com/article/sudan-military-democracy-coup-d70cdb605bfef095eca113f77e73c68c |date=16 April 2023 }}, Associated Press (7 April 2023). Protests calling for civilian rule continued; in June 2019, the TMC's security forces, which included both the RSF and the SAF, perpetrated the Khartoum massacre, in which more than a hundred demonstrators were killed{{Cite web |date=14 June 2019 |title=Sudan military admits it ordered brutal crackdown on protesters |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/6/14/sudan-military-admits-it-ordered-brutal-crackdown-on-protesters |access-date=2024-02-24 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en |archive-date=24 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240224054256/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/6/14/sudan-military-admits-it-ordered-brutal-crackdown-on-protesters |url-status=live }} and dozens were raped. Hemedti denied orchestrating the attack.

In August 2019, in response to international pressure and mediation by the African Union and Ethiopia, the military agreed to share power in an interim joint civilian-military unity government (the Transitional Sovereignty Council), headed by a civilian Prime Minister, Abdalla Hamdok, with elections to be held in 2023. In October 2021, the military seized power in a coup led by Sudanese Armed Forces (SAF) leader Abdel Fattah al-Burhan and Hemedti. The Transitional Sovereignty Council was reconstituted as a new military junta led by al-Burhan, monopolizing power and halting Sudan's transition to democracy.{{cite news |last1=Olewe |first1=Dickens |title=Mohamed 'Hemeti' Dagalo: Top Sudan military figure says coup was a mistake |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-64704858 |access-date=22 March 2023 |work=BBC News |date=20 February 2023 |archive-date=22 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322202324/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-64704858 |url-status=live}}

The Sudan Liberation Movement (or Army; SLM, SLA, or SLM/A) is a rebel group active in Darfur, primarily composed of members of non-Arab ethnic groups{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7039360.stm|work=BBC |title= Who are Sudan's Darfur rebels?|access-date=17 December 2014|archive-date=27 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201227151125/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7039360.stm|url-status=live}} and established in response to their marginalization by the Bashir regime.Flint, Julie and De Waal, Alexander (2008) Darfur: A New History of a Long War Zed Books, London, pp. 16–17, {{ISBN|978-1-84277-949-1}}Jok, Jok Madut (2007) Sudán: Race, Religion and Violence Oneworld, Oxford, p. 4 {{ISBN|978-1-85168-366-6}} Since 2006, the movement has split into several factions due to disagreements over the Darfur Peace Agreement, with some factions joining the government in Khartoum.[https://2001-2009.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2006/65972.htm "Darfur Peace Agreement Fact Sheet"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180802015851/https://2001-2009.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2006/65972.htm |date=2 August 2018 }} Office of the Spokesman, U.S. Department of State, May 2006, from Internet Archives{{cite web|url=http://www.radiodabanga.org/node/9223|title=Minawi announces withdrawal from Abuja Agreement|access-date=17 December 2014|archive-date=18 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141218011413/https://www.radiodabanga.org/node/9223|url-status=live}}{{cite web|url=https://www.dabangasudan.org/en/all-news/article/historic-agreement-signed-by-sudan-govt-armed-groups-in-juba|title='Historic agreement' signed by Sudan govt, armed groups in Juba|website=Radio Dabanga|date=September 2020|access-date=15 July 2023|archive-date=27 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201227135937/https://www.dabangasudan.org/en/all-news/article/historic-agreement-signed-by-sudan-govt-armed-groups-in-juba|url-status=live}} By 2023 the three most prominent factions were the SLM-Minnawi under Minni Minnawi, the SLM-al-Nur under Abdul Wahid al-Nur, and the SLM-Tambour under Mustafa Tambour. The SLM-Minnawi and SLM-Tambour signed the 2020 Juba Peace Agreement, ceasing hostilities and receiving political appointments, but the SLM-al-Nur refused to sign and kept fighting.{{cite web|url=https://sudantribune.com/article275601/|title=SLM faction joins Sudanese army against RSF in Darfur|website=Sudan Tribune|date=31 July 2023|access-date=2 January 2024|archive-date=5 September 2023|archive-url=https://archive.today/20230905001443/https://sudantribune.com/article275601/|url-status=live}}

The SPLM-N was founded by units of the predominantly South Sudanese Sudan People's Liberation Movement/Army stationed in areas that remained in Sudan following the South Sudanese vote for independence in 2011. These forces then led a rebellion in the southern states of South Kordofan and Blue Nile a few months later.{{cite web|url=https://www.splmtoday.com/|title=Refinansiering av Forbrukslån Uten Sikkerhet via Splm|website=Splmtoday.com|access-date=15 July 2023|archive-date=7 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210507051819/https://www.splmtoday.com/|url-status=live}} In 2017, the SPLM-N split between a faction led by Abdelaziz al-Hilu and one led by Malik Agar, with al-Hilu demanding secularism as a condition for peace while Agar did not agree with this.{{cite news|url=https://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article68841|title=Al-Mahdi rejects linking peace in Sudan to secular state|work=Sudan Tribune|date=12 January 2020|access-date=16 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200113091337/https://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article68841 |archive-date=13 January 2020 |url-status=live}} During the Sudanese Revolution, al-Hilu's faction declared an indefinite unilateral ceasefire. In 2020, a peace agreement was signed between the Sudanese government and Agar's faction, with Agar later joining the Transitional Sovereignty Council in Khartoum. Al-Hilu held out until he agreed to sign a separate peace agreement with the Sudanese government a few months later.{{cite news |url=https://www.voaafrica.com/a/africa_south-sudan-focus_sudans-government-agrees-separate-religion-and-state/6195464.html |title=Sudan's Government Agrees to Separate Religion and State |author=Michael Atit |work=Voice of America |date=4 September 2020 |access-date=8 September 2020 |archive-date=8 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200908010819/https://www.voanews.com/africa/south-sudan-focus/sudans-government-agrees-separate-religion-and-state |url-status=live}} Further steps to consolidate the agreement stalled following the 2021 coup, and the al-Hilu faction instead signed an agreement with the SLM-al-Nur and the Sudanese Communist Party, agreeing to co-operate to draft a 'revolutionary charter' and remove the military from power.{{cite news|url=https://radiotamazuj.org/en/news/article/scp-signs-agreement-with-splm-n-al-hilu-and-slms-al-nur|title=SCP signs agreement with SPLM-N Al-Hilu and SLM Al-Nur|website=Radio Tamazuj|date=23 May 2022|access-date=31 December 2023|archive-date=30 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231230214904/https://radiotamazuj.org/en/news/article/scp-signs-agreement-with-splm-n-al-hilu-and-slms-al-nur|url-status=live}}

In the months after the 2021 coup the already weak Sudanese economy steeply declined, fueling wide protests demanding that the junta return power to civilian authorities. Tensions arose between al-Burhan and Hemedti over al-Burhan's restoration to the office of old-guard Islamist officials who had dominated the Omar al-Bashir government. Hemedti saw the appointment of these officials as a signal that al-Burhan was attempting to maintain the dominance of Khartoum's traditional elite over Sudanese politics. This was a danger to the RSF's political position, as said elites were hostile to Hemedti due to his ethnic background as a Darfuri Arab.{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-65297714|title=Sudan crisis: Burhan and Hemedti – the two generals at the heart of the conflict|publisher=BBC News|date=17 April 2023|access-date=23 December 2023|archive-date=23 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231223002701/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-65297714|url-status=live}} Hemedti's expression of regret over the October 2021 coup signalled a widening divide between him and al-Burhan.

Tensions between the RSF and the SAF began to escalate in February 2023, as the RSF began to recruit members across Sudan. Throughout February and early March the RSF built up in the Sudanese capital of Khartoum, until a deal was brokered on 11 March and the RSF withdrew.{{cite news |url=https://www.crisisgroup.org/africa/horn-africa/sudan/stopping-sudans-descent-full-blown-civil-war |title=Stopping Sudan's Descent into Full-Blown Civil War |date=20 April 2023 |access-date=22 April 2023 |website=International Crisis Group |archive-date=23 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230423004142/https://www.crisisgroup.org/africa/horn-africa/sudan/stopping-sudans-descent-full-blown-civil-war |url-status=live}}{{cite news |last=Walsh |first=Declan |date=15 April 2023 |title=Gunfire and Blasts Rock Sudan's Capital as Factions Vie for Control |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/04/15/world/africa/khartoum-sudan-fighting.html |url-status=live |access-date=15 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230415132926/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/04/15/world/africa/khartoum-sudan-fighting.html |archive-date=15 April 2023 |issn=0362-4331}} As part of this deal negotiations were conducted between the SAF, RSF, and civilian leaders, but these negotiations were delayed and halted by political disagreements.{{cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/4/1/sudan-factions-delay-post-coup-deal-on-civilian-rule|title=Sudan factions delay post-coup deal on civilian rule|website=Al Jazeera|date=1 April 2023|access-date=31 December 2023|archive-date=30 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231230222435/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/4/1/sudan-factions-delay-post-coup-deal-on-civilian-rule|url-status=live}} Chief among the disputes was the integration of the RSF into the military: the RSF insisted on a 10-year timetable for its integration into the regular army, while the army demanded integration within two years.{{cite news |last1=Salih |first1=Zeinab Mohammed |author-link=Zeinab Mohammed Salih |last2=Igunza |first2=Emmanuel |date=15 April 2023 |title=Sudan: Army and RSF battle over key sites, leaving 56 civilians dead |publisher=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-65284945 |url-status=live |access-date=15 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230415084000/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-65284945 |archive-date=15 April 2023}}{{cite web |title=Sudan unrest: How did we get here? |work=Middle East Eye |date=15 April 2023 |url=https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/sudan-unrest-how-did-we-get-here |access-date=16 April 2023 |archive-date=15 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230415133458/https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/sudan-unrest-how-did-we-get-here |url-status=live}} Other contested issues included the status given to RSF officers in the future hierarchy, and whether RSF forces should be under the command of the army chief rather than Sudan's commander-in-chief, al-Burhan.{{Cite news |date=16 April 2023 |title=At least 56 killed, hundreds injured in clashes across Sudan as paramilitary group claims control of presidential palace |language=en-UK |work=CNN|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2023/04/15/africa/sudan-presidential-palace-intl/ |access-date=16 April 2023 |archive-date=16 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230416003054/https://edition.cnn.com/2023/04/15/africa/sudan-presidential-palace-intl |url-status=live}}

On 11 April 2023, RSF forces deployed near the city of Merowe as well as in Khartoum.[https://www.agenzianova.com/en/news/sudan-scontri-intorno-al-palazzo-presidenziale-si-teme-un-tentativo-di-golpe-a-khartum/ Sudan: clashes around the presidential palace, there are fears of a coup attempt in Khartoum – video] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230415180407/https://www.agenzianova.com/en/news/sudan-al-burhan-e-dagalo-si-contendono-il-potere-in-corso-duri-scontri-a-khartum/ |date=15 April 2023}}, 15 April 2023. Government forces ordered them to leave and were refused. This led to clashes when RSF forces took control of the Soba military base south of Khartoum. On 13 April, RSF forces began their mobilization, raising fears of a potential rebellion against the junta. The SAF declared the mobilization illegal.{{cite news |title=Fears in Sudan as army and paramilitary force face off |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/4/13/sudans-army-warns-of-rsfs-movements-in-khartoum-other-cities |access-date=15 April 2023 |publisher=Al Jazeera |archive-date=14 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414214744/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/4/13/sudans-army-warns-of-rsfs-movements-in-khartoum-other-cities |url-status=live}}

{{for|a chronological guide|Timeline of the Sudanese civil war (2023)|Timeline of the Sudanese civil war (2024)|Timeline of the Sudanese civil war (2025)}}

{{see also|List of engagements during the Sudanese civil war (2023–present)}}

{{main|Battle of Khartoum (2023–2025)}}

On 15 April 2023, the RSF attacked SAF bases across Sudan, including Khartoum and its airport.{{cite web |date=15 April 2023 |title=Fighting broke out in Sudan between national army and RSF militiamen |url=https://sudantribune.com/article272958/ |access-date=16 April 2023 |website=Sudan Tribune |language=en-US |archive-date=15 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230415124257/https://sudantribune.com/article272958/}} There were clashes at the headquarters of the state broadcaster, Sudan TV, which was later captured by RSF forces. Bridges and roads in Khartoum and its hinterland were closed by RSF command.{{cite news |title= |script-title=ar:لحظة بلحظة.. اشتباكات بين الجيش السوداني والدعم السريع |language=ar |trans-title= |work=Al Jazeera |url=https://www.aljazeera.net/news/liveblog/2023/4/15/%d9%84%d8%ad%d8%b8%d8%a9-%d8%a8%d9%84%d8%ad%d8%b8%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d8%b4%d8%aa%d8%a8%d8%a7%d9%83%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%a8%d9%8a%d9%86-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ac%d9%8a%d8%b4 |url-status=live |access-date=15 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230415111143/https://www.aljazeera.net/news/liveblog/2023/4/15/%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B8%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B8%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%AA%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%B4 |archive-date=15 April 2023}} The next day saw a SAF counteroffensive, with the army retaking Merowe Airport alongside the headquarters of Sudan TV and the state radio.{{cite news |title=State TV back on air |language=en |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/live/world-africa-65285254?ns_mchannel=social&ns_source=twitter&ns_campaign=bbc_live&ns_linkname=643d3141bb343d77c4990026%26State%20TV%20back%20on%20air%262023-04-17T14%3A15%3A07.879Z&ns_fee=0&pinned_post_locator=urn:asset:25e4b940-2b3b-42f9-b136-0409578a196c&pinned_post_asset_id=643d3141bb343d77c4990026&pinned_post_type=share |access-date=17 April 2023}}

The Sudan Civil Aviation Authority closed the country's airspace as fighting began.{{cite news |last=Shieff |first=Chris |date=16 April 2023 |title=Military Coup: Sudan Airspace Closed |language=en |work=OPS Group |url=https://ops.group/blog/military-coup-sudan-airspace-closed/ |url-status=live |access-date=16 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230420054206/https://ops.group/blog/military-coup-sudan-airspace-closed/#:~:text=On%20April%2016%2C%20Sudan's%20CAA,due%20to%20'security%20reasons.' |archive-date=20 April 2023}} Telecommunications provider MTN shut down Internet services, and by 23 April there was a near-total Internet outage attributed to attacks on the electricity grid.{{cite news |author1=Arwa Ibrahim |title=Dozens of people killed as Sudan fighting enters second day |language=en |work=Al Jazeera |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2023/4/16/sudan-unrest-live-news-dozens-dead-as-fighting-enters-second-day |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230416144810/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2023/4/16/sudan-unrest-live-news-dozens-dead-as-fighting-enters-second-day |archive-date=16 April 2023 |access-date=15 August 2023}}{{cite news |date=23 April 2023 |title=Near-total collapse of internet connectivity |language=en |work=Al Jazeera |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2023/4/23/sudan-fighting-internet-outage-reported-across-the-country |url-status=live |access-date=23 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230423080457/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2023/4/23/sudan-fighting-internet-outage-reported-across-the-country |archive-date=23 April 2023}} Sudanese international trade began to break down, with Maersk, one of the largest shipping companies in the world, announcing a pause on new shipments to the country.{{cite news |date=25 April 2023 |title=Shipping group Maersk halts Sudan bookings over violence |work=Al Jazeera |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2023/4/25/sudan-live-news-sporadic-gunfire-in-khartoum-despite-new-truce?update=2174661 |url-status=live |access-date=25 April 2023 |archive-date=25 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230425095438/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2023/4/25/sudan-live-news-sporadic-gunfire-in-khartoum-despite-new-truce}}

File:Malik Agar governor 2009-08-19.jpg became de facto leader of the Sudanese government.]]

Hemedti directed his forces to capture or kill al-Burhan, and RSF units engaged in pitched and bloody combat with the Republican Guard. Ultimately al-Burhan managed to evade capture or assassination, but his base at the Sudanese Armed Forces Headquarters was placed under RSF siege, rendering him unable to leave Khartoum.{{cite web|url=https://sudanwarmonitor.com/p/whos-who-in-sudans-new-civil-war|title=Who's who in Sudan's new civil war?|website=Sudan War Monitor|date=1 September 2023|access-date=16 December 2023|archive-date=8 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231108015348/https://sudanwarmonitor.com/p/whos-who-in-sudans-new-civil-war|url-status=live}}{{cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/sudan-army-chief-burhan-appears-public-first-time-since-war-started-statement-2023-08-24/|title=Sudan army chief Burhan appears to leave army HQ for first time – video|publisher=Reuters|date=24 August 2023|access-date=16 December 2023|archive-date=28 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231028080914/https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/sudan-army-chief-burhan-appears-public-first-time-since-war-started-statement-2023-08-24/|url-status=live}} In an interview with Al Jazeera, Hemedti accused al-Burhan and his commanders of forcing the RSF to start the war by scheming to bring deposed leader Omar al-Bashir back to power. He called for the international community to intervene against al-Burhan, claiming that the RSF was fighting against radical Islamic militants.{{cite news |title=RSF head calls for the international community to intervene |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/live/world-africa-65285254?ns_mchannel=social&ns_source=twitter&ns_campaign=bbc_live&ns_linkname=643d12b6457ab20a78fe5f18%26RSF%20head%20calls%20for%20international%20community%20to%20intervene%262023-04-17T10%3A18%3A52.868Z&ns_fee=0&pinned_post_locator=urn:asset:bc4b139e-a57d-490b-9a9e-ed521ced731b&pinned_post_asset_id=643d12b6457ab20a78fe5f18&pinned_post_type=share/page/2 |access-date=17 April 2023 |publisher=BBC News |archive-date=7 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240907011234/https://www.bbc.com/news/live/world-africa-65285254?ns_mchannel=social&ns_source=twitter&ns_campaign=bbc_live&ns_linkname=643d12b6457ab20a78fe5f18%26RSF%20head%20calls%20for%20international%20community%20to%20intervene%262023-04-17T10:18:52.868Z&ns_fee=0&pinned_post_locator=urn:asset:bc4b139e-a57d-490b-9a9e-ed521ced731b&pinned_post_asset_id=643d12b6457ab20a78fe5f18&pinned_post_type=share/page/2 |url-status=live }}

Following the first few days of war the SAF brought in reinforcements from the Ethiopian border.{{cite news |title=Fighting rages in central Khartoum on fifth day of clashes |language=en |work=Al Jazeera |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2023/4/19/sudan-unrest-live-news-fighting-rages-as-ceasefire-breaks-down |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230419075222/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2023/4/19/sudan-unrest-live-news-fighting-rages-as-ceasefire-breaks-down |archive-date=19 April 2023 |url-status=live |access-date=15 August 2023}} Although a ceasefire was announced for Eid al-Fitr, fighting continued across the country.{{cite web |title=Clashes in Sudan despite calls for Eid ceasefire |url=https://today.rtl.lu/news/world/a/2054206.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230421072521/https://today.rtl.lu/news/world/a/2054206.html |archive-date=21 April 2023 |access-date=21 April 2023 |website=rtl.lu |language=en}}{{cite news |last1=Osman |first1=Mohamed |last2=Booty |first2=Natasha |date=21 April 2023 |title=Sudan fighting: Muted Eid as ceasefire broken |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-65344372 |url-status=live |access-date=21 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230421111134/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-65344372 |archive-date=21 April 2023}} Combat was described as particularly intense along the highway from Khartoum to Port Sudan and in the industrial zone of al-Bagair.{{cite news |date=21 April 2023 |title=Battles 'raging' in Khartoum: AJ correspondent |language=en-GB |work=Al Jazeera |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2023/4/21/sudan-fighting-live-news-burhan-says-committed-to-civilian-rule?update=2171153 |url-status=live |access-date=21 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230421085011/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2023/4/21/sudan-fighting-live-news-burhan-says-committed-to-civilian-rule |archive-date=21 April 2023}} Intercommunal clashes were reported in Blue Nile State and in Geneina.{{cite news |date=26 April 2023 |title=Shaky ceasefire enters second day as Sudanese, foreigners flee |work=France24 |url=https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230426-ceasefire-shaky-as-sudanese-and-foreigners-flee |access-date=26 April 2023 |archive-date=26 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230426111712/http://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230426-ceasefire-shaky-as-sudanese-and-foreigners-flee |url-status=live}}{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-65409733 |title=Sudan's Darfur fighting: 'I saw pick-up trucks full of dead people' |date=27 April 2023 |publisher=BBC News |access-date=28 April 2023 |archive-date=30 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230630183038/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-65409733 |url-status=live}}

By the beginning of May the SAF claimed to have weakened the RSF's combat capabilities and repelled its advances in multiple regions.{{cite web |date=1 May 2023 |title=Sudanese army: RSF's combat capabilities reduced |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2023/5/1/sudan-conflict-live-un-warns-of-humanitarian-breaking-point?update=2181697 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230501092915/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2023/5/1/sudan-conflict-live-un-warns-of-humanitarian-breaking-point |archive-date=1 May 2023 |access-date=1 May 2023 |website=Al Jazeera}} The Sudanese police deployed its Central Reserve Forces in the streets of Khartoum in support of the SAF, claiming to have arrested several hundred RSF fighters.{{cite web |date=30 April 2023 |title=Sudanese police deploy central reserve units in Khartoum |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2023/4/30/sudan-live-news-fighting-enters-third-week-un-warns-of-collapse |access-date=30 April 2023 |work=Al Jazeera |archive-date=30 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230430131426/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2023/4/30/sudan-live-news-fighting-enters-third-week-un-warns-of-collapse |url-status=live}} The SAF announced it was launching an all-out attack on RSF in Khartoum using air strikes and artillery.{{cite web |date=30 April 2023 |title=Sudan crisis: Air strikes and fighting in Khartoum as truce collapses |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-65440528 |access-date=30 April 2023 |work=BBC |archive-date=30 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230430133140/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-65440528 |url-status=live }} Air strikes and ground offensives against the RSF over the next few days caused significant damage to infrastructure, but failed to dislodge RSF forces from their positions.{{cite web |date=1 May 2023 |title=Confrontations continue near Presidential Palace: AJ Correspondent |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2023/5/1/sudan-conflict-live-un-warns-of-humanitarian-breaking-point?update=2182309 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230501092915/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2023/5/1/sudan-conflict-live-un-warns-of-humanitarian-breaking-point |archive-date=1 May 2023 |access-date=2 May 2023 |website=Al Jazeera}}{{cite web|url=https://www.voanews.com/a/airstrikes-hit-khartoum-s-outskirts-as-sudan-s-war-enters-sixth-week-/7102020.html|title=Sudan's Army and Paramilitary RSF Sign 7-Day Cease-Fire|website=Voice of America|date=20 May 2023|access-date=18 December 2023|archive-date=18 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231218052940/https://www.voanews.com/a/airstrikes-hit-khartoum-s-outskirts-as-sudan-s-war-enters-sixth-week-/7102020.html|url-status=live}}

Following further threats to his life from Hemedti, al-Burhan gave a public video address from his besieged base at the Army Headquarters, vowing to continue fighting.{{cite web |title=Burhan makes first appearance among troops since outbreak of clashes |url=https://sudantribune.com/article273901/ |website=Sudan Tribune |date=17 May 2023 |access-date=17 December 2023 |archive-date=16 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231216221420/https://sudantribune.com/article273901/ |url-status=live}}{{cite news |title=Sudan hospital hit in air strike and embassy looted |language=en-GB |publisher=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/live/world-africa-65361197/page/4 |first=Will |last=Ross |access-date=17 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230517225701/https://www.bbc.com/news/live/world-africa-65361197/page/4 |archive-date=17 May 2023}} On 19 May, al-Burhan officially removed Hemedti as his deputy in the Transitional Sovereignty Council and replaced him with former rebel leader and council member Malik Agar.{{cite news |title=Sudan's Burhan sacks paramilitary leader as his deputy |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/live/world-africa-65361197 |access-date=19 May 2023 |work=BBC |language=en-UK |archive-date=15 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230515115952/https://www.bbc.com/news/live/world-africa-65361197 |url-status=dead }} With al-Burhan trapped in Khartoum, Agar became de facto leader of the Sudanese government, assuming responsibility for peace negotiations, international visits and the day-to-day running of the country.

{{main|Treaty of Jeddah (2023)}}

International attention to the conflict resulted in the United Nations Human Rights Council calling a special session to address the violence, voting to increase monitoring of human rights abuses.{{cite web|url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20230511-pressure-by-all-possible-means-needed-to-halt-sudan-fighting-un|title=UN rights council votes to strenthen monitoring of abuses in Sudan|publisher=France 24|date=11 May 2023|access-date=18 December 2023|archive-date=18 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231218052940/https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20230511-pressure-by-all-possible-means-needed-to-halt-sudan-fighting-un|url-status=live}} On 6 May, delegates from the SAF and the RSF met directly for the first time in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, for what was described by Saudi Arabia and the United States as "pre-negotiation talks".{{cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/5/6/rival-sudan-factions-meet-in-saudi-arabia-as-pressure-mounts|title=Rival Sudan factions meet in Saudi Arabia as pressure mounts|access-date=6 May 2023|date=6 May 2023|work=Al Jazeera|archive-date=6 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230506130042/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/5/6/rival-sudan-factions-meet-in-saudi-arabia-as-pressure-mounts|url-status=live}} After diplomatic lobbying from the Saudis and Americans the warring sides signed the Treaty of Jeddah on 20 May, vowing to ensure the safe passage of civilians, protect relief workers, and prohibit the use of civilians as human shields.{{Cite news |title=Sudan conflict: Army and RSF agree deal to protect civilians |work=BBC |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-65569513 |url-status=live |access-date=12 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230512095107/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-65569513 |archive-date=12 May 2023}} The agreement did not include a ceasefire, and clashes resumed in Geneina, causing more casualties. The United Nations Under-Secretary-General for Humanitarian Affairs Martin Griffiths expressed frustration at the lack of commitment from both sides to end the fighting.{{cite web |date=3 May 2023 |title=Clashes rock Sudan ceasefire as UN official seeks aid protection |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/5/3/clashes-rock-sudan-ceasefire-as-un-official-seeks-aid-protection |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230503150353/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/5/3/clashes-rock-sudan-ceasefire-as-un-official-seeks-aid-protection |archive-date=3 May 2023 |access-date=3 May 2023 |website=Al Jazeera}}

The situation remained volatile, with both sides trading blame for attacks on churches, hospitals, and embassies.{{Cite news |title=Sudan's warring sides trade blame over church attack |language=en-UK |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/live/world-africa-65361197/page/3 |access-date=16 May 2023 |archive-date=16 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230516144238/https://www.bbc.com/news/live/world-africa-65361197/page/3 |url-status=live }}{{Cite news |title=No escape, no aid as fighting intensifies in Sudan's West Darfur |language=en-UK |work=Al Jazeera |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/5/19/no-escape-no-aid-as-fighting-intensifies-in-sudans-west-darfur |access-date=20 May 2023 |archive-date=20 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230520021105/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/5/19/no-escape-no-aid-as-fighting-intensifies-in-sudans-west-darfur |url-status=live }}{{Cite news |title=Sudan hospital hit in air strike and embassy looted |language=en-UK |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/live/world-africa-65361197/page/2 |access-date=16 May 2023 |archive-date=16 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230516141843/https://www.bbc.com/news/live/world-africa-65361197/page/2 |url-status=live }} Casualties mounted, particularly in Geneina, where Arab militias loyal to the RSF were accused of atrocities against non-Arab residents.{{Cite news |title=Gunfire and explosions rock Sudan despite ongoing talks |language=en-UK |work=BBC |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/live/world-africa-65361197 |access-date=15 May 2023 |archive-date=15 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230515115952/https://www.bbc.com/news/live/world-africa-65361197 |url-status=live }} A temporary ceasefire was signed and faced challenges as fighting persisted in Khartoum, and the agreed-upon ceasefire time saw further violence.{{Cite news |date=20 May 2023 |title=Sudan's army and paramilitary RSF sign seven-day ceasefire |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/air-strikes-hit-khartoums-outskirts-sudans-war-enters-sixth-week-2023-05-20/ |access-date=20 May 2023 |archive-date=21 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230521123835/https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/air-strikes-hit-khartoums-outskirts-sudans-war-enters-sixth-week-2023-05-20/ |url-status=live }} Between 28 and 97 people were reportedly killed by the RSF and Arab militias when they attacked the predominantly Masalit town of Misterei in West Darfur on 28 May.{{Cite news|date=11 July 2023|title=Rights group urges probe into Darfur atrocities by Sudanese paramilitary forces battling the army|language=en|work=ABC|url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/rights-group-urges-probe-darfur-atrocities-sudanese-paramilitary-101070997|access-date=13 July 2023|archive-date=19 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230719121716/https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/rights-group-urges-probe-darfur-atrocities-sudanese-paramilitary-101070997|url-status=live}}

File:Sudan National Museum (8625532907).jpg in June.]]

