:Tourism in Hawaii

File:1785 Cook - Bligh Map of Hawaii - Geographicus - Hawaii-cook-1785.jpg or Henry Roberts]]

Hawaii was first populated between 1000 and 1200 AD by people of Polynesian origin.{{cite journal |last=Kirch |first=Patrick |title=When did the Polynesians Settle Hawaii? A review of 150 years of scholarly inquiry. |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/260248796 |journal=Hawaiian Archaeology |volume=12 |pages=3–26 |date=2011}} Subsequent Western contact began as a consequence of European Enlightenment exploration and was continued by Protestant ministers of New England origin in the early 19th century.

According to Hawaiian tradition, a vessel wrecked at Keʻei near Kealakekua Bay in the 1560s with only two survivors: the captain and his sister. Their penitent posture led to the naming of the place as Kūlou; they later intermarried with the native population and their descendants became prominent chiefs. The timing coincides with the voyage of a small fleet of three vessels commanded by Álvaro de Saavedra Cerón, who departed Mexico on October 31, 1569; during that voyage, two ships disappeared after a storm.{{cite web |url=https://evols.library.manoa.hawaii.edu/bitstream/handle/10524/980/OP01.pdf |title=The relations between the Hawaiian Island and Spanish America in early times |work=Papers of the Hawaiian Historical Society |date=January 28, 1892 |author=Alexander, W.D. |access-date=27 February 2020}}{{cite book |url=https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/011590406 |title=History of the Hawaiian or Sandwich Islands, embracing their antiquities, mythology, legends, discovery by Europeans in the sixteenth century, re-discovery by Cook, with their civil, religious and political history, from the earlies traditionary period to the present time |author=Jarves, James Jackson |author-link=James Jackson Jarves |date=1843 |publisher=Tappan and Dennet |location=Boston, Massachusetts |access-date=27 February 2020}}{{rp|103}}

File:The Capture of the 'Nuestra Señora de Cavadonga' by the 'Centurion', 20 June 1743 RMG BHC0360.tiff captures the galleon Nuestra Señora de Covadonga in 1743 (painting by Samuel Scott, before 1772)]]

Spaniard Juan Gaetano, who had served as the pilot of a 1522 expedition led by Ruy López de Villalobos, reportedly discovered the Hawaiian Islands during that voyage. The official narrative of the voyage reported that a group of islands were found after approximately 30 days of sailing west from Mexico, which were named the Islas del Rey; these were later speculated to be the Caroline Islands or Marshall Islands, not Hawaii. The coordinates of Gaetano's discovery were not reported outside the Spanish Empire until 1743, when a manuscript chart was captured from the annual treasure galleon by {{ship|HMS|Centurion|1732|6}}, commanded by Captain George Anson; although the latitude was approximately correct and the physical features were similar to the Hawaiian Islands, the longitude was 17° east of the actual position of Hawaii. The Spanish Hydrographical Department reported in 1865 that an ancient manuscript chart confirmed Gaetano's discovery from 1555, which he had named Islas de Mesa.{{rp|98–99}} continues as to whether the Spanish visited the islands before James Cook.

{{multiple image |direction=vertical |total_width=300 |align=left

|image1=1748 Seale Map of the Pacific Ocean w- Trade Routes from Acapulco to Manila - Geographicus - PacificOcean-ansonseale-1748.jpg

|caption1=Plate XLI from A Voyage Round the World (1748); the island of La Mesa (Hawaii) is shown at 100.5°E longitude

|image2=A general chart exhibiting the discoveries made by Captain James Cook in this and his two preceeding voyages with the tracks of the ships under his command. By Lieutenant Roberts of his Majesty's Navy. RMG D4761.tiff

|caption2=World map drawn by Lt. Henry Roberts tracing Cook's three voyages (1785)

}}

{{main|James Cook|Battle of Kealakekua Bay|Death of James Cook}}

In 1748, Anson published a redrawn version of the captured chart in A Voyage Round the World,{{cite book |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/voyageroundworld00walt/page/n6/mode/2up |title=A Voyage Round the World, In the Years MDCCXL, I, II, III, IV. |chapter=Plate XLI: A Chart of the Pacific Ocean from the Equinoctial to the Latitude of 39½^d No. |author=Anson, George |date=1748 |publisher=John and Paul Knapton |location=London |access-date=27 February 2020}} [http://www.darvillsrareprints.com/Anson%20Voyage%20Around%20the%20World%201740-1744%201748.htm Direct link to scan of Plate XLI] one of the best-selling books of its day.{{cite journal |doi=10.25290/prinunivlibrchro.64.2.0289 |title=George Anson's Voyage Round the World: The Making of a Best-Seller |author=Williams, Glyn |date=Winter 2003 |volume=64 |number=2 |pages=289–312 |journal=The Princeton University Library Chronicle}} Anson's chart showed the Pacific to be relatively barren, but the three voyages of James Cook would add significant detail.{{cite web |url=http://www.portcities.org.uk/london/server/show/ConNarrative.51/chapterId/747/Captain-James-Cook.html |title=Cook and the Pacific voyages |website=Port Cities: London |access-date=27 February 2020}}

File:King Kalaniopuu Greeting Cook 1781.png

The first recorded western visitor to Hawaii was Captain James Cook on his fatal third and final voyage in the Pacific. Cook's ships first sighted Niihau and Kauai on January 19, 1778, and anchored near Waimea the following evening. As described by James Jackson Jarves in 1843, during the first visit "the natives manifested the greatest respect and kindness toward their visitors, and both parties indulged in a lucrative trade, yet [the natives'] propensity for thieving was continually manifested ... Theft or lying were to them no crimes. Success in either was a virtue, and it was not until several severe lessons, in regard to the enormity of the former had been received, that their discretion got the better of temptation." He went on to add "the commander manifested a laudable humanity, in endeavoring to shield the population from the evil effects which so inevitably result from connection between foreign seamen and the native females. But his efforts were vain. If the discipline of his own crew could have been strictly enforced, the eagerness of the women was not to be repressed."{{rp|107–109}}

Cook's fleet departed on February 2, returning to Hawaii in November, when they began resupplying their ships and mapping the coastline. They anchored in Kealakekua Bay in January 1779, and stayed for 19 days; although they departed on February 6, they were forced to return for repairs on February 11. A series of misunderstandings would lead Cook to attempt to kidnap the aliʻi nui of the island of Hawaii, Kalaniʻōpuʻu, resulting in Cook's death.

File:Whaler Benjamin Tucker in Honolulu, by Dr. Stangenwald.jpg

Prominent 19th-century travelers to Hawaii included journalist Isabella Bird,{{cite book|last=Bird|first=Isabella|title=The Hawaiian Archipelago|year=1875|publisher=John Murray|location=London|page=473|url=http://webapp1.dlib.indiana.edu/vwwp/view?docId=VAB7074}} along with a number of American and British authors. Tourist visits remained around 2,000 per year from 1872 to 1898. American writers include Mark Twain aboard the Ajax as a travel journalist with the Sacramento Daily Union in 1866,{{cite news |url=https://cdnc.ucr.edu/?a=d&d=SDI18660309.2.9 |title=City and County Official Paper |date=March 9, 1866 |newspaper=Stockton Daily Independent |access-date=27 February 2020 |quote=Mark Twain left on Wednesday in the steamer Ajax, for the Sandwich Islands. While there he will write letters to the Sacramento Union.}}{{cite web |title =Samuel Clemens |publisher =PBS:The West |url =https://www.pbs.org/weta/thewest/people/a_c/clemens.htm |access-date = 2007-08-25 }} and Herman Melville, who deserted from his whaler in 1843 and later found passage back to the mainland that summer aboard {{ship|USS|United States|1797|6}}.{{cite journal |doi=10.2307/359432 |title=Herman Melville in Honolulu |author=Forsythe, Robert S. |date=March 1935 |journal=The New England Quarterly |volume=8 |number=1 |pages=99–105|jstor=359432 }}{{cite magazine |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/voyage-french-polynesia-herman-melville-course-write-moby-dick-180972525/ |title=How a voyage to French Polynesia set Herman Melville on the course to write 'Moby-Dick' |author=Vollman, William T. |author2=Herok, Irenaeus (photographer) |date=July 2019 |magazine=Smithsonian Magazine |access-date=27 February 2020}} Twain's unfinished novel of Hawaii was incorporated into his A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court, with King Arthur bearing striking similarities to Kamehameha V, the first reigning monarch Twain was to meet. The "modernizing" potential offered by the Connecticut Yankee from the future is a satire of the potentially negative Protestant Missionary influence on Hawaiian life. Melville's writing of the Pacific includes Typee and Omoo (considered factual travel accounts when published) and his Pacific experiences would develop into the portrayal of Queequeg in Moby-Dick.

