:en:Goldman Sachs

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In 1869, Goldman Sachs was founded by Marcus Goldman in New York City in a one-room basement office next to a coal chute.{{cite news | url=https://www.thestar.com.my/business/business-news/2020/12/09/insight---core-goldman-sachs-wont-flee-new-york-for-florida | title=Insight - Core Goldman Sachs won't flee New York for Florida | first=BRIAN | last=CHAPPATTA | work=The Star (Malaysia) | date=December 9, 2020}}{{Cite news | url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/business/ct-goldman-sachs-mystique-20161215-story.html | title=The eternal mystique of Goldman Sachs | first=Dan | last=Zack | publisher=Chicago Tribune | date=December 15, 2016 | url-access=limited}}{{cite news | url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/1997-12-21/inside-the-money-machine | first1=Leah Nathans | last1=Spiro | first2=Stanley | last2=Reed | title=Inside the Money Machine-In a big-is-all business, Goldman vows to go it alone | publisher=Bloomberg L.P. | date=December 22, 1997 | url-access=subscription | archive-date=August 27, 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200827190404/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/1997-12-21/inside-the-money-machine | url-status=live }} In 1882, Goldman's son-in-law Samuel Sachs joined the firm.{{cite news | title=Business & Finance: Cash & Comeback | url=https://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,770464,00.html | magazine=Time magazine | date=November 9, 1936 | archive-date=October 23, 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201023122152/http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,770464,00.html | url-status=live }}{{Cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/2010/05/21/goldman-sachs-fraud-case-personal-finance-gs.html#1b2ef41476b3|title=The Evolution Of Goldman Sachs|last=Beattie|first=Andrew|work=Forbes|access-date=February 11, 2020|archive-date=July 22, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180722160258/https://www.forbes.com/2010/05/21/goldman-sachs-fraud-case-personal-finance-gs.html#1b2ef41476b3|url-status=live}} In 1885, Goldman's son, Henry Goldman, and his son-in-law, Ludwig Dreyfuss, joined the business and the firm adopted its present name, Goldman Sachs & Co.{{Cite book |last=Endlich|first=Lisa |title=Goldman Sachs: The Culture Of Success|publisher=A.A. Knopf |year=1999|isbn=9780679450801|page= 34}} The company pioneered the use of commercial paper for entrepreneurs and joined the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) in 1896.{{cite book | author=William D. Cohan | title=Money and Power: How Goldman Sachs Came to Rule the World | year=2012 | publisher=Penguin Random House | isbn=9780241954065}} By 1898, the firm's capital stood at $1.6 million. It opened offices in Boston and Chicago in 1900, San Francisco in 1918, and Philadelphia and St. Louis in 1920.{{Cite web |url=https://www.goldmansachs.com/our-firm/history/a-brief-history-of-gs.pdf | title=A Brief History of Goldman Sachs | work=Goldman Sachs}}

Goldman entered the initial public offering market in 1906 when it took Sears, Roebuck and Company public. The deal was facilitated by Henry Goldman's personal friendship with Julius Rosenwald, an owner of Sears. Other underwriting work for initial public offerings followed, including those of General Cigar Company also in 1906, F. W. Woolworth Company in 1912, and Continental Can. The firm was an innovator at establishing the price–earnings ratio, instead of book value, as a method for valuing companies, and was therefore able to raise funds for retailers and companies with few hard assets.

In 1912, Henry S. Bowers became the first non-member of the founding family to become a partner of the company and share in its profits. In 1917, under growing pressure from the other partners in the firm due to his pro-German stance, Henry Goldman resigned. The Sachs family gained full control of the firm until Waddill Catchings joined the company in 1918. By 1928, Catchings was the Goldman partner with the single largest stake in the firm. In 1919, the company acquired a major interest in Merck & Co. and in 1922, it acquired a major interest in General Foods. On December 4, 1928, the firm launched the Goldman Sachs Trading Corp.Ad, a closed-end fund.{{Cite news |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/photo-essays/2011-07-20/goldman-sachs-the-good-the-bad-and-the-ugly |title=Goldman Sachs, the Good, the Bad, and the Ugly |publisher=Bloomberg News |date=July 20, 2011 | url-access=subscription | archive-date=March 31, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190331104330/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/photo-essays/2011-07-20/goldman-sachs-the-good-the-bad-and-the-ugly|url-status=live}} The fund failed during the Wall Street Crash of 1929, amid accusations that Goldman had engaged in share price manipulation and insider trading.

