:Zhangzhou

Zhangzhou is the atonal pinyin romanization of the city's Chinese name {{lang|zh|{{linktext|漳州}}}}, using its pronunciation in Standard Mandarin.[https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/zhangzhou "Zhangzhou"]. Collins English Dictionary. The name derives from the city's former status as the seat of the imperial Chinese Zhang Prefecture. The same name was romanized as Changchow on the Chinese Postal Map and {{nowrap|Chang-chou}} in Wade-Giles. Other romanizations include Chang-chow.{{cite EB9 |mode=cs2 |wstitle=Chang-chow |volume=5 |page=391}}

It also appears as Chang-chu,{{cite EB9 |mode=cs2 |wstitle=Amoy |volume=1 |page=748}}.

Changchew, Chiang-chew, Chiang-Chew, Chiang Chew, Chiochiu,{{Cite journal |last=Van der Loon |first=Piet |date=1967 |title=The Manila Incunabula and Early Hokkien Studies, Part 2 |url=http://www2.ihp.sinica.edu.tw/file/1745sWSSKnQ.pdf |journal=Asia Major |series=New Series |language=en |volume=13 |pages=95–186}} Chanchiu, Changchiu from the city's local Zhangzhou dialect pronunciation of Hokkien {{lang-zh|poj=Chiang-chiu / Chioⁿ-chiu|c=漳州}}.{{cite book |last=Pitcher |first=Philip Wilson |title=Fifty Years in Amoy or A History of the Amoy Mission, China |location=New York |date=1893 |publisher=Reformed Church in America |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=K8QIAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA33 33]}} This name appeared in Spanish and Portuguese Jesuit sources as {{lang|pt|Chincheo}} as well from the Quanzhou dialect pronunciation of Hokkien {{lang-zh|poj=Cheng-chiu|c=漳州}}, which was anglicized as Chinchew. By the 19th century, however, Chinchew as a name had migrated and was used to refer to Quanzhou, a separate port about {{convert|65|mi|sp=us}} east-northeast of central Zhangzhou.{{cite EB9 |mode=cs2 |last=Yule |first=Henry |author-link=Henry Yule |wstitle=Chinchew |volume=5 |page=673}}

Zhangzhou proper lies on the banks of the Jiulong River in southern Fujian about {{convert|35|mi}} from central Xiamen, whose urban core has grown to form a single urbanized area with it. The prefecture of Zhangzhou comprises the southeastern corner of the province, surrounding Xiamen. The prefecture of Quanzhou lies to its northeast, Longyan to its northwest, and Shantou in Guangdong to its southwest.

Zhangzhou has a monsoon-influenced humid subtropical climate (Köppen Cfa), with mild to warm winters and long, very hot and humid summers. The monthly 24-hour average temperature ranges from {{convert|13.2|°C|1}} in January to {{convert|28.8|°C|1}} in July, and the annual mean is {{convert|21.3|°C|1}}. The frost-free period lasts 330 days.

{{Weather box|width=auto

|metric first=y

|single line=y

|collapsed = Y

|location = Zhangzhou, elevation {{convert|57|m|ft|abbr=on}}, (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1971–2000)