British writers include the Scot Robert Louis Stevenson, whose subsequent In the South Seas was published based on his voyages.In the South Seas (1896) & (1900) Chatto & Windus; republished by The Hogarth Press (1987). A collection of Stevenson's articles and essays on his travels in the Pacific During his stay in the islands, he wrote a stunning defense of Father Damien's work with the lepers of Kalaupapa against the politicized views of Father Damien's Protestant detractors. Consequently, Hawai{{okina}}i is home to the eponymous Stevenson Middle School. Stevenson later died in Samoa.{{cite web|url=http://www.nls.uk/rlstevenson/pics/picture-i3.html|title=Stevenson's tomb|publisher=National Library of Scotland|access-date=2008-10-20|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081208193430/http://www.nls.uk/rlstevenson/pics/picture-i3.html|archive-date=2008-12-08}}

Regular commercial passenger, cargo, and mail service to Hawaii via steamship started in 1870 with the North Pacific Transportation Company of Australia. The Oceanic Steamship Company was incorporated by John D. Spreckels, son of sugar baron Claus Spreckels, on December 24, 1881, to establish a steamship line between San Francisco and Hawaii.{{cite news |url=https://cdnc.ucr.edu/?a=d&d=SDU18820123.2.25 |title=San Francisco: Items of Interest from the Metropolis |date=January 23, 1882 |newspaper=Sacramento Daily Union |access-date=26 February 2020}} Oceanic signed a contract in July 1882 with William Cramp & Sons for two "first-class iron steamships" intended for the Honolulu route;{{cite news |url=https://cdnc.ucr.edu/?a=d&d=DAC18820713.2.4 |title=Two New Steamships To Be Built for the Honolulu Trade |date=July 13, 1882 |newspaper=Daily Alta California |access-date=26 February 2020}} these were completed in 1883 as the {{ship|SS|Alameda|1883|2}} and {{ship|SS|Mariposa|1883|2}}.{{cite news |url=https://cdnc.ucr.edu/?a=d&d=DAC18840201.2.34 |title=More New Steamers |date=February 1, 1884 |newspaper=Daily Alta California |access-date=26 February 2020}} Spreckels traveled to the East Coast intending to contract for the building of two more steamships, but returned in March 1886 after having purchased {{ship|SS|Zealandia|1875|2}} and {{ship|SS|Australia|1874|2}} from John Elder & Company.{{cite news |url=https://cdnc.ucr.edu/?a=d&d=DAC18860303.2.90 |title=The Oceanic Company: Return of President John D. Spreckels from the East |date=March 3, 1886 |newspaper=Daily Alta California |access-date=27 February 2020}}

William Matson had served as captain of Claus Spreckels's yacht (named Lurline) and in turn, Spreckels helped Matson purchase his first ship, the {{ship|SS|Emma Claudina||2}} (named for Spreckels's daughter), which made its first voyage to Hawaii in 1882.{{cite magazine |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RT8fAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA615 |title=Growing Up with Hawaii |author=Bixby, Arthur E. |date=December 1924 |pages=615–619 |magazine=Pacific Marine Review: The National Magazine of Shipping |volume=XX |number=12 |access-date=28 February 2020}} Matson would go on to found the Matson Navigation Company, whose genesis was in the first {{ship|SS|Lurline|brigantine|2}}, purchased to replace the smaller Emma Claudina; that first Lurline was sold to Matson by Spreckels and undertook a two-month maiden sail from San Francisco to Hawaii in 1887, marking the start of Matson's commercial passenger service to the Hawaiian Islands.{{cite news |url=https://cdnc.ucr.edu/?a=d&d=SPNP19330128.2.38 |title=New Liner Lurline is Given Harbor Welcome |date=January 28, 1933 |newspaper=San Pedro News Pilot |access-date=26 February 2020}}

File:Fort and King Streets, Honolulu, photograph by Frank Davey (PP-38-6-005).jpg

19th-century development in Hawaii played a big part in the increase of tourism that continued into the 21st century. In 1888, a writer for the Los Angeles Herald extolled "culture, refinement, and a hospitality so cordial that one scarcely meets it elsewhere" joined with "the island air that is kept pure and sweet by the gentle trade winds' refreshing currents".{{cite news |url=https://cdnc.ucr.edu/?a=d&d=LAH18880325.2.72 |title=The Great Volcano |date=March 25, 1888 |newspaper=Los Angeles Herald |access-date=26 February 2020}} Advanced technologies including cars, marketing, hotels, and shopping malls allow vacationers to visit a modernized tropical island, which contributes heavily to steady growth in tourism. Conversely, the Native Hawaiian population continues to decrease, resulting in a loss of authentic Hawaiian culture on the islands, similar to other Oceanian islands.Tracie Ku'uipo Losch & Momi Kamahele, Hawai'i: Center of the Pacific(The Contemporary Pacific, Vol. 5, No. 1, 1993),495–499.

In 1907, Jack London and his wife Charmian sailed to Hawaii, learning the "royal sport" of surfing and travelling by horseback to Haleakalā and Hana, as chronicled in his book The Cruise of the Snark. 1929 saw 22,000 tourists visit Hawaii, while the number of tourists exceeded 1 million for the first time in 1967.{{cite journal|last=Merrit|first=Clifton|title=Why shipping live pigs to Hawaii did not end with the ancient Polynesians & Captain Cook|journal=Animal People| date=October 2011 |url=http://www.animalpeoplenews.org/anp/2011/11/19/why-shipping-live-pigs-to-hawaii-did-not-end-with-the-ancient-polynesians-captain-cook/|access-date=23 February 2012}}

File:Cover of Royal Hawaiian Hotel banquet menu for the first voyage of the S. S. Malolo.JPG banquet menu cover celebrating the maiden voyage of {{ship|SS|Malolo}}, painted by Arman Manookian]]

The second {{ship|SS|Lurline|1908|6}}, completed in 1908, was the first steamship built for Matson; she was designed to accommodate passengers (51) in addition to cargo.{{cite web |url=https://oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/c8wm1frd/entire_text/ |title=A Guide to the Matson Navigation Company book of data sheets |date=2013 |publisher=Online Archive of California |access-date=25 February 2020}}{{cite news |url=https://www.latimes.com/travel/la-tr-d-matson-intro-20151018-story.html |title=Has paradise disappeared? Chasing the Hawaiian ideal in modern Honolulu |author=Hamm, Catharine |date=October 17, 2015 |newspaper=Los Angeles Times |access-date=25 February 2020}} Matson added {{ship|SS|Wilhelmina||2}}, which made her maiden voyage from San Francisco to Honolulu in February 1910.{{cite news |url=https://cdnc.ucr.edu/?a=d&d=SFC19100211.2.111 |title=Sticks in Mud off Fishermen's Wharf |date=February 11, 1910 |newspaper=San Francisco Call |access-date=26 February 2020}} Both of these ships were named after the daughters of prominent executives: Lurline Matson, daughter of founder William Matson; and Wilhelmina Tenney, daughter of Edward Davies Tenney, the chairman of Castle & Cooke, the Honolulu agent for Matson.

By 1913, Matson was building more passenger liners for the Honolulu run, {{ship|SS|Manoa||2}} and {{ship|SS|Matsonia|1913|2}}.{{cite news |url=https://cdnc.ucr.edu/?a=d&d=SFC19130817.2.35 |title=New Matson Liner Matsonia Launched at Newport News |date=August 17, 1913 |newspaper=San Francisco Call |access-date=26 February 2020}}{{cite news |url=https://cdnc.ucr.edu/?a=d&d=SFC19131104.2.29 |title=Launch Manoa, New Matson Ship |date=November 4, 1913 |newspaper=San Francisco Call |access-date=26 February 2020}} Direct service from Hawaii to Los Angeles was established by Manoa in October 1914.{{cite news |url=https://cdnc.ucr.edu/?a=d&d=SPNP19141021.2.6 |title=Ship's Arrival Means Opening Big Commerce |date=October 21, 1914 |newspaper=San Pedro News Pilot |access-date=26 February 2020}} Another Matson steamship, {{ship|SS|Maui|1916|2}}, sister to Matsonia, was launched in 1916 at San Francisco, the largest passenger ship then constructed on the West Coast.{{cite news |url=https://cdnc.ucr.edu/?a=d&d=LAH19161223.2.270 |title=Giant Passenger Ship Is Launched |agency=Pacific News Service |date=December 23, 1916 |newspaper=Los Angeles Herald |access-date=26 February 2020}} However, Matson's Hawaiian routes were interrupted by World War I, as the government announced plans to requisition five ships in 1917;{{cite news |url=https://cdnc.ucr.edu/?a=d&d=HS19171018.2.114 |title=Matson Liners in Uncle Sam's Fleet |agency=United Press |date=October 18, 1917 |newspaper=Hanford Sentinel |access-date=26 February 2020}} that was later reduced to three: Wilhelmina, Matsonia, and Maui,{{cite news |date=November 1, 1917 |title=The Government Takes Over Three Steamers |newspaper=Vestkusten |url=https://cdnc.ucr.edu/?a=d&d=VEST19171101.2.6 |access-date=26 February 2020}} which served as troop transports before they were released in 1919.{{cite news |url=https://cdnc.ucr.edu/?a=d&d=DCS19190805.2.29 |title=Traffic Jam Is Broken Between S. F.-Honolulu |date=August 5, 1919 |newspaper=Colusa Daily Sun |access-date=26 February 2020}} Maui made 13 roundtrips to France, carrying 37,344 troops; Matsonia, 14 roundtrips (38,974); and Wilhelmina, 13 roundtrips (23,014).