In 1930, during the Great Depression, the firm ousted Catchings, and Sidney Weinberg assumed the role of senior partner. Weinberg shifted Goldman's focus away from trading and toward investment banking. His actions helped to restore some of Goldman's tarnished reputation. Under Weinberg's leadership, Goldman was the lead advisor on the $657 million initial public offering of Ford Motor Company in 1956, a major victory at the time, as well as the $350 million debenture offering by Sears Roebuck in 1958. Under Weinberg's leadership, the firm started an investment research division and a municipal bond department, and it became an early innovator in risk arbitrage.

In the 1950s, Gus Levy joined the firm as a securities trader, where two powers fought for supremacy, one from investment banking and one from securities trading. Levy was a pioneer in block trading and the firm established this trend under his guidance. Due to Weinberg's heavy influence, the firm formed an investment banking division in 1956 in an attempt to shift focus off Weinberg. In 1957, the company's headquarters were relocated to 20 Broad Street, New York City.

In 1969, Levy took over Weinberg's role as Senior Partner and built Goldman's trading franchise once again.{{Cite book |year=2000 |publisher=Simon & Schuster |last=Endlich |first=Lisa |title=Goldman Sachs: The Culture Of Success |isbn=9780684869681 |page=62 }} Levy is credited with Goldman's famous philosophy of being "long-term greedy," which implied that as long as money is made over the long term, short-term losses are bearable. At the same time, partners reinvested nearly all of their earnings in the firm.{{Cite book |last=Endlich |first=Lisa| author-link=Lisa Endlich |title=Goldman Sachs: The Culture Of Success| publisher=A.A. Knopf |year=1999| isbn=9780679450801 |page=18 }} Weinberg remained a senior partner of the firm and died in July of that year.{{cite news | url=https://www.nytimes.com/1969/07/24/archives/sidney-j-weinberg-dies-at-77-mr-wall-street-of-finance-sidney-j.html | title=Sidney J. Weinberg Dies at 77; 'Mr. Wall Street' of Finance; Sidney J. Weinberg, Known as 'Mr. Wall Street,' Is Dead at 77 | first=Alden | last=Whitman | work=The New York Times | date=July 24, 1969 | url-access=limited}}

Another financial crisis for the firm occurred in 1970, when the Penn Central Transportation Company went bankrupt with over $80 million (~${{Format price|{{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=80000000|start_year=1970}}}} in {{Inflation/year|US-GDP}}) in commercial paper outstanding, most of it issued through Goldman Sachs. The bankruptcy was large, and the resulting lawsuits, notably by the SEC, threatened the partnership capital, survival, and reputation of the firm.{{cite news | url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/goldman-sachss-long-history-of-duping-its-clients/2012/03/15/gIQAVlu3GS_story.html | title=Goldman Sachs's long history of duping its clients | last=Cohan | first=William D. | newspaper=The Washington Post | date=March 16, 2012 | url-access=limited | archive-date=November 9, 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109190908/https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/goldman-sachss-long-history-of-duping-its-clients/2012/03/15/gIQAVlu3GS_story.html | url-status=live }} It was this bankruptcy that resulted in credit ratings for every issuer of commercial paper today by several credit rating services.{{cite web | last=Hahn | first=Thomas K. | editor=Timothy Q. Cook | editor2=Robert K. Laroche | title=Instruments of the Money Market | url=https://www.richmondfed.org/~/media/richmondfedorg/publications/research/special_reports/instruments_of_the_money_market/pdf/full_publication.pdf | edition=Seventh | publisher=Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond | location=Richmond, Virginia | year=1993 | access-date=April 7, 2017 | archive-date=November 25, 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201125001943/https://www.richmondfed.org/~/media/richmondfedorg/publications/research/special_reports/instruments_of_the_money_market/pdf/full_publication.pdf | url-status=live }}