As June began, Khartoum witnessed tank battles resulting in casualties.{{Cite news |date=1 June 2023 |title=Situation Report – Horn of Africa no. 442- 1 June 2023 |language=en |work=EEPA |url=https://www.eepa.be//wp-content/uploads/2023/06/Situation-Report-EEPA-Horn-No.-442-1-June-2023.pdf |access-date=1 June 2023 |archive-date=1 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230601171301/https://www.eepa.be//wp-content/uploads/2023/06/Situation-Report-EEPA-Horn-No.-442-1-June-2023.pdf |url-status=live }}{{Cite news |last=Hamilton |first=Richard |date=2 June 2023 |title=Gunfire around state TV building in Sudan capital – reports |language=en |work=BBC |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/live/world-africa-65361205 |access-date=2 June 2023 |archive-date=8 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230608024140/https://www.bbc.com/news/live/world-africa-65361205 |url-status=live }} The RSF took control of several important cultural and government buildings, including the National Museum of Sudan and the Yarmouk Military Industrial Complex.{{Cite news |date=6 June 2023 |title=How conflict is jeopardizing Sudan's museums and cultural heritage |language=en-GB |work=Arab News |url=https://www.arabnews.com/node/2316531/middle-east |access-date=16 June 2023 |archive-date=16 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230616051522/https://www.arabnews.com/node/2316531/middle-east |url-status=live }}{{Cite news |date=7 June 2023 |title=Arms depot battle rages in Sudan as fuel facility burns |language=en |work=Al Jazeera |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/6/7/arms-depot-battle-rages-in-sudan-as-fuel-facility-burns |access-date=8 June 2023 |archive-date=19 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230619173025/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/6/7/arms-depot-battle-rages-in-sudan-as-fuel-facility-burns |url-status=live }} Acute food insecurity affected a significant portion of Sudan's population.{{Cite news |date=6 June 2023 |title=SITUATION REPORT – HORN OF AFRICA No. 445 – 6 June 2023 |language=en |work=EEPA |url=https://www.eepa.be//wp-content/uploads/2023/06/Situation-Report-EEPA-Horn-No.-445-6-June-2023.pdf |access-date=6 June 2023 |archive-date=7 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230607082433/https://www.eepa.be//wp-content/uploads/2023/06/Situation-Report-EEPA-Horn-No.-445-6-June-2023.pdf |url-status=live }}{{Cite news |title=War in Sudan: How Two Rival Generals Wrecked Their Country |work=The New York Times |date=13 August 2024 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/article/sudan-khartoum-military.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241213083452/https://www.nytimes.com/article/sudan-khartoum-military.html |archive-date=13 December 2024 |access-date=2024-12-17 |language=en |url-status=live |last1=Walsh |first1=Declan |last2=Dahir |first2=Abdi Latif }}

By July, al-Burhan was still trapped at the Army Headquarters and unable to leave, and to break him out the SAF elected to send a column of troops to lift the siege of the base. This force was ambushed by the RSF and defeated, with the paramilitary claiming it had killed hundreds of soldiers and captured 90 vehicles, along with the column's commander.{{Cite web |date=15 July 2023 |title=Army column suffers losses in Khartoum Bahri |url=https://sudanwarmonitor.com/p/army-column-suffers-losses-in-khartoum |access-date=30 October 2023 |website=Sudan War Monitor |archive-date=30 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231030012208/https://sudanwarmonitor.com/p/army-column-suffers-losses-in-khartoum |url-status=live }}

In response to the escalating violence in Khartoum, the SAF increased the intensity of their airstrikes and artillery bombardment, leading to heightened civilian casualties often numbering in the dozens per strike.{{cite news |date=26 July 2023 |title=Shelling continues in Sudan capital, 15 killed in Omdurman |work=Radio Dabanga |url=https://sudantribune.com/article275417/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230920124154/https://sudantribune.com/article275417/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=20 September 2023 |access-date=26 July 2023 }}{{Cite web |date=6 September 2023 |title=At least 32 civilians killed in Sudan army strikes: Activists |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/6/at-least-32-civilians-killed-in-sudan-army-strikes-activists |access-date=7 September 2023 |website=Aljazeera |language=en-GB |archive-date=10 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231010172330/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/6/at-least-32-civilians-killed-in-sudan-army-strikes-activists |url-status=live }}{{Cite web |date=13 September 2023 |title=Air strikes kill dozens in Nyala as Sudan violence escalates in Darfur |url=https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-air-strikes-kill-dozens-in-nyala-as-sudan-violence-escalates-in-darfur |access-date=13 September 2023 |website=France 24 |language=en-GB |archive-date=20 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230920214458/https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230913-air-strikes-kill-dozens-in-nyala-as-sudan-violence-escalates-in-darfur |url-status=live }} Shelling by the RSF also increased in intensity, leading to many civilian casualties in turn.{{Cite web |date=14 September 2023 |title=100+ dead as 'indiscriminate' shelling ravages Sudan capital |url=https://www.dabangasudan.org/en/all-news/article/100-dead-as-indiscriminate-shelling-ravages-sudan-capital |access-date=15 September 2023 |website=Radio Dabanga |language=en-GB |archive-date=9 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231009220512/https://www.dabangasudan.org/en/all-news/article/100-dead-as-indiscriminate-shelling-ravages-sudan-capital |url-status=live }}{{Cite web |date=29 September 2023 |title=10 civilians killed in artillery shelling by RSF in Omdurman |url=https://sudantribune.com/article277786/ |access-date=29 September 2023 |website=Sudan Tribune |language=en-us |archive-date=20 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231020174352/https://sudantribune.com/article277786/ |url-status=live }}

Heavy fighting continued in Khartoum throughout August, with clashes breaking out across the city. The RSF laid siege to the SAF's Armoured Corps base, breaching its defences and taking control of surrounding neighbourhoods.{{cite web |date=21 August 2023 |title=RSF breach the outer defenses of Armored Corps |url=https://sudanwarmonitor.com/p/rsf-breach-the-outer-defenses-of |website=Sudan War Monitor |access-date=9 October 2023 |archive-date=11 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231011040136/https://sudanwarmonitor.com/p/rsf-breach-the-outer-defenses-of |url-status=live }}{{cite web |date=22 August 2023 |title=Map: RSF's attack on the Armored Corps headquarters, August 20–21 |url=https://sudanwarmonitor.com/p/map-rsfs-attack-on-the-armored-corps |website=Sudan War Monitor |access-date=9 October 2023 |archive-date=11 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231011040136/https://sudanwarmonitor.com/p/map-rsfs-attack-on-the-armored-corps |url-status=live }} The SAF also made offensives, with the RSF-controlled Republican Palace and Yarmouk Complex coming under SAF air bombardment. An offensive was launched against Yarmouk, but this was beaten back after the RSF shipped in reinforcements.{{cite news |date=7 August 2023 |title=Sudan war: airstrikes on Republican Palace, civil servants await salaries while oil ministry raises fuel prices |language=en |work=Radio Dabanga |url=https://www.dabangasudan.org/en/all-news/article/sudan-war-airstrikes-on-republican-palace-civil-servants-await-salaries-while-oil-ministry-raises-fuel-prices |access-date=7 August 2023 |archive-date=19 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230819095118/https://www.dabangasudan.org/en/all-news/article/sudan-war-airstrikes-on-republican-palace-civil-servants-await-salaries-while-oil-ministry-raises-fuel-prices |url-status=live }} One of the few remaining bridges between Khartoum and Khartoum North was also destroyed by the SAF, in an attempt to deny the RSF freedom of movement.{{cite news |date=2 August 2023 |title=Sudanese army kills 12 RSF troops in Khartoum |language=en |work=Sudan Tribune |url=https://sudantribune.com/article275701/ |access-date=3 August 2023}}{{Dead link|date=September 2023|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}

On 24 August an SAF operation successfully rescued al-Burhan from his besieged base at the Army Headquarters, allowing him to head to Port Sudan and hold a cabinet meeting there.{{Cite web |date=29 August 2023 |title=Sudan's Al-Burhan heads first cabinet meeting since conflict erupted |url=https://www.africanews.com/2023/08/29/sudans-al-burhan-heads-first-cabinet-meeting-since-conflict-erupted/ |access-date=29 August 2023 |website=africanews |language=en-GB |archive-date=7 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230907234909/https://www.africanews.com/2023/08/29/sudans-al-burhan-heads-first-cabinet-meeting-since-conflict-erupted/ |url-status=live }}{{cite web |date=24 August 2023 |title=Al-Burhan inspects Sudanese troops in Omdurman following repelled RSF attack |url=https://sudantribune.com/article276466/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240412122922/https://sudantribune.com/article276466/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=12 April 2024 |access-date=24 August 2023 |website=Sudan Tribune |language=en-GB }}

Ceasefires between the warring parties were announced but often violated, leading to further clashes. The SAF and RSF engaged in mutual blame for incidents, while the Sudanese government took action against international envoys.{{cite news |date=9 June 2023 |title=Sudan declares UN envoy Volker Perthes 'persona non grata' |language=en |work=Al Jazeera |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/6/9/sudan-declares-un-envoy-volker-perthes-persona-non-grata |access-date=9 June 2023 |archive-date=28 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230628200217/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/6/9/sudan-declares-un-envoy-volker-perthes-persona-non-grata |url-status=live}} The Saudi embassy in Khartoum was attacked and evacuations from an orphanage were carried out amid the chaos.{{cite news |date=8 June 2023 |title=Saudi Arabia condemns attack on its embassy in Sudan |language=en |work=BBC |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/live/world-africa-65495446 |access-date=8 June 2023 |archive-date=6 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230606132310/http://www.bbc.com/news/live/world-africa-65495446 |url-status=live}} Amidst the turmoil, Sudan faced diplomatic strains with Egypt, leading to challenges for Sudanese refugees seeking entry.{{cite news |date=11 June 2023 |title=Egypt toughens visa rules for Sudanese nationals fleeing war |language=en |work=Al Jazeera |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/6/11/egypt-toughens-visa-rules-for-sudanese-nationals-fleeing-war |access-date=13 June 2023 |archive-date=24 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230624052115/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/6/11/egypt-toughens-visa-rules-for-sudanese-nationals-fleeing-war |url-status=live}}{{cite web |title=Sudan Emergency: Regional Refugee Response, June 2023 – Progress report |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/sudan/sudan-emergency-regional-refugee-response-june-2023-progress-report |access-date=18 June 2023 |website=reliefweb.int |date=18 June 2023 |language=en |archive-date=30 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230630183054/https://reliefweb.int/report/sudan/sudan-emergency-regional-refugee-response-june-2023-progress-report |url-status=live }}

With al-Burhan out of Khartoum for the first time since the start of the war, he was able to fly to Egypt and hold a meeting with the Egyptian President Abdel Fattah al-Sisi.{{Cite web |date=29 August 2023 |title=Al-Burhan flies to Egypt for talks with Sisi |url=https://sudantribune.com/article276609/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241206171852/https://sudantribune.com/article276609/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=6 December 2024 |access-date=29 August 2023 |website=Sudan Tribune |language=en-GB }} Following this visit al-Burhan went on a tour of numerous countries, heading to South Sudan, Qatar, Eritrea, Turkey, and Uganda.

• {{Cite web |date=16 September 2023 |title=Al-Burhan visits to Uganda for talks with Museveni |url=https://sudantribune.com/article277303/ |access-date=16 September 2023 |website=Sudan Tribune |language=en-GB |archive-date=20 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231020174941/https://sudantribune.com/article277303/ |url-status=live }}
• {{Cite web |date=4 September 2023 |title=Sudan's Burhan In Juba For Talks On Conflict |url=https://www.barrons.com/news/sudan-s-burhan-in-juba-for-talks-with-s-sudan-leader-presidency-8442db1b |access-date=4 September 2023 |website=Barron's |language=en-GB |archive-date=10 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231010050338/https://www.barrons.com/news/sudan-s-burhan-in-juba-for-talks-with-s-sudan-leader-presidency-8442db1b |url-status=live }}
• {{Cite web |date=7 September 2023 |title=Sudan army chief arrives in Qatar on third trip since war began |url=https://www.africanews.com/2023/09/07/sudan-army-chief-arrives-in-qatar-on-third-trip-since-war-began/ |access-date=7 September 2023 |website=Africanews |language=en-GB |archive-date=25 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230925172133/https://www.africanews.com/2023/09/07/sudan-army-chief-arrives-in-qatar-on-third-trip-since-war-began/ |url-status=live }}
• {{Cite web |date=10 September 2023 |title=Al-Burhan embarks on official visit to Eritrea |url=https://sudantribune.com/article277090/ |access-date=11 September 2023 |website=Sudan Tribune |language=en-GB}}
• {{Cite web |date=13 September 2023 |title=Sudan Army Chief Headed To Turkey On Latest Trip Abroad |url=https://www.barrons.com/news/sudan-army-chief-headed-to-turkey-on-latest-trip-abroad-2e2fc99f |access-date=13 September 2023 |website=Barron's |language=en-GB |archive-date=9 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231009210501/https://www.barrons.com/news/sudan-army-chief-headed-to-turkey-on-latest-trip-abroad-2e2fc99f |url-status=live }} He then proceeded to New York City as head of the Sudanese delegation to the 78th United Nations General Assembly, where he urged the international community to declare the RSF a terrorist organization.{{Cite web |date=25 September 2023 |title=El Burhan returns to Sudan from #UNGA78, meets foreign delegates |url=https://www.dabangasudan.org/en/all-news/article/el-burhan-returns-to-sudan-from-unga78-meets-foreign-delegates |access-date=27 September 2023 |website=Radio Dabanga |language=en-GB |archive-date=3 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231003074713/https://www.dabangasudan.org/en/all-news/article/el-burhan-returns-to-sudan-from-unga78-meets-foreign-delegates |url-status=live }}{{Cite web |date=21 September 2023 |title=Sudan army chief warns UN that war could spill over in region |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20230921-sudan-army-chief-warns-un-that-war-could-spill-over-in-region |access-date=22 September 2023 |website=France 24 |language=en-GB |archive-date=9 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231009210501/https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20230921-sudan-army-chief-warns-un-that-war-could-spill-over-in-region |url-status=live}}

The Abdelaziz al-Hilu faction of the Sudan People's Liberation Movement–North (SPLM-N) broke a long-standing ceasefire agreement in June, attacking SAF units in Kadugli, Kurmuk and Dalang, the latter coinciding with an attack by the RSF. The SAF claimed to have repelled the attacks,{{cite news|date=26 June 2023|title=Battle For Key Police Base Kills At Least 14 Sudan Civilians|work=Barron's|url=https://www.barrons.com/news/sudan-civilians-killed-in-battle-for-khartoum-police-hq-585abefb|access-date=27 June 2023|archive-date=27 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230627044335/https://www.barrons.com/news/sudan-civilians-killed-in-battle-for-khartoum-police-hq-585abefb|url-status=live}}{{cite news |date=23 June 2023 |title=South Kordofan residents flee as Sudan war escalates |url=https://english.alarabiya.net/News/middle-east/2023/06/23/South-Kordofan-residents-flee-as-Sudan-war-escalates |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230630183037/https://english.alarabiya.net/News/middle-east/2023/06/23/South-Kordofan-residents-flee-as-Sudan-war-escalates |archive-date=30 June 2023 |access-date=23 June 2023 |work=al-Arabiya}} while the rebels claimed to have attacked in retaliation for the death of one of their soldiers at the hands of the SAF and vowed to free the region from "military occupation". More than 35,000 were displaced by the fighting. Speculation arose as to whether the attacks were part of an unofficial alliance between al-Hilu and the RSF or an attempt by al-Hilu to strengthen his position in future negotiations concerning his group.{{cite news|date=5 July 2023|title=South Sudan president persuades SPLM-N al-Hilu to refrain from attacking Sudanese army|language=en|work=Sudan Tribune|url=https://sudantribune.com/article274860/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241204153301/https://sudantribune.com/article274860/|url-status=dead|archive-date=4 December 2024|access-date=16 July 2023}} Civil society organizations supporting the SPLM-N claimed its operations sought to protect civilians from possible attacks by the RSF.{{cite news |date=18 July 2023 |title=SPLM-N launches fresh attacks in South Kordofan amid calls for ceasefire |language=en |work=Sudan Tribune |url=https://sudantribune.com/article275256/ |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230815130445/https://sudantribune.com/article275256/ |archive-date=15 August 2023 |url-status=live |access-date=15 August 2023}}

Al-Hilu's faction launched further offensives in July, moving into South Kordofan and gaining control of several SAF bases.{{cite news |date=3 July 2023 |title=SPLM-N El Hilu wins terrain in South Kordofan |language=en |work=Radio Dabanga |url=https://www.dabangasudan.org/en/all-news/article/splm-n-el-hilu-wins-terrain-in-south-kordofan |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230703150833/https://www.dabangasudan.org/en/all-news/article/splm-n-el-hilu-wins-terrain-in-south-kordofan |archive-date=3 July 2023 |access-date=15 August 2023}}{{cite news |date=11 July 2023 |title=SPLM-N El Hilu launches new attack in Blue Nile region and wins terrain in South Kordofan |language=en |work=Radio Dabanga |url=https://www.dabangasudan.org/en/all-news/article/splm-n-el-hilu-launches-attack-in-blue-nile-region-and-wins-terrain-in-south-kordofan |access-date=15 July 2023 |archive-date=19 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230719121711/https://www.dabangasudan.org/en/all-news/article/splm-n-el-hilu-launches-attack-in-blue-nile-region-and-wins-terrain-in-south-kordofan |url-status=live }} In response the SAF brought in artillery and heavily bombarded SPLM-N positions. Further attacks by the group largely petered out after this, with an assault on Kadugli in September being pushed back by the SAF.{{Cite web |date=27 September 2023 |title=Sudanese army repels SPLM-N's fresh attack on Kadugli |url=https://sudantribune.com/article277730/ |access-date=28 September 2023 |website=Sudan Tribune |language=en-GB |archive-date=20 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231020174352/https://sudantribune.com/article277730/ |url-status=live }}

In February 2025, the SPLM-N (Al-Hilu) signed the Sudan Founding Charter drafted by the RSF-led Government of Peace and Unity, officially allying itself with the RSF.{{Cite web |last=Hinda |first=Edwin |date=2025-02-23 |title=Sudan Rebels Launch Parallel Govt in Nairobi on Saturday |url=https://thekenyatimes.com/latest-kenya-times-news/details-of-sudanese-rebels-forming-a-parallel-govt-last-night-in-nairobi/ |access-date=2025-02-23 |website=The Kenya Times |language=en}}

In Darfur, fighting and bloodshed were particularly fierce around the city of Geneina, where hundreds died and extensive destruction occurred.{{Cite news |date=4 June 2023 |title='Real hell': Deadly fighting escalates in Sudan as truce expires |language=en |work=Aljazeera |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/6/4/real-hell-deadly-fighting-escalates-in-sudan-as-truce-expires |access-date=5 June 2023 |archive-date=29 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230629170418/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/6/4/real-hell-deadly-fighting-escalates-in-sudan-as-truce-expires |url-status=live }} RSF forces engaged in frequent acts of violence against the Masalit population of Geneina, leading to accusations of ethnic cleansing.{{Cite news |date=6 July 2023 |title=SITUATION REPORT – HORN OF AFRICA No. 460 – 06 July 2023 |language=en |work=EEPA |url=https://www.eepa.be//wp-content/uploads/2023/07/Situation-Report-EEPA-Horn-No.-460-06-July-2023.pdf |url-status=live |access-date=6 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230707162429/https://www.eepa.be//wp-content/uploads/2023/07/Situation-Report-EEPA-Horn-No.-460-06-July-2023.pdf |archive-date=7 July 2023}} On 4 August the RSF claimed that it had taken full control over all of Central Darfur.{{Cite news |date=6 August 2023 |title=RSF claim 'full control' of Central Darfur after clashes |language=en |work=Radio Dabanga |url=https://www.dabangasudan.org/en/all-news/article/rsf-claim-full-control-of-central-darfur-after-clashes |access-date=6 August 2023 |archive-date=21 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230921102327/https://www.dabangasudan.org/en/all-news/article/rsf-claim-full-control-of-central-darfur-after-clashes |url-status=live }}

A United Nations investigation discovered numerous mass graves in Darfur that contained Masalit civilians.{{cite news |date=13 July 2023 |title=Bodies of 87 people found in Sudan mass grave, says UN |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/jul/13/bodies-of-87-people-found-in-sudan-mass-grave-says-un |url-status=live |access-date=19 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230719121716/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/jul/13/bodies-of-87-people-found-in-sudan-mass-grave-says-un |archive-date=19 July 2023}} The RSF and Arab militias were additionally accused of having killed lawyers, human rights monitors, doctors and non-Arab tribal leaders.{{Cite web |last=Nashed |first=Mat |title=RSF atrocities pile up in Darfur after 100 days of Sudan fighting |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/7/24/after-one-hundred-days-of-sudan-war-rsf-atrocities-pile-up-in-darfur |access-date=29 July 2023 |website=aljazeera.com |language=en |archive-date=11 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231011083838/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/7/24/after-one-hundred-days-of-sudan-war-rsf-atrocities-pile-up-in-darfur |url-status=live }} The governor of West Darfur, Khamis Abakar, was abducted and killed by armed men in June, hours after accusing the RSF of genocide and calling for international intervention in a TV interview.{{cite news |date=15 June 2023 |title=West Darfur governor abducted, killed as war in Sudan spreads |language=en |work=Al Jazeera |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/6/15/west-darfur-governor-abducted-killed-as-war-in-sudan-spreads |access-date=15 June 2023 |archive-date=29 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230629173150/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/6/15/west-darfur-governor-abducted-killed-as-war-in-sudan-spreads |url-status=live}} The SAF, for their part, conducted indiscriminate airstrikes against Darfur that killed many civilians, especially in Nyala.{{Cite web |date=13 September 2023 |title=Sudanese army resumes bombing RSF sites in Nyala of South Darfur |url=https://sudantribune.com/article277225/ |access-date=14 September 2023 |website=Sudan Tribune |language=en-GB}}

Tribal and rebel groups in Darfur began to declare allegiance to one or the other of the warring parties. A faction of the Darfur-based Sudan Liberation Movement led by Mustafa Tambour (SLM-T) joined the conflict in support of the SAF.{{cite news |date=1 August 2023 |title=SLM faction joins Sudanese army against RSF in Darfur |url=https://sudantribune.com/article275601/ |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230905001443/https://sudantribune.com/article275601/ |archive-date=5 September 2023 |access-date=2 August 2023 |work=Sudan Tribune}} In contrast the controversial Tamazuj rebel group formally declared its alliance with the RSF, joined by the leaders of seven Arab tribes, including that of Hemedti's.{{Cite web |date=17 August 2023 |title=Tamazuj group aligns with RSF in Sudan's ongoing war |url=https://sudantribune.com/article276260/ |access-date=18 August 2023 |website=Sudan Tribune |language=en-GB |archive-date=20 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231020174407/https://sudantribune.com/article276260/ |url-status=live }}{{cite news |date=4 June 2023 |title=Public support for the RSF from seven tribal leaders in South Darfur |language=en |work=Radio Dabanga |url=https://www.dabangasudan.org/en/all-news/article/public-support-for-the-rsf-from-seven-tribal-leaders-in-south-darfur |access-date=19 July 2023 |archive-date=4 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230704165104/https://www.dabangasudan.org/en/all-news/article/public-support-for-the-rsf-from-seven-tribal-leaders-in-south-darfur |url-status=live}}

As September arrived both sides made offensives in Darfur. The RSF took control of several towns in West Darfur and also attacked the market of Al-Fashir, the capital of North Darfur.{{Cite web |date=6 September 2023 |title=Hemedti: 'RSF does not seek control over Sudan but will fight on to the last soldier' |url=https://www.dabangasudan.org/en/all-news/article/hemedti-rsf-does-not-seek-control-over-sudan-but-will-fight-on-to-the-last-soldier |access-date=7 September 2023 |website=Radio Dabanga |language=en-GB |archive-date=10 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231010050255/https://www.dabangasudan.org/en/all-news/article/hemedti-rsf-does-not-seek-control-over-sudan-but-will-fight-on-to-the-last-soldier |url-status=live }} SAF offensives saw success in Central Darfur, with the army retaking parts of Zalingei from the RSF.{{Cite web |date=17 September 2023 |title=Escalating Conflict: Sudanese army, RSF clash in Khartoum, El-Obeid, Zalingei |url=https://sudantribune.com/article277360/ |access-date=17 September 2023 |website=Sudan Tribune |language=en-GB |archive-date=20 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231020174341/https://sudantribune.com/article277360/ |url-status=live }} Fighting in Darfur also began to increasingly spill over into North Kordofan, with the SAF attacking RSF positions in the state capital of El-Obeid and clashes over the town of Um Rawaba.{{Cite news |date=2 August 2023 |title=Sudan war: clashes near Um Ruwaba, airstrikes on Khartoum, companies report financial losses |language=en |work=Radio Dabanga |url=https://www.dabangasudan.org/en/all-news/article/sudan-war-clashes-near-um-ruwaba-airstrikes-on-khartoum-companies-report-financial-losses |access-date=3 August 2023 |archive-date=7 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231007203619/https://www.dabangasudan.org/en/all-news/article/sudan-war-clashes-near-um-ruwaba-airstrikes-on-khartoum-companies-report-financial-losses |url-status=live }} Both sides made withdrawals to end the month, with the RSF retreating from Um Rawaba while the SAF withdrew from Tawila.{{Cite web |date=13 September 2023 |title=RSF retreat from South Kordofan stronghold, military detentions across Sudan |url=https://www.dabangasudan.org/en/all-news/article/rsf-retreat-from-south-kordofan-stronghold-military-detentions-across-sudan |access-date=14 September 2023 |website=Radio Dabanga |language=en-GB |archive-date=7 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231007193554/https://www.dabangasudan.org/en/all-news/article/rsf-retreat-from-south-kordofan-stronghold-military-detentions-across-sudan |url-status=live }}{{Cite web |date=23 September 2023 |title=SLM-Nur expands control to several areas in Darfur to protect civilians: official |url=https://sudantribune.com/article277603/ |access-date=25 September 2023 |website=Sudan Tribune |language=en-GB |archive-date=20 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231020174945/https://sudantribune.com/article277603/ |url-status=live }}

File:Sudan Envoy - Darfur from above.jpg was the last of the five state capitals in Darfur under SAF control.]]

By October 2023, the SAF in Darfur was experiencing acute shortages in supplies due to RSF-imposed sieges and had failed to utilize its air superiority to stem RSF advances.{{Cite web |date=31 October 2023 |title=Rapid Support Forces seize Sudanese army base in Central Darfur |url=https://sudantribune.com/article278858/ |access-date=31 October 2023 |website=Sudan Tribune |archive-date=1 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231101161512/https://sudantribune.com/article278858/ |url-status=live }} On 26 October, the RSF captured Nyala, Sudan's fourth-largest city, after seizing control of the SAF's 16th Infantry Division headquarters.{{Cite web |date=26 October 2023 |title=Fall of the 16th Division headquarters in Nyala |url=https://sudanwarmonitor.com/p/fall-of-the-16th-division-headquarters |website=Sudan War Monitor |access-date=26 October 2023 |archive-date=26 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231026155714/https://sudanwarmonitor.com/p/fall-of-the-16th-division-headquarters |url-status=live }} The fall of Nyala, a strategic city with an international airport and border connections to Central Africa, allowed the RSF to receive international supplies more easily and concentrate its forces on other Sudanese cities.{{cite web |date=29 October 2023 |title=Sudanese army forced to withdraw from Nyala due to supply shortage: military |url=https://sudantribune.com/article278768/ |access-date=29 October 2023 |website=Sudan Tribune |archive-date=1 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231101161514/https://sudantribune.com/article278768/ |url-status=live}} After Nyala's fall, RSF fighters turned their focus to Zalingei, the capital of Central Darfur. The SAF's 21st Infantry Division, stationed in Zalingei, fled the city without a fight and allowed the RSF to take it over.{{cite web |url=https://jamestown.org/program/assessing-the-war-in-sudan-is-an-rsf-victory-in-sight/ |title=Assessing the War in Sudan: Is an RSF Victory in Sight? |website=Jamestown Foundation |last=McGregor |first=Andrew |date=15 December 2023 |access-date=23 December 2023 |archive-date=25 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231225040613/https://jamestown.org/program/assessing-the-war-in-sudan-is-an-rsf-victory-in-sight/ |url-status=live}}

In Geneina, reports emerged that tribal elders were attempting to broker the surrender of the SAF garrison in the city to prevent bloodshed.{{Cite web |date=31 October 2023 |title=Fall of Nyala and Zalingei garrisons closes one chapter and opens another in new Darfur war |url=https://sudanwarmonitor.com/p/fall-of-nyala-and-zalingei-garrisons |access-date=1 November 2023 |website=Sudan War Monitor |archive-date=31 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231031220354/https://sudanwarmonitor.com/p/fall-of-nyala-and-zalingei-garrisons |url-status=live }} The army rejected the proposal, raising fears of an imminent RSF assault on the city and causing civilians to flee across the border into Chad.{{Cite web |date=31 October 2023 |title=Rapid Support Forces launch fresh attack on El Fasher, sparking displacement |url=https://sudantribune.com/article278904/ |access-date=1 November 2023 |website=Sudan Tribune |archive-date=1 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231101161534/https://sudantribune.com/article278904/ |url-status=live }} The RSF besieged the headquarters of the SAF's 15th Infantry Division in Geneina, giving the garrison a six-hour ultimatum to surrender.{{Cite web |date=2 November 2023 |title=Sudan mil expert: 'Advances in Darfur will boost RSF leverage in Jeddah' |url=https://www.dabangasudan.org/en/all-news/article/sudan-mil-expert-advance-in-darfur-will-boost-rsf-leverage-in-jeddah |access-date=2 November 2023 |website=Radio Dabanga |archive-date=2 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231102174943/https://www.dabangasudan.org/en/all-news/article/sudan-mil-expert-advance-in-darfur-will-boost-rsf-leverage-in-jeddah |url-status=live |author1=Amgad }} The base was captured two days later when the 15th withdrew from the area before fleeing to Chad.{{Cite web |date=6 November 2023 |title=Mass arrests in El Geneina after withdrawal of garrison to Chad |url=https://sudanwarmonitor.com/p/mass-arrests-in-el-geneina-after |access-date=6 November 2023 |website=Sudan War Monitor |archive-date=6 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231106214223/https://sudanwarmonitor.com/p/mass-arrests-in-el-geneina-after |url-status=live }} Those left behind, numbering in the hundreds, were taken prisoner and paraded in RSF media with signs of abuse. Witnesses later reported mass atrocities perpetrated by the RSF in the city shortly after its seizure, with a local rebel group claiming up to 2,000 people were massacred in Geneina's satellite town of Ardamata.{{Cite web |date=8 November 2023 |title=RSF seize North Darfur garrison, reportedly commit mass atrocities in West Darfur |url=https://www.dabangasudan.org/en/all-news/article/rsf-seize-north-darfur-garrison-reportedly-commit-mass-atrocities-in-west-darfur |access-date=8 November 2023 |website=Radio Dabanga |archive-date=8 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231108120917/https://www.dabangasudan.org/en/all-news/article/rsf-seize-north-darfur-garrison-reportedly-commit-mass-atrocities-in-west-darfur |url-status=live }} With Geneina's fall, Ed Daein and Al-Fashir were the last remaining capitals in Darfur under government control, with both cities under heavy RSF pressure.