Growth in tourist travel followed World War I. Matson opened its eponymous headquarters on Market Street in 1924, and conducted marine operations via berths and warehouses at Piers 30–32 in San Francisco; Castle & Cooke also moved into new offices in Honolulu at approximately the same time, and Matson ships docked at Aloha Pier, surrounding Aloha Tower. Matson acquired the Oceanic Steamship operation in May 1926, extending its reach past Hawaii to Australia and New Zealand,{{cite news |url=https://cdnc.ucr.edu/?a=d&d=SPNP19260304.2.18 |title=Matson Line Seeks To Buy Oceanic Line in Far East Service |agency=United Press |date=March 4, 1926 |newspaper=San Pedro News Pilot |access-date=27 February 2020}}{{cite news |url=https://cdnc.ucr.edu/?a=d&d=SPNP19260515.2.32 |title=Matson Line Buys Oceanic Ships; Get Four Vessels |date=May 15, 1926 |newspaper=San Pedro News Pilot |access-date=27 February 2020}} and introduced the {{ship|SS|Malolo}}, the first of its four "White Fleet" ocean liners for Hawaii service, in 1927;{{cite news |url=https://cdnc.ucr.edu/?a=d&d=SPDN19271109.2.12 |title=Thousands to Visit Malolo Here Thursday |date=November 9, 1927 |newspaper=San Pedro Daily News |access-date=26 February 2020}} at the time, she was the largest passenger steamship built in the United States.{{cite news |url=https://cdnc.ucr.edu/?a=d&d=SPNP19260626.2.15 |title=Largest Ship Built in U. S. Is Launched |date=June 26, 1926 |newspaper=San Pedro Daily News |access-date=26 February 2020}}{{cite news |url=https://cdnc.ucr.edu/?a=d&d=SPDN19260706.2.82 |title=Secretary Hoover Witnesses Launching of S. S. Malolo, Largest Built in U. S. |date=July 6, 1926 |newspaper=San Pedro Daily News |access-date=26 February 2020}} Malolo was one part of a three-pronged effort devised by William P. Roth, the son-in-law of Captain Matson and Matson's general manager, and E.D. Tenney, named president of Matson after Matson's death in 1917, to develop the modern Hawaiian tourist industry; a luxury hotel (completed in 1927 as the Royal Hawaiian, in partnership with the Territorial Hotel Company) and golf course (Waialae Country Club) would also help transform Hawaii into a premier resort destination.{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jhWW0SwDyv0C&pg=PA117 |title=Islands in Transition: The Past, Present, and Future of Hawaii's Economy |author=Hitch, Thomas Kemper |editor=Kamins, Robert M. |publisher=University of Hawaii Press |location=Honolulu |date=1992 |isbn=0-8248-1498-3 |access-date=27 February 2020}}{{rp|119–121}} However, Malolo had an inauspicious start to her career, colliding with the steamship {{ship|SS|Jacob Christensen||2}} in heavy fog during sea trials in May 1927;{{cite news |url=https://cdnc.ucr.edu/?a=d&d=SPNP19270525.2.22 |title=New $7,000,000 ship in crash off Nantucket |date=May 25, 1927 |newspaper=San Pedro News Pilot |access-date=27 February 2020}} despite the delay to inaugurating modern ocean liner service, annual tourist traffic to Hawaii jumped from 17,500 (1927) to 22,000 (1929) until the Great Depression started, cutting annual traffic to less than 11,000 tourists in 1932 and 1933.{{rp|120–121}}

File:SS Lurline at Honolulu in the 1930s.jpg in the background (1930s)]]

Matson would go on to build three sister ships to Malolo, all completed in 1932: {{ship|SS|Mariposa|1931|2}}, {{ship|SS|Monterey||2}}, and a third {{ship|SS|Lurline|1932|2}}. After Lurline completed her complicated {{convert|30000|mi|adj=on}} maiden voyage from New York around the Pacific Ocean in early 1933 Matson established regular Honolulu service with the four ships. Two-week voyages were operated by Malolo ("clockwise" on a Los Angeles—Hawaii—San Francisco route) and Lurline ("counter-clockwise" on a San Francisco—Hawaii—Los Angeles route); the subsidiary Matson-Oceanic lines operated Mariposa and Monterey on longer four-week cruises from San Francisco and Los Angeles to Australia and New Zealand via Hawaii.{{cite news |url=https://cdnc.ucr.edu/?a=d&d=SPNP19330126.2.157 |title=Matson Adopts New Schedule |date=January 26, 1933 |newspaper=San Pedro News Pilot |access-date=26 February 2020}} Matson purchased the assets of the Territorial Hotel Company in 1932, giving cruise passengers disembarking in Honolulu a choice from three hotels: the Moana, the Alexander Young, or the Royal Hawaiian.{{rp|121}} In 1934, a planned 88-day Pacific cruise aboard Malolo was canceled after heavy demand for passenger service to Hawaii tied up all of Matson's available ships;{{cite news |url=https://cdnc.ucr.edu/?a=d&d=SPNP19340717.2.156 |title=Heavy Traffic Cancels Cruise |date=July 17, 1934 |newspaper=San Pedro News Pilot |access-date=26 February 2020}} by 1941, tourist traffic had rebounded past pre-Depression levels, with 31,000 tourists visiting Hawaii that year.{{rp|121}}

Lurline was steaming from Honolulu to San Francisco during the attack on Pearl Harbor; she proceeded at full speed and returned to San Francisco on December 10.{{cite news |url=https://cdnc.ucr.edu/?a=d&d=MT19411210.2.11 |title=Matson Lurline Is Safe in Port |date=December 10, 1941 |newspaper=Madera Tribune |access-date=28 February 2020}} The United States's entry into World War II once again prompted the government to requisition Matson liners as troopships; all four "White Fleet" ships (Lurline, Mariposa, Matsonia [ex-Malolo],After {{ship|SS|Matsonia|1913}} was sold to the Alaska Packers' Association in 1937, {{ship|SS|Malolo||2}} was renamed Matsonia. Matsonia (1913) served as a troopship in both World Wars: in WWI as Matsonia and WWII as Etolin. and Monterey) served along with the older Maui.{{cite news |url=https://cdnc.ucr.edu/?a=d&d=SPNP19451112.2.26 |title=Three Matson Liners To Return Veterans |agency=AP |date=November 12, 1945 |newspaper=San Pedro News Pilot |access-date=26 February 2020}} Maui accommodated 1,650 passengers after refit;{{rp|45}} Lurline, 4,037;{{rp|198}} Matsonia (ex-Malolo), 2,976;{{rp|223}} Mariposa, 4,272;{{cite book |url=https://history.army.mil/documents/WWII/wwii_Troopships.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402123952/http://www.history.army.mil/documents/WWII/wwii_Troopships.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=April 2, 2015 |title=Troopships of World War II |author=Charles, Roland W. |date=April 1947 |publisher=The Army Transportation Association |location=Washington, D.C. |access-date=28 February 2020}}{{rp|222}} and Monterey was used to carry war brides and dependents.{{rp|361}} In addition, Matson converted a number of cargo vessels to troopships and operated others.

File:Steamer Day, Honolulu (postcard front).jpg

After the war, Matsonia (ex-Malolo) was the first to return to commercial service in May 1946,{{cite news |url=https://cdnc.ucr.edu/?a=d&d=SPNP19460411.2.17 |title=Hawaii Travel to Resume Next Month |date=April 11, 1946 |newspaper=San Pedro News Pilot |access-date=28 February 2020}}{{cite news |url=https://cdnc.ucr.edu/?a=d&d=SPNP19470322.2.14 |title=More Hawaii Run Ships Sought |date=March 22, 1947 |newspaper=San Pedro News Pilot |access-date=28 February 2020}} but she was laid up and sold in 1948 following the completion of the {{USD|18000000|1948|round=-5}} rebuild of Lurline.{{cite news |url=https://cdnc.ucr.edu/?a=d&d=SPNP19480327.2.7 |title=Matsonia to Be Retired From Run |date=March 27, 1948 |newspaper=San Pedro News Pilot |access-date=28 February 2020}}{{cite news |url=https://cdnc.ucr.edu/?a=d&d=SPNP19480329.2.121 |title=Maritime Notes: Matsonia's Last Call |date=March 29, 1948 |newspaper=San Pedro News Pilot |access-date=28 February 2020}}{{cite news |url=https://cdnc.ucr.edu/?a=d&d=MT19481217.2.103 |title=Matson Line Sells Former Luxury Ship |agency=U.P. |date=December 17, 1948 |newspaper=Madera Tribune |access-date=28 February 2020}} When Lurline arrived in Honolulu on April 21, 1948, after her maiden voyage following the rebuild, she was adorned with the longest lei ever made, {{convert|80|ft}} long using {{convert|1|mi}} of orange crêpe paper.{{cite news |url=https://cdnc.ucr.edu/?a=d&d=DS19760702.2.114 |title=Longest Lei |date=July 2, 1976 |newspaper=The Desert Sun |access-date=28 February 2020}}