|Jan high C = 18.7

|Feb high C = 19.4

|Mar high C = 21.7

|Apr high C = 26.0

|May high C = 29.2

|Jun high C = 31.9

|Jul high C = 34.3

|Aug high C = 33.9

|Sep high C = 32.2

|Oct high C = 29.0

|Nov high C = 25.3

|Dec high C = 20.8

|Jan mean C = 14.1

|Feb mean C = 14.7

|Mar mean C = 17.0

|Apr mean C = 21.2

|May mean C = 24.8

|Jun mean C = 27.6

|Jul mean C = 29.4

|Aug mean C = 28.9

|Sep mean C = 27.6

|Oct mean C = 24.3

|Nov mean C = 20.5

|Dec mean C = 16.0

|Jan low C = 11.0

|Feb low C = 11.8

|Mar low C = 13.9

|Apr low C = 18.0

|May low C = 21.8

|Jun low C = 24.7

|Jul low C = 26.0

|Aug low C = 25.6

|Sep low C = 24.3

|Oct low C = 20.8

|Nov low C = 17.0

|Dec low C = 12.6

|Jan record high C = 28.8 |Jan record low C = 1.3

|Feb record high C = 30.3 |Feb record low C = 1.3

|Mar record high C = 33.7 |Mar record low C = 3.0

|Apr record high C = 35.1 |Apr record low C = 7.3

|May record high C = 37.5 |May record low C = 12.3

|Jun record high C = 37.6 |Jun record low C = 17.0

|Jul record high C = 38.6 |Jul record low C = 21.0

|Aug record high C = 38.1 |Aug record low C = 21.3

|Sep record high C = 37.1 |Sep record low C = 16.8

|Oct record high C = 34.6 |Oct record low C = 7.6

|Nov record high C = 35.2 |Nov record low C = 4.8

|Dec record high C = 29.1 |Dec record low C = -0.1

|precipitation colour = green

|Jan precipitation mm = 46.3

|Feb precipitation mm = 70.8

|Mar precipitation mm = 106.9

|Apr precipitation mm = 128.3

|May precipitation mm = 199.2

|Jun precipitation mm = 270.1

|Jul precipitation mm = 198.5

|Aug precipitation mm = 263.8

|Sep precipitation mm = 175.5

|Oct precipitation mm = 56.0

|Nov precipitation mm = 42.0

|Dec precipitation mm = 46.8

|unit precipitation days = 0.1 mm

|Jan precipitation days = 7.6

|Feb precipitation days = 10.1

|Mar precipitation days = 13.5

|Apr precipitation days = 13.1

|May precipitation days = 15.8

|Jun precipitation days = 18.0

|Jul precipitation days = 11.8

|Aug precipitation days = 14.9

|Sep precipitation days = 10.7

|Oct precipitation days = 4.4

|Nov precipitation days = 5.2

|Dec precipitation days = 6.3

|year precipitation days =

|Jan humidity = 72

|Feb humidity = 75

|Mar humidity = 76

|Apr humidity = 76

|May humidity = 78

|Jun humidity = 80

|Jul humidity = 75

|Aug humidity = 77

|Sep humidity = 73

|Oct humidity = 67

|Nov humidity = 69

|Dec humidity = 69

|Jan sun = 130.4

|Feb sun = 101.5

|Mar sun = 102.9

|Apr sun = 118.3

|May sun = 131.4

|Jun sun = 147.3

|Jul sun = 219.6

|Aug sun = 195.6

|Sep sun = 178.9

|Oct sun = 182.0

|Nov sun = 156.9

|Dec sun = 146.8

|year sun =

| Jan percentsun = 39

| Feb percentsun = 32

| Mar percentsun = 28

| Apr percentsun = 31

| May percentsun = 32

| Jun percentsun = 36

| Jul percentsun = 53

| Aug percentsun = 49

| Sep percentsun = 49

| Oct percentsun = 51

| Nov percentsun = 48

| Dec percentsun = 45

| year percentsun =

|source 1 = China Meteorological Administration{{cite web |url=http://data.cma.cn/data/weatherBk.html |script-title=zh:中国气象数据网 – WeatherBk Data |publisher=China Meteorological Administration |language = zh-hans |access-date=22 September 2023}}

{{cite web|url=https://experience.arcgis.com/template/e724038fda394e9d9b7921f10fd1aa55/page/%E7%BA%AF%E8%A1%A8%E6%A0%BC%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1-(%E5%AF%B9%E6%AF%948110%E5%8F%98%E5%8C%96)/?org=UQmaps |script-title=zh:中国气象数据网|publisher=China Meteorological Administration |language = zh-hans | access-date =22 September 2023}}

| source 2 = Weather China{{cite web

| url = http://www.weather.com.cn/cityintro/101230601.shtml?

| script-title=zh:漳州 - 气象数据 -中国天气网

| publisher = Weather China

| language = zh

| access-date = 21 November 2022}}

}}

File:闽南护法区.png]]

According to Odoric of Pordenone, Zhangzhou was a prosperous city twice the size of Bologna.{{cite book|last=Yule|first=Henry|title=The Travels of Friar Odoric|year=2002|page=123}}

During the early Qing, Zhangzhou was the primary Fujianese port trading with Portuguese Macao and Spanish Manila. For a time, the Portuguese maintained a factory in the city.

During the late Qing, Zhangzhou remained a center of silk, brick, and sugar production with about a million people and extensive internal and maritime trade. Its city wall had a circumference of about {{convert|4.5|mi|sp=us}} but included a good deal of open ground and farmland. Its streets were paved with granite but badly maintained. The {{convert|800|ft|sp=us|adj=on}} bridge across the Jiulong River consisted of wooden planks laid between 25 piles of stones at roughly equal intervals. The port of Xiamen in an island at the mouth of the Jiulong principally functioned as a trading center for the produce and wares of Zhangzhou and its hinterland; both suffered economically when Indian tea plantations cratered demand for Fujianese tea in the late 19th century.{{cite EB1911 |mode=cs2 |wstitle=Amoy |ref={{harvid|EB|1911}} |volume=1 |page=878 }}.

From 1918 to 1920, Chen Jiongming established the anarchist Constitution Protection Region of Southern Fujian with Zhangzhou as its capital.[https://theanarchistlibrary.org/library/leslie-h-chen-chen-jiongming Chen Jiongming Anarchism and the Federalist State]

The old city of Zhangzhou (now Xiangcheng District) was occupied in April and May 1932 by a column of Communist guerrillas under Mao Zedong. Due to the presence of Western gunboats in Xiamen Bay, arms shipments from the Soviet Union were unable to get up the Jiulong River to Mao's forces and the main Communist bases. Discovering this, Mao retreated from the city, according to some accounts with a substantial amount of loot taken from its residents.{{citation |last=Zhang |first=Rong |author-mask=Zhang Rong |author2=Jung Chang |display-authors=1 |title=Mao: The Unknown Story |date=2005 |page=117 }}.