The RSF stormed and plundered the town of Umm Keddada, east of Al-Fashir, after the SAF garrison withdrew. SAF troops in Al-Fashir itself were reported to be running low on food, water, and medicine due to the city being under siege, and external forces noted the SAF seemed incapable of stopping the RSF advance.{{Cite news |date=16 November 2023 |title=A genocidal militia is winning the war in Sudan |newspaper=The Economist |url=https://www.economist.com/middle-east-and-africa/2023/11/16/a-genocidal-militia-is-winning-the-war-in-sudan |access-date=20 November 2023 |issn=0013-0613 |archive-date=20 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231120040219/https://www.economist.com/middle-east-and-africa/2023/11/16/a-genocidal-militia-is-winning-the-war-in-sudan |url-status=live }}{{Cite web |last=Nashed |first=Mat |date=8 November 2023 |title=Sudan's RSF closes in on capturing all of Darfur |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/11/8/sudans-rsf-closes-in-on-capturing-all-of-darfur |access-date=8 November 2023 |website=Al Jazeera |archive-date=8 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231108165304/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/11/8/sudans-rsf-closes-in-on-capturing-all-of-darfur |url-status=live }} Ed Daein fell in the early hours of 21 November, with RSF forces taking control of the city after seizing the headquarters of the SAF's 20th Infantry Division.{{Cite web |date=21 November 2023 |title=RSF seize control of Sudanese army base in East Darfur |url=https://sudantribune.com/article279589/ |access-date=21 November 2023 |website=Sudan Tribune |archive-date=23 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231123162548/https://sudantribune.com/article279589/ |url-status=live }} SAF garrisons in East Darfur subsequently abandoned their positions and withdrew, allowing the RSF to occupy the area.{{Cite web |date=22 November 2021 |title=Sudan war: East Darfur SAF base 'falls to RSF' |url=https://www.dabangasudan.org/en/all-news/article/sudan-war-east-darfur-saf-base-falls-to-rsf-control |access-date=22 November 2023 |website=Radio Dabanga |archive-date=22 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231122133540/https://www.dabangasudan.org/en/all-news/article/sudan-war-east-darfur-saf-base-falls-to-rsf-control |url-status=live }} In response to RSF gains in Darfur and subsequent abuses, the Justice and Equality Movement, Sudan Liberation Movement/Army (Minnawi), and other smaller rebel factions renounced their neutrality and declared war on the RSF.{{cite web |date=16 November 2023 |title=Key Darfur groups join Sudanese army in its war against RSF paramilitary forces |url=https://sudantribune.com/article279446/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231118234229/https://sudantribune.com/article279446/ |archive-date=18 November 2023 |access-date=16 November 2023}}

Attempts by other nations and international organisations to negotiate peace had largely been dormant since the failure of the Treaty of Jeddah, but in late October the RSF and SAF met once more in Jeddah to attempt to negotiate peace.{{cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/10/31/why-are-sudans-warring-factions-meeting-in-jeddah|title=Why are Sudan's warring factions meeting in Jeddah?|website=Al Jazeera|date=31 October 2023|access-date=18 December 2023|last=Lawal|first=Shola|archive-date=17 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231217213619/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/10/31/why-are-sudans-warring-factions-meeting-in-jeddah|url-status=live}} This new round of talks was a failure, with neither side willing to commit to a ceasefire. Instead, the warring factions agreed to open channels for humanitarian aid.{{cite web|url=https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20231107-sudanese-army-rsf-paramilitary-forces-agree-to-facilitate-humanitarian-aid|title=Sudan's army, RSF fighters agree on humanitarian aid in peace talks but fall short of ceasefire|website=France 24|date=7 December 2023|access-date=18 December 2023|archive-date=17 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231217060356/https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20231107-sudanese-army-rsf-paramilitary-forces-agree-to-facilitate-humanitarian-aid|url-status=live}} On 3 December negotiations were indefinitely suspended due to the failure of both the SAF and the RSF to open up aid channels.{{cite web |date=3 December 2023 |title=Mediators suspended Sudan's ceasefire talks Indefinitely |url=https://sudantribune.com/article280013/ |access-date=5 December 2023 |website=Sudan Tribune |language=en-GB |archive-date=16 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231216230259/https://sudantribune.com/article280013/ |url-status=live}}

With the failure of the talks in Jeddah, the East African Intergovernmental Authority on Development (IGAD) hosted a peace summit in early December. Earlier attempts by IGAD to open negotiations had floundered after the SAF had accused Kenyan President William Ruto of supporting the RSF.{{Cite news|date=10 July 2023|title=Regional bloc calls for summit to consider Sudan troop deployment|language=en|work=Al Jazeera|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/7/10/regional-bloc-calls-for-summit-to-consider-sudan-troop-deployment|access-date=11 July 2023|archive-date=11 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230711000746/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/7/10/regional-bloc-calls-for-summit-to-consider-sudan-troop-deployment|url-status=live}} IGAD's talks appeared to make more progress than the Jeddah negotiations, with Hemedti and al-Burhan agreeing to meet in person at some point in the future.{{cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/12/11/african-mediators-claim-progress-in-latest-effort-to-end-war-in-sudan|title=African mediators claim progress in latest effort to end war in Sudan|publisher=Al Jazeera|date=11 December 2023|access-date=18 December 2023|archive-date=17 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231217182200/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/12/11/african-mediators-claim-progress-in-latest-effort-to-end-war-in-sudan|url-status=live}}

{{further|Battle of Wad Madani}}

The RSF attacked the town of Wad Ashana in North Kordofan on 1 October along a key commercial route.{{cite web |date=2 October 2023 |title=RSF attack Wad Ajana in North Kordofan |url=https://sudanwarmonitor.com/p/rsf-attack-wad-ajana-in-north-kordofan |website=Sudan War Monitor |access-date=9 October 2023 |archive-date=11 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231011040137/https://sudanwarmonitor.com/p/rsf-attack-wad-ajana-in-north-kordofan |url-status=live }}{{Cite news |date=2 October 2023 |title=Thousands flee southern Sudan town as war spreads: witnesses |work=Yahoo News |agency=AFP |url=https://news.yahoo.com/thousands-flee-southern-sudan-town-162021815.html |access-date=9 October 2023 |archive-date=11 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231011040139/https://news.yahoo.com/thousands-flee-southern-sudan-town-162021815.html |url-status=live }} In West Kordofan, an uptick in fighting was reported, with the RSF assaulting a "vital" oil field in Baleela, south of Al-Fulah.{{Cite web |date=30 October 2023 |title=RSF 'liberates' vital Sudan oilfield |url=https://www.dabangasudan.org/en/all-news/article/rsf-liberates-vital-sudan-oilfield |access-date=30 October 2023 |website=Dabanga Sudan |archive-date=30 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231030173744/https://www.dabangasudan.org/en/all-news/article/rsf-liberates-vital-sudan-oilfield |url-status=live }} Geolocated footage showed RSF fighters celebrating around Baleela Airport after allegedly capturing it.{{Cite web |date=30 October 2023 |title=Rapid Support attack Balila oilfield airport and kill at least 16 |url=https://sudanwarmonitor.com/p/rapid-support-attack-balila-oilfield |access-date=31 October 2023 |website=Sudan War Monitor |archive-date=31 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231031011538/https://sudanwarmonitor.com/p/rapid-support-attack-balila-oilfield |url-status=live }} The Battle of Khartoum continued with the RSF seizing the town of al-Aylafoun, southeast of the capital, on 6 October. In the process, the paramilitary gained control of key oil infrastructure.{{Cite web |date=6 October 2023 |title=Rapid Support Forces attack al-'Aylafun |url=https://sudanwarmonitor.com/p/rapid-support-forces-attack-al-aliyifun |website=Sudan War Monitor |access-date=9 October 2023 |archive-date=11 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231011040137/https://sudanwarmonitor.com/p/rapid-support-forces-attack-al-aliyifun |url-status=live}}{{cite web |date=6 October 2023 |title=Sudan paramilitaries capture key oil station: Witnesses |url=https://english.alarabiya.net/News/middle-east/2023/10/06/Sudan-paramilitaries-capture-key-oil-station-Witnesses |website=Al-Arabiya |publisher= |agency=AFP |access-date=9 October 2023 |archive-date=11 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231011040136/https://english.alarabiya.net/News/middle-east/2023/10/06/Sudan-paramilitaries-capture-key-oil-station-Witnesses |url-status=live}} By late October the RSF controlled most of Khartoum but had failed to seize key military bases, while al-Burhan's government had largely relocated to Port Sudan.{{cite news |last=Eltahir |first=Nafisa |date=26 October 2023 |title=Paramilitary RSF say they have seized Sudan's second city |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/paramilitary-rsf-say-they-have-seized-sudans-second-city-2023-10-26/ |access-date=28 October 2023 |archive-date=27 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231027183056/https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/paramilitary-rsf-say-they-have-seized-sudans-second-city-2023-10-26/ |url-status=live}}

File:Confluence of Nile (Khartoum) 001 (cropped).jpg in Khartoum was destroyed on 11 November.]]

The RSF sought to capitalize on its gains by stepping up attacks on SAF positions in Khartoum and Omdurman. Days of fighting culminated in the destruction of the Shambat Bridge, which connected Khartoum North to Omdurman over the Nile; the bridge's destruction severed a critical RSF supply chain.{{cite web |date=11 November 2023 |title=Sudanese army accuses RSF of destroying strategic bridge in the capital |url=https://sudantribune.com/article279244/ |access-date=11 November 2023 |website=Sudan Tribune |archive-date=11 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231111182847/https://sudantribune.com/article279244/ |url-status=live }} This effectively cut the RSF off from its forces in Omdurman, giving the SAF a strategic advantage.{{Cite web |date=11 November 2023 |title=Shambat Bridge destroyed, bringing new advantage to Sudan's army |url=https://sudanwarmonitor.com/p/shambat-bridge-destroyed-bringing |access-date=11 November 2023 |website=Sudan War Monitor |archive-date=23 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231123162550/https://sudanwarmonitor.com/p/shambat-bridge-destroyed-bringing |url-status=live }} In an attempt to gain a new crossing over the Nile and supply its forces in Omdurman, the RSF launched an assault on the Jebel Aulia Dam in the village of Jabal Awliya.{{Cite web |date=12 November 2023 |title=RSF launch attack to capture Jebel Aulia dam |url=https://sudanwarmonitor.com/p/rsf-launch-attack-to-capture-jebel |access-date=12 November 2023 |website=Sudan War Monitor |archive-date=12 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231112164023/https://sudanwarmonitor.com/p/rsf-launch-attack-to-capture-jebel |url-status=live }} As Jebel Aulia could not be destroyed without flooding Khartoum, its capture would give the RSF a path over the Nile the SAF could not easily remove. A week-long battle commenced over the dam and its surrounding village, which ended in an RSF victory. The force captured the dam on 20 November, and all SAF resistance ceased in the village the following day.{{Cite web |date=20 November 2023 |title=RSF capture Jebel Aulia dam |url=https://sudanwarmonitor.com/p/rsf-close-to-capturing-jebel-aulia |access-date=20 November 2023 |website=Sudan War Monitor |archive-date=20 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231120180227/https://sudanwarmonitor.com/p/rsf-close-to-capturing-jebel-aulia |url-status=live }}{{Cite web |date=21 November 2023 |title=Rapid collapse of Sudan army defenses in Jebel Aulia |url=https://sudanwarmonitor.com/p/rapid-collapse-of-saf-defenses-in |access-date=21 November 2023 |website=Sudan War Monitor |archive-date=20 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231120203952/https://sudanwarmonitor.com/p/rapid-collapse-of-saf-defenses-in |url-status=live }}

On 5 December, local militias along with RSF soldiers attacked SPLM-N (al-Hilu) forces in the village of Tukma, southeast of Dalang in South Kordofan, resulting in the deaths of 4 people and the destruction of the village. The RSF leadership, not wanting hostilities with the then-neutral al-Hilu faction to escalate, issued a statement condemning this attack and denouncing it as "tribal violence".{{cite web |title=RSF enter Gedaref State for the first time |url=https://sudanwarmonitor.com/p/rsf-enter-gedaref-state-for-the-first |website=Sudan War Monitor |access-date=9 December 2023 |archive-date=9 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231209004931/https://sudanwarmonitor.com/p/rsf-enter-gedaref-state-for-the-first |url-status=live}} On 8 December, the RSF entered Gedaref State for the first time.

Pushing south from their gains around Jebel Aulia and Khartoum, RSF forces began to move into Gezira State on 15 December, advancing toward its capital Wad Madani.{{cite web|url=https://sudanwarmonitor.com/p/rsf-raid-abu-guta-in-northern-jezira|title=Map: RSF raid Abu Guta in Jezira State|website=Sudan War Monitor|date=15 December 2023|access-date=16 December 2023|archive-date=16 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231216100214/https://sudanwarmonitor.com/p/rsf-raid-abu-guta-in-northern-jezira|url-status=live}}{{cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/sudans-rsf-advances-wad-madani-eight-month-old-war-spreads-2023-12-15/|title=Sudan's RSF advances on Wad Madani as eight-month-old war spreads|publisher=Reuters|last=Abdelaziz|first=Khalid|date=15 December 2023|access-date=16 December 2023|archive-date=15 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231215232239/https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/sudans-rsf-advances-wad-madani-eight-month-old-war-spreads-2023-12-15/|url-status=live}} Elsewhere in Gezira the RSF made major gains, taking control of the city of Rufaa in the state's east and entering the Butana region. After several days of fighting the RSF seized the Hantoob Bridge on Wad Madani's eastern outskirts, crossing the Blue Nile and entering the city.{{cite web|url=https://sudanwarmonitor.com/p/rsf-seize-bridge-and-storm-into-wad|title=RSF seize bridge and storm into Wad Madani|website=Sudan War Monitor|date=19 December 2023|access-date=19 December 2023|archive-date=18 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231218221858/https://sudanwarmonitor.com/p/rsf-seize-bridge-and-storm-into-wad|url-status=live}} The army put up little resistance in Wad Madani itself, the 1st Division withdrawing from the city as the RSF took over.{{cite web|url=https://sudanwarmonitor.com/p/fall-of-wad-madani-fuels-criticism|title=Fall of Wad Madani fuels criticism of army|website=Sudan War Monitor|date=20 December 2023|access-date=20 December 2023|archive-date=20 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231220132200/https://sudanwarmonitor.com/p/fall-of-wad-madani-fuels-criticism|url-status=live}}

The fall of Wad Madani was viewed as a major blow to the SAF, as it dramatically widened the frontline and opened up large parts of the country to potential RSF offensives. The city's fall allowed the RSF to capture most of Gezira and to make inroads in White Nile State, capturing the town of El Geteina.{{Cite web |date=22 December 2023 |title=RSF consolidate control over Jezira and reach the gates of Sennar |url=https://sudanwarmonitor.com/p/rsf-consolidate-control-over-jezira |access-date=22 December 2023 |website=Sudan War Monitor |archive-date=22 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231222125235/https://sudanwarmonitor.com/p/rsf-consolidate-control-over-jezira |url-status=live }} Within a few days RSF fighters had advanced to within 25 km of Sennar, the largest city in Sennar State. Over the next few weeks RSF forces ventured into rural areas of Al Qadarif State and River Nile State, without establishing a significant presence. In Sennar State the RSF made some further minor advances but had not attacked Sennar City by the year's end.{{Cite web|url=https://sudanwarmonitor.com/p/khartoum-control-map-dec-2023|title=Map: Areas of Control in Central Sudan|date=28 December 2023|website=Sudan War Monitor|access-date=2 January 2024|archive-date=2 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240102175607/https://sudanwarmonitor.com/p/khartoum-control-map-dec-2023|url-status=live}}

Amid the deteriorating situation, the SAF was reported to be arming civilians while government officials in the east called on the population to mobilize.{{Cite web |date=25 December 2023 |title=Eastern Sudan announces general mobilization against the Rapid Support Force |url=https://sudantribune.net/article280649/ |access-date=25 December 2023 |website=Sudan Tribune |language=ar |archive-date=25 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231225171347/https://sudantribune.net/article280649/ |url-status=live }} Al-Burhan gave a widely promoted public speech to soldiers in Red Sea State, promising to arm civilian militias to fight the RSF and to fight against 'colonialism', which was viewed by observers as a reference to the United Arab Emirates support of the RSF.

File:War_in_Sudan_(2024).svg

Following the fall of Wad Madani efforts by IGAD to negotiate a ceasefire made progress, as the SAF's weakened position made them more eager to enter talks. Whereas previously opposition from Islamist political groups to negotiation had prevented al-Burhan from committing to a specific date, now both he and Hemedti agreed to meet on 28 December.{{cite web|url=https://www.dabangasudan.org/en/all-news/article/breaking-sudans-el-burhan-agrees-to-meet-with-hemedti|title=Breaking: Sudan's El Burhan agrees to meet with 'Hemedti'|website=Radio Dabanga|date=22 December 2023|access-date=5 January 2024|archive-date=3 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240103130747/https://www.dabangasudan.org/en/all-news/article/breaking-sudans-el-burhan-agrees-to-meet-with-hemedti|url-status=live}} A day before the meeting was due, it was cancelled as Hemedti recanted his desire to attend.{{cite web|url=https://english.ahram.org.eg/News/514756.aspx|title=Djibouti summit between Sudan's warring generals postponed to January|website=Ahram Online|date=27 December 2023|access-date=7 January 2024|archive-date=2 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240402000807/https://english.ahram.org.eg/News/514756.aspx|url-status=live}}

Instead the RSF leader went on a diplomatic tour, travelling on a chartered Emirati jet and meeting with several African national leaders. One visit that was particularly promoted was his visit to Rwanda, where he met with Rwandan President Paul Kagame and visited the Kigali Genocide Memorial.{{cite web |title=Janjaweed leader visits Rwanda genocide memorial |date=6 January 2024 |website=Sudan War Monitor |url=https://sudanwarmonitor.com/p/janjaweed-leader-visits-rwanda-genocide |access-date=7 January 2024 |archive-date=7 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240107002005/https://sudanwarmonitor.com/p/janjaweed-leader-visits-rwanda-genocide |url-status=live}} On the tour Hemedti also met with former Prime Minister Hamdok and his Taqaddum organisation in Addis Ababa, with the RSF agreeing in a declaration negotiated with the Taqaddum to release political prisoners, open up humanitarian aid corridors and negotiate further with the SAF.{{cite web |url=https://sudantribune.com/article280911/ |title=RSF to release over 450 prisoners, says ready for immediate ceasefire in Sudan |website=Sudan Tribune |date=2 January 2024 |access-date=5 January 2024 |archive-date=10 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240110040025/https://sudantribune.com/article280911/ |url-status=live}} This tour was regarded by observers as an attempt by Hemedti to portray himself as the leader of Sudan and improve his international image, as his reputation had been severely damaged since the fall of Wad Madani due to large-scale looting by RSF fighters.{{cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/1/2/sudans-feared-paramilitary-leader-signals-ambition-to-rule-the-country|title=Sudan's feared paramilitary leader signals ambition to rule the country|date=3 January 2024|website=Al Jazeera|access-date=3 January 2024|archive-date=3 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240103170206/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/1/2/sudans-feared-paramilitary-leader-signals-ambition-to-rule-the-country|url-status=live}}

On 5 January, al-Burhan vowed to continue the war against the RSF and rejected the latest peace efforts, declaring that war crimes committed by the RSF precluded negotiation.{{cite web |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/sudans-burhan-says-no-reconciliation-with-paramilitary-rsf-2024-01-05/ |title=Sudan's Burhan says 'no reconciliation' with paramilitary RSF |publisher=Reuters |date=5 January 2024 |access-date=7 January 2024 |last=Eltahir |first=Nafisa}} On 14 January, both Hemedti and Burhan received official invitations from IGAD to attend its upcoming summit on 18 January. Hemedti agreed to attend, but Burhan refused to do so. On 16 January, the Sudanese government suspended its ties with IGAD, accusing the body of violating Sudanese sovereignty.This effectively marked the end of IGAD's attempts to mediate peace talks.{{cite web |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/1/16/sudan-suspends-contacts-with-igad-mediating-group-foreign-ministry |title=Sudan suspends contacts with IGAD mediating group foreign ministry |publisher=Al Jazeera |date=16 January 2024 |access-date=17 January 2024|archive-date=16 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240116235611/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/1/16/sudan-suspends-contacts-with-igad-mediating-group-foreign-ministry |url-status=live}}

As 2024 began the RSF made attacks into South Kordofan, defeating SAF forces in the town of Habila in the Nuba Mountains and pushing toward Dalang.{{cite web |url=https://sudanwarmonitor.com/p/rsf-habila-kordofan |title=RSF attack Habila in the Nuba Mountains |website=Sudan War Monitor |date=4 January 2024 |access-date=12 January 2024 |archive-date=10 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240110150741/https://sudanwarmonitor.com/p/rsf-habila-kordofan |url-status=live}} On 7 January the RSF attacked SAF positions in Dalang, meeting fierce resistance from the army and civilian militias.{{cite web |url=https://sudanwarmonitor.com/p/fighting-rages-in-dilling-after-rsf |title=Fighting rages in Dilling after RSF attack |date=10 January 2024 |website=Sudan War Monitor |access-date=11 January 2024 |archive-date=11 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240111010056/https://sudanwarmonitor.com/p/fighting-rages-in-dilling-after-rsf |url-status=live}} During the fighting the SPLM-N (al-Hilu) entered the city, taking control of several neighbourhoods. SPLM-N forces proceeded to attack the RSF, and the paramilitary retreated from the city. RSF fighters withdrawing from Dalang entered the city of Muglad in West Kordofan, easily taking control as the city had no organised SAF presence. West Kordofan had been relatively free of fighting for several months due to a local truce brokered by leaders of the Messiria tribe, but as tensions escalated rumours spread that the RSF was planning an attack on the encircled city of Babanusa and the SAF 22nd Infantry Division garrisoning it.{{cite web |url=https://sudanwarmonitor.com/p/kordofan-conflict-spirals-in-dangerous |title=Kordofan conflict spirals in dangerous direction |website=Sudan War Monitor |date=13 January 2024 |access-date=13 January 2024 |archive-date=12 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240112230011/https://sudanwarmonitor.com/p/kordofan-conflict-spirals-in-dangerous |url-status=live}}

In January 2024, the RSF focused on consolidating its gains in Gezira State. Fighting was reported on 17 January east of El Manaqil, the last major town not under RSF control. The SAF delivered weapons to the city by helicopter, including selectively distributing them among civilians in the town, attempting to bolster its defences. Sudan's National Intelligence and Security Service (NISS) selectively recruited and armed civilians based on perceived loyalty.{{Cite web|url=https://sudanwarmonitor.com/p/fighting-in-west-of-sennar-after|title=Fighting west of Sennar after IGAD summit|website=Sudan War Monitor|date=January 19, 2024|access-date=20 January 2024|archive-date=25 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240125152051/https://sudanwarmonitor.com/p/fighting-in-west-of-sennar-after|url-status=live}} On 24 January 2024, the RSF launched an attack on Babanusa after encircling the city for months. By 25 January, the RSF gained control of the city centre and entered the headquarters of the 22nd infantry division.{{Cite web |title=Sudan army at risk of another disaster in Babanusa |url=https://sudanwarmonitor.com/p/sudan-army-at-risk-of-another-disaster |access-date=2024-01-27 |website=Sudan War Monitor |language=en |archive-date=27 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240127060422/https://sudanwarmonitor.com/p/sudan-army-at-risk-of-another-disaster |url-status=live }}

Until March 2024, the RSF maintained its position in Gezira State but was unable to break through.{{Cite web|url=https://sudanwarmonitor.com/p/fighting-escalates-on-the-jazira|title=Fighting escalates on the Jazira front|date=March 3, 2024|website=Sudan War Monitor|access-date=4 March 2024|archive-date=4 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240304143328/https://sudanwarmonitor.com/p/fighting-escalates-on-the-jazira|url-status=live}} The RSF is recruiting in Gezira State to try to capture territory in El-Gadarif from the SAF.{{Cite web|url=https://sudanwarmonitor.com/p/jem-to-join-battle-on-gedaref-front|title=JEM to join battle on Gedaref front|date=March 22, 2024|website=Sudan War Monitor|access-date=23 March 2024|archive-date=23 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240323134333/https://sudanwarmonitor.com/p/jem-to-join-battle-on-gedaref-front|url-status=live}} The JEM, which has allied with the SAF, helped the SAF build up its forces in El-Gadarif for a counteroffensive to try to retake Wad Madani. In April 2024, the SAF and its allies began the counteroffensive, attacking from the east and west of Wad Madani in an attempt to retake it.{{cite web|url=https://sudanwarmonitor.com/p/sudan-army-advances-into-jazira-state|title=Sudan army advances into Jazira State|website=Sudan War Monitor|date=April 8, 2024|access-date=9 April 2024|archive-date=9 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240409144531/https://sudanwarmonitor.com/p/sudan-army-advances-into-jazira-state|url-status=live}} Clashes were reported in Al-Madina Arab on 15 April.{{cite web|url=https://www.radiotamazuj.org/en/news/article/heavy-fighting-rages-in-al-madina-arab-al-gazira-state|title=Heavy fighting rages in Al-Madina Arab, Al Gazira State|date=April 15, 2024|website=Radio Tamazuj|access-date=16 April 2024|archive-date=15 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240415085337/https://radiotamazuj.org/en/news/article/heavy-fighting-rages-in-al-madina-arab-al-gazira-state|url-status=live}}

In December 2024, the SAF launched an offensive in southern Gezira. The SAF was able to make small progress, which involved recapturing the town of Wad el-Haddad, a town on the border of Sennar State. It also was able to recapture Um al-Qura, but the RSF reoccupied the village.{{cite web |title=Fierce fighting between Sudan army and RSF in El Gezira continues |url=https://www.dabangasudan.org/en/all-news/article/fierce-fighting-between-sudan-army-and-rsf-in-el-gezira-continues |website=Radio Dabanga |date=8 December 2024 |access-date=2 February 2025 |archive-date=25 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250125202417/https://www.dabangasudan.org/en/all-news/article/fierce-fighting-between-sudan-army-and-rsf-in-el-gezira-continues |url-status=live }}

In January 2025, the SAF made the first major military operation of 2025. The army was able to make large gains in Gezira and some gains in North Kordofan. On 8 January, the SAF had recaptured Haj-Abdallah after a tense battle that inflicted losses on the RSF. The SAF stated that seven RSF vehicles were destroyed.{{cite web |title=Sudan army retakes key town in Al Jazirah state |url=https://sudantribune.com/article295656/ |website=Sudan Tribune |date=8 January 2025 |access-date=2 February 2025 |archive-date=17 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250117133116/https://sudantribune.com/article295656/ |url-status=live }} A day later, the SAF attacked RSF positions in Al-Shabarga in the southeastern part of the state, led by field commander Bassam Abu Satour, leading to the RSF's withdrawal and the SAF recapturing the city, while in the western part of the state, the SAF took control of the villages Mahla, Tahla, and Al-Kumar Al-Jaaliyeen.{{cite web |title=Sudanese army gains ground in Al Jazirah state, tightens grip near Wad Madani |url=https://sudantribune.com/article295704/ |website=Sudan Tribune |date=9 January 2025 |access-date=2 February 2025 |archive-date=17 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250117133903/https://sudantribune.com/article295704/ |url-status=live }} On 10 January, the SAF recaptured Um al-Qura while the Sudan Shield Forces took Wad al-Abyad.{{cite web |title=SAF seizes Um al-Qura and new villages in Gezira |date=10 January 2025 |url=https://sudantribune.com/article295750/ |access-date=2 February 2025 |archive-date=17 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250117133132/https://sudantribune.com/article295750/ |url-status=live }} These successful offensives led to the SAF retaking control of Wad Madani on 11 January from three fronts.