A rebuild of Mariposa and Monterey was also announced; the rebuild would have given each ship the capacity for 726 passengers (488 first class and 238 cabin class), served by 437 crew.{{cite news |url=https://cdnc.ucr.edu/?a=d&d=SPNP19470314.2.58 |title=Maritime Notes |date=March 14, 1947 |newspaper=San Pedro News Pilot |access-date=28 February 2020}} However, the cost of the rebuild was higher than expected, and work was halted;{{cite news |url=https://cdnc.ucr.edu/?a=d&d=SPNP19480322.2.106 |title=Maritime Notes |date=March 22, 1948 |newspaper=San Pedro News Pilot |access-date=28 February 2020}}{{cite news |url=https://cdnc.ucr.edu/?a=d&d=MT19481119.2.99 |title=Navy Plans For Construction Of Cargo Ships |agency=UP |date=November 19, 1948 |newspaper=Madera Tribune |access-date=28 February 2020}} both ships remained in the reserve fleets at Alameda and Suisun.{{cite news |url=https://cdnc.ucr.edu/?a=d&d=SCS19490904.1.9 |title=Sea Was Like Glass, But 'Pass The Pills Matey' Heard Often |author=Wechter, Arnold |date=September 4, 1949 |newspaper=Santa Cruz Sentinel |access-date=28 February 2020}} Mariposa was sold in 1953{{cite news |url=https://cdnc.ucr.edu/?a=d&d=MT19530709.2.67 |title=Matson Line Gets Permit To Sell Liner |agency=UP |date=July 9, 1953 |newspaper=Madera Tribune |access-date=28 February 2020}} and Monterey was not repurchased by Matson until 1956;{{cite news |url=https://cdnc.ucr.edu/?a=d&d=SBS19560105.1.41 |title=Matson Will Bid for Liner to Add to Hawaii Service |agency=AP |date=January 5, 1956 |newspaper=San Bernardino Sun |access-date=28 February 2020}} later that year a new {{ship|SS|Mariposa|1952|2}} (ex-Pine Tree Mariner) and {{ship|SS|Monterey|1952|2}} (ex-Free State Mariner), both converted from cargo ships launched in 1952, entered service for Matson on their traditional California–Hawaii–Australia/New Zealand route.{{cite news |url=https://cdnc.ucr.edu/?a=d&d=MT19560322.2.70 |title=Two U.S. Liners for South Pacific |author=Parsons, Ronald |agency=UP |date=March 22, 1956 |newspaper=Madera Tribune |access-date=28 February 2020}} After Monterey (1932) was rebuilt at Newport News, she was renamed Matsonia and alternated with Lurline on the Hawaii run starting from June 1957{{cite news |url=https://cdnc.ucr.edu/?a=d&d=SBS19560619.1.5 |title=Shipping Companies Race to Win Boom in Business |date=June 19, 1956 |newspaper=San Bernardino Sun |access-date=28 February 2020}}{{cite news |url=https://cdnc.ucr.edu/?a=d&d=snb19570607-01.1.1 |title=Heading for Home Port |date=June 7, 1957 |newspaper=Shin Nichi Bei |access-date=28 February 2020}} until Lurline was sold in 1963. Matsonia (ex-Monterey) was renamed Lurline in December 1963 to carry on the name.{{cite news |url=https://cdnc.ucr.edu/?a=d&d=SCS19670108.1.26 |title=Lurline's Capt. Matthiesen to Command Matson's Fleet |date=January 8, 1967 |newspaper=Santa Cruz Sentinel |access-date=28 February 2020}} The advent of jetliner travel, cutting the five-day voyage from California to Hawaii down to a matter of hours and reducing the cost of travel, decimated cruise passenger traffic;{{cite news |url=https://cdnc.ucr.edu/?a=d&d=DS19800212.2.67 |title=Flight to Hawaii still escapes being hum-drum: From the days of ocean cruises to the high-flying hops |author=Johnson, Robert E. |date=February 12, 1980 |newspaper=The Desert Sun |access-date=28 February 2020}} Matson exited the passenger business altogether in 1970 and sold its last White Fleet liner, Lurline (ex-Matsonia, ex-Monterey).{{cite news |url=https://cdnc.ucr.edu/?a=d&d=SCS19700625.1.3 |title=Matson's Famed Luxury Liner Makes Final Pacific Voyage |date=June 25, 1970 |newspaper=Santa Cruz Sentinel |access-date=28 February 2020}}{{cite book |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WahHphYNEmMC&pg=SA4-PA12 |title=Training Manual: Military Sealift Command |chapter=4: U.S. Maritime Industry |pages=4–12 |date=June 1991 |publisher=Naval Education and Training Command, United States Navy |access-date=28 February 2020}}{{cite news |url=https://cdnc.ucr.edu/?a=d&d=SCS19780117.1.3 |title=Monterey to End U.S. Career |agency=AP |date=January 17, 1978 |newspaper=Santa Cruz Sentinel |access-date=28 February 2020}}

{{main|Aviation in Hawaii}}

{{multiple image |align=right |direction=vertical |total_width=220

|image1=PanAm Clipper Poster (19291812519).jpg

|caption1=Pan American Airways (1930s) via Honolulu Clipper

|image2=United Air Lines Hawaii Poster (19471602212).jpg

|caption2=United Air Lines (c. 1951) via Stratocruiser

|header=Posters advertising flight services to Hawaii}}

The United States Navy used two PN-9 seaplanes to attempt the first nonstop flight to Hawaii from mainland America in 1925; the aircraft, designated PN-9 Nos. 1 and 3, departed San Francisco on August 31 for Kahului, Maui.{{cite news |url=https://cdnc.ucr.edu/?a=d&d=SBS19250912.1.1 |title=Rodgers Reviews History of Flight |author=Rodgers, Cmdr. John |author-link=John Rodgers (naval officer, World War I) |date=September 12, 1925 |newspaper=San Bernardino Sun |access-date=25 February 2020}}{{cite news |url=https://cdnc.ucr.edu/?a=d&d=MT19250831.2.25 |title=Naval Plans Seeking To Set New Non-Stop Record Hawaiian Trip |agency=United Press Dispatch |date=August 31, 1925 |newspaper=Madera Tribune |access-date=25 February 2020}} A third seaplane, the Boeing PB-1, was intended to join the other two,{{cite news |url=https://cdnc.ucr.edu/?a=d&d=MM19250724.2.16 |title=Great Problem Faces Flight to Honolulu |date=July 24, 1925 |newspaper=Madera Mercury |access-date=25 February 2020}} but it was scrubbed at the last minute. No. 3 was forced down by engine trouble approximately {{convert|300|nmi}} from San Francisco;{{cite news |url=https://cdnc.ucr.edu/?a=d&d=SPDN19250901.2.22 |title=One Ship Down 300 Miles off San Francisco |agency=The Associated Press |date=September 1, 1925 |newspaper=San Pedro Daily News |access-date=25 February 2020}} it capsized while being towed back to Mare Island Navy Yard for repairs. A tailwind that was predicted to aid the airplanes {{convert|600|mi}} into the {{convert|2100|mi|adj=on}} flight never materialized, and strong headwinds increased fuel consumption. No. 1 ran out of fuel approximately {{convert|275|mi}} short of Hawaii as it was entering a squall.{{cite news |url=https://cdnc.ucr.edu/?a=d&d=SLOTW19250904.2.2 |title=Planes from Hawaii Search for Flagplane |date=September 4, 1925 |newspaper=San Luis Obispo Tribune |access-date=25 February 2020}}{{cite news |url=https://cdnc.ucr.edu/?a=d&d=SPNP19250901.2.16 |title=End of Flight to Hawaii Is Indicated |date=September 1, 1925 |newspaper=San Pedro News Pilot |access-date=20 February 2020}}{{cite news |url=https://cdnc.ucr.edu/?a=d&d=MT19250901.2.30 |title=Lone Plane Is Nearing End of Its Long Flight With Success in Doubt |agency=United Press Dispatch |date=September 1, 1925 |newspaper=Madera Tribune |access-date=25 February 2020}} Commander John Rodgers had intended to land No. 1 at the {{ship|USS|Aroostook|CM-3|6}} (a seaplane tender), one of the picket ships stationed along the flight path, to refuel and then continue the flight to Hawaii. However, the crew was unable to find Aroostook and landed after exhausting their fuel; they fashioned a fabric sail from the plane's lower wing and sailed towards Hawaii, averaging {{convert|50|mi}} each day over the next nine days. The search for PN-9 No. 1 was called off by September 8, and the Navy began to prepare the PB-1 to re-attempt the nonstop flight to Hawaii.{{cite news |url=https://cdnc.ucr.edu/?a=d&d=SPNP19250908.2.27 |title=Navy Plans New Flight to Hawaii |agency=United Press |access-date=25 February 2020}} During its sail, the seaplane passed as close as {{convert|40|mi}} from Oahu, then steered for Kauai, where they were finally spotted by the patrolling submarine {{ship|USS|R-9|SS-86|6}} {{convert|10|mi}} off Nāwiliwili Bay. The submarine towed the PN-9 to the harbor, where they were greeted by the native population, 218 hours after being forced down.

File:Fokker C-2 Bird of Paradise arrival 051127-F-1234P-034.jpg and Hegenberger arrive at Wheeler Field aboard Fokker C-2 Bird of Paradise]]

Succeeding where the Navy had failed, on June 29, 1927, Lieutenants Lester Maitland and Albert Hegenberger of the United States Army Air Corps landed at Wheeler Field following the first successful non-stop flight to Hawaii, piloting the Fokker C-2 Bird of Paradise from Oakland to Honolulu.{{cite news |url=https://cdnc.ucr.edu/?a=d&d=SPDN19270629.2.4 |title=Army Fliers Land in Hawaii; Nation Honors New Heroes |agency=AP |date=June 29, 1927 |newspaper=San Pedro Daily News |access-date=25 February 2020}} Rumors of a Hawaiian flight attempt had followed the crew across the country as he piloted the Fokker to the West Coast in mid-June;{{cite news |url=https://cdnc.ucr.edu/?a=d&d=HT19270617.2.3 |title=Lieut. Maitland Hurries to Coast on Mystery Trip: Report Persists Army Will Attempt Flight to Hawaii |agency=United Press |date=June 17, 1927 |newspaper=Healdsburg Tribune |access-date=28 February 2020}}{{cite news |url=https://cdnc.ucr.edu/?a=d&d=MT19270618.2.10 |title=Flight Plan Army Plane Kept Secret |agency=United Press |date=June 18, 1927 |newspaper=Madera Tribune |access-date=28 February 2020}} they denied the rumors, claiming it was a transcontinental test of the trimotor Fokker, as it was laden with the equivalent weight of 30 men.{{cite news |url=https://cdnc.ucr.edu/?a=d&d=CC19270617.2.14 |title=Deny Intention to Enter into Hawaii Flight |agency=Associated Press |access-date=28 February 2020}} Bird of Paradise was flown to San Francisco on June 25 from San Diego to make final preparations for the Hawaii attempt,{{cite news |url=https://cdnc.ucr.edu/?a=d&d=SPDN19270625.2.18 |title=Army Plan on Way to Frisco for Hawaii Hop |agency=AP |date=June 25, 1927 |newspaper=San Pedro Daily News |access-date=28 February 2020}} and the plane departed shortly after 7 AM on June 28 from Oakland Municipal Airport; a parallel competing attempt by a civilian pilot was scrubbed after the windshield was cracked.{{cite news |url=https://cdnc.ucr.edu/?a=d&d=CC19270628.2.2 |title=Army Fokker Hops of for Honolulu |agency=Associated Press |date=June 28, 1927 |newspaper=Calexico Chronicle |access-date=28 February 2020}} Maitland and Hegenberger returned to San Francisco aboard the Matson steamer {{ship|SS|Maui|1916|2}};{{cite news |url=https://cdnc.ucr.edu/?a=d&d=HT19270712.2.16 |title=San Francisco Roards Welcome to Pacific Fliers: Mayor Rolph First to Greet Airmen as Ship Nears Dock |agency=United Press |date=July 12, 1927 |newspaper=Healdsburg Tribune |access-date=28 February 2020}} Bird of Paradise remained in Hawaii to provide inter-island service.{{cite news |url=https://cdnc.ucr.edu/?a=d&d=CC19270629.2.2 |title=Honolulu Greets Two Army Fliers |date=June 29, 1927 |newspaper=Calexico Chronicle |agency=Associated Press |access-date=28 February 2020}}