Zhangzhou comprises 4 urban districts, and 7 counties.{{cite news|last1=Zhangzhou Government |first1= |title=Approaching Zhangzhou |url=http://www.zhangzhou.gov.cn/cms/html/zzsrmzf/zjzz/index.html | publisher=Zhangzhou Government}}

1. Xiangcheng District ({{lang|zh-hans|芗城区}})
2. Longwen District ({{lang|zh-hans|龙文区}})
3. Longhai District ({{lang|zh-hans|龙海区}})
4. Changtai District ({{lang|zh-hans|长泰区}})
5. Dongshan County ({{lang|zh-hans|东山县}})
6. Hua'an County ({{lang|zh-hans|华安县}})
7. Nanjing County ({{lang|zh-hans|南靖县}})
8. Pinghe County ({{lang|zh-hans|平和县}})
9. Yunxiao County ({{lang|zh-hans|云霄县}})
10. Zhangpu County ({{lang|zh-hans|漳浦县}})
11. Zhao'an County ({{lang|zh-hans|诏安县}})

During the 2020 Chinese census, the entire area of Zhangzhou was home to 5,054,328 inhabitants. Along with the 2,120,178 people of central Xiamen, its urban districts of Xiangcheng, Longwen, Longhai and Changtai, form a single metropolitan area of about 7,284,148 people.

{{main|Zhangzhou dialect}}

The main language of the Zhangzhou Hokkiens is the local dialect of Min Nan, part of the Southern Min branch of Min Chinese. {{citation needed span|Government, education, and official business, however, are carried out in Mandarin.|date=June 2019|reason=citation needed}}

Hakka is also spoken in the rural peasant area of Zhangzhou in the west and south.

{{Expand section|date=July 2016}}

Babao seal paste was invented by the druggist Wei Changan as a traditional medicine in 1673. It was repurposed for artistic use a few years later and gained imperial favor under the Qianlong Emperor. It remains prized for its bright color and pleasant smell.

A major petrochemical plant, producing paraxylene, owned by Taiwan-based Xianglu Group is located in Zhangzhou's Gulei Peninsula. The plant suffered major fires in 2013 and 2015.{{cite web |title=A contentious chemical plant in China has exploded for the second time in two years |date=2015-04-07 |website=Quartz |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220820070626/https://qz.com/377929/a-contentious-chemical-plant-in-china-has-exploded-for-the-second-time-in-two-years/ |archive-date=2022-08-20 |url-status=live |url=http://qz.com/377929/a-contentious-chemical-plant-in-china-has-exploded-for-the-second-time-in-two-years/}}

Two passenger stations serve Zhangzhou:

• Zhangzhou East Railway Station on the older Yingtan–Xiamen Railway, northeast of the city;
• Zhangzhou Railway Station, the junction of the high-speed Xiamen–Shenzhen Railway and Longyan–Xiamen Railway, opened in 2012, south of the city.

{{Expand section|date=July 2016}}

• Minnan Normal University
• Tenfu Tea College
• Zhangzhou College of Science and Technology

• Chen Yuanguang (657–711), a leader of the movement to sinicize Fujian and northern Guangdong.
• Khaw Soo Cheang (1786–1882), merchant and governor of a Thai province.
• Lim Gu Tong (1895–1976), international author, cultural ambassador and inventor.
• Fang Zhouzi (1967), science writer.

Zhangzhou is twinned with the following regions, cities and towns:{{cite web|url=http://www.fjfao.gov.cn/index/noDateCategory?id=51 |title=福建省与国外友城关系一览表 |accessdate=2009-09-07 |publisher=福建省人民政府外事办公室 |language=zh-hans |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080316044036/http://www.fjfao.gov.cn/index/noDateCategory?id=51 |archivedate=2008-03-16 }}

• {{flagicon|IDN}} Palembang, South Sumatra (since 2002){{cite news|title=南苏门答腊省概况|url=http://medan.china-consulate.org/chn/lqgk/NSMDL/t875996.htm|access-date=17 December 2020|language=zh}}
• {{flagicon|JPN}} Isahaya, Nagasaki
• {{flagicon|JPN}} Date, Iburi Subprefecture
• {{flagdeco|HUN}} Gödöllő, Pest County
• {{flagicon|Netherlands}} Wageningen, Gelderland
• {{flagicon|United States}} Honolulu, Hawaii

• List of twin towns and sister cities in China
• Yuegang, important seaport during Ming and Ming-Qing transition in modern Zhangzhou and Xiamen

{{Reflist|30em}}

{{Commons category|Zhangzhou}}

{{Wiktionary|Zhangzhou|Chang-chou|Chiangchew}}

• [http://www.zhangzhou.gov.cn Official website] {{in lang|zh}}
• [http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/ams/china_city_plans/txu-oclc-6565961.jpg Historic US Army map of Zhangzhou, 1945]

{{Fujian topics}}

{{Fujian}}

{{Prefectural-level divisions of the People's Republic of China}}

{{Authority control}}

Category:Cities in Fujian

Category:Prefecture-level divisions of Fujian

Category:National Civilized City

Category:National Famous Historical and Cultural City