File:Map Sudan Ohmdurman.png. The White Nile flowing from the south is joined by the Blue Nile flowing from the east.]]

After advancing in Gezira and Khartoum, the SAF launched a military operation in North Kordofan for the first time, after being on the defensive in Darfur and Kordofan from the start of the war. The SAF's "Sayyad Force", captured the entirety of the Umm Ruwaba district.{{cite web |title=Sudanese Army Closes in on Presidential Palace |url=https://english.aawsat.com/arab-world/5107107-sudanese-army-closes-presidential-palace?_wrapper_format=html&page=7 |website=Asharq Al-Awsat |language=en}}

By the start of February, the SAF had recaptured Al-Hasaheisa, Tambul, and Rufa'a. This left the RSF in control of only northwestern Gezira.

The SAF then liberated the town of Er Rahad on 19 February, and by 23 February, the SAF lifted the almost two-year siege of El Obeid.{{cite web |title=Sudanese forces recapture strategic city of al-Rahad |url=https://www.ilkha.com/english/world/sudanese-forces-recapture-strategic-city-of-al-rahad-443315 |website=İLKHA |access-date=23 February 2025 |archive-date=19 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250219122949/https://ilkha.com/english/world/sudanese-forces-recapture-strategic-city-of-al-rahad-443315 |url-status=live }}{{cite web |title=Sudan Army Ends RSF Siege of El-Obeid |work=News Central TV | Latest Breaking News Across Africa, Daily News in Nigeria, South Africa, Ghana, Kenya and Egypt Today. - Africa. First. |url=https://newscentral.africa/sudan-army-ends-rsf-siege-of-el-obeid/ |date=23 February 2025 |last1=Jimoh |first1=Abdullahi }}

The SAF gained ground in Omdurman in February 2024, linking up their forces in the northern part of the city and relieving a 10-month siege of their forces in the city centre. The SAF also took control of the Al-Hilal Stadium. As of February 2024, the Omdurman front is the only area in Sudan where the SAF has carried out a sustained offensive operation and represents the first breakthrough for the SAF.{{cite web |url=https://sudanwarmonitor.com/p/map-omdurman-breakthrough |title=Map: Sudan army breaks Omdurman siege |website=Sudan War Monitor |date=19 February 2024 |access-date=20 February 2024 |archive-date=20 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240220030938/https://sudanwarmonitor.com/p/map-omdurman-breakthrough |url-status=live}}

On 12 March, the SAF defeated an attempted RSF counteroffensive in Omdurman and took control of the headquarters of the Sudan National Broadcasting Corporation.{{cite web |last=Elimam |first=Ahmed |title=Sudan's army says it took control of national radio and television HQ |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/sudans-army-says-it-took-control-national-radio-television-hq-statement-2024-03-12/ |url-status=live |publisher=Reuters |date=12 March 2024 |access-date=12 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240312193124/https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/sudans-army-says-it-took-control-national-radio-television-hq-statement-2024-03-12/ |archive-date=12 March 2024}} The RSF maintains its control of Khartoum and continues to threaten Khartoum North.{{cite web|url=https://sudanwarmonitor.com/p/fighting-set-to-escalate-in-bahri|title=Fighting set to escalate in Bahri|date=March 17, 2024|website=Sudan War Monitor|access-date=19 March 2024|archive-date=19 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240319144414/https://sudanwarmonitor.com/p/fighting-set-to-escalate-in-bahri|url-status=live}}

As of April 2024, fighting in Khartoum State is ongoing, with the RSF in control of the southern and western parts of Omdurman and the SAF in control of the northern and eastern parts of Omdurman, with the RSF controlling the majority of Khartoum and Khartoum North. The SAF continued to prepare an offensive to relieve its surrounded bases in Khartoum North.{{Cite web|url=https://sudanwarmonitor.com/p/khartoum-control-map-april-2024|title=Map of the Areas of Control in Khartoum|website=Sudan War Monitor|date=April 5, 2024|access-date=5 April 2024|archive-date=5 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240405231438/https://sudanwarmonitor.com/p/khartoum-control-map-april-2024|url-status=live}}

As of March 2025, SAF controls majority of the city. On 29 March, SAF forces announced the control of the Libya Market in Omdurman and seized weapons and equipment left behind by the RSF.{{Cite web |date=2025-03-29 |title=Sudan army says retakes Khartoum-area market from paramilitaries |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20250329-sudan-army-says-retakes-khartoum-area-market-from-paramilitaries |access-date=2025-04-03 |website=France 24 |language=en}} On the same day, SAF launched new offensives into the city of Ombada, west of Omdurman.{{Cite web |last=SudanTribune |date=2025-01-07 |title=Sudanese army gains ground in Omdurman, frees captive officers |url=https://sudantribune.com/article295635/ |access-date=2025-04-03 |website=Sudan Tribune |language=en-US}}

On 15 April, during the Battle of El Fasher, at least nine civilians were killed in a renewed offensive by the RSF on the city of Al-Fashir in North Darfur.{{Cite web|url=https://sudanwarmonitor.com/p/c75|website=Sudan War Monitor|date=April 15, 2024|title=عشرات الجرحي والقتلى من المدنيين بسبب الإشتباكات في الفاشر مساء اليوم|access-date=16 April 2024|archive-date=20 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240420002004/https://sudanwarmonitor.com/p/c75|url-status=live}} The Joint Darfur Force declared war on the RSF and allied with the SAF.{{Cite web|url=https://sudanwarmonitor.com/p/darfur-joint-force-declares-war-on|title=Darfur Joint Force declares war on Rapid Support Forces|website=Sudan War Monitor|date=April 15, 2024|access-date=16 April 2024|archive-date=20 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240420002010/https://sudanwarmonitor.com/p/darfur-joint-force-declares-war-on|url-status=live}}{{Cite web|url=https://sudanwarmonitor.com/p/darfur-movements-merowe-meeting|title=Darfur movements coordinate war plans against RSF|website=Sudan War Monitor|date=May 4, 2024|access-date=4 May 2024|archive-date=5 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240505154541/https://sudanwarmonitor.com/p/darfur-movements-merowe-meeting|url-status=live}}

The fighting in El Fasher has diverted SAF resources from other areas, hampering planned counter-offensives to retake Khartoum and Wad Madani. In particular, the SAF has been using its limited aviation resources to carry out airstrikes in North Darfur and resupply El Fasher using airdrops.{{Cite web|url=https://sudanwarmonitor.com/p/understanding-el-fasher-battle|title=Understanding the fighting in El Fasher|website=Sudan War Monitor|date=May 24, 2024|access-date=25 May 2024|archive-date=26 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240526175335/https://sudanwarmonitor.com/p/understanding-el-fasher-battle|url-status=live}}

Since April 2024, the conflict had been escalating in El Fasher, while the civilians remained trapped with no safety or food. In a June 2024 report, the International Crisis Group said the intensifying battle could lead to mass slaughter, and that there was a need for all sides to de-escalate. The report said the UN and the US should broker the de-escalation and must put pressure on the RSF and its main supporters, including the United Arab Emirates and Egypt. Crisis Group said the UAE should push the RSF to stand down, and urged all parties to allow the civilians to flee, open the region for aid delivery and resume national peace talks.{{cite web|date=24 June 2024|title=Halting the Catastrophic Battle for Sudan's El Fasher|url=https://www.crisisgroup.org/africa/horn-africa/sudan/b198-halting-catastrophic-battle-sudans-el-fasher|website=Crisis Group|access-date=14 July 2024|archive-date=11 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240711022217/https://www.crisisgroup.org/africa/horn-africa/sudan/b198-halting-catastrophic-battle-sudans-el-fasher|url-status=live}}

On 14 June 2024, the SAF announced that it had killed Ali Yaqoub Gibril, a top RSF commander, in El Fasher. The United States had sanctioned Yagoub in May 2024 for endangering civilians in Darfur.{{Cite web|url=https://sudanwarmonitor.com/p/top-rsf-commander-ali-yagoub-killed|title=Top RSF commander Ali Yagoub killed in El Fasher|date=June 14, 2024|website=Sudan War Monitor|access-date=17 June 2024|archive-date=14 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240614215946/https://sudanwarmonitor.com/p/top-rsf-commander-ali-yagoub-killed|url-status=live}} In June 2024, The New York Times reported that more than 40 villages had been burned in El Fasher since April 2024.{{Cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2024/06/19/world/africa/sudan-darfur-siege.html|title=A Massacre Threatens Darfur, Again|date=June 19, 2024|website=The New York Times|access-date=19 June 2024|archive-date=19 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240619170034/https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2024/06/19/world/africa/sudan-darfur-siege.html|url-status=live}}

Fighting is ongoing in El Fasher, which remains the SAF's last holdout in Darfur.{{Cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/interactive/briefing/2024/08/29/satellite-images-siege-sudan-darfur-el-fasher|title="Hell on earth": satellite images document the siege of a Sudanese city|access-date=August 31, 2024|newspaper=The Economist|date=August 29, 2024|archive-date=31 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240831140030/https://www.economist.com/interactive/briefing/2024/08/29/satellite-images-siege-sudan-darfur-el-fasher|url-status=live}} As of September 2024, the RSF has advanced into central areas of El Fasher, with the SAF's territorial control at its lowest point since intense fighting began in May 2024.{{Cite web|url=https://sudanwarmonitor.com/p/intense-fighting-in-central-el-fasher|title=Intense fighting in central El Fasher|date=September 21, 2024|website=Sudan War Monitor|access-date=24 September 2024|archive-date=24 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240924005200/https://sudanwarmonitor.com/p/intense-fighting-in-central-el-fasher|url-status=live}}

As of May 2024, fighting is ongoing in Babanusa, West Kordofan. The RSF is conducting an offensive to attempt to take control of West Kordofan.{{Cite web|url=https://sudanwarmonitor.com/p/babanusa-artillery-battle|website=Sudan War Monitor|title=Artillery battle in Babanusa as RSF threaten Fula|date=May 6, 2024|access-date=6 May 2024|archive-date=6 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240506151149/https://sudanwarmonitor.com/p/babanusa-artillery-battle|url-status=live}} Fighting was also reported in North Kordofan.{{Cite web|url=https://sudanwarmonitor.com/p/sudan-army-routed-in-heavy-fighting|date=May 8, 2024|title=Sudan army routed in heavy fighting along El Obeid-Kosti road|website=Sudan War Monitor|access-date=8 May 2024|archive-date=8 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240508143400/https://sudanwarmonitor.com/p/sudan-army-routed-in-heavy-fighting|url-status=live}}

On 20 June 2024, the RSF captured Al-Fulah, the capital of West Kordofan, after the SAF withdrew from the city after several hours of fighting. The SAF retreated to Babanusa, its one remaining base in Kordofan.{{Cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/6/20/sudans-rsf-captures-key-army-stronghold-of-el-fula|website=Al Jazeera|date=June 20, 2024|title=Sudan's RSF captures key army stronghold of el-Fula}}

{{further|Sennar offensive}}

File:Blue nile map.png and White Nile rivers]]

In May 2024, the RSF launched attacks against the SAF between Khartoum State and River Nile State, as well as in White Nile State near the border with Gezira State. The SAF prepared its forces in River Nile State, ahead of a potential invasion of Khartoum Bahri.{{cite web|url=https://sudanwarmonitor.com/p/rsf-launch-raids-in-white-nile-river|title=RSF launch raids in White Nile, River Nile|date=May 20, 2024|website=Sudan War Monitor|access-date=20 May 2024|archive-date=26 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240526175707/https://sudanwarmonitor.com/p/rsf-launch-raids-in-white-nile-river|url-status=live}} In June 2024, the RSF was still in control of Khartoum and Khartoum North, though the SAF controlled one enclave in each that it supplies by airdrop.{{cite web|url=https://sudanwarmonitor.com/p/renewed-al-shajara-attack|title=RSF suffer losses attacking Khartoum enclave|date=19 June 2024|website=Sudan War Monitor|access-date=19 June 2024|archive-date=19 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240619170754/https://sudanwarmonitor.com/p/renewed-al-shajara-attack|url-status=live}}

In late June 2024, the RSF began an assault in the areas surrounding the city of Sennar. RSF forces struck out to the west of the city, causing the SAF to bring in reinforcements in anticipation of an attack on Sennar itself.{{cite web|url=https://sudanwarmonitor.com/p/blitzkrieg-rsf-advance-deep-into|title=Blitzkrieg: RSF advance deep into Sennar State and storm into the capital Sinja|website=Sudan War Monitor|date=30 June 2024|access-date=30 June 2024|archive-date=21 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240721120555/https://sudanwarmonitor.com/p/blitzkrieg-rsf-advance-deep-into|url-status=live}} Instead RSF forces avoided Sennar and attacked south towards Singa, the capital of Sennar State, capturing the lightly defended town on 29 June.{{cite web|url=https://www.voanews.com/a/sudan-s-rsf-says-it-has-taken-key-town/7678325.html|date=29 June 2024|website=Voice of America|title=Sudan's RSF says it has taken key town|access-date=30 June 2024|archive-date=30 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240630031049/https://www.voanews.com/a/sudan-s-rsf-says-it-has-taken-key-town/7678325.html|url-status=live}} This prevented the SAF from reinforcing Sennar from the south, placing the city under increased pressure.

Following the fall of Singa, SAF resistance collapsed across much of southern Sennar, which led to the RSF occupying the towns of Dinder, Mazmoun and Wad an-Nail with minimal SAF resistance.{{cite web|url=https://sudanwarmonitor.com/p/map-sennar-offensive|title=Map: Sudan's Rapid Support Forces extend control in Sennar State|website=Sudan War Monitor|date=2 July 2024|access-date=5 July 2024|archive-date=3 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240703131848/https://sudanwarmonitor.com/p/map-sennar-offensive|url-status=live}} A united force consisting of the Gedaref-based 2nd SAF Infantry Division and a battalion of the JEM assaulted and retook Dinder on 1 July, but were driven out again by the RSF over the next few days.{{cite web|url=https://sudanwarmonitor.com/p/the-new-gedaref-front|title=The New Gedaref Front|website=Sudan War Monitor|date=6 July 2024|access-date=6 July 2024|archive-date=6 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240706082756/https://sudanwarmonitor.com/p/the-new-gedaref-front|url-status=live}}

On 20 July, the RSF announced the death of Brigadier General Abdel Rahman Al-Bishi, its head of operations in Sennar and Blue Nile States, with Sudanese media reporting that he had been killed in a SAF airstrike.{{cite web |date=2024-07-20 |title=RSF commander killed in central Sudan's Sennar State |url=https://sudantribune.com/article288490/ |access-date=2024-07-21 |website=Sudan Tribune |language=en-US |archive-date=22 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240722201523/https://sudantribune.com/article288490/ |url-status=live }}

On 3 August, the RSF launched its first attack on Blue Nile State since the beginning of the war, with the group and the SAF contesting control over Al-Tadamun.{{Cite web |title=Sudan's army repels RSF attack in Blue Nile |url=https://sudantribune.com/article289070/ |access-date=4 August 2024 |website=Radio Dabanga |date=3 August 2024 |language=en |archive-date=11 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240911161251/https://sudantribune.com/article289070/ |url-status=live }} On 15 August 2024, the Galgani massacre was carried out by the RSF, which killed at least 108 people,{{Cite web |date=2024-08-19 |title=More than 100 killed in RSF revenge attack on Sudan village |url=https://www.dabangasudan.org/en/all-news/article/more-than-100-killed-in-rsf-revenge-attack-on-sudan-village |access-date=2024-08-19 |website=Radio Dabanga |language=en |archive-date=19 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240819135227/https://www.dabangasudan.org/en/all-news/article/more-than-100-killed-in-rsf-revenge-attack-on-sudan-village |url-status=live }} including at least 24 women and children.{{Cite web |date=2024-08-17 |title=Sudan's paramilitary fighters killed 85 people in an attack on a central village, residents say |url=https://apnews.com/article/sudan-war-rsf-village-galgani-0e63ef15da694a558934ad2b32d6cc9b |access-date=2024-08-17 |website=AP News |language=en |archive-date=18 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240818174942/https://apnews.com/article/sudan-war-rsf-village-galgani-0e63ef15da694a558934ad2b32d6cc9b |url-status=live }}

As September 2024 came, for the first time since the start of the war the balance of power seemed to be tipping towards the SAF. On 26 September, the SAF launched a major offensive against RSF positions in Khartoum.{{Cite web |date=2024-09-26 |title=Air strikes in Khartoum as Sudan army attacks paramilitary RSF positions |url=https://www.newarab.com/news/air-strikes-khartoum-sudan-army-attacks-rsf-positions |access-date=2024-09-26 |website=The New Arab}} The attack on the city came from three fronts striking from the south, east and west of the capital.{{Cite news |last=Brachet |first=Eliott |date=2024-11-11 |title=War in Sudan: Death strikes at every corner in devastated Khartoum |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/en/le-monde-africa/article/2024/11/11/war-in-sudan-death-strikes-at-every-corner-in-devastated-khartoum_6732461_124.html |url-access=subscription |access-date=2024-11-12 |work=Le Monde |language=en |archive-date=12 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241112091147/https://www.lemonde.fr/en/le-monde-africa/article/2024/11/11/war-in-sudan-death-strikes-at-every-corner-in-devastated-khartoum_6732461_124.html |url-status=live }} SAF airstrikes, which killed four and wounded 14, began at dawn followed by clashes within the city. The SAF reportedly captured three key bridges connecting Khartoum to other nearby cities, including the Omdurman Bridge which had previously acted as a line of separation between government and RSF control.{{Cite web |last1=Mao |first1=Frances |last2=Usher |first2=Barbara |date=2024-09-26 |title=Sudan war: Army launches major attack on Khartoum against RSF |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cgeyg2g288wo |access-date=2024-09-26 |website=BBC News |language=en-GB |archive-date=9 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241009023859/https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cgeyg2g288wo |url-status=live }}{{Cite web |date=2024-09-26 |title=Sudan's army launches major offensive on Khartoum |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/9/26/sudans-army-launches-major-offensive-to-retake-khartoum |access-date=2024-09-26 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en |archive-date=7 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241007030401/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/9/26/sudans-army-launches-major-offensive-to-retake-khartoum |url-status=live }} Faced with an elusive enemy, the SAF became bogged down in urban fighting, with RSF snipers routinely paralyzing infantry advances.

October 2024 was the deadliest month for Sudanese civilians since the war began. In Khartoum, the RSF have relentlessly shelled areas controlled by the SAF, which has amounted to daily indiscriminate bombardments of civilian areas. Escalating SAF airstrikes on RSF positions have caused dozens of civilian deaths. In October 2024, the SAF also launched counteroffensives in the states of Sennar and Gezira, which were successfully recaptured from the RSF.{{Cite web|url=https://sudanwarmonitor.com/p/map-sennar-jazira-offensive|title=Map: Sudan army advances in eastern states|date=October 23, 2024|website=Sudan War Monitor|access-date=26 October 2024|archive-date=10 February 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250210022050/https://sudanwarmonitor.com/p/map-sennar-jazira-offensive|url-status=live}} Starting on 20 October 2024, the RSF carried out the 2024 eastern Gezira State massacres, which killed at least 300 people and wounded at least 200 more.{{Cite web |title=Dozens killed by paramilitary RSF in Sudan's Gezira, aid groups say |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/10/26/dozens-killed-by-paramilitary-rsf-in-sudans-gezira-aid-groups-say |access-date=2024-10-26 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en |archive-date=29 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241029064802/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/10/26/dozens-killed-by-paramilitary-rsf-in-sudans-gezira-aid-groups-say |url-status=live }}

According to a report by the French newspaper Le Monde, as of November 2024 the war in Sudan has possibly entered its most dangerous phase since it began in April 2023. Both the SAF and RSF have officially ruled out settling the civil war through negotiations, with the only option on the table being total war. During the recent rainy season which brought a lull in the fighting, each side rearmed and restructured their forces. Many ordinary Sudanese, extending to the most serious critics of the SAF, have increasingly supported the SAF in response to RSF war crimes and atrocities. The SAF has become increasingly dependent on Islamist networks, as these movements have mobilized many civilians from popular resistance brigades. The Al-Bara' ibn Malik Battalion in particular is presently fighting on the Khartoum front lines against the RSF and has consequently gained popularity.{{Cite news |last=Brachet |first=Eliott |date=2024-11-17 |title=The lost children of Sudan's revolution: 'We fight today alongside the men who fought us yesterday' |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/en/le-monde-africa/article/2024/11/17/the-lost-children-of-sudan-s-revolution-we-fight-today-alongside-the-men-who-fought-us-yesterday_6733111_124.html |url-access=subscription |access-date=2024-11-18 |work=Le Monde |language=en |archive-date=12 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241212044113/https://www.lemonde.fr/en/le-monde-africa/article/2024/11/17/the-lost-children-of-sudan-s-revolution-we-fight-today-alongside-the-men-who-fought-us-yesterday_6733111_124.html |url-status=live }} On 23 November, the SAF retook Singa following an offensive.{{Cite web |date=2024-11-23 |title=Sudan Army Says Recaptures Key State Capital |url=https://www.barrons.com/articles/sudan-army-says-recaptures-key-state-capital-b9d1b033 |website=Barron's}}{{Cite web |date=2024-11-23 |title=Burhan arrives in Sinjah after army recaptures city |url=https://sudantribune.com/article293730/ |website=Sudan Tribune |access-date=24 November 2024 |archive-date=24 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241124220852/https://sudantribune.com/article293730/ |url-status=live }}

The SAF retook Wad Madani, the capital of Gezira State on 11 January 2025.{{Cite news |date=2025-01-11 |title=Sudanese army advances to retake city of Wad Madani from RSF |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/sudanese-army-advances-retake-city-wad-madani-rebels-2025-01-11/ |work=Reuters}} On 8 February 2025, the SAF regained control of nearly all of Khartoum North as it intensified its offensive, and was preparing to retake the capital of Khartoum itself.{{Cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/2/8/sudan-army-claims-major-advances-against-rsf-in-greater-khartoum|title=Sudan army claims major advances against RSF in greater Khartoum|quote=Development marks one of army's most significant advances since war broke out between army chief al-Burhan and RSF.|website=Al Jazeera|date=February 8, 2025|access-date=February 12, 2025|archive-date=12 February 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250212143312/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/2/8/sudan-army-claims-major-advances-against-rsf-in-greater-khartoum|url-status=live}}

On 24 February 2025, the RSF claimed responsibility for downing a Russian-made Ilyushin aircraft in Nyala. Meanwhile, the RSF declared a rival government in Nairobi, the capital of Kenya, which the SAF-aligned administration refused to recognize.{{Cite web |title=Death toll in Sudan military plane crash rises to 46 |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/2/26/several-feared-killed-as-sudan-army-plane-crashes-near-capital-khartoum |access-date=2025-03-03 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}{{Cite web |title=Sudan army allies intentionally targeting civilians: HRW |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/2/25/sudan-army-allies-intentionally-targeting-civilians-hrw |access-date=2025-03-03 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}

On 20 March 2025, the SAF announced it was within 500 metres of the Presidential Palace{{cite news|url=https://www.newarab.com/news/sudan-army-within-500-metres-presidential-palace-source|title=Sudan army within 500 metres of presidential palace: military source|publisher=The New Arab|date=March 20, 2025|accessdate=March 20, 2025}} and captured it on the next day.{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/crmj0x8jr3wo |title=Sudan army recaptures presidential palace after two years of war |date=21 March 2025|access-date=21 March 2025|publisher=BBC}} On 22 March, the SAF also recaptured the headquarters of the Central Bank of Sudan and the General Intelligence Service in Khartoum.{{cite web|url=https://apnews.com/article/sudan-military-rsf-war-khartoum-c41e1d829ea2560c9ff8eb43daac85da |title=Sudan's army says it seized key buildings in Khartoum after retaking the Republican Palace |date=22 March 2025|access-date=22 March 2025 |publisher=AP News}} It also retook Tuti Island, situated at the confluence of the Blue Nile and the White Nile, after advancing through the Tuti Bridge.{{cite web|url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20250323-paramilitary-shelling-kills-3-in-omdurman-after-sudan-army-gains-medic |title=Paramilitary shelling kills 3 in Omdurman after Sudan army gains: medic |date=23 March 2025|access-date=23 March 2025 |publisher=France 24}} On 26 March, they retook Khartoum International Airport and Jebel Aulia, regarded as the RSF's last stronghold in the capital,{{Cite web |title=Sudanese army retakes Khartoum airport from rebels |url=https://www.rfi.fr/en/africa/20250326-sudanese-army-retakes-khartoum-airport-from-rebels |access-date=2025-03-26 |website=RFI|date=26 March 2025 |language=en}} with al-Burhan proclaiming the liberation of Khartoum later in the day.{{Cite web |title='Khartoum is free' says Sudan Army chief al-Burhan after airport captured |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/3/26/sudan-armed-forces-retakes-khartoum-airport-from-rsf|access-date=2025-03-26 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}} On 20 May, the SAF announced the clearing of Khartoum State from the RSF.{{cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/5/20/sudans-army-declares-khartoum-state-completely-free-of-paramilitary-rsf |title=Sudan's army declares Khartoum state 'completely free' of paramilitary RSF |date=20 May 2025|access-date=21 May 2025|publisher=Al Jazeera}}

In April 2025, the RSF launched a major offensive in North Darfur, aiming to capture El Fasher, the last state capital in the region under SAF control. Beginning on 11 April, RSF ground and aerial assaults struck El Fasher and surrounding displacement camps, including Zamzam and Abu Shouk. By 13 April, the RSF claimed control of Zamzam camp after intense fighting that left over 200 civilians dead, including children and aid workers.{{Cite web |title=Sudan's RSF claims control of famine-hit Zamzam camp in Darfur |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/4/13/sudans-rsf-claims-control-of-famine-hit-zamzam-camp-in-darfur |access-date=2025-04-16 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}{{Cite web |title=Sudan paramilitaries kill at least 100 people in Darfur attack, UN says |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/4/12/sudan-paramilitaries-kill-at-least-100-people-in-darfur-attack-un-says |access-date=2025-04-16 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}} The SAF denied RSF accusations of militarizing the camp, while rights groups documented widespread abuses by RSF fighters, including targeted killings and sexual violence.{{Cite web |title=Sudan's RSF accused of 'sickening' sexual violence on women, girls: Report |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/4/10/sudans-rsf-committing-horrific-sexual-violence-on-women-girls |access-date=2025-04-16 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}

On 1 May 2025, the RSF announced that they had taken control of En Nahud, a strategic city in West Kordofan that was previously used by the SAF to send forces to Darfur.{{cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/5/2/sudanese-paramilitaries-kill-19-after-taking-city-of-al-nahud-sources |title=Sudanese paramilitary RSF kills 19 after taking city of al-Nahud: Sources |date=2 May 2025 |work=Al Jazeera}} On 5 May, the RSF attacked Port Sudan for the first time using drones.{{cite web|url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/sudanese-paramilitary-forces-carried-out-1st-drone-attack-on-port-sudan-army-says/ |title=Sudanese paramilitary forces carried out 1st drone attack on Port Sudan, army says |date=3 May 2025 |publisher=The Times of Israel}}

Despite initial setbacks, Al-Khiwai in West Kordofan was retaken by the SAF on 11 May,{{cite web|url=https://sudantribune.com/article300773/ |title=Sudan army says it recaptured West Kordofan town from RSF |date=11 May 2025 |publisher=Sudan Tribune}} and on 13 May, the town of Al-Hamadi in South Kordofan, an administrative hub for the Hawazma tribe, was also retaken by the SAF, alongside some strongholds in southern Omdurman previously held by the RSF, such as the Al-Jami’a neighbourhood and all of the Al-Shaqla neighbourhood.{{Cite web |date=2025-05-14 |title=Sudan army captures key South Kordofan town, gains in Omdurman |url=https://sudantribune.com/article300845/ |access-date=2025-05-14 |website=Sudan Tribune |language=en-US}}

On 19 May, the SAF took Wadi al-Atrun in Al-Malha, located on a strategic road linking Northern State and North Darfur.{{Cite web |date=2025-05-19 |title=Army and allies take control of strategic area near triangle border area, Minawi says |url=https://sudantribune.com/article301058/ |access-date=2025-05-19 |website=Sudan Tribune |language=en-US}} As of 20 May, the SAF claimed it had fully expelled the RSF from Khartoum state.{{Cite web |date=2025-05-20 |title=Sudan war: RSF entirely pushed out of Khartoum state, army says |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cwynn0vy3n4o.amp |access-date=2025-05-21 |website=BBC News |language=en-gb}} On 21 May, the SAF said it had cleared White Nile State of the RSF.{{cite web|url=https://www.youm7.com/story/2025/5/21/%D8%A8%D8%B9%D8%AF-%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D8%B1%D8%B7%D9%88%D9%85-%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%84-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%AA%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%86-%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%AC%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%A9-%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9/6994825 |title=بعد تحرير الخرطوم بالكامل.. السلطات السودانية تعلن ولاية جديدة خالية من الدعم السريع |work=اليوم السابع |date=21 May 2025|access-date=24 May 2025|publisher=Youm7}} On 23 May, the SAF announced the capture of the strategic city of Dibebad in South Kordofan.{{Cite web |date=2025-05-23 |title=Sudanese army, allied forces seize strategic city in South Kordofan state |url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/africa/sudanese-army-allied-forces-seize-strategic-city-in-south-kordofan-state/3577666 |access-date=2025-05-21 |website=Anadolu Agency }}

{{Further|War crimes during the Sudanese civil war (2023–present)}}

The Preparatory Committee of the Sudanese Doctors Union reported that over 522,000 infants have died from malnutrition since the outbreak of the war, with 286,000 additional cases of malnutrition recorded.