Inspired by Charles Lindbergh's successful transatlantic flight in April 1927, pineapple magnate James Dole announced the Dole Air Race in May 1927, which would award {{USD|25000|1927|round=-3}} to the crew of the first airplane to complete a non-stop flight from Oakland, California to Honolulu, Hawaii, within a 12-month period starting in August 1927.{{cite news |url=https://cdnc.ucr.edu/?a=d&d=SPDN19270525.2.10 |title=Raise $35,000 to Encourage Hop to Island |agency=AP |date=May 25, 1927 |newspaper=San Pedro Daily News |access-date=25 February 2020}} Eight aircraft eventually flew in the Dole Air Race; however, only two aircraft completed the flight and ten people were killed in the attempt.

File:Martin 130 China Clipper at Pearl Harbor 1930s.jpg China Clipper in Pearl Harbor]]

The first commercial passenger aircraft service to the Hawaiian Islands from San Francisco commenced on October 21, 1936, with a once-weekly flight operated by Pan American Airways aboard the Martin M-130 Clipper; this first revenue service flight was taken by Hawaii Clipper.{{cite news |url=https://cdnc.ucr.edu/?a=d&d=SBS19361021.1.1 |title=Clipper Starts Transpacific's Air Line Today |agency=Associated Press |date=October 21, 1936 |newspaper=San Bernardino Sun |access-date=25 February 2020}}{{cite web |url=https://airandspace.si.edu/exhibitions/hawaii-by-air/online/pan-am-clippers/pan-am-spans-the-pacific.cfm |title=Pan Am Spans the Pacific |publisher=Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum |access-date=25 February 2020}} Pan Am introduced the larger Boeing 314 to the route in 1939; onboard accommodations included a lounge and sleeping berths.{{cite web |url=https://airandspace.si.edu/exhibitions/hawaii-by-air/online/pan-am-clippers/what-was-it-like-to-fly.cfm |title=What Was It Like to Fly? |publisher=Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum |access-date=25 February 2020}}

In 1944, the Civil Aeronautics Board held hearings to break up the Pan Am monopoly on overseas flights from America{{cite news |url=https://cdnc.ucr.edu/?a=d&d=SCS19440906-02.1.8 |title=Hearings To Break Up Air Monopoly |agency=U.P. |date=September 6, 1944 |newspaper=Santa Cruz Sentinel |access-date=25 February 2020}}{{cite news |url=https://cdnc.ucr.edu/?a=d&d=SCS19440907-02.1.12 |title=Pan-American Under Challenge For Dominant Service In Two Sectors At C. A. B. Hearings |agency=U.P. |date=September 7, 1944 |newspaper=Santa Cruz Sentinel |access-date=25 February 2020}} and after World War II, other airlines were granted routes to Hawaii; United Airlines and Northwest Airlines soon began service to Honolulu from major West Coast cities: San Francisco (United, 1947),{{cite news |url=https://cdnc.ucr.edu/?a=d&d=SPNP19450716.2.14 |title=United Okehed for Hawaii Air Line |agency=AP |date=July 16, 1945 |newspaper=San Pedro News Pilot |access-date=25 February 2020}} Los Angeles (United, 1950), Seattle (Northwest, 1949), and Portland (Northwest, 1949).

File:Waikiki, Honolulu Panorama (16191692896).jpg

Widespread fear of flying after the September 11 attacks greatly reduced tourism in Hawaii. The Washington Post wrote in March 2002 that "at the Polynesian Cultural Center ... the barefoot guides seemed to outnumber visitors".{{Cite news |last=Lee |first=Gary |date=2002-03-17 |title=Lei of the Land |language=en-US |newspaper=Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/travel/2002/03/17/lei-of-the-land/12edff17-4a7a-4afb-9d1b-1dac9411827e/ |access-date=2023-01-25 |issn=0190-8286}} Although 2006 and 2007 saw a big increase in tourism, it soon took a turn for the worse when Hawaii's economy plummeted, but later recovered. Tourism officials said several factors have kept sightseers away: Two major airlines and two cruise ships stopped operating in the Aloha State, reducing options for visitors, high fuel prices last summer deterred travel, then recessions in Japan and the U.S., as well as California's economic meltdown, slowed the flow of tourists.{{cite news |last=Woo |first=Stu |title=Heavy Reliance on Tourism Has Hawaii's Economy Hurting |newspaper=Wall Street Journal |date=17 August 2009 |access-date=29 October 2009 |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB125047318664935729 |url-access=subscription}}

In 2007, Japanese tourists on average used to spend more money than American tourists; because of this, tourism-related businesses in Hawaii used to value Japanese customers. However this has all changed with the collapse of the value of the yen and the Japanese economy. The average Japanese tourist now stays only 5 days, while the average East Asian tourist from China or Korea stays more than 9.5 days and spends 25% more.{{Cite web|url = http://files.hawaii.gov/dbedt/visitor/tourism/2015/Oct15.pdf|title = Hawaii.gov}}{{cite news |url=https://www.usatoday.com/travel/news/2007-02-02-hawaii-tourism_x.htm |title=Hawaii tourism officials concerned about Japanese visitor decline |newspaper=USA Today |agency=AP |date=February 2, 2007 |access-date=October 10, 2010}}

Hawaii has been seeing increased numbers of visitors from South Korea and China.{{cite news|last=Wiles|first=Greg|title=Hawaii's Fast-Growing Source for Tourists|url=http://www.hawaiibusiness.com/Hawaii-Business/October-2010/Hawaii-rsquos-Fast-Growing-Source-for-Tourists/|access-date=23 February 2012|newspaper=Hawaii Business|date=October 2010}}{{cite news|last=Kubota|first=Lisa|title=Surge in tourism from South Korea|url=http://www.hawaiinewsnow.com/Global/story.asp?S=13560702|access-date=23 February 2012|newspaper=Hawaii News Now|date=23 November 2010}}{{cite news|last=Yonan Jr.|first=Alan|title=S. Korea tourists on rise|url=http://the.honoluluadvertiser.com/article/2010/Mar/17/bz/hawaii3170326.html|access-date=23 February 2012|newspaper=Honolulu Advertiser|date=17 March 2010}}

In 2011, Hawaii saw increasing arrivals and share of foreign tourists from Canada, Australia and China increasing 13%, 24% and 21% respectively from 2010.{{cite news|last=O'Neill|first=Sandler|title=Bank of Hawaii Offers a Safe Port|url=http://online.barrons.com/article/SB50001424052702304133804576560534020892142.html?mod=BOL_twm_da|access-date=23 February 2012|newspaper=Barrons Online|date=9 September 2011}} In 2014 a record 8.3 million visitors arrived to Hawaii (39.4% from the U.S. West, 20.8% from the U.S. East, 18.3% from Japan, 6.3% from Canada, 15.2% others), spending $14.7 billion.{{Cite web|url = http://www.hawaiitourismauthority.org/default/assets/File/research/monthly-visitors/December%202014%20Visitor%20Stats%20Press%20Release%20(final).pdf|title = A record 8.3 million visitors came to Hawai'i in 2014|date = 29 January 2015 |access-date = 3 September 2016 |website=hawaiitourismauthority.org|publisher =Hawaii Tourism Authority }} The amount increased to 9.4 million visitors spending over $16 billion in 2017.

As Hawaii changed from a Kingdom to a Territory to a State, so too did the dominant industries change. Being a primarily agricultural land, producing around 80 percent of the world's pineapples in the 1960s,{{cite web|url=http://hdoa.hawaii.gov/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/HISTORY-OF-AGRICULTURE-IN-HAWAII.pdf|title=History of agriculture|date=2013|website=hdoa.hawaii.gov}} the addition of Pan Am’s flight route to Hawaii rapidly increased the number of visitors going to the islands. The years following statehood led to more than double the number of passengers arriving at Honolulu airport.{{cite magazine|url=https://time.com/3994194/hawaii-statehood-economic-effects/|title=How Statehood Changed Hawaii's Economy|magazine=Time}} As this trend continues to increase, Hawaii's economy has become heavily dependent on the tourism industry. Although the economy has seen significant growth with the addition of this industry, some researchers believe this will leave Hawaii susceptible to external economic forces. Some examples of these are an economic recession, airline strikes, or varying fuel prices which could devastate the local economy.{{cite web|url=https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1868&context=jssw|title=Info|website=scholarworks.wmich.edu}} The devastating national economic recession of 2008, hit Hawaii's tourism industry hard. In 2008, hotel occupancy dropped to 60 percent, a level not seen since the terrorist attacks in 2001.{{cite web|url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=101986509&t=1541971647368|title=Hawaii's Tourism Hurt By Economic Downturn|website=NPR }}

As the economy has returned to normal levels, the tourism industry has continued to grow in Hawaii with the majority of tourists visiting Oahu, Maui, Kauai and the big island of Hawaii.{{cite web|url=https://www.hawaii-guide.com/content/posts/selecting_the_best_hawaiian_island|title=Selecting the Best Hawaiian Island}} Job creation is another benefit of tourism to the islands. In 2017, reports say 204,000 jobs were related to tourism. This led to $16.78 billion in visitor spending with $1.96 billion generated in tax revenue in that year alone.{{cite web|url=https://governor.hawaii.gov/newsroom/latest-news/hawaii-tourism-industry-set-new-record-totals-in-2017/|title=David Y. Ige - Hawaii Tourism Industry Set New Record Totals in 2017|website=governor.hawaii.gov}} Resorts and the airline business are the primary benefactors of this increase in tourism.