Under the direction of Senior Partner Stanley R. Miller, the firm opened its first international office in London in 1970 and created a Private Wealth Management division along with a fixed income division in 1972.{{Cite news |last=Colchester |first=Max |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/who-loses-the-most-from-brexit-try-goldman-sachs-1460403274 |title=Who Loses the Most From 'Brexit'? Try Goldman Sachs |work=The Wall Street Journal |date=April 11, 2016 |issn=0099-9660 |archive-date=November 8, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108095658/https://www.wsj.com/articles/who-loses-the-most-from-brexit-try-goldman-sachs-1460403274|url-status=live}} It pioneered the "white knight" strategy in 1974 during its attempts to defend Electric Storage Battery against a hostile takeover bid from International Nickel and Goldman's rival, Morgan Stanley.{{cite book | first=Gary | last=Giroux | title=Accounting Fraud: Maneuvering and Manipulation, Past and Present | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gxNMAgAAQBAJ | publisher=Business Expert Press | isbn=978-1606496299 | date=2013 | archive-date=April 8, 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170408085303/https://books.google.com/books?id=gxNMAgAAQBAJ | url-status=live }} John Weinberg, the son of Sidney Weinberg, and John C. Whitehead assumed the roles of co-senior partners in 1976, once again emphasizing the co-leadership at the firm. One of their initiatives was the establishment of 14 business principles.{{Cite news |last=Thomas |first=Landon Jr. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/08/09/business/09weinberg.html |title=John L. Weinberg, 81, Former Leader of Goldman, Dies |work=The New York Times |date=August 9, 2006 | url-access=limited |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=November 21, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201121075533/https://www.nytimes.com/2006/08/09/business/09weinberg.html |url-status=live}}

On November 16, 1981, the firm acquired J. Aron & Company, a commodities trading firm that merged with the Fixed Income division to become known as Fixed Income, Currencies, and Commodities.{{Cite news |last=Baer |first=Justin |title=In Wake of Financial Crisis, Goldman Goes It Alone |publisher=Wall Street Journal |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/in-wake-of-financial-crisis-goldman-goes-it-alone-1423711981| date=December 12, 2015 | url-access=subscription |issn=0099-9660|archive-date=August 1, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801042635/https://www.wsj.com/articles/in-wake-of-financial-crisis-goldman-goes-it-alone-1423711981 |url-status=live}} J. Aron was involved in the coffee and gold markets, and the former CEO of Goldman, Lloyd Blankfein, joined the firm as a result of this merger.{{Cite news |title=As rivals fade, Goldman Sachs stands firm on commodities |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2013/12/06/as-rivals-fade-goldman-sachs-stands-firm-on-commodities.html |publisher=CNBC |date=December 6, 2013|archive-date=November 29, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129115336/https://www.cnbc.com/2013/12/06/as-rivals-fade-goldman-sachs-stands-firm-on-commodities.html|url-status=live}}

In 1983, the firm moved into a newly constructed global headquarters at 85 Broad Street and occupied that building until it moved to its current headquarters in 2009.{{Cite web |title=85 Broad Street – Goldman Sachs |url=https://www.institutionalinvestor.com/article/b179g8x6qjcf74/85-broad-street---goldman-sachs |access-date=January 9, 2023 |website=Institutional Investor |date=March 12, 2018 |language=en-gb |archive-date=October 3, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221003082029/https://www.institutionalinvestor.com/article/b179g8x6qjcf74/85-broad-street---goldman-sachs |url-status=live }}{{Cite web |date=December 9, 2009 |title=The House That Goldman Built |url=https://observer.com/2009/12/the-house-that-goldman-built/ |access-date=January 9, 2023 |publisher=Observer |archive-date=January 9, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230109140105/https://observer.com/2009/12/the-house-that-goldman-built/ |url-status=live }} In 1985, it underwrote the public offering of the real estate investment trust that owned Rockefeller Center, then the largest REIT offering in history.{{Cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/business/1995/09/19/pitching-them-high-and-inside-in-the-rockefeller-center-deal/7794b49c-3489-448e-a33c-4d8a691034f6/ |last=Sloan |first=Allan | author-link=Allan Sloan |title=PITCHING THEM HIGH AND INSIDE IN THE ROCKEFELLER CENTER DEAL | newspaper=The Washington Post |date=September 19, 1995 |issn=0190-8286 |archive-date=February 8, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210208043020/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/business/1995/09/19/pitching-them-high-and-inside-in-the-rockefeller-center-deal/7794b49c-3489-448e-a33c-4d8a691034f6/|url-status=live}} In accordance with the beginning of the dissolution of the Soviet Union, the firm also became involved in facilitating the global privatization movement by advising companies that were spinning off from their parent governments.{{Cite web | last=McCoy| first=Patricia |title=Levers of Law Reform: Public Goods and Russian Banking | url=https://scholarship.law.cornell.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1395&context=cilj | publisher=Cornell Law School | year=1997 | archive-date=October 22, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201022190041/https://scholarship.law.cornell.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1395&context=cilj |url-status=live}}