According to a report published by Le Monde in November 2024, the war may have killed over 150,000 civilians through the combined tolls of bombardments, massacres, starvation and disease. Total deaths are likely significantly more than 150,000. A November 2024 report from the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine estimated more than 61,000 deaths in Khartoum State alone, for the period between April 2023 and June 2024.{{Cite web |title='Invisible and severe' death toll of Sudan conflict revealed |url=https://www.lshtm.ac.uk/newsevents/news/2024/invisible-and-severe-death-toll-sudan-conflict-revealed |access-date=2024-11-14 |website=LSHTM |language=en |archive-date=14 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241114171006/https://www.lshtm.ac.uk/newsevents/news/2024/invisible-and-severe-death-toll-sudan-conflict-revealed |url-status=live }}

Early in the conflict, doctors on the ground warned that reported figures did not include all casualties as people could not reach hospitals due to difficulties in movement.{{Cite news |date=17 April 2023 |title=Nearly 100 people dead across Sudan |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2023/4/17/sudan-fighting-live-news-nearly-100-killed-as-clashes-spread |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230417073638/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2023/4/17/sudan-fighting-live-news-nearly-100-killed-as-clashes-spread |archive-date=17 April 2023 |access-date=17 April 2023 |work=Al Jazeera |language=en}} Soon after the war broke out, a spokesperson for the Sudanese Red Crescent was quoted as saying that the number of casualties "was not small". The Sultanate of Dar Masalit claimed on 20 June 2023 that more than 5,000 people were killed and about 8,000 were wounded in fighting in West Darfur alone, while a Masalit tribal leader told the Sudanese news outlet Ayin Network on 22 July 2023 that more than 10,000 people had been killed in the state.{{cite news|date=26 July 2023|title=10,000 reported killed in one West Darfur city, as ethnic violence ravages Sudanese region|publisher=CNN|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2023/07/26/africa/sudan-west-darfur-thousands-killed-intl/index.html|access-date=27 July 2023|archive-date=19 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230819004145/https://edition.cnn.com/2023/07/26/africa/sudan-west-darfur-thousands-killed-intl/index.html|url-status=live}} Sudanese prosecutors recorded over 500 missing persons cases across the country, some of which were enforced disappearances, and were mostly blamed on the RSF.{{cite news |title=RSF accused of over 500 cases of enforced disappearance in Sudan |url=https://sudantribune.com/article275738/ |access-date=4 August 2023 |work=Sudan Tribune |date=3 August 2023}}{{Dead link|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes}} On 2 May 2024, a US Senate hearing on the war estimated that between 15,000 and 30,000 people had died, but considered that to be an underestimation by a factor of 10 to 15 times, saying the real death toll could be as high as 150,000.{{cite news |title=US Senate hears urgent plea from envoy to Sudan |url=https://www.dabangasudan.org/en/all-news/article/senate-hears-urgent-plea-from-u-s-envoy-on-sudan |access-date=7 May 2024 |work=Radio Dabanga |date=2 May 2024 |archive-date=3 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240503160346/https://www.dabangasudan.org/en/all-news/article/senate-hears-urgent-plea-from-u-s-envoy-on-sudan |url-status=live}}

As of 27 May 2024, Armed Conflict Location and Event Data Project data reported 17,044 fatalities.{{cite web |title=Explorer |url=https://acleddata.com/explorer/ |access-date=27 May 2024 |website=ACLED |language=en-US |archive-date=27 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240527154805/https://acleddata.com/explorer/ |url-status=live}}

On 29 March 2025, the Sudanese Group for Defending Rights and Freedoms said that it had recorded 50,000 missing persons cases since the beginning of the war.{{cite web |title=Sudanese rights group says 50,000 missing as war nears two-year mark|url=https://sudantribune.com/article299200/ |access-date=30 March 2025|website=Sudan Tribune |date=30 March 2025 |language=en-US }}

In Geneina, West Darfur, ethnic clashes that began in the last week of April 2023 had killed at least 1,100 people,{{Cite news |title=Ethnic violence in Sudan raises genocide alarm as war rages on |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/6/13/ethnic-violence-in-sudan-raises-genocide-alarm-as-war-rages-on |date=13 June 2023 |access-date=16 June 2023 |work=Al Jazeera |language=en-UK |archive-date=16 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230616080530/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/6/13/ethnic-violence-in-sudan-raises-genocide-alarm-as-war-rages-on |url-status=live }} while the Sultanate of Dar Masalit claimed that more than 5,000 people were killed and about 8,000 were wounded in the city.{{Cite news |title=More than 5,000 reportedly killed in El Geneina 'genocide' |url=https://www.dabangasudan.org/en/all-news/article/more-than-5000-reportedly-killed-in-el-geneina-genocide |date=20 June 2023 |access-date=23 June 2023 |work=Radio Dabanga |archive-date=21 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230621093528/https://www.dabangasudan.org/en/all-news/article/more-than-5000-reportedly-killed-in-el-geneina-genocide |url-status=live }} In July 2023, a Masalit tribal leader claimed that more than 10,000 people had been killed in West Darfur alone, and that 80% of Geneina's residents had fled.

Massacres were recorded in towns such as Tawila{{Cite news|date=19 June 2023|title=New killings reported in Darfur on second day of Sudan ceasefire|language=en|work=CNN|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2023/06/19/africa/sudan-ceasefire-darfur-killings-intl-hnk/index.html|access-date=22 June 2023|archive-date=29 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230629171052/https://edition.cnn.com/2023/06/19/africa/sudan-ceasefire-darfur-killings-intl-hnk/index.html|url-status=live}} and Misterei, while a mass grave was discovered in Geneina containing the bodies of 87 people killed in clashes. Several intellectuals, politicians, professionals and nobility were assassinated. Most of these atrocities were blamed on the RSF and allied Arab militias. The UK government,{{Cite news |date=18 October 2023 |title=Sudan conflict: Ethnic cleansing committed in Darfur, UK says |language=en |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-67020154 |access-date=18 October 2023 |archive-date=18 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231018051807/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-67020154 |url-status=live }} witnesses and other observers described the violence in the region as tantamount to ethnic cleansing or even genocide, with non-Arab groups such as the Masalit being the primary victims. Mujeebelrahman Yagoub, Assistant Commissioner for Refugees in West Darfur called the violence worse than the War in Darfur in 2003 and the Rwandan genocide in 1994.{{Cite news |title=Horrifying testimonies on West Darfur ethnic targeting as other Masalit Sultan relative is killed |url=https://www.dabangasudan.org/en/all-news/article/horrifying-testimonies-from-west-darfur-as-another-masalit-sultan-relative-is-killed |date=19 June 2023 |access-date=15 July 2023 |work=Radio Dabanga |archive-date=5 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230705224320/https://www.dabangasudan.org/en/all-news/article/horrifying-testimonies-from-west-darfur-as-another-masalit-sultan-relative-is-killed |url-status=live }}

=== Foreign casualties ===

Civilians, including 15 Syrians,{{cite news|url=https://english.aawsat.com/home/article/4296896/diplomat-says-15-syrians-killed-amid-clashes-sudan|title=Diplomat Says 15 Syrians Killed Amid Clashes in Sudan|work=Asharq Al-Awsat|date=27 April 2023|url-status=live|access-date=4 May 2023|archive-date=4 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230504163158/https://english.aawsat.com/home/article/4296896/diplomat-says-15-syrians-killed-amid-clashes-sudan}} 15 Ethiopians{{cite web|url=https://apanews.net/2023/04/23/at-least-15-ethiopians-killed-in-sudan-crossfires/|title=At least 15 Ethiopians killed in Sudan crossfires|work=Apa News|date=23 April 2023|access-date=12 May 2023|archive-date=30 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230630183511/https://apanews.net/2023/04/23/at-least-15-ethiopians-killed-in-sudan-crossfires/|url-status=live |last1=Sey |first1=Abdoulie }} and nine Eritreans{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/may/07/eritrea-accused-of-forcibly-repatriating-civilians-caught-up-in-sudan-fighting|title=Eritrea accused of forcibly repatriating civilians caught up in Sudan fighting|work=The Guardian|date=7 May 2023|access-date=12 May 2023|archive-date=12 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230512004130/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/may/07/eritrea-accused-of-forcibly-repatriating-civilians-caught-up-in-sudan-fighting|url-status=live}} have been killed across the country. An Indian national working in Khartoum died after being hit by a stray bullet on 15 April.{{cite news |title=Dozens killed as fighting between Sudan military rivals enters a second day |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2023/04/15/africa/sudan-presidential-palace-intl/index.html |access-date=16 April 2023 |publisher=CNN |date=16 April 2023 |archive-date=16 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230416003738/https://edition.cnn.com/2023/04/15/africa/sudan-presidential-palace-intl/index.html |url-status=live}} Two Americans were killed, including a professor working in the University of Khartoum who was stabbed to death while evacuating.{{cite web |title=2nd American dies amid violence in Sudan, White House official says |url=https://abcnews.go.com/US/2nd-american-dies-amid-violence-sudan-state-department/story?id=98877370 |website=ABC News |first=Sarah |last=Kolinovsky |language=en |date=27 April 2023 |access-date=3 May 2023 |archive-date=3 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230503040230/https://abcnews.go.com/US/2nd-american-dies-amid-violence-sudan-state-department/story?id=98877370 |url-status=live }}{{Cite web |title=US confirms second American death in Sudan, seeks extended cease-fire |url=https://www.arabnews.com/node/2293276/middle-east |access-date=26 April 2023 |website=Arab News |language=en |date=26 April 2023 |archive-date=26 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230426145613/https://www.arabnews.com/node/2293276/middle-east |url-status=live }} A two-year-old girl from Turkey was killed while her parents were injured after their house was struck by a rocket on 18 April.{{Cite web |title=Turkish toddler killed in ongoing clashes in Sudan |url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/africa/turkish-toddler-killed-in-ongoing-clashes-in-sudan/2875179 |access-date=20 April 2023 |website=aa.com |language=en |date=18 April 2023 |archive-date=20 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230420145522/https://www.aa.com.tr/en/africa/turkish-toddler-killed-in-ongoing-clashes-in-sudan/2875179 |url-status=live}} Ten students from the Democratic Republic of the Congo were killed in an SAF airstrike on the International University of Africa in Khartoum on 4 June.{{Cite news|date=7 June 2023|title=Sudan conflict: Army accused of killing Congolese in campus bombing|last=Mwai|first=Peter|language=en|work=BBC|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-65821597|access-date=7 June 2023|archive-date=6 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230606172426/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-65821597|url-status=live}} The SAF claimed that the Egyptian assistant military attaché was killed by RSF fire while driving his car in Khartoum, which was denied by the Egyptian ambassador.{{Cite news |title=Egypt denies killing of assistant military attaché by RSF fire |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2023/4/24/sudan-live-news-evacuations-speed-up-during-a-fighting-lull?fbclid=IwAR05salRSz0v4yY7ZYAyNWlyuH1QRPvzDoi5hK0YEkMbrlyRr_BeUUTaW7A |access-date=25 April 2023 |work=Al Jazeera |language=en |date=24 April 2023 |archive-date=25 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230425053712/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2023/4/24/sudan-live-news-evacuations-speed-up-during-a-fighting-lull?fbclid=IwAR05salRSz0v4yY7ZYAyNWlyuH1QRPvzDoi5hK0YEkMbrlyRr_BeUUTaW7A |url-status=live }}

Two Greek nationals trapped in a church on 15 April sustained leg injuries when caught in crossfire while trying to leave.{{Cite news |title=Trapped in a church in Sudan with no food or water |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/live/world-africa-64393826?ns_mchannel=social&ns_source=twitter&ns_campaign=bbc_live&ns_linkname=643fc2b9bb343d77c4990224%26Trapped%20in%20a%20church%20in%20Sudan%20with%20no%20food%20or%20water%262023-04-19T11%3A03%3A47.390Z&ns_fee=0&pinned_post_locator=urn:asset:dde9a5fe-790d-4929-a73c-0477863e47d4&pinned_post_asset_id=643fc2b9bb343d77c4990224&pinned_post_type=share |access-date=19 April 2023 |work=BBC News |language=en |date=19 April 2023 |archive-date=17 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230417144545/https://www.bbc.com/news/live/world-africa-64393826 |url-status=live}}{{Cite web |title=Σουδάν: Δραματική κατάσταση για τους Έλληνες εγκλωβισμένους και τραυματίες – Χωρίς προμήθειες, ιατρική περίθαλψη και ρεύμα |trans-title=Sudan: Dramatic situation for Greeks stranded and injured – No supplies, medical care and electricity |url=https://www.ethnos.gr/World/article/256409/soydandramatikhkatastashgiatoysellhnesegklobismenoyskaitraymatiesxorispromhtheiesiatrikhperithalpshkaireyma |access-date=22 April 2023 |website=ethnos.gr |language=el |date=18 April 2023 |archive-date=20 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230420062103/https://www.ethnos.gr/World/article/256409/soydandramatikhkatastashgiatoysellhnesegklobismenoyskaitraymatiesxorispromhtheiesiatrikhperithalpshkaireyma |url-status=live}} A Filipino migrant worker{{Cite web |title=Filipino injured in Sudan clashes; 80 requesting to be rescued: DFA |url=https://news.abs-cbn.com/news/04/20/23/ofw-injured-in-sudan-clashes-80-requesting-rescue-dfa |access-date=20 April 2023 |website=news.abs-cbn.com |language=en |date=20 April 2023 |archive-date=20 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230420121216/https://news.abs-cbn.com/news/04/20/23/ofw-injured-in-sudan-clashes-80-requesting-rescue-dfa |url-status=live}} and an Indonesian student at a school in Khartoum were injured by stray bullets.{{Cite web |title=1 WNI Terluka Kena Peluru Nyasar saat Terjebak Perang Saudara di Sudan |trans-title=One Indonesian Citizen Injured by Stray Bullets while Trapped in Civil War in Sudan |url=https://www.cnnindonesia.com/internasional/20230418095739-127-939134/1-wni-terluka-kena-peluru-nyasar-saat-terjebak-perang-saudara-di-sudan/ |access-date=22 April 2023 |website=cnnindonesia.com |language=id |date=18 April 2023 |archive-date=18 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418033543/https://www.cnnindonesia.com/internasional/20230418095739-127-939134/1-wni-terluka-kena-peluru-nyasar-saat-terjebak-perang-saudara-di-sudan |url-status=live |author1=Rds }} On 17 April, the European Union Ambassador to Sudan, Aidan O'Hara of Ireland, was assaulted by unidentified "armed men wearing military fatigues" in his home, he suffered minor injuries and was able to resume working on 19 April.{{Cite news |date=17 April 2023 |title=Sudan fighting: EU ambassador assaulted in Khartoum home |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-65306695 |access-date=17 April 2023 |archive-date=18 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418070630/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-65306695 |url-status=live }}{{Cite news |date=19 April 2023 |title=Residents flee Khartoum as battles rage for fifth day |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/live/world-africa-64393826?ns_mchannel=social&ns_source=twitter&ns_campaign=bbc_live&ns_linkname=643fbb70bb343d77c499021c%26Residents%20flee%20Khartoum%20as%20battles%20rage%20for%20fifth%20day%262023-04-19T10%3A10%3A00.232Z&ns_fee=0&pinned_post_locator=urn:asset:a2c7a871-756e-4741-b88a-e39f92d621c7&pinned_post_asset_id=643fbb70bb343d77c499021c&pinned_post_type=share |access-date=19 April 2023 |archive-date=17 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230417144545/https://www.bbc.com/news/live/world-africa-64393826 |url-status=live }} On 23 April, a French evacuation convoy was shot at, injuring one person.{{Cite news |date=23 April 2023 |title=Sudan fighting: Special forces airlift US diplomats from Sudan |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-65363586 |url-status=live |access-date=23 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230423110134/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-65363586 |archive-date=23 April 2023}} The French government later confirmed the casualty to be a French soldier.{{Cite news |title=France evacuated 538 people, Macron says |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2023/4/25/sudan-live-news-sporadic-gunfire-in-khartoum-despite-new-truce?update=2174719 |work=Al Jazeera |language=en |date=25 April 2023 |access-date=25 April 2023 |archive-date=25 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230425095438/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2023/4/25/sudan-live-news-sporadic-gunfire-in-khartoum-despite-new-truce |url-status=live }} An employee of the Egyptian embassy was shot and injured during an evacuation mission.{{Cite news |title=Foreign powers rescue nationals while Sudanese must fend for themselves |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2023/04/23/europe/france-evacuates-citizens-sudan-hnk-intl/index.html |access-date=24 April 2023 |work=CNN |language=en |date=23 April 2023 |archive-date=23 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230423164026/https://edition.cnn.com/2023/04/23/europe/france-evacuates-citizens-sudan-hnk-intl/index.html |url-status=live}}{{Cite web |script-title=ar:إصابة أحد أعضاء السفارة المصرية بالخرطوم بطلق ناري |title= |trans-title= |url=https://www.alittihad.ae/news/%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A-%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A/4370142/%D8%A5%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A9-%D8%A3%D8%AD%D8%AF-%D8%A3%D8%B9%D8%B6%D8%A7%D8%A1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D8%B1%D8%B7%D9%88%D9%85-%D8%A8%D8%B7%D9%84%D9%82-%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A |access-date=24 April 2023 |publisher=Al-Ittihad |language=ar |date=23 April 2023 |archive-date=23 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230423103514/https://www.alittihad.ae/news/%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A-%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A/4370142/%D8%A5%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A9-%D8%A3%D8%AD%D8%AF-%D8%A3%D8%B9%D8%B6%D8%A7%D8%A1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D8%B1%D8%B7%D9%88%D9%85-%D8%A8%D8%B7%D9%84%D9%82-%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A |url-status=live}}

{{main|Evacuation of foreign nationals during the Sudanese civil war (2023–present)}}

File:ECDM 20230505 DM Sudan Conflict.pdf

The outbreak of violence has led foreign governments to monitor the situation in Sudan and move toward the evacuation and repatriation of their nationals. Among some countries with several expatriates in Sudan are Egypt, which has more than 10,000 citizens in the country,{{cite news |date=23 April 2023 |title=Foreigners evacuated as factions battle in Sudan's Khartoum |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/4/23/foreign-citizens-evacuated-as-factions-battle-in-khartoum |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230424060522/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/4/23/foreign-citizens-evacuated-as-factions-battle-in-khartoum |archive-date=24 April 2023 |access-date=23 April 2023 |work=Al Jazeera}} and the United States, which has more than 16,000 citizens, most of whom are dual nationals.{{cite news |last1=Hansler |first1=Jennifer |last2=Atwood |first2=Kylie |last3=Britzky |first3=Haley |last4=Liebermann |first4=Oren |date=23 April 2023 |title=US has evacuated American diplomatic personnel from Sudan |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2023/04/22/politics/us-diplomatic-personnel-sudan/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230424091831/https://edition.cnn.com/2023/04/22/politics/us-diplomatic-personnel-sudan/index.html |archive-date=24 April 2023 |access-date=24 April 2023 |publisher=CNN |language=en}} Efforts at extraction were hampered by the fighting within the capital Khartoum, particularly in and around the airport. This has forced evacuations to be undertaken by road via Port Sudan on the Red Sea, which lies about 650 km (400 miles) northeast of Khartoum.{{cite news |date=23 April 2023 |title=Which countries have evacuated nationals from Sudan? |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2023/4/23/sudan-fighting-internet-outage-reported-across-the-country?update=2172949 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230421072151/http://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2023/4/21/sudan-fighting-live-news-burhan-says-committed-to-civilian-rule |archive-date=21 April 2023 |access-date=24 April 2023 |work=Al Jazeera}} from where they were airlifted or ferried directly to their home countries or third ones. Other evacuations were undertaken through overland border crossings or airlifts from diplomatic missions and other designated locations with direct involvement of the militaries of some home countries. Some transit hubs used during the evacuation include the port of Jeddah in Saudi Arabia and Djibouti, which hosts military bases of the United States, China, Japan, France, and other European countries.{{cite news |date=25 April 2023 |title=How the crisis in Sudan accentuated the strategic importance of Djibouti |url=https://www.orfonline.org/expert-speak/how-the-crisis-in-sudan-accentuated-the-strategic-importance-of-djibouti/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230426130344/https://www.orfonline.org/expert-speak/how-the-crisis-in-sudan-accentuated-the-strategic-importance-of-djibouti/ |archive-date=26 April 2023 |access-date=26 April 2023 |work=Observer Research Foundation}}

{{Excerpt|War crimes during the Sudanese civil war (2023–present)|paragraphs=3-6}}

In July 2024 Amnesty International reported that large numbers of recently manufactured weapons and ammunition were being transported into Sudan from China, Russia, Turkey, Yemen, the UAE and Serbia.{{Cite magazine |last=Khair |first=Kholood |date=2024-09-04 |title=The World Is Ignoring the Catastrophe in Sudan |url=https://time.com/7017127/sudan-darfur-crisis/ |access-date=2024-11-23 |magazine=TIME |language=en}}

{{see also|Chad–Sudan relations}}

On 7 June 2023, Hissein Alamine Tchaw-tchaw, a Chadian dissident who belongs to the same ethnic group as Hemedti and claims to be the leader of the Movement for the Fight of the Oppressed in Chad (MFOC), which is fighting the government of President Mahamat Déby, posted a video showing his participation in an RSF attack on the Yarmouk munitions factory in Khartoum.{{cite news |date=9 June 2023 |title=Kabbashi reaffirms Sudan's military leadership support for Burhan |url=https://sudantribune.com/article274396/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241226032922/https://sudantribune.com/article274396/ |archive-date=26 December 2024 |access-date=20 July 2023 |work=Sudan Tribune}}

On 17 November 2023, the SLM-Minnawi and the Justice and Equality Movement (JEM) accused the Chadian government of supporting the RSF, and "supplying it with military equipment and mercenaries by opening its territory and airspace".{{cite web |date=17 November 2023 |title=Darfur armed movements renounce neutrality in Sudan war |url=https://www.dabangasudan.org/en/all-news/article/armed-movements-renounce-neutrality-in-sudan-war |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231120121831/https://www.dabangasudan.org/en/all-news/article/armed-movements-renounce-neutrality-in-sudan-war |archive-date=20 November 2023 |access-date=20 November 2023 |website=Radio Dabanga |language=en-GB}} A report from Africa Analyst alleged that Chadian soldiers belonging to a joint Chadian-Sudanese command under Osman Bahr intercepted a shipment of military equipment intended for the RSF on its way from N'Djamena and gave it instead to the JEM, which the latter denied.{{cite news |date=7 December 2023 |title=JEM denies receiving military supplies from joint Sudanese-Chadian forces |url=https://sudantribune.com/article280150/ |access-date=8 December 2023 |work=Sudan Tribune}} The Economist linked Chad's junta receiving financial support from the UAE in exchange for allowing it to support the RSF through Amdjarass airport.{{Cite news |date=2023-11-23 |title=Will Chad be the next Western ally in Africa to fail? |url=https://www.economist.com/middle-east-and-africa/2023/11/23/will-chad-be-the-next-western-ally-in-africa-to-fall |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240315151940/https://www.economist.com/middle-east-and-africa/2023/11/23/will-chad-be-the-next-western-ally-in-africa-to-fall |archive-date=15 March 2024 |access-date=2024-03-15 |newspaper=The Economist}}

Following accusations by SAF deputy commander Yasser al-Atta of Chadian government support for the RSF, the Chadian government unsuccessfully demanded an apology from the Sudanese ambassador and expelled four Sudanese diplomats from the country on 17 December.{{cite web |date=16 December 2023 |title=Sudan confirms receiving Chadian decision to expel four Sudanese diplomats |url=https://sudantribune.com/article280415/ |access-date=17 December 2023 |website=Sudan Tribune |language=en-GB}}

On 5 November 2024, the government of Sudan filed a complaint with the African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights demanding reparations from Chad for their support of the RSF, accusing Chad of violating international law.{{Cite web |date=2024-11-06 |title=Sudan accuses Chad of aiding RSF in complaint to African Rights Commission |url=https://sudantribune.com/article292971/ |access-date=2024-11-10 |website=Sudan Tribune |language=en-US}}

{{see also|China–Sudan relations}}

On 9 January 2025 China donated emergency food aid (1,250 tonnes) to be allocated to all states.{{Cite web|url=https://english.news.cn/africa/20250109/95e45a22a6f94bd2937096083820113b/c.html|title=Sudan starts distribution of China-donated rice|website=Xinhua}} Amnesty International's 2024 report highlighted China as a supplier of weapons fueling the conflict, breaching the Darfur arms embargo. Recently-manufactured Chinese arms have been traced to both the SAF and the RSF, although China's official stance avoids acknowledging direct support to either faction.{{Cite web | url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/research/2024/07/new-weapons-fuelling-the-sudan-conflict/#h-chinese-weapons-and-ordnance | title=Chinese weapons and ordnance | date=24 July 2024 | publisher=Amnesty International }} China initially adhered to non-interference, evacuating citizens and calling for peace without taking sides. This mirrored its approach in past conflicts, prioritizing stability to protect economic interests.{{Cite web | url=https://peacerep.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/Peter-Plichta-2023-China-Russia-Sudan-GT-Report.pdf | title=China and Russia in Sudan: Surveying Data on Economic and Military Engagement | author1=Mateja Peter | author2=Marcel Plichta | year=2022}} China's Sudan strategy ties into the Belt and Road Initiative, aiming to secure Red Sea trade routes and infrastructure links. The civil war delayed these ambitions, reinforcing China's preference for a stable, cooperative government in Khartoum. Unlike Russia, which has militarily backed the RSF, or the US, which pursues sanctions and mediation, China prioritizes economic continuity over ideological alignment.{{Cite web | url=https://chinaglobalsouth.com/analysis/words-come-easy-action-does-not-china-in-the-context-of-sudan/ | title=Words Come Easy, Action Does Not: China in the Context of Sudan | date=2024-04-26 | website=chinaglobalsouth.com}}