{{main|Environmental issues in Hawaii}}

The Sustainable Tourism Association of Hawaii (formerly the Hawaii Ecotourism Association) was founded in 1995 as a 501(c)(3) nonprofit to nurture the development of sustainable tourism in Hawaii. It offers a certification program to educate and recognize conservation-minded tour operators in Hawaii, the only such certification program of its kind in America.{{cite news |url=https://www.thegardenisland.com/2019/09/10/hawaii-news/nonprofit-hawaii-ecotourism-association-rebrands/ |title=Nonprofit Hawaii Ecotourism Association rebrands |date=September 10, 2019 |newspaper=The Garden Island |access-date=24 February 2020}} Based on a study on sustainable tourism, those traveling to Hawaii are interested in the conservation of the natural environment, marine life, and the minimization of plastic.{{Cite journal |last1=Linnes |first1=Cathrine |last2=Agrusa |first2=Jerome |last3=Ronzoni |first3=Giulio |last4=Lema |first4=Joseph |date=March 2022 |title=What Tourists Want, a Sustainable Paradise |journal=Tourism and Hospitality |language=en |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=164–183 |doi=10.3390/tourhosp3010013 |doi-access=free |issn=2673-5768|hdl=11250/3026466 |hdl-access=free }} A master’s student at the University of Hawai’i Manoa suggested the concept of regenerative tourism education to foster the relationships between residents, visitors, and the ʻāina,{{Cite web |title=Local Science for Tourists: Relaying the Importance of Regenerative Tourism Education in Hawai'i - ProQuest |url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/2869370829 |access-date=2024-12-08 |website=www.proquest.com | id={{ProQuest|2869370829}} |language=en}} a Hawaiian word meaning “that which feeds” referring to the land and oftentimes the sea.{{Cite web |title=Aloha 'Āina {{!}} Love of the Land - Our Work in |url=https://www.tpl.org/our-work/aloha-aina-love-land#:~:text=%E2%80%9C%CA%BB%C4%80ina,%E2%80%9D%20the%20Hawaiian%20word,well-being%20of%20Native%20Hawaiians. |access-date=2024-12-08 |website=Trust for Public Land |language=en-US}}

The long term environmental implications that Hawaii is facing due to mass tourism has raised concern. To combat this and help raise awareness, international environmental organizations have joined forces with local island communities. There are major benefits to this type of management, usually described as "values-led management".{{Cite journal|last1=Artelle|first1=Kyle A.|last2=Stephenson|first2=Janet|last3=Bragg|first3=Corey|last4=Housty|first4=Jessie A.|last5=Housty|first5=William G.|last6=Kawharu|first6=Merata|last7=Turner|first7=Nancy J.|date=2018|title=Values-led management: the guidance of place-based values in environmental relationships of the past, present, and future|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/26799164|journal=Ecology and Society|volume=23|issue=3|doi=10.5751/ES-10357-230335 |jstor=26799164 |issn=1708-3087}} By prioritizing the values and existing sustainable practices by local communities living on heavily visited islands, it preserves their interests and further respects their culture.

Studies show that the tourism sector accounts for 44.7% of Hawaii’s water consumption.{{Cite journal |last=Saito |first=Osamu |date=2013 |title=Resource Use and Waste Generation by the Tourism Industry on the Big Island of Hawaii |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jiec.12007 |journal=Journal of Industrial Ecology |language=en |volume=17 |issue=4 |pages=578–589 |doi=10.1111/jiec.12007 |bibcode=2013JInEc..17..578S |issn=1530-9290}} Global water usage resulting from tourism only directly takes up about 1% of global water consumption and studies show an insignificant anticipated increase.{{Cite journal |last1=Gössling |first1=Stefan |last2=Peeters |first2=Paul |last3=Hall |first3=C. Michael |last4=Ceron |first4=Jean-Paul |last5=Dubois |first5=Ghislain |last6=Lehmann |first6=La Vergne |last7=Scott |first7=Daniel |date=2012-02-01 |title=Tourism and water use: Supply, demand, and security. An international review |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0261517711000793 |journal=Tourism Management |volume=33 |issue=1 |pages=1–15 |doi=10.1016/j.tourman.2011.03.015 |issn=0261-5177}}

Hotels are often placed near beaches, in areas with little rainfall, and guests use {{convert|2000|to|10000|L}} of water per person.{{Cite journal|last1=Ishihara|first1=Hayato|last2=Nagahama|first2=Koichi|date=March 2017|title=Tourism Development and Environmental Problems on Hawaii in the late 20th Century|url=http://reposit.sun.ac.jp/dspace/bitstream/10561/1255/1/v9p77_ishihara.pdf|journal=東アジア評論|volume=9|pages=77–85}} Another study concluded that on average, a single guest uses approximately {{convert|1300|to|3600|L}} of water per day, divided approximately half between accommodations (laundry and sewer) and golf courses (irrigation).{{cite journal |doi=10.1111/jiec.12007 |date=August 2013 |author=Saito, Osamu |title=Resource Use and Waste Generation by the Tourism Industry on the Big Island of Hawaii |journal=Journal of Industrial Ecology |volume=17 |issue=4 |pages=578–589|bibcode=2013JInEc..17..578S |s2cid=18130134 }} [https://kohalacenter.org/archive/pdf/Research_BI_ResourceUseWasteGenerationTourism.pdf direct URL] This is significantly more than the average resident and has led to a number of droughts throughout the islands.{{Citation needed|date=April 2023}}

The number of hotel rooms from 1985 to 2010 nearly doubled from 65,000 to 132,000 rooms.{{cite journal |url=https://lurj.org/issues/volume-2-number-2/hawaii |title=Negative Impact of Tourism on Hawaii Natives and Environment |journal=Lethbridge Undergraduate Research Journal |author1=Darowski, Lukasz |author2=Strilchuk, Jordan |author3=Sorochuk, Jason |author4=Provost, Casey |date=2007 |publisher=University of Lethbridge |volume=1 |number=2 |access-date=2018-11-23}} Tourists visit destinations with developed infrastructure, groomed activities and pristine conditions, which boosts the economy and finances needed to uphold these facilities. The very creation of these institutions degrades the environmental factors tourists are drawn to.{{cite web |url=http://om.ciheam.org/om/pdf/a57/04001977.pdf |title=Data |website=om.ciheam.org }} Having perfect conditions requires an amount of upkeep fueled by the revenue of the visitors. The visitors also degrade the environment at a faster rate than residents alone.

A direct effect of the increase in infrastructure is the depletion of the natural landscape. As buildings are constructed the amount of natural land becomes smaller and smaller. As hotels are constructed in prime real estate the environmental problems created are not weighed equally with the potential upside of profit. Those are quantitative variables that can be directly measured in terms of dollars and number of jobs. The impact to the environment or the indigenous people is harder to measure. Hawaii only holds 0.2 percent of the United States land but has a 72.1 percent extinction rate, and more than half of the natural communities in the islands are endangered by developments. An example of this is natural ponds being destroyed during construction of large buildings which were previously home to migrating birds. The ponds are no longer there, which throws off the natural flow of the ecosystem. Nearly 60 percent of the plant and animal species in Hawaii are endangered. This includes the loss of habitats for animals and the diverse flora that gives Hawaii its beauty.