In 1986, the firm formed Goldman Sachs Asset Management, which manages the majority of its mutual funds and hedge funds. In the same year, the firm also underwrote the IPO of Microsoft, advised General Electric on its acquisition of RCA,{{Cite news | title=Goldman Sachs humbled | url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/business/analysis-and-features/goldman-sachs-humbled-1192852.html | work=The Independent | date=December 17, 2008 | archive-date=November 16, 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116055405/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/business/analysis-and-features/goldman-sachs-humbled-1192852.html | url-status=live}} and joined the London and Tokyo stock exchanges, where its mergers and acquisitions grew. During the 1980s, the firm became the first bank to distribute its investment research electronically and created the first public offering of original issue deep-discount bond. In 1988, it helped the State Bank of India obtain a credit rating and issue US$200 million in the US commercial paper market.{{Cite web | url=https://www.goldmansachs.com/our-firm/history/moments/1994-emerging-markets.html | title=Goldman Sachs Expands its Footprint in Emerging Markets | publisher=Goldman Sachs}}

Robert Rubin and Stephen Friedman assumed the co-senior partnership in 1990 and pledged to focus on globalization of the firm to strengthen the merger & acquisition and trading business lines.{{Cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-goldman-board-idUSBRE93315P20130404 |title=Former Goldman head Stephen Friedman retires from board |work=Reuters |date=April 4, 2013 |archive-date=November 3, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103184956/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-goldman-board-idUSBRE93315P20130404 |url-status=live}} In 1990, the firm introduced paperless trading to the New York Stock Exchange.{{Cite web | url=https://www.princeton.edu/~ota/disk2/1990/9015/9015.PDF | title=Electronic Bulls and Bears: U.S. Securities Markets and Information Technology | date=September 1990}} Rubin left the firm in 1992 to work in the Presidency of Bill Clinton. In 1994, the company launched the Goldman Sachs Commodity Index (GSCI) and opened its first office in China in Beijing.{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1994/03/01/business/goldman-sachs-in-china.html |title=Goldman, Sachs in China |date=March 1, 1994|work=New York Times |issn=0362-4331| archive-date=September 3, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200903093219/https://www.nytimes.com/1994/03/01/business/goldman-sachs-in-china.html |url-status=live}} That same year, Jon Corzine became CEO, following the retirement of Friedman as general partner.{{cite news|last1=Ramirez|first1=Anthony|title=Chairman of Goldman Will Retire|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1994/09/14/business/chairman-of-goldman-will-retire.html|access-date=9 May 2017|issue=Business|page=D1|work= New York Times|date=14 September 1994|url-access=limited|archive-date=September 3, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200903163853/https://www.nytimes.com/1994/09/14/business/chairman-of-goldman-will-retire.html|url-status=live}}