{{see also|Egypt–Sudan relations}}

On 15 April, RSF forces claimed, via Twitter, to have taken Egyptian troops prisoner near Merowe,{{cite news |date=15 April 2023 |title=Sudan's RSF says it's ready to cooperate over Egyptian troops |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/sudans-paramilitary-force-shares-video-they-claim-shows-surrendered-egyptian-2023-04-15/ |url-access=registration |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230415161133/https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/sudans-paramilitary-force-shares-video-they-claim-shows-surrendered-egyptian-2023-04-15/ |archive-date=15 April 2023 |access-date=16 April 2023 |publisher=Reuters}}{{cite web |date=15 April 2023 |title=Sudan paramilitary group says it has seized presidential palace and Khartoum airport amid clashes with army – live |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/live/2023/apr/15/sudan-fighting-khartoum-latest-news-updates |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418104709/https://www.theguardian.com/world/live/2023/apr/15/sudan-fighting-khartoum-latest-news-updates |archive-date=18 April 2023 |work=The Guardian |language=en}} and a military plane carrying markings of the Egyptian Air Force.{{cite web |date=16 April 2023 |title=Egyptian soldiers captured in Sudan to be returned, says RSF |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/4/16/egyptian-soldiers-captured-in-sudan-to-be-returned-says-rsf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230416151727/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/4/16/egyptian-soldiers-captured-in-sudan-to-be-returned-says-rsf |archive-date=16 April 2023 |access-date=16 April 2023 |work=Aljazeera |language=en}} Initially, no official explanation was given for the Egyptian soldiers' presence, while Egypt and Sudan have had military cooperation due to diplomatic tensions with Ethiopia.{{cite web |date=15 April 2023 |title=Sudan's paramilitary shares video they claim shows 'surrendered' Egyptian troops |url=https://english.alarabiya.net/News/world/2023/04/15/Sudan-s-paramilitary-shares-video-they-claim-shows-surrendered-Egyptian-troops |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230415192027/https://english.alarabiya.net/News/world/2023/04/15/Sudan-s-paramilitary-shares-video-they-claim-shows-surrendered-Egyptian-troops |archive-date=15 April 2023 |access-date=15 April 2023 |work=al-Arabiya |language=en}} Later on, the Egyptian Armed Forces stated that around 200 of its soldiers were in Sudan to conduct exercises with the Sudanese military. Around that time, the SAF reportedly encircled RSF forces in Merowe airbase. As a result, the Egyptian Armed Forces announced that it was following the situation as a precaution for the safety of its personnel. The RSF later stated that it would cooperate in repatriating the soldiers to Egypt. On 19 April, the RSF stated that it had moved the soldiers to Khartoum and would hand them over when the "appropriate opportunity" arose.{{cite web |date=19 April 2023 |title=Egyptian soldiers in Sudan moved from airbase – RSF |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/live/world-africa-64393826?ns_mchannel=social&ns_source=twitter&ns_campaign=bbc_live&ns_linkname=643fd8a6457ab20a78fe617c%26Egyptian%20soldiers%20in%20Sudan%20moved%20from%20airbase%20-%20RSF%262023-04-19T12%3A25%3A28.165Z&ns_fee=0&pinned_post_locator=urn:asset:806e1296-5bde-4f76-b3e0-439a5953f92d&pinned_post_asset_id=643fd8a6457ab20a78fe617c&pinned_post_type=share |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230417144545/https://www.bbc.com/news/live/world-africa-64393826 |archive-date=17 April 2023 |access-date=19 April 2023 |work=BBC |language=en}} Of the captured Egyptian troops, 177 were released and flown back to Egypt aboard three Egyptian military planes that took off from Khartoum airport later in the day. The remaining 27 soldiers, who were from the Egyptian Air Force, were sheltered at the Egyptian embassy and later evacuated.{{cite news |date=20 April 2023 |title=Egyptian air force personnel remain in Khartoum: Sudanese army corrects earlier statement |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2023/4/20/sudan-live-news-ceasefire-falters-as-nearly-300-killed |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230420075805/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2023/4/20/sudan-live-news-ceasefire-falters-as-nearly-300-killed |archive-date=20 April 2023 |access-date=20 April 2023 |publisher=Aljazeera}}{{cite web |date=20 April 2023 |title=Egyptian army says soldiers stuck in Sudan back home or at embassy |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/sudanese-army-says-177-egyptian-air-force-troops-evacuated-egypt-2023-04-20/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230420191432/https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/sudanese-army-says-177-egyptian-air-force-troops-evacuated-egypt-2023-04-20/ |archive-date=20 April 2023 |access-date=21 April 2023 |website=Reuters}}

On 16 April 2023, the RSF claimed that its troops in Port Sudan were attacked by foreign aircraft and issued a warning against any foreign interference.{{cite news |date=16 April 2023 |title= |script-title=ar:الدعم السريع: نتعرض لهجوم من طيران أجنبي في بورتسودان |trans-title=Rapid Support: We are under attack from foreign aircraft in Port Sudan |url=https://www.alarabiya.net/arab-and-world/sudan/2023/04/16/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D8%B9%D9%85-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%B6-%D9%84%D9%87%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%85-%D9%85%D9%86-%D8%B7%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%A3%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A8%D9%8A-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230417105900/https://www.alarabiya.net/arab-and-world/sudan/2023/04/16/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D8%B9%D9%85-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%B6-%D9%84%D9%87%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%85-%D9%85%D9%86-%D8%B7%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%A3%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A8%D9%8A-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86 |archive-date=17 April 2023 |access-date=18 April 2023 |work=العربية |publisher=Al Arabiya |language=ar}} According to former CIA analyst Cameron Hudson, Egyptian fighter jets were a part of these bombing campaigns against the RSF, and Egyptian special forces units have been deployed and are providing intelligence and tactical support to the SAF.{{cite news |last=Rickett |first=Oscar |date=18 April 2023 |title=Sudan and a decade-long path to turmoil |url=https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/sudan-decade-long-path-turmoil |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418160458/https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/sudan-decade-long-path-turmoil |archive-date=18 April 2023 |access-date=18 April 2023 |publisher=Middle East Eye |quote='The Egyptians are already heavily involved,' Cameron Hudson, a former CIA analyst, told MEE. 'They are actively in the fight. There are Egyptian fighter jets that are part of these bombing campaigns. Egyptian special forces units have been deployed and the Egyptians are providing intelligence and tactical support to the SAF.'}} The Wall Street Journal said that Egypt had sent fighter jets and pilots to support the Sudanese military.{{cite news |last1=Faucon |first1=Benoit |last2=Said |first2=Summer |last3=Malsin |first3=Jared |date=19 April 2023 |title=Libyan Militia and Egypt's Military Back Opposite Sides in Sudan Conflict |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/libyan-militia-and-egypts-military-back-opposite-sides-in-sudan-conflict-87206c3b |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230419190701/https://www.wsj.com/articles/libyan-militia-and-egypts-military-back-opposite-sides-in-sudan-conflict-87206c3b |archive-date=19 April 2023 |access-date=19 April 2023 |work=The Wall Street Journal}} On 17 April, satellite imagery obtained by The War Zone revealed that one Egyptian Air Force MiG-29M2 fighter jet had been destroyed and two others had been damaged or destroyed at Merowe Airbase. A Sudanese Air Force Guizhou JL-9 was among the destroyed aircraft.{{cite news |last1=Tack |first1=Sim |last2=Rogoway |first2=Tyler |date=17 April 2023 |title=Egyptian MiG-29s Destroyed In Sudan |url=https://www.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/egyptian-mig-29s-destroyed-in-sudan |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418003826/https://www.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/egyptian-mig-29s-destroyed-in-sudan |archive-date=18 April 2023 |access-date=18 April 2023 |publisher=The War Zone}} After initial confusion, the RSF accepted the explanation that Egyptian combat and support personnel were conducting exercises with the Sudanese military before the outbreak of hostilities.

{{see also|Eritrea–Sudan relations}}

Eritrea is seen as an ally of the SAF, providing military support in Sudan's eastern borders. During a state visit to Asmara in November 2024, al-Burhan thanked President Isaias Afwerki for Eritrea's support to the SAF. Eritrea's support is seen as a counterbalance to Eritrean opposition groups and their possibility of growing in influence under the advance of the RSF in Sudan's eastern border. President Afwerki has implied Eritrea's military readiness to respond in the case of an RSF advance to its borders.{{cite news |last1=Digna |first1=Omar |title=Opinion: Who is profiting from the Sudan war? |url=https://www.theafricareport.com/371576/opinion-who-is-profiting-from-the-sudan-war/ |access-date=29 March 2025 |work=The Africa Report |date=18 December 2024}}{{cite news |title=Sudan: 'Sudan-Eritrea Military Alliance Risks Igniting Tribal Conflict' |url=https://allafrica.com/stories/202411300163.html |access-date=29 March 2025 |work=All Africa |date=29 November 2024}}

{{see also|Ethiopia–Sudan relations}}

Ethiopia initially supported the RSF, which was seen as an ally who helped Ethiopia fight against the Tigray People's Liberation Front in the Tigray War.{{cite news |last1=Salih |first1=Zeinab Mohammed |title=Conflict in Sudan: A Map of Regional and International Actors |url=http://wilsoncenter.org/article/conflict-sudan-map-regional-and-international-actors |access-date=30 March 2025 |work=Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars |date=19 December 2024}} Ethiopia was also supportive of the RSF to counter Egyptian influence in Sudan.{{cite news |last1=Amin |first1=Mohammed |title=Burhan and Abiy's secretive talks signal shifting Ethiopian position on Sudan |url=https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/burhan-and-abiys-secretive-talks-signal-shifting-ethiopian-position-sudan |access-date=30 March 2025 |work=Middle East Eye |date=17 July 2024}} However, in July 2024, Primer Minister Abiy Ahmed visited Port Sudan and met with al-Burhan, signaling a shifting position on the conflict. RSF's Hemedti had previously paid a visit to Ethiopia in December 2023 to push for talks with the SAF.{{cite news |title=Leader of Sudan's RSF visits Ethiopia in rare foreign trip as war rages |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/12/28/leader-of-sudans-rsf-visits-ethiopia-in-rare-foreign-trip-as-war-rages |access-date=30 March 2025 |work=Al Jazeera |date=28 December 2023}}

{{see also|Iran–Sudan relations}}

A June 2024 BBC investigation revealed that Iran violated the UN arms embargo by supplying drones to both sides. Analysts see this move as part of Iran's strategy to counter UAE influence in Sudan and secure access to the Red Sea.{{cite web |date=12 February 2024 |title=Why Sudan's army is pivoting towards Iran |url=https://www.newarab.com/analysis/why-sudans-army-pivoting-towards-iran |access-date=1 February 2024 |website=The New Arab}}{{cite web |date=24 March 2024 |title=Sudan denies receiving military aid from Iran |url=https://sudantribune.com/article283689/ |access-date=2024-03-26 |website=Sudan Tribune}} Although Sudanese officials denied receiving Iranian aid, multiple sources—including Reuters—confirmed its impact on the battlefield.{{cite news |last1=Abdelaziz |first1=Khalid |last2=Hafezi |first2=Parisa |last3=Lewis |first3=Aidan |date=2024-04-10 |title=Sudan civil war: are Iranian drones helping the army gain ground? |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/are-iranian-drones-turning-tide-sudans-civil-war-2024-04-10/ |publisher=Reuters}}

{{see also|Kenya–Sudan relations}}

The SAF rejected Kenya's mediation role in July 2023, accusing President William Ruto of having ties to RSF leader Hemedti and offering refuge to RSF members.{{cite web |date=5 July 2023 |title=Sudan's al-Burhan renews rejection of Kenya's chairmanship of IGAD mediation |url=https://sudantribune.com/article274888/ |access-date=15 July 2023 |website=Sudan Tribune}}{{cite web |date=11 July 2023 |title=Sudan rejects African peace bid and 'enemy' peacekeeping force |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/7/11/sudan-rejects-african-peace-bid-and-enemy-peacekeeping-force |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230719122532/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/7/11/sudan-rejects-african-peace-bid-and-enemy-peacekeeping-force |archive-date=19 July 2023 |access-date=23 December 2023 |website=Al Jazeera}} SAF Lt. Gen. Yasir Alatta escalated tensions by calling Ruto a mercenary and challenging him to deploy troops.{{cite web |date=23 July 2023 |title=Sudanese general accuses Kenyan President of mercenarism, rejects East African force |url=https://sudantribune.com/article275353/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230725074025/https://sudantribune.com/article275353/ |archive-date=25 July 2023 |access-date=28 July 2023 |website=Sudan Tribune}} Sudan later threatened to quit IGAD unless Ruto was removed as head of its mediation committee.{{cite web |date=7 September 2023 |title=Sudan threatens IGAD withdrawal over Kenyan chairmanship |url=https://sudantribune.com/article276993/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240412110356/https://sudantribune.com/article276993/ |archive-date=12 April 2024 |access-date=8 September 2023 |website=Sudan Tribune}} Kenya denied the accusations, calling them baseless and reaffirming its neutrality.{{cite web |date=26 July 2023 |title=Sudan political blocs in Cairo called on army leader to form 'caretaker government' |url=https://www.dabangasudan.org/en/all-news/article/sudan-political-blocs-in-cairo-call-on-army-leader-to-form-caretaker-government |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230726103038/https://www.dabangasudan.org/en/all-news/article/sudan-political-blocs-in-cairo-call-on-army-leader-to-form-caretaker-government |archive-date=26 July 2023 |access-date=26 July 2023 |website=Radio Dabanga}}{{cite web |date=24 July 2023 |title=Sudan military chief Yasir Alatta dares Kenya's Ruto to intervene in Khartoum conflict |url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/tea/rest-of-africa/yasir-alatta-dares-president-ruto-to-intervene-sudan-conflict--4314248 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230729115010/https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/tea/rest-of-africa/yasir-alatta-dares-president-ruto-to-intervene-sudan-conflict--4314248 |archive-date=29 July 2023 |access-date=29 July 2023 |website=The East African}} In retaliation, Anonymous Sudan attacked Kenyan websites in late July.{{Cite web |date=31 July 2023 |title=Sudan hackers target Kenyan govt websites |url=https://www.dabangasudan.org/en/all-news/article/sudan-hackers-target-kenyan-govt-websites |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230730193414/https://www.dabangasudan.org/en/all-news/article/sudan-hackers-target-kenyan-govt-websites |archive-date=30 July 2023 |access-date=31 July 2023 |website=Radio Dabanga}}

Tensions deepened in February 2025 when Kenya hosted a meeting in Nairobi where the RSF and its allies signed a charter to form a parallel Sudanese government without the SAF's participation. Sudan condemned the move, accusing Kenya of undermining its sovereignty. Analysts noted a shift in Kenya's stance following Ruto's January 2025 UAE visit and economic agreement, suggesting a possible Emirati influence behind Kenya's actions.{{cite news|title=Abu Dhabi's Plot: Kenya Threatens Sudan's Unity Amid UAE Partnership |date=21 February 2025 |url=https://emiratesleaks.com/abu-dhabis-plot-kenya-threatens-sudans-unity-amid-uae-partnership/?lang=en |website=Emirates Leaks |access-date=9 March 2025}}{{cite news|title=Sudan's RSF, allies sign charter for rival government |date=23 February 2025 |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20250223-sudan-s-rsf-allies-sign-charter-for-rival-government-sources |website=france24 |access-date=9 March 2025}}

{{see also|Libya–Sudan relations}}

The Egypt-backed Libyan National Army, under the command of Khalifa Haftar, dispatched aircraft to fly military supplies to the RSF before the outbreak of hostilities.{{cite news |last1=Burke |first1=Jason |last2=Salih |first2=Zeinab Mohammed |date=23 April 2023 |title=Libyan warlord could plunge Sudan into a drawn-out 'nightmare' conflict |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/apr/23/libyan-warlord-could-plunge-sudan-into-a-drawn-out-nightmare-conflict |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230425001614/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/apr/23/libyan-warlord-could-plunge-sudan-into-a-drawn-out-nightmare-conflict |archive-date=25 April 2023 |access-date=25 April 2023 |newspaper=The Guardian}} Haftar and the LNA collaborated with the Wagner Group, a Russian private military company, to conduct these flights.

Haftar's support for a different faction in Sudan than the Egyptian government was commented on by The New Arab, which viewed it as a sign of Egyptian weakness due to economic malaise and reliance on Haftar to police Eastern Libya, which constitutes a security concern for the Egyptian government. The New Arab also viewed the LNA's role in the conflict as signifying a shift in its diplomatic orientation, from being primarily backed by Egypt to being primarily backed by the United Arab Emirates.{{cite web |last=Tasci |first=Ufuk Necat |date=1 May 2023 |title=Haftar and Hemedti: Two sides of the same coin |url=https://www.newarab.com/analysis/haftar-and-hemedti-two-sides-same-coin |access-date=6 June 2024 |website=The New Arab}}

{{see also|Russia–Sudan relations}}

For much of the Sudanese civil war Russia has sent weapons to both the RSF and SAF. This began to shift during mid-2024, with the Russian government beginning to favour the SAF, concurrent with Russia–SAF discussions around the construction of a Russian naval base north of Port Sudan.{{cite web |last1=Rickett |first1=Oscar |last2=Amin |first2=Mohammed |date=6 May 2024 |title=Sudan war: Russia hedges bets by aiding both sides in conflict |url=https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/russia-sudan-war-saf-rsf-hedges-bets-both-sides-support |access-date=6 June 2024 |website=Middle East Eye}}{{cite web |title=Russia Switches Sides in Sudan War |access-date=2025-03-27 |date=2024-07-08 |url=https://jamestown.org/program/russia-switches-sides-in-sudan-war/ |website=Jamestown Foundation}}

{{see also|Wagner Group activities in Africa}}

According to CNN, Wagner supplied surface-to-air missiles to the RSF, picking up the items from Syria and delivering some of them by plane to Haftar-controlled bases in Libya to be then delivered to the RSF, while dropping other items directly to RSF positions in northwestern Sudan.{{cite news |last1=Elbagir |first1=Nima |last2=Mezzofiore |first2=Gianluca |last3=Qiblawi |first3=Tamara |date=20 April 2023 |title=Exclusive: Evidence emerges of Russia's Wagner arming militia leader battling Sudan's army |url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/04/20/africa/wagner-sudan-russia-libya-intl/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230420194129/https://amp.cnn.com/cnn/2023/04/20/africa/wagner-sudan-russia-libya-intl/index.html |archive-date=20 April 2023 |access-date=20 April 2023 |work=CNN}} American officials said that Wagner was offering to supply additional weapons to the RSF from its existing stocks in the Central African Republic.{{cite news |last1=Schmitt |first1=Eric |last2=Wong |first2=Edward |date=23 April 2023 |title=United States Says Wagner Has Quietly Picked Sides in Sudan |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/04/23/world/africa/sudan-russia-wagner-group.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230424184558/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/04/23/world/africa/sudan-russia-wagner-group.html |archive-date=24 April 2023 |access-date=25 April 2023 |work=The New York Times |quote=Yevgeny Prigozhin, the founder of the notorious private military company Wagner, has offered weapons to the paramilitaries fighting for control of Sudan, according to American officials.}} On 6 September, Wagner reportedly deployed a convoy of more than 100 vehicles carrying weapons to the RSF garrison in al-Zurug from Chad.{{cite web |last1=Butenko |first1=Victoria |last2=Elbagir |first2=Nima |last3=Mezzofiore |first3=Gianluca |last4=Qiblawi |first4=Tamara |last5=Goodwin |first5=Allegra |last6=Carey |first6=Andrew |last7=Munsi |first7=Pallabi |last8=Zene |first8=Mahamat Tahir |last9=Arvanitidis |first9=Barbara |last10=Platt |first10=Alex |last11=Baron |first11=Mark |last12=Lauren |first12=Kent |date=19 September 2023 |title=Exclusive: Ukraine's special services 'likely' behind strikes on Wagner-backed forces in Sudan, a Ukrainian military source says |url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/09/19/africa/ukraine-military-sudan-wagner-cmd-intl/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231011090624/https://www.cnn.com/2023/09/19/africa/ukraine-military-sudan-wagner-cmd-intl/index.html |archive-date=11 October 2023 |access-date=19 September 2023 |publisher=CNN}} SAF Lieutenant General Yasser al-Atta also accused the Wagner Group of bringing in mercenaries from several African nations to fight alongside the RSF.{{cite news |date=29 November 2023 |title=Sudan general accuses 'mafia state' Emirates of supplying RSF |url=https://www.dabangasudan.org/en/all-news/article/sudan-general-accuses-mafia-state-emirates-of-supplying-rsf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231130180925/https://www.dabangasudan.org/en/all-news/article/sudan-general-accuses-mafia-state-emirates-of-supplying-rsf |archive-date=30 November 2023 |access-date=1 December 2023 |work=Radio Dabanga}}

The head of the Wagner Group, Yevgeny Prigozhin,{{cite news |date=19 April 2023 |title=Russia's Wagner denies involvement in Sudan crisis |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/live/world-africa-64393826?ns_mchannel=social&ns_source=twitter&ns_campaign=bbc_live&ns_linkname=643fa6bdbb343d77c4990203%26Russia%E2%80%99s%20Wagner%20denies%20involvement%20in%20Sudan%20crisis%262023-04-19T08%3A36%3A47.177Z&ns_fee=0&pinned_post_locator=urn:asset:27e3b6ca-23f6-44cf-92b8-ce3f166b6528&pinned_post_asset_id=643fa6bdbb343d77c4990203&pinned_post_type=share |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230417144545/https://www.bbc.com/news/live/world-africa-64393826 |archive-date=17 April 2023 |access-date=19 April 2023 |publisher=BBC}} and the RSF denied the allegations.{{cite news |date=22 April 2023 |title=Sudan's army chief says Haftar denies supporting RSF; no confirmation on Wagner Group's involvement |url=https://english.ahram.org.eg/News/496267.aspx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230425210328/https://english.ahram.org.eg/News/496267.aspx |archive-date=25 April 2023 |access-date=25 April 2023 |work=Al-Ahram}}

As relations between the Russian government and the SAF improved during mid-2024, the latter publicly claimed that the Wagner Group was no longer operating in Sudan. This claim was contradicted by a diplomatic source and eyewitnesses speaking to Middle East Eye.

{{see also|Saudi Arabia–Sudan relations}}

Saudi Arabia has provided military support and financial aid (though it officially denies it){{cite news |last1=Donelli |first1=Federico |title=Middle Eastern monarchies in Sudan's war: what's driving their interests |url=https://theconversation.com/middle-eastern-monarchies-in-sudans-war-whats-driving-their-interests-251825 |access-date=30 March 2025 |work=The Conversation |date=16 March 2025}} to the SAF, as it seeks to counterbalance the UAE's influence in Sudan, which supports the RSF.{{cite news |last1=Mohammad |first1=Talal |title=How Sudan Became a Saudi-UAE Proxy War |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2023/07/12/sudan-conflict-saudi-arabia-uae-gulf-burhan-hemeti-rsf/ |access-date=30 March 2025 |work=Foreign Policy |date=12 July 2023}} In response, Sudan has provided military support for the Saudi coalition in Yemen. In March 2025, al-Burhan visited Saudi Arabia in his first trip outside Sudan since the SAF retook Khartoum. There, he thanked Saudi support for Sudanese unity and the fight against the RSF.{{cite news |title=Al-Burhan in Saudi Arabia as his forces advance in Sudan |url=https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20250329-al-burhan-in-saudi-arabia-as-his-forces-advance-in-sudan/ |access-date=30 March 2025 |work=The Middle East Monitor |date=29 March 2025}}

{{see also|South Sudan–Sudan relations}}

Since the outbreak of renewed violence in Sudan in 2023, South Sudan has adopted a mediatory role, urging peace and engaging with IGAD and the AU, though with limited success due to the conflict's complexity and multiple factions. South Sudan is deeply concerned about spillover effects—such as refugee flows and economic instability—and recognizes that its own fragile stability is tied to Sudan's fate.{{Cite web |title=Instability in South Sudan | Global Conflict Tracker |url=https://www.cfr.org/global-conflict-tracker/conflict/civil-war-south-sudan |website=www.cfr.org}}Two Years of Civil War in Sudan Tensions escalated further with a February 2025 alliance between Sudan's RSF and the SPLM-N, a rebel group near the South Sudanese border. Experts warn this could pull South Sudan into the conflict, especially if the Sudanese army supports rival South Sudanese militias in response. With shared borders, historical ties, and existing political tensions between South Sudan's leaders (President Salva Kiir Mayardit and Vice President Riek Machar), the risk of both wars merging is high. The strategic location of the RSF-SPLM-N alliance also boosts smuggling and military operations, weakening Sudan's army and increasing regional instability. If unchecked, experts fear the two conflicts could become indistinguishable, worsening humanitarian crises in both countries.{{Cite web |title=What's the difference between Sudan and South Sudan? |url=https://www.oxfamamerica.org/explore/stories/whats-the-difference-between-sudan-and-south-sudan/}}{{Cite web |date=25 March 2025 |title=South Sudan on brink of civil war as UN warns of rising tensions |url=https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20250325-south-sudan-on-brink-of-civil-war-as-un-warns-of-rising-tensions |website=France 24}}

{{see also|Sudan–Turkey relations}}

Turkey appears to be engaging with both sides, notably through Baykar, owned by President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan's son-in-law, selling $120 million worth of weapons, 6 TB2 UCAV's , 3 ground control stations, 600 warheads to the SAF in 2023, violating US and EU sanctions.{{Cite web|url=https://www.fdd.org/analysis/op_eds/2025/03/15/is-turkey-playing-both-sides-of-sudans-civil-war/|title=Is Turkey Playing Both Sides of Sudan's Civil War?|first=Reagan|last=Easter|date=15 March 2025|website=FDD}}{{Cite web|url=https://stockholmcf.org/turkeys-baykar-sent-120-mln-in-drones-and-missiles-to-sudanese-army-report/|title=Turkey's Baykar sent $120 mln in drones and missiles to Sudanese army: report|date=9 March 2025}} Meanwhile, Arca Defense, another Turkish company, had extensive contact with RSF's procurement officer, though it denies selling weapons, adding complexity to Turkey's role.{{cite news | url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2025/03/07/sudan-war-turkey-baykar-rsf-saf/ | title=A Turkish arms firm helped fuel Sudan's brutal civil war, records show | newspaper=The Washington Post | date=7 March 2025 }} Turkey's interests include expanding military and diplomatic ties in the Horn of Africa, offering to mediate between Sudan and the UAE in December 2024.{{Cite web|url=https://www.trtworld.com/turkiye/turkiyes-deal-with-somalia-on-hydrocarbon-exploration-is-important-why-18200781|title=Türkiye's deal with Somalia on hydrocarbon exploration is important. Why?|first=Zulal|last=Sema|website=TRT World}}

In January 2025, the Somali government agreed to host SAF troops at Camp TURKSOM for training, as part of a Turkish-led effort to bolster military support to the SAF.{{cite news |date=13 January 2025 |title=Somalia Plays Key Role in Sudanese Military Reinforcement Amid Ongoing Conflict With RSF |url=https://allafrica.com/stories/202501130519.html |access-date=29 March 2025 |work=All Africa}}{{cite news |date=13 January 2025 |title=The Government of Somalia is Supporting Sudan in Funding The Training of The Army in Sudan |url=https://en.kaabtv.com/the-government-of-somalia-is-supporting-sudan-in-funding-the-training-of-the-army-in-sudan/ |access-date=29 March 2025 |agency=KAAB TV}}

{{see also|Sudan–Ukraine relations}}

On 19 September 2023, CNN reported that it was "likely" that Ukrainian special forces were behind a series of drone strikes and a ground operation directed against the Wagner Group-backed RSF near Khartoum on 8 September. Kyrylo Budanov, the chief of the Ukrainian Main Directorate of Intelligence, stated in an interview on 22 September that he could neither confirm or deny Ukraine's involvement in the conflict,{{cite web |last=Altman |first=Howard |author-link=Howard Altman |date=22 September 2023 |title=Exclusive Interview With Ukraine's Spy Boss From His D.C. Hotel Room |url=https://www.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/exclusive-interview-with-ukraines-spy-boss-from-his-dc-hotel-room |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230924010645/https://www.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/exclusive-interview-with-ukraines-spy-boss-from-his-dc-hotel-room |archive-date=24 September 2023 |access-date=24 September 2023 |website=The War Zone |quote=TWZ: (...) Were you guys involved with the attack on a Wagner-backed militia in Sudan? CNN reported that Ukrainians were likely involved in the attack on the Rapid Support Forces (RSF) forces with FPV drones. KB: I will only say the following: About two to three months ago I was giving an interview to one of the media, I don't remember which specific one. I answered them back then that anywhere across the world we will be seeking and hunting down Russian military criminals, and sooner or later that time will come whenever they are. That is why we shouldn't be surprised when in any territory, something happens to Russian military criminals. Then speaking about your specific question about Sudan, regretfully I cannot confirm or deny it.}} but said that Ukraine "will be seeking and hunting down Russian military criminals{{nbsp}}... sooner or later".{{cite web |last=Fenbert |first=Abbey |date=24 September 2023 |title=Budanov responds to CNN reports about Ukrainian drone strikes in Sudan |url=https://kyivindependent.com/budanov-responds-to-cnn-reports-about-ukrainian-drone-strikes-in-sudan/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231013113615/https://kyivindependent.com/budanov-responds-to-cnn-reports-about-ukrainian-drone-strikes-in-sudan/ |archive-date=13 October 2023 |access-date=24 September 2023 |website=The Kyiv Independent}}

On 6 November 2023, the Kyiv Post released drone footage of what it claimed was Ukrainian special forces attacking Wagner Group personnel in an unidentified urban area in Sudan with an explosive projectile, which was believed to have been taken about two weeks before its publication.{{Cite news |date=6 November 2023 |title=EXCLUSIVE: Videos Show Ukrainian Special Forces 'Cleaning Up' Wagner Fighters in Sudan |url=https://www.kyivpost.com/post/23722 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231109000556/https://www.kyivpost.com/post/23722 |archive-date=9 November 2023 |access-date=9 November 2023 |work=The Kyiv Post}} Two months later on 30 January 2024, the Kyiv Post reported that Ukrainian special forces had launched three drone strikes targeting the Wagner Group and other Russian organisations in Sudan as well as their Sudanese partners in the preceding weeks.{{Cite news |date=30 January 2024 |title=Ukrainian Drones 'Destroy Russian Mercenaries' in Sudan |url=https://www.kyivpost.com/post/27383 |access-date=31 January 2024 |work=The Kyiv Post}} The Kyiv Post released a report on 5 February 2024 with a video showing the aftermath of an attack allegedly by Ukrainian special forces on a Wagner Group unit which had purportedly suffered several deaths and the capture of at least one member of the unit who was seen being interrogated on camera.{{Cite news |date=5 February 2024 |title=EXCLUSIVE: Ukrainian Special Forces Interrogate Wagner Mercenaries in Sudan |url=https://www.kyivpost.com/post/27637 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240205152523/https://www.kyivpost.com/post/27637 |archive-date=5 February 2024 |access-date=5 February 2024 |work=The Kyiv Post}}