Additionally, much of the tourism in Hawai'i surrounds its natural landscape. Tourists often participate in outdoor activities such as hiking, snorkeling, and lounging on beaches. These 'tourist' activities can easily cause a significant amount of damage to the natural landscape of the island. Hiking, specifically in very tourist-attracting locations, causes damage to the local flora and fauna of the landscape, in addition to posing significant safety concerns.{{Cite journal |last1=Sutherland |first1=R. A. |last2=Bussen |first2=J. O. |last3=Plondke |first3=D. L. |last4=Evans |first4=B. M. |last5=Ziegler |first5=A. D. |date=2001 |title=Hydrophysical degradation associated with hiking-trail use: a case study of Hawai'iloa Ridge Trail, O'ahu, Hawai'i |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/ldr.425 |journal=Land Degradation & Development |language=en |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=71–86 |doi=10.1002/ldr.425 |bibcode=2001LDeDe..12...71S |issn=1099-145X}} A common issue with the overuse of hiking trails as a result of tourism is trail erosion, which can lead to damaged soil health, plant damage, and safety concerns for hikers.{{Cite journal |last1=Boers |first1=Bas |last2=Cottrell |first2=Stuart |title=Sustainable Tourism Infrastructure Planning: A GIS-Supported Approach |journal=Tourism Geographies |date=2007-01-01 |volume=9 |pages=1–21 |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14616680601092824 |doi=10.1080/14616680601092824 |issn=1461-6688}} The rise of tourism in Hawaii over the past 75 years also led to a decrease in agricultural land use on the islands.{{Cite journal |last1=Linda |first1=Cox |last2=Fox |first2=Morton |last3=Bowen |first3=Richard L. |date=1995-01-01 |title=Does tourism destroy agriculture? |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/0160738395900691 |journal=Annals of Tourism Research |volume=22 |issue=1 |pages=210–213 |doi=10.1016/0160-7383(95)90069-1 |issn=0160-7383}}

Two other very common tourist activities in Hawaii are exploring beaches and snorkeling. Commercial marine tourism companies, such as dolphin watching and snorkeling trips, oftentimes do not proper educate and enforce environmental protection procedures to their guests, leading to environmental damage. Examples of environmental damage are marine animal harassment, pollution (on beaches and in waters), and coral damage. Coral damage is one of the most commonly observed environmental impacts of marine recreational activities which is caused by visitors sitting, standing, and kicking reefs, whether this be intentional or accidental.{{Cite journal |last1=Wiener |first1=Carlie S. |last2=Needham |first2=Mark D. |last3=Wilkinson |first3=Paul F. |title=Hawaii's real life marine park: Interpretation and impacts of commercial marine tourism in the Hawaiian Islands |journal=Current Issues in Tourism |date=2009-11-01 |volume=12 |issue=5–6 |pages=489–504 |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13683500902736855 |doi=10.1080/13683500902736855 |issn=1368-3500}}

{{main|Energy in Hawaii}}

Hawaii has traditionally relied on fossil fuel-fired thermal power plants for its electricity generation, although it has set a statewide goal of achieving 100% of electric generation via renewable sources by 2045;{{cite web |url=https://www.eia.gov/state/?sid=HI#tabs-4 |title=Hawaii State Profile and Energy Estimates |publisher=U.S. Energy Information Administration |access-date=24 February 2020}} as a result, the average guest uses the equivalent of {{convert|6.4|to|13|kg}} of oil per day, approximately {{frac|2|3}} of which is consumed by rental car operation. For electricity alone, the average guest uses 23.9 to 33.6 kW-hr per day.

Tourism accounts for about 60% of total energy and fuel usage in Hawaii. As global tourism has been rising since the COVID-19 pandemic, it is projected that the state's energy demand continues to rise as well.{{Cite journal |last1=Tabatchnaia-Tamirisa |first1=Natalia |last2=Loke |first2=Matthew K. |last3=Leung |first3=PingSun |last4=Tucker |first4=Ken A. |date=1997-01-01 |title=Energy and tourism in Hawaii |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0160738397800084 |journal=Annals of Tourism Research |volume=24 |issue=2 |pages=390–401 |doi=10.1016/S0160-7383(97)80008-4 |issn=0160-7383}}

File:Fis00840 (19778606375).jpg on the east coast of Kahoʻolawe collects driftwood and plastics (2013)]]

Studies show that the tourism sector accounts for 10.7% of Hawaii’s waste generation. The average guest generates approximately {{convert|3.3|kg}} of waste per day. In order to reduce the generation of plastic waste, Hawaii has begun to ban the use of single-use plastic and polystyrene foam on a county-by-county approach. A ban on polystyrene foam containers took effect in Maui County on December 31, 2018;{{cite news |url=https://apnews.com/ac382bbabf52442d915447973a9be3aa |title=Maui ban on foam containers will go into effect in 2018 |date=June 7, 2017 |work=AP News |access-date=24 February 2020}}{{cite news |url=https://apnews.com/5a39f2c399b741c795142c07702e2bfa |title=Maui's foam takeout-container ban takes effect at year's end |date=December 26, 2018 |work=AP News |access-date=24 February 2020}} a similar ban started in Hawaii County (the Big Island) on July 1, 2019.{{cite news |url=https://apnews.com/a328956153e64d2fb613f9ad2309ecb0 |title=Ban on foam food containers coming to Big Island in 2019 |date=September 22, 2017 |work=AP News |access-date=24 February 2020}}{{cite news |url=https://apnews.com/344cacecd8ef4715bc0e2595e80643d7 |title=Hawaii County preps for ban on polysyrene food containers |date=February 21, 2019 |work=AP News |access-date=24 February 2020}} Oahu's ban on single-use plastic and polystyrene went into effect on January 1, 2021.{{cite news |url=https://apnews.com/5b1051a7204cc2186904fbf03101deca |title=Honolulu mayor signs Oahu single-use plastics ban into law |date=December 17, 2019 |work=AP News |access-date=24 February 2020}} Two bills were considered by the Hawaii State Legislature in early 2019, which would have been the first state-wide bans on food service plastics in America.{{cite news |url=https://apnews.com/be907f9cd2a44456a57190eb6d581719 |title=Hawaii bills push 1st state ban on plastics in restaurants |author=McAvoy, Audrey |date=March 19, 2019 |work=AP News |access-date=24 February 2020}} SB367 would ban the use of polystrene foam food containers statewide; that bill died in committee in March 2019.{{cite act |type=Senate Bill |index=367 |date=2019 |legislature=30th Hawaii State Legislature |title=Relating to Environmental Protection |url=https://www.capitol.hawaii.gov/Archives/measure_indiv_Archives.aspx?billtype=SB&billnumber=367&year=2019 |language=EN-US}} SB522 would ban single-use plastic beverage bottles, utensils, stirring sticks, polystyrene foam containers, and straws starting in 2021; that bill was modified in committee to create a working group to make recommendations on how to reduce plastic waste instead.{{cite act |type=Senate Bill |index=522 |date=2019 |legislature=30th Hawaii State Legislature |title=Relating to Plastic |url=https://www.capitol.hawaii.gov/Archives/measure_indiv_Archives.aspx?billtype=SB&billnumber=522&year=2019 |language=EN-US}}

The beaches in Hawaii are becoming increasingly filled with trash, especially plastics. This becomes a problem not only environmentally, but also could have a negative impact on the economy as visitors come for the sandy beaches and pollutants such as trash or plastics decrease the appeal of Hawaii as a vacation destination. Kamilo Beach on the southeastern tip of the island of Hawaii has acquired the nickname "Plastic Beach" for its accumulation of plastic trash, much of it borne via ocean currents and trade winds from the nearby Great Pacific Garbage Patch. It is estimated that {{convert|15|to|20|ST}} of trash, 96% of which is plastic, washes ashore here annually.{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2020/jan/10/kamilo-beach-plastic-hawaii-pollution |title=Welcome to Hawaii's 'plastic beach', one of the world's dirtiest places |author1=Barney, Liz |author2=Broder Van Dyke, Michelle |date=January 10, 2020 |newspaper=The Guardian |access-date=24 February 2020}} An often unknown source of pollution near beaches is sunscreens that contain petrochemical-based UV filters. These chemicals can damage the beaches as well as nearby coral reef habitats.{{Cite journal |last1=Downs |first1=C. A. |last2=Diaz-Cruz |first2=M. Silvia |last3=White |first3=William T. |last4=Rice |first4=Marc |last5=Jim |first5=Laura |last6=Punihaole |first6=Cindi |last7=Dant |first7=Mendy |last8=Gautam |first8=Krishna |last9=Woodley |first9=Cheryl M. |last10=Walsh |first10=Kahelelani O. |last11=Perry |first11=Jenna |last12=Downs |first12=Evelyn M. |last13=Bishop |first13=Lisa |last14=Garg |first14=Achal |last15=King |first15=Kelly |date=2022-09-15 |title=Beach showers as sources of contamination for sunscreen pollution in marine protected areas and areas of intensive beach tourism in Hawaii, USA |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0304389422013395 |journal=Journal of Hazardous Materials |volume=438 |pages=129546 |doi=10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.129546 |pmid=35941056 |bibcode=2022JHzM..43829546D |issn=0304-3894|hdl=10261/278477 |hdl-access=free }}

Some Native Hawaiians believe strongly in the independence of Hawaii and the Hawaiian sovereignty movement. The creation of this grassroots organization leads to a negative view towards visitors and the disruption of the natural land. This leads to a strong contention between developers and natives who believe the land should not be transformed into a commercial or residential development. Many of these individuals are reliant on the land as a means of living. The loss of the environment affects the socio-psychological well-being of those reliant on land and marine resources. Native Hawaiians and residents alike become limited in job opportunities with a heavily skewed job-base in the tourism industry. Many Hawaiian residents and natives do understand the importance of the state’s tourism industry and that, unfortunately, it can come with negative environmental consequences.{{Cite journal |last1=Assante |first1=Lisa Marie |last2=Wen |first2=Hsing Ivan |last3=Lottig |first3=Kimberly J. |title=Conceptualization of Modeling Resident Attitudes on the Environmental Impacts of Tourism: A Case Study of Oahu, Hawaii |journal=Tourism Planning & Development |date=2012-05-01 |volume=9 |issue=2 |pages=101–118 |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/21568316.2011.631354 |doi=10.1080/21568316.2011.631354 |issn=2156-8316}}