{{see also|Sudan–United Arab Emirates relations|United Arab Emirates war crimes#Sudan}}

The UAE has faced mounting accusations of providing military support to RSF,{{cite news |title=Port Sudan protesters demand expulsion of UAE ambassador |work=Sudan Tribune |url=https://sudantribune.com/article279915/ |date=1 December 2023 |access-date=2 December 2023 |archive-date=9 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231209140014/https://sudantribune.com/article279915/ |url-status=live }} including covert arms transfers, drone supply, and logistics routed through Chad, Libya, CAR,{{Cite web|url=https://www.giga-hamburg.de/en/publications/giga-focus/the-war-in-sudan-how-weapons-and-networks-shattered-a-power-struggle|title=The War in Sudan: How Weapons and Networks Shattered a Power Struggle|website=www.giga-hamburg.de}} and South Sudan.{{cite news|title=Sudan reveals the arrival of new supplies to the militia from the UAE via Chad |date=20 April 2024 |url=https://www.breakinglatest.news/news/sudan-reveals-the-arrival-of-new-supplies-to-the-militia-from-the-uae-via-chad/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240423063939/https://www.breakinglatest.news/news/sudan-reveals-the-arrival-of-new-supplies-to-the-militia-from-the-uae-via-chad/ |archive-date=23 April 2024 |access-date=23 April 2024}}{{cite news|title=Sudan demands emergency UN meeting on UAE 'aggression'|date=28 April 2024|url=https://www.tbsnews.net/worldbiz/africa/sudan-demands-emergency-un-meeting-uae-aggression-838066 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240428112215/https://www.tbsnews.net/worldbiz/africa/sudan-demands-emergency-un-meeting-uae-aggression-838066 |archive-date=28 April 2024 |access-date=30 April 2024}} Reports by major outlets like the Wall Street Journal,{{cite news |last1=Bariyo |first1=Nicholas |last2=Faucon |first2=Benoit |title=A U.S. Ally Promised to Send Aid to Sudan. It Sent Weapons Instead. |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/a-u-s-ally-promised-to-send-aid-to-sudan-it-sent-weapons-instead-82d396f |access-date=5 February 2025 |work=Wall Street Journal |date=10 August 2023 |archive-date=23 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250123222637/https://www.wsj.com/articles/a-u-s-ally-promised-to-send-aid-to-sudan-it-sent-weapons-instead-82d396f |url-status=live }} New York Times,{{Cite news |last1=Walsh |first1=Declan |last2=Koettl |first2=Christoph |last3=Schmitt |first3=Eric |date=2023-09-29 |title=Talking Peace in Sudan, the U.A.E. Secretly Fuels the Fight |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/09/29/world/africa/sudan-war-united-arab-emirates-chad.html |access-date=2023-09-30 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=29 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230929071026/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/09/29/world/africa/sudan-war-united-arab-emirates-chad.html |url-status=live }} and BBC,{{cite news|last=Abu Taleb |first=Abdelrahman |title=Evidence of Iran and UAE drones used in Sudan war |date=12 June 2024 |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c2vvjz652j1o |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240617191845/https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c2vvjz652j1o |archive-date=17 June 2024 |access-date=6 July 2024}} along with diplomatic sources and satellite evidence, suggest Emirati cargo planes delivered weapons disguised as aid, with operations coordinated through Amdjarass airport in Chad.{{cite news|last=Townsend |first=Mark |title='Smoking gun' evidence points to UAE involvement in Sudan civil war |work=The Guardian|date=25 July 2024 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/article/2024/jul/25/smoking-gun-evidence-points-to-uae-involvement-in-sudan-civil-war|access-date=25 July 2024}} UAE denied the accusations.{{Cite web |title=UAE, Sudan blame each other over bombing of ambassador home |url=https://www.dw.com/en/uae-sudan-blame-each-other-over-bombing-of-ambassador-home/a-70366701 |access-date=2024-09-30 |website=Deutsche Welle}}{{cite news |title=UAE Denies Sending Weapons To Sudan War |work=Barron's |url=https://www.barrons.com/news/uae-denies-sending-weapons-to-sudan-war-66133453?refsec=topics_afp-news |date=13 August 2023 |access-date=14 August 2023 |archive-date=15 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230815133455/https://www.barrons.com/news/uae-denies-sending-weapons-to-sudan-war-66133453?refsec=topics_afp-news |url-status=live}}{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c3w1nzpg5dgo|title=Sudan files case against UAE for 'complicity in genocide'|date=6 March 2025|website=www.bbc.com}}

Sudan expelled Emirati diplomats,{{cite news |last1=Tolba |first1=Ahmed |last2=Abdelaziz |first2=Khalid |date=10 December 2023 |title=Sudan declares 15 UAE diplomats persona non grata |publisher=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/sudan-declares-15-uae-diplomats-persona-non-grata-2023-12-10/ |access-date=11 December 2023 |archive-date=11 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231211122815/https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/sudan-declares-15-uae-diplomats-persona-non-grata-2023-12-10/ |url-status=live}} accused the UAE at the UN of aiding genocide,{{cite news |date=9 December 2023 |title=UAE expels three Sudanese diplomats amid escalating tensions |url=https://sudantribune.com/article280195/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240121094827/https://sudantribune.com/article280195/ |archive-date=21 January 2024 |access-date=17 December 2023 |work=Sudan Tribune}}{{cite news|title=Sudan criticizes Security Council for lack of focus on 'UAE's aggression' |date=24 May 2024 |url=https://sudantribune.com/article286218/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240529041404/https://sudantribune.com/article286218/ |archive-date=29 May 2024 |access-date=4 June 2024}} and submitted complaints to the International Criminal Court and the International Court of Justice.{{cite news |date=29 March 2024 |title=Sudan demands UN condemnation of UAE support for RSF |url=https://sudantribune.com/article283888/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240401100712/https://sudantribune.com/article283888/ |archive-date=1 April 2024 |access-date=6 April 2024}}{{Cite web | url=https://www.icj-cij.org/sites/default/files/case-related/197/197-20250328-pre-01-00-en.pdf | title=Request for the indication of provisional measures - Public hearings to be held on Thursday 10 April 2025 | website=www.icj-cij.org}} The UAE ambassador to Sudan residence in Khartoum was also attacked on September 29, 2024.{{cite web|url=https://www.voanews.com/a/uae-says-residence-of-its-ambassador-in-khartoum-attacked-by-sudanese-military/7804197.html|title=UAE says residence of its ambassador in Khartoum attacked by Sudanese military|publisher=Reuters|date=29 September 2024}} The UAE is accused of using humanitarian cover such as Red Crescent hospitals for military purposes, including drone operations and weapon bunkers near the border.{{cite web |url=https://sudantribune.com/article280570/ |title=U.S. lawmakers call on UAE to cease support for Sudan's RSF |date=22 December 2023}}{{cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/us-appeals-uae-others-stop-support-sudans-warring-parties-2024-04-29/ |title=US appeals to UAE, others to stop support for Sudan's warring parties|work=Reuters |date=29 April 2024 |publisher=Reuters |last1=Nichols |first1=Michelle }}{{cite news |last1=Walsh |first1=Declan |last2=Koettl |first2=Christoph |date=2024-09-21 |title=How a U.S. Ally Uses Aid as a Cover in War |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/09/21/world/africa/uae-sudan-civil-war.html |newspaper=The New York Times}} Sudan claims these actions aim to maintain Emirati influence and gold interests in Sudan, backed by historical investments and ongoing port and agriculture projects.{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/article/2024/may/24/uae-sudan-war-peace-emirates-uk-us-officials |title=It's an open secret: The UAE is fuelling Sudan's war – and there'll be no peace until we call it out |newspaper=The Guardian |date=24 May 2024 |last=Mahjoub |first=Husam}}{{cite news |last=Rinaldi |first=Alma Selvaggia |date=1 September 2024 |title=How Sudan's RSF became a key ally for the UAE's logistical and corporate interests |url=https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/sudan-rsf-key-ally-uae-logistical-and-corporate-interests |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240902204757/https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/sudan-rsf-key-ally-uae-logistical-and-corporate-interests |archive-date=2 September 2024 |access-date=4 September 2024}}{{cite news |date=8 March 2025 |title=Sudan accuses South Sudan of allowing UAE 'aggression base' |url=https://sudantribune.com/article298306/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250310101009/https://sudantribune.com/article298306/ |archive-date=10 March 2025 |access-date=17 March 2025 |website=Sudan Tribune}}

The UAE's ties to the RSF date back to the Yemen war in 2018. Its involvement is said to include cooperation with the Wagner Group for arms deliveries and financing RSF logistics from within the Emirates.{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/world-news/2024/09/14/uae-wagner-group-fighters-weapons-sudanese-civil-war/|title=UAE using Wagner fighters to smuggle weapons into Sudan|first=Ben|last=Farmer|newspaper=The Telegraph |date=14 September 2024|via=www.telegraph.co.uk}}{{Cite web |date=14 September 2024 |title=UAE 'used Russian mercenary group to arm Sudan rebels' |url=https://www.source-material.org/uae-russia-wager-mercenaries-arming-sudan-rebels/ |website=SourceMaterial}} Identity documents recovered from a 2024 plane crash in Sudan included a Russian passport and an ID that linked to a UAE-based company.{{cite news |last=Farmer |first=Ben |date=22 October 2024 |title=Sudan rebels 'shoot down own plane with Russians on board' |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/world-news/2024/10/22/sudan-rebels-shoot-down-own-plane-russians-civil-war/ |access-date=5 November 2024}}{{cite news |last=Gambrell |first=Jon |date=22 October 2024 |title=Mystery of downed aeroplane in Sudan deepens as Kyrgyzstan insists aircraft had been de-registered |url=https://apnews.com/article/sudan-plane-crash-rsf-war-uae-kyrgyzstan-8fb1c8cce83be3ebc0d229d6b0662419 |access-date=5 November 2024}}

The US and the UK have called on the UAE to halt support,{{Cite news |date=7 August 2024 |title=One of the fastest ways to end Sudan's civil war is to stop the UAE's involvement |url=https://thehill.com/opinion/4814013-sudan-children-war-crisis/ |newspaper=The Hill}}{{Cite web |title=Rep. Sara Jacobs Pens Op-Ed: U.S. Must Stop Arms Sales to the UAE Until They Stop Arming the RSF in Sudan War |url=https://sarajacobs.house.gov/news/press-releases/rep-sara-jacobs-pens-op-ed-us-must-stop-arms-sales-to-the-uae-until-they-stop-arming-the-rsf-in-sudan-war |website=U.S. Congresswoman Sara Jacobs Of California's 51st District}} with US lawmakers introducing multiple bills to block arms sales to Abu Dhabi.{{cite news |date=11 March 2025 |title=Van Hollen, Jacobs Reintroduce Bill to Prohibit U.S. Arms Sales to UAE Until They Cease Support of RSF in Sudan |url=https://www.vanhollen.senate.gov/news/press-releases/van-hollen-jacobs-reintroduce-bill-to-prohibit-us-arms-sales-to-uae-until-they-cease-support-of-rsf-in-sudan |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250312130358/https://www.vanhollen.senate.gov/news/press-releases/van-hollen-jacobs-reintroduce-bill-to-prohibit-us-arms-sales-to-uae-until-they-cease-support-of-rsf-in-sudan |archive-date=12 March 2025 |access-date=26 March 2025 |website=vanhollen.senate.gov}}{{cite news |date=7 March 2025 |title=Top lawmaker blocking US arms sales to UAE over role in Sudan war |url=https://www.politico.com/news/2025/03/07/arms-sales-uae-00217874 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250313011501/https://www.politico.com/news/2025/03/07/arms-sales-uae-00217874 |archive-date=13 March 2025 |website=Politico}} The EU{{cite news |date=16 October 2024 |title=EU urged to challenge UAE, Gulf states, over roles in Sudan war |url=https://euobserver.com/eu-and-the-world/ar09350c8b |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241225063750/https://euobserver.com/eu-and-the-world/ar09350c8b |archive-date=25 December 2024 |access-date=16 January 2025}}{{cite news |date=16 October 2024 |title=1 st European Union-Gulf Cooperation Council Summit Joint Statement |url=https://www.consilium.europa.eu/media/k3wf2ewp/eu-gcc-joint-statement-final-2.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241204112523/https://www.consilium.europa.eu/media/k3wf2ewp/eu-gcc-joint-statement-final-2.pdf |archive-date=4 December 2024 |access-date=16 January 2025}}{{cite news |date=27 January 2025 |title=Parliamentary Questions: Weapons trafficking to Sudan |url=https://www.europarl.europa.eu/doceo/document/E-10-2025-000350_EN.html |work=The European Parliament}} and Human Rights Watch{{cite news |date=9 September 2024 |title=Fanning the Flames: Sudanese Warring Parties' Access To New Foreign-Made Weapons and Equipment |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2024/09/09/fanning-flames |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240909081856/https://www.hrw.org/news/2024/09/09/fanning-flames |archive-date=9 September 2024 |access-date=16 September 2024 |website=HRW}} also demanded accountability. Emirati diplomatic initiatives toward Sudan continued, such as hosting a humanitarian conference and pledging $200 million aid—actions seen by Sudan as attempts by UAE to improve its image.{{cite news |date=13 February 2025 |title=Emirati-backed Sudan humanitarian conference draws criticism from Sudanese government |url=https://sudantribune.com/article297413/ |access-date=20 February 2025 |website=Sudan Tribune}}{{cite news |date=14 February 2025 |title=Sudan aid chief slams UN, AU officials for attending UAE-sponsored meeting |url=https://sudantribune.com/article297413/ |access-date=20 February 2025 |website=Sudan Tribune}}

On 30 April 2025 UAE authorities said they had intercepted millions of rounds of ammunition at an airport in the UAE which was being illegally transferred to the SAF, which the latter denied.{{cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/uae-says-it-thwarts-illegal-attempt-transfer-ammunition-sudans-army-2025-04-30/|title=UAE says it foiled attempt to transfer ammunition to Sudan's army|publisher=Reuters|date=30 April 2025}}

Sudan opened a case at the International Court of Justice alleging that the UAE was complicit in genocide against the Masalit. The court hearings began on 10 April 2025.{{cite news |date=10 April 2025 |title=Sudan tells top UN court that UAE is breaching genocide convention by funding rebels |url=https://apnews.com/article/sudan-war-uae-icj-genocide-convention-rsf-857a66e660bf9ea8417e8e32c097e7c8 |access-date=10 April 2025 |website=AP News}} On 5 May, the court dismissed the case, stating it "manifestly lacks" authority.{{cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/5/5/icj-dismisses-sudans-genocide-case-alleging-uae-backing-of-rsf-rebels |title=ICJ dismisses Sudan's genocide case alleging UAE backing of RSF rebels |date=5 May 2025 |publisher=Al Jazeera}}

{{see also|Sudan–United Kingdom relations}}

In June 2024, The Guardian reported that according to multiple sources, UK government officials "attempted to suppress criticism" of the United Arab Emirates and its alleged role in supplying arms to the RSF.{{cite news |last=Townsend |first=Mark |date=2024-06-24 |title=UK 'tried to suppress criticism' of alleged UAE role in arming Sudan's RSF militia |url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/article/2024/jun/24/uk-allegedly-suppressing-criticism-uae-arming-sudan-rsf-militia-genocide-darfur |access-date=2024-08-07 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}} Furthermore, the UK is the UN Security Council's "penholder"{{Cite web |title=The Penholder System : Research Report : Security Council Report |url=https://www.securitycouncilreport.org/research-reports/the-penholder-system.php |access-date=2024-08-07 |website=www.securitycouncilreport.org}} for Sudan. In early 2023, the Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office initiated secret talks between the RSF and the UK.{{cite news |last=Townsend |first=Mark |date=2024-04-15 |title=UK Foreign Office holding secret talks with Sudan's RSF paramilitary group |url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2024/apr/15/uk-foreign-office-holding-secret-talks-with-sudans-rsf-paramilitary-group |access-date=2024-08-07 |work=The Observer |language=en-GB |issn=0029-7712}}

Sudan's Deputy Chairman of the Sovereign Council Malik Agar criticized the British government during a December 2024 meeting with the Head of the UK Office for Sudan. Agar said that "If Britain wants to end the suffering of the Sudanese people, it must communicate with the UAE to stop the logistical support it provides to the militia". Agar also denounced the UK's penholder status for Sudan on the United Nations Security Council, and demanded a change in the UK's foreign policy towards Sudan as a prerequisite for improving bilateral ties.{{Cite web |date=2024-12-13 |title=Sudan demands UK policy shift for improved ties |url=https://sudantribune.com/article294599/?utm_source=chatgpt.com |access-date=2025-02-25 |website=Sudan Tribune |language=en-US}}

{{see also|Sudan–United States relations}}

On 20 January 2025, the Trump administration froze USAID payments for 90 days, redirecting most funds to military aid.{{Cite web |title=Aid freezes and withdrawals leave Sudan's needy battling famine alone |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/2/25/aid-freezes-and-withdrawals-leave-sudans-needy-battling-famine-alone |access-date=2025-03-03 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}{{Cite web |date=2025-02-25 |title=Sudan conflict: USAID cut hits people 'screaming from hunger' |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cy7x87ev5jyo |access-date=2025-03-03 |website=BBC |language=en-GB}} This resulted in the closure of hundreds of soup kitchens, and increased deaths from starvation.{{Cite news |last1=Walsh |first1=Declan |last2=Prickett |first2=Ivor |date=2025-04-19 |title=As Famine Rages in Sudan, U.S. Aid Remains Scarce |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/04/19/world/africa/sudan-usaid-famine.html |access-date=2025-04-20 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}} A court ordered the freeze lifted on 13 February, but the administration cancelled nearly 10,000 aid contracts instead. The judge later demanded payments by 26 February, but Chief Justice John G. Roberts paused the order pending a Supreme Court ruling by 28 February.{{Cite web |date=2025-02-28 |title=U.S. Aid Cuts Make Famine More Likely and Easier to Hide |url=https://www.crisisgroup.org/united-states/united-states/united-states-internal/us-aid-cuts-make-famine-more-likely-and-easier |access-date=2025-03-05 |website=Crisis Group |language=en}}

{{Main|Humanitarian impact of the Sudanese civil war (2023–present)}}

The humanitarian crisis following the fighting was further exacerbated by the violence occurring during a period of high temperatures, and drought starting during the fasting month of Ramadan. Civilians were unable to venture outside of their homes to obtain food and supplies for fear of getting caught in the crossfire. A doctors' group said that hospitals remained understaffed and were running low on supplies as wounded people streamed in.{{cite news |last1=Dahir |first1=Abdi Latif |title=As New Wave of Violence Hits Sudan's Capital, Civilians Feel the Strain |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/04/17/world/africa/sudan-fighting-khartoum.html |access-date=17 April 2023 |work=The New York Times |date=17 April 2023 |archive-date=17 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230417090248/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/04/17/world/africa/sudan-fighting-khartoum.html |url-status=live}} The World Health Organization (WHO) recorded around 26 attacks on healthcare facilities, some of which resulted in casualties among medical workers and civilians.{{cite news|title=Sudan crisis: Civilians facing 'catastrophe' as 100,000 flee fighting – UN|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-65448691|access-date=2 May 2023|work=BBC|date=2 May 2023|archive-date=2 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230502114619/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-65448691|url-status=live}} The WHO said 80% of hospitals in conflict areas were out of service{{cite news |title=80% of health facilities in Sudan shut due to conflict: WHO |url=https://sudantribune.com/article279625/ |access-date=23 November 2023 |work=Sudan Tribune |date=22 November 2023 |archive-date=23 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231123162633/https://sudantribune.com/article279625/ |url-status=live }} with 32 forcibly evacuated by soldiers or caught in the crossfire.{{cite news |title=More than 60% of hospitals out of service |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2023/4/22/sudan-fighting-live-news-army-says-foreign-evacuations-to-begin|access-date=23 April 2023 |work=Al Jazeera |date=22 April 2023 |archive-date=20 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230420075805/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2023/4/22/sudan-fighting-live-news-army-says-foreign-evacuations-to-begin |url-status=live}} This included about half of Khartoum's 130 medical facilities and all hospitals in West Darfur.{{cite news|date=17 June 2023|title=More than 3,000 people killed, 6,000 injured in Sudan conflict|publisher=The Jerusalem Post|url=https://www.jpost.com/breaking-news/article-746662|access-date=20 June 2023|archive-date=20 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230620061616/https://www.jpost.com/breaking-news/article-746662|url-status=live}} Outbreaks of diseases such as measles, cholera and diarrhea were reported across the country.{{cite news |date=14 July 2023 |title=Sudan fighting sparks communications blackout in Khartoum, disease outbreaks |work=France 24 |url=https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230714-khartoum-faces-communications-blackout-as-fighting-intensifies-in-sudan |access-date=14 July 2023 |archive-date=19 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230719121803/https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20230714-khartoum-faces-communications-blackout-as-fighting-intensifies-in-sudan |url-status=live}} In August 2024 cholera was declared an epidemic in the country and {{As of|2024|September|8|lc=y}}, there were 5,692 cases of cholera including 185 deaths.{{cite web |last=Topchi |first=Ali |title=Sudan's cholera and flood death toll reaches 390 — official data |url=https://www.trtworld.com/africa/sudans-cholera-and-flood-death-toll-reaches-390-official-data-18205271 |access-date=2024-09-11 |website=TRT World |quote=This brings the total number of cholera cases in the seven affected states to 5,692, including 185 deaths. On August 12, the authorities declared cholera an epidemic in the country.}}

In April 2023, the United Nations reported that shortages of basic goods, such as food, water, medicines and fuel have become "extremely acute".{{cite news |last=Uras |first=Umut |date=25 April 2023 |title=Supply shortages becoming 'extremely acute' – UN |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2023/4/25/sudan-live-news-sporadic-gunfire-in-khartoum-despite-new-truce?update=2175299 |url-status= |work=Al Jazeera |location= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230425154833/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2023/4/25/sudan-live-news-sporadic-gunfire-in-khartoum-despite-new-truce |archive-date=25 April 2023 |access-date=25 April 2023}} The delivery of badly-needed remittances from overseas migrant workers was also halted after Western Union announced in the same month that it was closing all operations in Sudan until further notice.{{cite news |date=28 April 2023 |title=Sudan residents face cash shortage as sources dry up |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2023/4/28/sudan-fighting-live-news-turkish-evacuation-aircraft-fired-on |work=Al Jazeera |access-date=28 April 2023 |archive-date=28 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230428182214/http://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2023/4/28/sudan-fighting-live-news-turkish-evacuation-aircraft-fired-on |url-status=live }} The World Food Programme said that more than $13 million worth of food aid destined for Sudan had been looted in the twenty days since the fighting broke out.{{cite news|title=President Biden authorises sanctions against Sudan|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/live/world-africa-65361155|access-date=5 May 2023|work=BBC|date=4 May 2023|archive-date=5 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230505000047/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/live/world-africa-65361155|url-status=live}} The looting of the WFP's warehouses in El-Obeid on 1 June led to the loss of food aid meant to feed 4.4 million people.{{Cite web |date=2023-06-01 |title=WFP chief: Sudan looting is 'stealing from the hungry – food for 4.4 million people at stake' |url=https://www.dabangasudan.org/en/all-news/article/wfp-chief-looting-is-stealing-from-the-hungry-food-for-4-4-million-people-at-stake |access-date=2024-06-19 |website=Radio Dabanga |language=en-GB}} An estimated 25 million people, equivalent to more than half of Sudan's population, were said to be in need of aid in June 2023.{{cite news|date=16 June 2023|title=As Sudan war rages, rival sides accused of looting, diverting aid|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/6/16/as-sudan-war-rages-rival-sides-accused-of-looting-diverting-aid|work=Al Jazeera|access-date=25 June 2023|archive-date=21 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230621081735/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/6/16/as-sudan-war-rages-rival-sides-accused-of-looting-diverting-aid|url-status=live}} On 25 July, Humanitarian Coordinator Clementine Nkweta-Salami said attacks on humanitarian facilities had led to more than 50 warehouses looted, 82 offices ransacked, and over 200 vehicles stolen.{{cite news |date=26 July 2023 |title=Sudan war enters its 100th day, medicines almost depleted in conflict areas |url=https://www.dabangasudan.org/en/all-news/article/war-in-sudan-enters-100th-day-almost-no-health-care-available-in-conflict-areas |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230726121545/https://www.dabangasudan.org/en/all-news/article/war-in-sudan-enters-100th-day-almost-no-health-care-available-in-conflict-areas |archive-date=26 July 2023 |access-date=26 July 2023 |work=Radio Dabanga}}

In September 2023, the UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs said that 1,200 children had died from disease outbreaks in refugee camps in White Nile State since May.{{cite news |date=19 September 2023 |title=UN raises alarm over child deaths in Sudan as health crisis deepens |url=https://www.africanews.com/2023/09/19/un-raises-alarm-over-child-deaths-in-sudan-as-health-crisis-deepens/ |work=Africanews |access-date=19 September 2023 }} In Central Darfur, the head of the Hamidiya refugee camp said at least 43 children had died in the camp since July.{{cite news |date=19 September 2023 |title=More than 40 children die in Central Darfur camps as fighting escalates |url=https://www.dabangasudan.org/en/all-news/article/more-than-40-children-die-in-central-darfur-camps-as-fighting-escalates |work=Radio Dabanga |access-date=23 September 2023 }} UNICEF also estimated that the conflict had led to the number of children being out of school in Sudan to rise from seven million prior to the fighting to 19 million in October 2023.{{cite news |date=10 October 2023 |title='19 million children in Sudan are out of school' says UNICEF |url=https://www.dabangasudan.org/en/all-news/article/19-million-children-in-sudan-are-out-of-school-says-unicef |work=Radio Dabanga |access-date=11 October 2023}} By 2024, the war's economic costs had surpassed all prior armed conflicts since Sudanese independence in 1956 due to extensive destruction of infrastructure, particularly in urban areas such as the capital city of Khartoum.{{cite web |title=Scenes of Sudan's gutted capital Khartoum |url=https://sudanwarmonitor.com/p/scenes-of-sudans-gutted-capital-khartoum |website=Sudan War Monitor |date=15 January 2024}}

The dramatic decrease in agricultural activity ("cereal production in 2023 was nearly halved") caused increases in food prices, and the conflict led to infrequent aid convoys. According to an army official cited by Al Jazeera, as of 29 March 2024, "70 aid trucks have been stuck in North Kordofan since October". The UN estimated that 25 million people still needed aid, with 5 million facing famine and 18 million enduring "acute food insecurity". Mobile networks being cut for nearly two months compounded the problems for those being helped by remittances from relatives abroad.{{Cite web |last1=Pietromarchi |first1=Virginia |date=March 29, 2024 |title=Sudan slips into famine as warring sides starve civilians |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/3/29/sudan-slips-into-famine-as-warring-sides-starve-civilians |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240330023908/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/3/29/sudan-slips-into-famine-as-warring-sides-starve-civilians |archive-date=30 March 2024 |access-date=30 March 2024 |website=Al Jazeera}} According to the United Nations, both the SAF and RSF are posing obstacles to food aid because they want to prevent food from getting to areas controlled by the other.

In June 2024, Amnesty International's report, "New Weapons Fuelling the Sudan Conflict", stated that the constant flow of foreign weapons is fueling the war and breaching the Darfur arms embargo. The organization found that the recently manufactured or transferred weapons and ammunition were being imported in large quantities into Sudan from China, the UAE, Russia and Turkey. The weapons supply has impacted the war by causing massive civilian displacement and a humanitarian crisis in Sudan. Both warring sides were using Chinese-manufactured advanced drone jammers, mortars and anti-material rifles. The RSF was also reported to be using recently manufactured armoured personnel carriers from the UAE.{{cite news |title=Sudan: Constant flow of arms fuelling relentless civilian suffering in conflict – new investigation |date=25 July 2024 |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2024/07/sudan-constant-flow-of-arms-fuelling-relentless-civilian-suffering-in-conflict-new-investigation/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240727231359/https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2024/07/sudan-constant-flow-of-arms-fuelling-relentless-civilian-suffering-in-conflict-new-investigation/ |archive-date=27 July 2024 |access-date=31 July 2024 |url-status=live }}

{{Main|2024 Sudan famine}}

Nearly 25 million people, half of Sudan's population, face extreme famine, according to the World Food Program, in April 2025.{{Cite web |date=2025-04-10 |title=Sudan faces the world's worst humanitarian crisis as second anniversary of war nears, UN says |url=https://apnews.com/article/sudan-un-famine-humanitarian-conflict-government-paramilitary-79ad7023ae90b582b877e5dd5acb18e0 |access-date=2025-05-10 |website=AP News |language=en}}

On 1 August 2024, the Integrated Food Security Phase Classification (IPC) Famine Review Committee (FRC) concluded that IPC Phase 5 famine conditions are prevalent and ongoing in parts of North Darfur, including the Zamzam camp south of El Fashe and that there was a high risk of similar conditions throughout internally displaced persons (IDP) camps.{{Cite web |date=2024-08-01 |title=Famine in Sudan: IPC Famine Review Committee Confirms Famine Conditions in parts of North Darfur – Sudan |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/sudan/famine-sudan-ipc-famine-review-committee-confirms-famine-conditions-parts-north-darfur |access-date=2024-08-01 |website=ReliefWeb |language=en}}

In late January 2025, the new administration of US President Donald Trump froze foreign aid for 90 days with waivers supposed to be available for urgent and life-saving aid. However, the waiver process has been slow to get rolling.{{cite news|title="People Will Die": The Trump Administration Said It Lifted Its Ban on Lifesaving Humanitarian Aid. That's Not True.|url=https://www.propublica.org/article/trump-state-department-usaid-humanitarian-aid-freeze-ukraine-gaza-sudan|last1=Murphy|first1=Brett|last2=Barry-Jester|first2=Anna Maria|date=January 31, 2025|access-date=February 11, 2025|work=ProPublica}}

By February 2025, famine had taken hold in at least five regions, with over 600,000 people at risk of starvation. The World Food Programme reported that 80% of emergency food kitchens had shut down due to U.S. aid cuts. In North Darfur, MSF and WFP suspended operations at Zamzam camp, which houses around 500,000 people. Cholera outbreaks have surged due to the collapse of Sudan's healthcare infrastructure.{{Cite web |title=Sudan facing 'the abyss' unless war ends as mass starvation looms, UN warns |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/2/27/sudan-staring-into-abyss-as-mass-starvation-looms-un |access-date=2025-03-03 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}{{Cite web |last1=Nichols |first1=Michelle |last2=Eltahir |first2=Nafisa |date=26 February 2025 |title=UN halts food help in Sudan camp, warns thousands could starve |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/un-halts-food-help-sudan-camp-warns-thousands-could-starve-2025-02-26/ |access-date=3 March 2025 |website=Reuters}}

Sudanese factions were accused of using famine as a weapon of war, by attacking the country's most fertile states, displacing farmers, preventing humanitarian assisting and arresting volunteers. Both parties have also imposed food and aid sieges on areas they do not control. Observers call for the establishment of safe aid distribution zones, that rely on local initiatives, as well as accountability for perpetrators.{{Cite web |last=Daoudi |first=Salma |date=2024-10-16 |title=Famine as Warfare: Engineered Starvation in Gaza and Sudan |url=https://timep.org/2024/10/16/famine-as-warfare-engineered-starvation-in-gaza-and-sudan/ |access-date=2025-05-10 |website=The Tahrir Institute for Middle East Policy - |language=en-US}}{{Cite web |title=Using starvation as a weapon of war in Sudan must stop: UN experts |url=https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2024/06/using-starvation-weapon-war-sudan-must-stop-un-experts |access-date=2025-05-10 |website=OHCHR |language=en}}

{{main|Sudanese refugee crisis (2023–present)}}

File:Screengrab of refugee camp from Number of Refugees Who Fled Sudan for Chad Double in Week.jpg

As of February 2025, over 12.3 million residents of Sudan have been displaced due to the fighting. The United Nations said that the conflict had produced more than 8.8 million internally displaced persons (IDPs), while more than 3.5 million had fled the country. This makes Sudan the largest host of IDPs globally.{{cite news |title=Sudan now has highest number of IDPs globally, says OCHA |url=https://sudantribune.com/article277361/ |access-date=18 September 2023 |agency=Sudan Tribune |date=17 September 2023}} The International Organization for Migration estimated that 31% of IDPs originated from Khartoum state, followed by 18% from South Darfur state and 15% from North Darfur state. In November 2023, the UN said the conflict created the largest child displacement crisis in the world.{{cite news |title=Sudan: World's largest child displacement crisis |url=https://sudantribune.com/article279303/ |access-date=14 November 2023 |agency=Sudan Tribune |date=12 November 2023}} 53% of people who have been internally displaced due to the conflict are children.

Of those who fled abroad, more than 160,000 were Masalit who fled to Chad to escape ethnically based attacks by the RSF and allied militias.{{cite news |title=Sudan crisis: From Ruto to Sisi, leaders vie to drive peace process |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-66169535 |access-date=13 July 2023 |publisher=BBC News |date=13 July 2023 |archive-date=19 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230719122219/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-66169535 |url-status=live}} Fighting between the SAF and the SPLM-N (al-Hilu) reportedly displaced more than 35,000 people in Blue Nile State alone, with 3,000 fleeing to Ethiopia,{{cite news|date=28 June 2023|title=Sudan army claims victory over rebel fighters in Blue Nile region |work=Radio Dabanga|url=https://www.dabangasudan.org/en/all-news/article/sudan-army-claims-victory-after-battles-with-rebel-fighters-in-blue-nile-region|access-date=15 July 2023|archive-date=5 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230705114331/https://www.dabangasudan.org/en/all-news/article/sudan-army-claims-victory-after-battles-with-rebel-fighters-in-blue-nile-region|url-status=live}} while more than 83,000 were displaced in South Kordofan.{{cite news |title=South Kordofan's displaced in Kadugli 'denied aid' |url=https://www.dabangasudan.org/en/all-news/article/south-kordofans-displaced-in-kadugli-denied-aid |access-date=27 September 2023 |work=Radio Dabanga |date=26 September 2023 }} As of August, more than 400,000 people had fled to Chad, making it the largest single destination of refugees from the conflict, while others fled to other neighboring countries such as the Central African Republic, Egypt, and South Sudan.{{Cite web |title=Regional Sudan Response Situation Update 12 September 2023 |url=https://mena.iom.int/sites/g/files/tmzbdl686/files/documents/2023-09/sudan-regional-crisis-response-situation-update-22.pdf |access-date=13 September 2023 |website=IOM |archive-date=27 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230927030032/https://mena.iom.int/sites/g/files/tmzbdl686/files/documents/2023-09/sudan-regional-crisis-response-situation-update-22.pdf |url-status=live}}

Criticism was levelled at diplomatic missions operating in Sudan for their slow response in helping Sudanese visa applicants whose passports were left behind in embassies following their closure during evacuation efforts, preventing them from leaving the country.{{cite news |title=Sudanese stuck as passports locked in abandoned Western embassies |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/4/29/sudanese-stuck-as-passports-locked-in-abandoned-western-embassies |access-date=30 April 2023 |work=Al Jazeera |date=29 April 2023 |archive-date=29 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230429191306/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/4/29/sudanese-stuck-as-passports-locked-in-abandoned-western-embassies |url-status=live }}

The UN estimated that economic activity in Sudan fell by more than a third during the first three weeks of the conflict. In July, Sudanese economists estimated the total amount of damage brought by the conflict at $9 billion, or an average of $100 million per day, while the value of property and goods looted was estimated at another $40 billion, with the most affected areas being Khartoum and South Darfur.{{cite news |date=18 July 2023|title=$49 billion of economic loss and looted property in Sudan |url=https://www.dabangasudan.org/en/all-news/article/49-billion-of-economic-loss-and-looted-property-in-sudan |work=Radio Dabanga |access-date=19 July 2023 |archive-date=19 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230719121727/https://www.dabangasudan.org/en/all-news/article/49-billion-of-economic-loss-and-looted-property-in-sudan |url-status=live}} The exchange rate of the US dollar against the Sudanese pound in the black market rose to SDG730 in September, while it reached SDG625 at the official rate. This later reached SDG1250 in February 2024. The formal economy was described as being in a "near standstill".{{cite news |date=12 September 2023|title=Sudan war causes daily economic loss of $80 million |url=https://www.dabangasudan.org/en/all-news/article/daily-economic-loss-of-sudan-war-estimated-at-80-million |work=Radio Dabanga |access-date=12 September 2023}} Gold production was also reduced to just 2 tons from the previous year's output of 18 tons.{{cite news |date=14 September 2023 |title=Gold production in Sudan dwindles to two tons due to ongoing conflict |url=https://sudantribune.com/article277271/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240521202047/https://sudantribune.com/article277271/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=21 May 2024 |work=Sudan Tribune |access-date=15 September 2023 }} Sudanese minister for minerals Mohamed Bashir Abu Nammu accused the RSF of looting around 15 tons of silver and 1,273 kilograms of gold from the Sudan Gold Refinery at the start of the conflict.{{cite news |date=20 February 2024 |title=Sudanese minister accuses RSF of looting gold and silver |url=https://sudantribune.com/article282483/ |work=Sudan Tribune |access-date=22 February 2024 }}

In February 2024, finance minister Gibril Ibrahim said that the Sudanese economy had contracted by 40 per cent in 2023 due to the fighting, with an additional decline of 28 per cent expected in 2024. He added that state revenues had also decreased by 80 per cent.{{cite news |date=29 February 2024 |title=Sudan's economy contracts 40% as war rages |url=https://www.africanews.com/2024/02/28/sudans-economy-contracts-40-as-war-rages/ |work=Africanews |access-date=1 March 2024 }} Sudanese port authorities estimated that international trade had fallen by 23 per cent in 2023. The Sudanese finance ministry was unable to set a national budget for 2023 or 2024 and stopped issuing quarterly reports. It also raised the exchange rate for imports and exports from SDG650 to SDG950. The fighting also rendered more than 60 per cent of Sudan's agricultural land out of service, according to Fikra for Studies and Development.{{cite news |date=25 February 2024 |title=Economy another victim of the war in impoverished Sudan |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20240225-economy-another-victim-of-war-in-impoverished-sudan |work=France 24 |access-date=25 February 2024 }}

In May 2024, The Wall Street Journal reported that both the RSF and SAF were using revenue from the sale of gum arabic, which is primarily grown in Sudan, to finance their operations.{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/world/how-soda-chocolate-and-chewinggumare-funding-war-insudan-535a7686?mod=mhp|title=How Chocolate, Soda and Chewing Gum Are Funding War in Sudan|date=May 23, 2024|first1=Alexandra|last1=Wexler|first2=Nicholas|last2=Bariyo|newspaper=The Wall Street Journal |access-date=May 23, 2024}}

The suspension of USAID funding in 2025 significantly reduced cash assistance, which grassroots emergency response groups relied on to sustain food kitchens. The crisis also impacted neighboring countries, with over two million Sudanese refugees facing deteriorating conditions.

A senior official from the U.N. World Food Programme warned in April 2025 that Sudan was facing the world’s worst humanitarian crisis, with nearly 25 million people experiencing extreme hunger, over 12 million displaced, and at least 20,000 confirmed dead. It is considered to be under-reported in mainstream media.{{Cite report |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep61321 |title=Wake up: The Worst Humanitarian Crisis on Earth is in Sudan |last1=Hargis |first1=Shirley Martey |last2=Sexton |first2=Mike |date=2024 |publisher=Third Way}} Observers call for an increase of humanitarian aid, the enforcement of international law to protect humanitarian workers, the establishment of clear pathways for refugees to seek safety, as well as halting the delivery of weapons to the RSF by the United Arab Emirates.{{Cite web |last=MPAC |date=2024-08-28 |title=The Human Cost of Silence: The World Has Failed Sudan |url=https://www.mpac.org/article/the-human-cost-of-silence-the-world-has-failed-sudan/ |access-date=2025-05-10 |website=Muslim Public Affairs Council |language=en-US}}

Throughout the Sudan conflict, both the SAF and RSF waged aggressive disinformation campaigns, using social media to manipulate public opinion, spread false narratives, and bolster their own images.{{cite web |last=Suleiman |first=Ali Sam |date=19 May 2023 |title=How Disinformation Campaigns Endanger Lives in Sudan |url=https://smex.org/how-disinformation-campaigns-endanger-lives-in-sudan/ |access-date=28 July 2023 |website=SMEX |language=en-US}}{{Cite web |last=Malashenko |first=Uliana |date=27 April 2023 |title=Fact Check: Video Does NOT Show 'Sudan Rapid Support Force' In Control Of 'Khartoum International Airport And Military Base' On April 15, 2023 |url=https://leadstories.com/hoax-alert/2023/04/fact-check-video-does-not-show-sudan-rapid-support-force-in-control-of-khartoum-international-airport-and-military-base.html |access-date=4 May 2023 |website=Lead Stories |language=en-US |archive-date=30 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230630183409/https://leadstories.com/hoax-alert/2023/04/fact-check-video-does-not-show-sudan-rapid-support-force-in-control-of-khartoum-international-airport-and-military-base.html |url-status=live}} The RSF ran digital propaganda teams from Khartoum and Dubai, using verified social media accounts to distribute misleading content.{{cite web |title=The Very Sophisticated Disinformation War in Sudan |url=https://intpolicydigest.org/the-platform/the-very-sophisticated-disinformation-war-in-sudan/ |access-date=28 July 2023 |website=International Policy Digest |language=en-US}} The SAF used Twitter for morale-boosting and to counter RSF claims, though some of its posts were proven false.{{cite web |last=Momanyi |first=Kevin Philips |title=Misinformation in Sudan conflict fact-checked – TRT Afrika |url=http://www.trtafrika.com/africa/misinformation-in-sudan-conflict-fact-checked-13053410 |access-date=28 July 2023 |website=Misinformation in Sudan conflict fact-checked}}{{cite web |date=27 April 2023 |title=Sudan crisis: Don't fall for these misleading images and claims |url=https://www.euronews.com/2023/04/27/sudan-crisis-dont-fall-for-these-misleading-images-and-claims-on-social-media |access-date=28 July 2023 |publisher=Euronews}}

Widespread disinformation included recycled footage from video games, past conflicts like Ukraine and Libya, and even archaeological props misrepresented as war crimes.{{cite web |last=Rickett |first=Oscar |date=2 June 2023 |title=Sudan's RSF raids museum and declares ancient skeletons murder victims |url=https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/sudan-rsf-museum-skeleton-remains-murder-bashir |access-date=16 June 2023 |website=Middle East Eye |language=en-US |archive-date=16 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230616113953/https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/sudan-rsf-museum-skeleton-remains-murder-bashir |url-status=live}} For instance, SAF posted a video allegedly showing recent air operations, which was actually from the video game Arma 3.{{Cite news |title=wahdat altahaquq bialjazirat mubashir takshif haqiqat maqatie fidyu nasharaha aljaysh alsuwdaniu wawasayil 'iielam (fidyu) |script-title=ar:وحدة التحقق بالجزيرة مباشر تكشف حقيقة مقاطع فيديو نشرها الجيش السوداني ووسائل إعلام (فيديو) |language=ar |trans-title=The Al-Jazeera Mubasher Verification Unit reveals the truth about video clips published by the Sudanese army and media (video) |work=Al Jazeera |url=https://mubasher.aljazeera.net/news/politics/2023/4/16/%d9%88%d8%ad%d8%af%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%aa%d8%ad%d9%82%d9%82-%d8%a8%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ac%d8%b2%d9%8a%d8%b1%d8%a9-%d9%85%d8%a8%d8%a7%d8%b4%d8%b1-%d8%aa%d9%83%d8%b4%d9%81-%d8%ad%d9%82%d9%8a%d9%82%d8%a9-3 |url-status=live |access-date=17 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230417084525/https://mubasher.aljazeera.net/news/politics/2023/4/16/%D9%88%D8%AD%D8%AF%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%82-%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A9-%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%B1-%D8%AA%D9%83%D8%B4%D9%81-%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82%D8%A9-3 |archive-date=17 April 2023}} The SAF also circulated altered images, including a fabricated photo of Hemedti hospitalized in Nairobi.{{Cite news |date=19 April 2023 |title=Partly False: Two of these photos are not from the April 2023 Sudan unrest |url=https://pesacheck.org/partly-false-two-of-these-photos-are-not-from-the-april-2023-sudan-unrest-45c170e197de |access-date=21 April 2023 |website=Medium |archive-date=23 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230423004144/https://pesacheck.org/partly-false-two-of-these-photos-are-not-from-the-april-2023-sudan-unrest-45c170e197de?gi=fa0bc22d4f69 |url-status=live}}{{cite web |date=16 June 2023 |title=ما حقيقة وجود حميدتي بالمستشفى الرئاسي بالعاصمة الكينية نيروبي؟ |url=https://www.juhainah.net/ar/3289/ |access-date=28 July 2023 |website=جهينة |language=ar}}

The RSF shared footage of a SAF and Egyptian Air Force warplane reportedly shot down by the RSF found to be that of an Su-25 fighter jet that crashed in Mali,{{cite web |date=21 September 2023 |title=Battles continue around SAF General Command in Khartoum |url=https://www.dabangasudan.org/en/all-news/article/battles-continue-around-saf-general-command-in-khartoum |access-date=22 September 2023 |website=Radio Dabanga |language=en-GB}} and the other of a Libyan aircraft taken outside Sudan in 2020.{{cite web |date=30 November 2023 |title='Downed Sudan jet' video fake |url=https://www.dabangasudan.org/en/all-news/article/downed-sudan-jet-video-fake |access-date=1 December 2023 |website=Radio Dabanga |language=en-GB}}

The RSF also sent bulletins to UK politicians with the help of Dubai-based Capital Tap Holdings, aiming to counter what it called "disproportionate" disinformation.{{cite web |last1=Blackall |first1=Molly |last2=Holmes |first2=Richard |date=5 May 2023 |title='Ethical' private equity firm helped a notorious Sudan militia to lobby UK MPs |url=https://inews.co.uk/news/ethical-private-equity-firm-dubai-sudan-militia-lobby-uk-mps-2319805 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230507115419/https://inews.co.uk/news/ethical-private-equity-firm-dubai-sudan-militia-lobby-uk-mps-2319805 |archive-date=7 May 2023 |access-date=12 May 2023 |website=i}} Facebook removed RSF pages in August 2024, citing policy violations. The RSF blamed SAF for instigating the ban and said it was negotiating with Meta to restore its accounts.{{cite web |date=11 August 2023 |title=Facebook removes RSF pages from its platforms |url=https://sudantribune.com/article276051/ |access-date=11 August 2023 |website=Sudan Tribune |language=en-GB |archive-date=12 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230812140025/https://sudantribune.com/article276051/ |url-status=dead}}

The conflict's information space has been further destabilized by false claims against organizations like the Sudanese Doctors Syndicate{{cite web |date=5 July 2023 |title=Sudan's Doctors Falsely Accused of Siding with the Rapid Support Forces – Social Media Monitoring, July 2023 – Sudan |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/sudan/sudans-doctors-falsely-accused-siding-rapid-support-forces-social-media-monitoring-july-2023 |access-date=28 July 2023 |website=reliefweb.int}} and by deepfake-like imagery. Disinformation experts, including Kyle Walter of Logically, warned that generative AI may be fueling the sophistication of fake content, undermining trust in all sources of information.

In response to ceasefire violations and human rights abuses in Sudan, U.S. President Joe Biden issued an executive order on 4 May 2023 authorizing sanctions against actors destabilizing the country.{{cite news |date=4 May 2023 |title=Biden authorizes future sanctions tied to the conflict in Sudan |url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/05/04/politics/biden-sudan-conflict-future-sanctions/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230506030041/https://www.cnn.com/2023/05/04/politics/biden-sudan-conflict-future-sanctions/index.html |archive-date=6 May 2023 |access-date=5 May 2023 |publisher=CNN}} The first sanctions followed in June, targeting companies linked to both the SAF and RSF, along with visa restrictions on unnamed individuals.{{cite news |date=1 June 2023 |title=US imposes first sanctions over Sudan conflict |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/6/1/us-imposes-first-sanctions-over-sudan-conflict |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230604120503/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/6/1/us-imposes-first-sanctions-over-sudan-conflict |archive-date=4 June 2023 |access-date=2 June 2023 |work=Aljazeera}}

Subsequent rounds of sanctions included RSF leaders Abdul Rahim Dagalo and Abdel Rahman Jumma (accused of killing West Darfur's governor), Islamist leader Ali Karti,{{cite web |last=Jeffreys |first=Jack |date=29 September 2023 |title=US imposes sanctions on former Sudanese minister and 2 companies backing the paramilitary force |url=https://apnews.com/article/sudan-war-conflict-sanctions-3712c01b80709b60703abc87db4392fa |access-date=29 September 2023 |website=Associated Press |language=en-GB}} firms in Sudan and Russia, and former Bashir regime officials involved in RSF support or coup plots.{{cite web |date=4 December 2023 |title=U.S. sanctions former Sudanese officials for undermining peace and stability |url=https://sudantribune.com/article280033/ |access-date=5 December 2023 |website=Sudan Tribune |language=en-GB}} In May 2024, more RSF commanders were sanctioned for violence in North and Central Darfur.{{cite web |date=29 September 2023 |title=New US sanctions target 'contributors to Sudan's instability' |url=https://www.dabangasudan.org/en/all-news/article/new-us-sanctions-target-those-who-contributed-to-sudans-instability |access-date=30 September 2023 |website=Radio Dabanga |language=en-GB}}{{cite web |date=15 May 2024 |title=U.S. sanctions RSF commanders over civilian deaths in Darfur |url=https://sudantribune.com/article285602/ |access-date=16 May 2024 |website=Sudan Tribune}}

Facing growing pressure from U.S. lawmakers, the Biden administration considered declaring RSF atrocities as genocide and tightening sanctions—especially due to the UAE's alleged role in smuggling Sudanese gold to fund the RSF.{{cite news |date=18 December 2024 |title=Biden team's big push on Sudan |url=https://www.politico.com/newsletters/national-security-daily/2024/12/18/biden-teams-big-push-on-sudan-00194899 |work=Politico}}{{cite news |date=17 December 2024 |title=Risch, Warner, Colleagues Push Biden Administration to Hold External Actors Accountable for Exacerbating Sudan Crisis |url=https://www.foreign.senate.gov/press/rep/release/risch-warner-colleagues-push-biden-administration-to-hold-external-actors-accountable-for-exacerbating-sudan-crisis |work=The US Foreign Relations Committee}}{{cite news |date=17 December 2024 |title=Senate letter to President Joe Biden |url=https://www.warner.senate.gov/public/_cache/files/f/a/faf112be-6038-4147-8b4d-75e9dec61008/60F5BF4EC1CD7CB9BA8628BDEEF1D0BB0E994C7B60E1CA5C1409FB85C88DA4B9.warner-risch-letter-to-potus-re-sudan-gold-12.17.2024.pdf |work=The United States Senate}} On 7 January 2025, the U.S. said it had determined that the RSF and allied militias committed genocide in Sudan and imposed sanctions on RSF leader Hemedti and affiliated entities to hold them accountable for systematic atrocities and reaffirmed support for Sudanese civil society and a peaceful, democratic future. However, critics said the measures came too late and would have limited impact.{{cite news |date=9 January 2025 |title=U.S. Declares Genocide in Sudan. Critics Say Biden Acted Too Late. |url=https://www.wsj.com/world/africa/u-s-declares-genocide-in-sudan-critics-say-biden-acted-too-late-3788a9c9 |newspaper=The Wall Street Journal}}{{cite news |date=7 January 2025 |title=Treasury Sanctions Sudanese Paramilitary Leader, Weapons Supplier, and Related Companies |url=https://home.treasury.gov/news/press-releases/jy2772 |work=US Treasury Department}} One affiliated entity that received sanctions was a UAE LLC; according to Watan, in response, the UAE began lobbying in Washington to avoid direct sanctions.{{cite news |date=26 January 2025 |title=UAE Mobilizes Lobbyists to Counter U.S. Sanctions Over Sudan Civil War Support |url=https://www.watanserb.com/en/2025/01/26/uae-mobilizes-lobbyists-to-counter-u-s-sanctions-over-sudan-civil-war-support/ |newspaper=Watan}} The UAE launched an investigation into the entities and reported that none of these seven companies hold a valid commercial license in the UAE or conduct any business activities within the country.{{cite web|url=https://gulfnews.com/uae/government/uae-confirms-7-us-sanctioned-firms-lack-licences-do-not-operate-locally-1.500083039|title=UAE confirms 7 US-sanctioned firms lack licences, do not operate locally|publisher=Gulf News|date=4 April 2025}}

On 22 May 2025, the US announced new sanctions on Sudan over the SAF's use of chemical weapons against the RSF.{{cite web |date=23 May 2025 |title=US says Sudan used chemical weapons in war as it issues new sanctions |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cwynkdyk14zo |access-date=23 May 2025 |publisher=BBC}}

On 12 July 2023, the United Kingdom announced sanctions on firms linked to the SAF and the RSF for providing funds and weapons in the conflict.{{cite web |date=12 July 2023 |title=War in Sudan has displaced over three million people, says UN |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20230712-un-wants-sudan-sides-held-to-account-as-3-million-flee |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230719121709/https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20230712-un-wants-sudan-sides-held-to-account-as-3-million-flee |archive-date=19 July 2023 |access-date=13 July 2023 |website=France 24}} On 15 April 2024, Canada imposed sanctions on two individuals and four entities linked to the SAF and the RSF.{{cite web |date=16 April 2024 |title=Canada sanctions individuals and entities affiliated with Sudan warring parties |url=https://www.dabangasudan.org/en/all-news/article/canada-sanctions-individuals-and-entities-affiliated-with-sudan-warring-parties |access-date=16 April 2024 |website=Radio Dabanga}} On 23 June 2024, the European Union imposed sanctions on six entities for manufacturing and procuring weapons for the SAF and the RSF.{{Cite news |date=24 June 2024 |title=RSF accuses SAF of 'criminal act' as Khartoum Bahri power station burns |url=https://www.dabangasudan.org/en/all-news/article/eu-imposes-sanctions-on-six-sudan-entities |access-date=25 June 2024 |work=Radio Dabanga}}

On 6 March 2025, Canada imposed sanctions on al-Burhan and Hemedti, due to "an unwillingness on the part of the leaders to negotiate an end to the war".{{cite web |date=6 March 2025 |title=Canada slaps tighter sanctions on El Burhan, Hemedti for 'unwillingness to negotiate end to Sudan war' |url=https://www.dabangasudan.org/en/all-news/article/candada-slaps-tighter-sanctions-on-el-burhan-hemedti-for-unwillingness-to-negotiate-end-to-sudan-war |website=Radio Dabanga}}

• The Root Causes of Sudan's Civil Wars, a 2003 book by Douglas H. Johnson.{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U-PuCbRr4tcC&dq=Sudan+Douglas+Johnson&pg=PR1|title=The Root Causes of Sudan's Civil Wars|first=Douglas Hamilton|last=Johnson|date=29 March 2003|publisher=International African Institute|isbn=978-0-85255-392-3 |via=Google Books}} The book provides insights into the historical roots of the conflict and the ongoing struggles in South Sudan, including the reasons for the continued fighting.
• Sudan's Unfinished Democracy: The Promise and Betrayal of a People's Revolution, a 2022 book by Willow Berridge, Justin Lynch, Raga Makawi, and Alex de Waal.{{Cite web|url=https://www.hurstpublishers.com/book/sudans-unfinished-democracy/|title=Sudan's Unfinished Democracy |publisher=Hurst Publishers}} It examines the 2019 uprising that ousted long-time dictator Omar al-Bashir, the subsequent fragile regime, and the events leading to the 2021 military coup and the current conflict.
• Sudan, Remember Us, a 2024 documentary film directed by Hind Meddeb{{cite web |last=Rosser |first=Michael |title=Civil war documentary 'Sudan, Remember Us' acquired for MENA ahead of Venice premiere (exclusive) |url=https://www.screendaily.com/news/civil-war-documentary-sudan-remember-us-acquired-for-mena-ahead-of-venice-premiere-exclusive/5196049.article |website=Screen Daily |access-date=3 November 2024 |date=7 August 2024}}
• Khartoum, a 2025 documentary film by several Sudanese filmmakers{{Cite web |date=17 December 2024 |title=Khartoum |url=https://cineuropa.org/film/471911/ |access-date=13 January 2025 |website=Cineuropa |language=en}}

{{portal|Africa}}

{{div col|colwidth=25em}}

• Sudanese Civil War, an index of three major civil wars that occurred in Sudan's history, as well as other separate conflicts in Sudan.
• New Sudan
• Janjaweed (Janjaweed Coalition)
• Democracy in Africa
• Human rights in Sudan
• War in Darfur
• Darfur genocide
• 2021 Sudan coup d'état
• Timeline of the Sudanese civil war (2023)
• Timeline of the Sudanese civil war (2024)
• Timeline of the Sudanese civil war (2025)
• {{section link|Genocide of Indigenous peoples|Darfur}}
• {{section link|Genocides in history (21st century)|Darfur}}
• List of civil wars
• List of conflicts in Africa
• List of ethnic cleansing campaigns
• List of genocides
• List of ongoing armed conflicts
• List of wars: 2003–present
• Sudanese National Forces Coordination

{{div col end}}

{{reflist}}

• {{Commons category-inline}}

{{Sudanese civil war (2023–present)}}

{{Post-Cold War African conflicts}}

{{Sudanese coups}}

{{Coup d'état}}

{{Sudanese Revolution}}

{{Sudan topics}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sudan, 2023-present}}

Category:2020s conflicts

Category:2020s in Sudan

2023

Category:Coup-based civil wars

War

2023

Category:Wars involving Ukraine