The essay "Lovely Hula Lands" (later republished as "Lovely Hula Hands") by native Hawaiian academic and activist Haunani-Kay Trask is severely critical of the huge influx of tourists to Hawai{{okina}}i, which she terms a "prostitution" of Hawaiian culture. She ends her essay with "let me just leave this thought behind. If you are thinking of visiting my homeland, please don't. We don't want or need any more tourists, and we certainly don't like them."{{cite journal |url=https://journals.lib.unb.ca/index.php/bl/article/view/24958 |title=Lovely Hula Lands: Corporate Tourism and the Prostitution of Hawaiian Culture |author=Trask, Haunani-Kay |date=Winter 1991–1992 |journal=Border/Lines |number=23 |pages=22–29 |access-date=21 February 2020}}{{cite book |last=Trask |first=Haunani-Kay. |chapter=Lovely Hula Hands |title=From A Native Daughter: Colonialism and Sovereignty in Hawai{{okina}}i |date=1993 |location=Maine |publisher=Common Courage Press |pages=195–196 |url=https://uhpress.hawaii.edu/product/from-a-native-daughter-colonialism-and-sovereignty-in-hawaii-revised-edition/}} [https://books.google.com/books?id=YJX0oxsu174C&pg=PA136 Excerpt at Google Books], pp. 136–147 (1999 revised edition) However, the Southern Poverty Law Center (SPLC) has condemned Trask for her anti-American statements, stating that such vitriol helps fuel racism in Hawaiʻi.{{Cite web|url=https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/intelligence-report/2009/hawaii-suffering-racial-prejudice|title=Hawaii Suffering From Racial Prejudice|first=Larry|last=Keller|date=August 30, 2009|publisher=Southern Poverty Law Center|access-date=April 1, 2016|work=Intelligence Report}}

{{Portal|Hawaii}}

• List of National Historic Landmarks in Hawaiʻi
• Golf Clubs and Courses in Hawaii

{{Clear}}

{{reflist|30em}}

{{wikivoyage|Hawaii}}

{{Commons category|Tourism in Hawaii}}

• [http://hawaii.gov/dbedt Hawaii State DBEDT] – the state's Department of Business, Economic Development & Tourism provides resources and statistics to promote tourism
• [http://www.gohawaii.com Hawai{{okina}}i Visitors & Convention Bureau] – information for tourists and business travelers
• [http://www.visitmaui.com Maui Visitors Bureau] – visitors information for Maui
• [http://www.kauai.com Kauai Visitors Information] – visitor information for Kauai
• [http://www.visitlanai.net Lāna{{okina}}i Visitors Bureau] – travel information for Lāna{{okina}}i

;Mark Twain's correspondence to the Sacramento Daily Union, 1866

{{div col}}

• {{cite news |url=https://cdnc.ucr.edu/?a=d&d=SDU18660416.2.17 |title=San Francisco to Sandwich Islands—No. 1 |author=Twain, Mark |date=March 18, 1866 |author-link=Mark Twain |author-mask=— |newspaper=Sacramento Daily Union |quote=published April 16, 1866}}
• {{cite news |url=https://cdnc.ucr.edu/?a=d&d=SDU18660417.2.7 |title=San Francisco to Sandwich Islands—No. 2 |author=Twain, Mark |date=March 19, 1866 |author-link=Mark Twain |author-mask=— |newspaper=Sacramento Daily Union |quote=published April 17, 1866}}
• {{cite news |url=https://cdnc.ucr.edu/?a=d&d=SDU18660418.2.2 |title=San Francisco to Sandwich Islands—No. 3 |author=Twain, Mark |date=March 1866 |author-link=Mark Twain |author-mask=— |newspaper=Sacramento Daily Union |quote=published April 18, 1866}}
• {{cite news |url=https://cdnc.ucr.edu/?a=d&d=SDU18660419.2.9 |title=Scenes in Honolulu—No. 4 |author=Twain, Mark |date=March 1866 |author-link=Mark Twain |author-mask=— |newspaper=Sacramento Daily Union |quote=published April 19, 1866}}
• {{cite news |url=https://cdnc.ucr.edu/?a=d&d=SDU18660420.2.9 |title=Scenes in Honolulu—No. 5 |author=Twain, Mark |date=March 1866 |author-link=Mark Twain |author-mask=— |newspaper=Sacramento Daily Union |quote=published April 20, 1866}}
• {{cite news |url=https://cdnc.ucr.edu/?a=d&d=SDU18660421.2.11 |title=Scenes in Honolulu—No. 6 |author=Twain, Mark |date=March 1866 |author-link=Mark Twain |author-mask=— |newspaper=Sacramento Daily Union |quote=published April 21, 1866}}
• {{cite news |url=https://cdnc.ucr.edu/?a=d&d=SDU18660424.2.11 |title=Scenes in Honolulu—No. 7 |author=Twain, Mark |date=March 1866 |author-link=Mark Twain |author-mask=— |newspaper=Sacramento Daily Union |quote=published April 24, 1866}}
• {{cite news |url=https://cdnc.ucr.edu/?a=d&d=SDU18660521.2.12 |title=Scenes in Honolulu—No. 8 |author=Twain, Mark |date=April 1866 |author-link=Mark Twain |author-mask=— |newspaper=Sacramento Daily Union |quote=published May 21, 1866}}
• {{cite news |url=https://cdnc.ucr.edu/?a=d&d=SDU18660522.2.14 |title=Scenes in Honolulu—No. 9 |author=Twain, Mark |date=April 1866 |author-link=Mark Twain |author-mask=— |newspaper=Sacramento Daily Union |quote=published May 22, 1866}}
• {{cite news |url=https://cdnc.ucr.edu/?a=d&d=SDU18660523.2.14 |title=Scenes in Honolulu—No. 10 |author=Twain, Mark |date=April 1866 |author-link=Mark Twain |author-mask=— |newspaper=Sacramento Daily Union |quote=published May 23, 1866}}
• {{cite news |url=https://cdnc.ucr.edu/?a=d&d=SDU18660524.2.13 |title=Scenes in Honolulu—No. 11 |author=Twain, Mark |date=April 1866 |author-link=Mark Twain |author-mask=— |newspaper=Sacramento Daily Union |quote=published May 24, 1866}}
• {{cite news |url=https://cdnc.ucr.edu/?a=d&d=SDU18660620.2.3 |title=Scenes in Honolulu—No. 12 |author=Twain, Mark |date=May 23, 1866 |author-link=Mark Twain |author-mask=— |newspaper=Sacramento Daily Union |quote=published June 20, 1866}}
• {{cite news |url=https://cdnc.ucr.edu/?a=d&d=SDU18660621.2.12 |title=Scenes in Honolulu—No. 13 |author=Twain, Mark |date=May 23, 1866 |author-link=Mark Twain |author-mask=— |newspaper=Sacramento Daily Union |quote=published June 21, 1866}}
• {{cite news |url=https://cdnc.ucr.edu/?a=d&d=SDU18661025.2.2 |title=From the Sandwich Islands |author=Twain, Mark |date=June 1866 |author-link=Mark Twain |author-mask=— |newspaper=Sacramento Daily Union |quote=published October 25, 1866}}
• {{cite news |url=https://cdnc.ucr.edu/?a=d&d=SDU18661116.2.2 |title=Letter from Honolulu |author=Twain, Mark |date=June 3, 1866 |author-link=Mark Twain |author-mask=— |newspaper=Sacramento Daily Union |quote=published November 16, 1866}}
• {{cite news |url=https://cdnc.ucr.edu/?a=d&d=SDU18660716.2.12 |title=Scenes in Honolulu—No. 13 |author=Twain, Mark |date=June 22, 1866 |author-link=Mark Twain |author-mask=— |newspaper=Sacramento Daily Union |quote=published July 16, 1866}}
• {{cite news |url=https://cdnc.ucr.edu/?a=d&d=SDU18660719.2.2 |title=Letter from Honolulu |author=Twain, Mark |date=June 25, 1866 |author-link=Mark Twain |author-mask=— |newspaper=Sacramento Daily Union |quote=published July 19, 1866}}
• {{cite news |url=https://cdnc.ucr.edu/?a=d&d=SDU18660730.2.2 |title=Scenes in Honolulu—No. 14 |author=Twain, Mark |date=June 30, 1866 |author-link=Mark Twain |author-mask=— |newspaper=Sacramento Daily Union |quote=published July 30, 1866}}
• {{cite news |url=https://cdnc.ucr.edu/?a=d&d=SDU18660801.2.2 |title=Scenes in Honolulu—No. 15 |author=Twain, Mark |date=July 1, 1866 |author-link=Mark Twain |author-mask=— |newspaper=Sacramento Daily Union |quote=published August 1, 1866}}
• {{cite news |url=https://cdnc.ucr.edu/?a=d&d=SDU18660824.2.14 |title=From the Sandwich Islands |author=Twain, Mark |date=July 1866 |author-link=Mark Twain |author-mask=— |newspaper=Sacramento Daily Union |quote=published August 24, 1866}}
• {{cite news |url=https://cdnc.ucr.edu/?a=d&d=SDU18660830.2.12 |title=From the Sandwich Islands |author=Twain, Mark |date=July 1866 |author-link=Mark Twain |author-mask=— |newspaper=Sacramento Daily Union |quote=published August 30, 1866}}
• {{cite news |url=https://cdnc.ucr.edu/?a=d&d=SDU18660906.2.13 |title=From the Sandwich Islands |author=Twain, Mark |date=July 1866 |author-link=Mark Twain |author-mask=— |newspaper=Sacramento Daily Union |quote=published September 6, 1866}}
• {{cite news |url=https://cdnc.ucr.edu/?a=d&d=SDU18660922.2.3 |title=From the Sandwich Islands |author=Twain, Mark |date=July 1866 |author-link=Mark Twain |author-mask=— |newspaper=Sacramento Daily Union |quote=published September 22, 1866}}
• {{cite news |url=https://cdnc.ucr.edu/?a=d&d=SDU18660926.2.3 |title=From the Sandwich Islands |author=Twain, Mark |date=September 10, 1866 |author-link=Mark Twain |author-mask=— |newspaper=Sacramento Daily Union |quote=published September 26, 1866}}

{{div col end}}

{{Hawaii}}

Hawaii