Rubin had drawn criticism in Congress for using a Treasury Department account under his personal control to distribute $20 billion to bail out Mexican bonds, of which Goldman was a key distributor.{{cite news|last1=Bradsher|first1=Keith|title=House Votes to Request Clinton Data on Mexico|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1995/03/02/business/house-votes-to-request-clinton-data-on-mexico.html|access-date=June 7, 2010|issue=Business|page=D2|work=New York Times|date=March 2, 1995|location=United States|url-access=limited|archive-date=November 6, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106031150/https://www.nytimes.com/1995/03/02/business/house-votes-to-request-clinton-data-on-mexico.html|url-status=live}} On November 22, 1994, the Mexican Bolsa stock market admitted Goldman Sachs and one other firm to operate on that market.{{cite news|title=Bolsa Admits 2 Foreign Firms|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1994/11/22/business/bolsa-admits-2-foreign-firms.html|access-date=June 7, 2010|agency=The New York Times Company|issue=Associated Press/Business|page=D9|work=The New York Times|date=November 22, 1994|location=United States|language=en|url-access=limited|archive-date=September 3, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200903184549/https://www.nytimes.com/1994/11/22/business/bolsa-admits-2-foreign-firms.html|url-status=live}} In 1994, the Mexican peso crisis threatened to wipe out the value of Mexico's bonds held by Goldman Sachs.{{Cite web|last=Woehr |first=Maria|title=6 Emerging Market Bank Blunders |url=https://www.thestreet.com/investing/stocks/6-emerging-market-bank-blunders-10996193|access-date=June 10, 2020|publisher=TheStreet|date=February 4, 2011 |archive-date=February 3, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210203224301/https://www.thestreet.com/investing/stocks/6-emerging-market-bank-blunders-10996193|url-status=live}}

In 1994, Goldman financed Rockefeller Center in a deal that allowed it to take an ownership interest{{cite news|last1=Hansell|first1=Saul|title=Loan Arranged at Rockefeller Center|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1994/11/18/business/loan-arranged-at-rockefeller-center.html|access-date=May 9, 2017|issue=Business|page=D7|work=New York Times|date=November 18, 1994|url-access=limited|archive-date=September 3, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200903183012/https://www.nytimes.com/1994/11/18/business/loan-arranged-at-rockefeller-center.html|url-status=live}} in 1996, and sold Rockefeller Center to Tishman Speyer in 2000.{{cite news | title=Rockefeller Center sold | url=https://money.cnn.com/2000/12/22/deals/rockefellercenter/ | work=CNN | date=December 22, 2000 | archive-date=October 28, 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201028144240/https://money.cnn.com/2000/12/22/deals/rockefellercenter/ | url-status=live }} In April 1996, Goldman was the lead underwriter of the initial public offering of Yahoo!.{{cite news|title=Yahoo! Offering Is Set for Today|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1996/04/12/business/yahoo-offering-is-set-for-today.html|access-date=December 6, 2019|agency=The New York Times Company|issue=Business|page=D7|work=The New York Times|date=April 6, 1996|location=United States|language=en|url-access=limited|archive-date=September 7, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200907011301/https://www.nytimes.com/1996/04/12/business/yahoo-offering-is-set-for-today.html|url-status=live}} In 1998, it was the co-lead manager of the ¥2 trillion (yen) NTT DoCoMo IPO.{{cite news | url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/business/1998/10/20/japans-34000-per-share-question/f3b0cb5c-59bd-4180-9744-473190e01fd5/ | title=JAPAN'S $34,000-PER-SHARE QUESTION | first=Sandra | last=Sugawara | newspaper=Washington Post | date=December 22, 2000 | access-date=May 9, 2017 | archive-date=August 18, 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200818110030/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/business/1998/10/20/japans-34000-per-share-question/f3b0cb5c-59bd-4180-9744-473190e01fd5/ | url-status=live }} In 1999, Goldman acquired Hull Trading Company for $531 million (~${{Format price|{{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=531000000|start_year=1999}}}} in {{Inflation/year|US-GDP}}),{{Cite news| first=Greg | last=Burns | title=Goldman Sachs Buys Hull Group | url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-1999-07-13-9907130269-story.html | work=Chicago Tribune | date=July 13, 1999 | archive-date=April 6, 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180406040242/http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1999-07-13/business/9907130269_1_hull-group-madoff-securities-stock-trading-system | url-status=live }}{{cite news|last1=Kahn |first1=Joseph|title=Goldman Sachs to Acquire Electronic Trading Concern |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1999/07/13/business/goldman-sachs-to-acquire-electronic-trading-concern.html|access-date=April 7, 2017|agency=The New York Times Company|issue=Business|page=C6|work=The New York Times|date=July 13, 1999|location=United States|language=en|url-access=limited|archive-date=September 11, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200911071806/https://www.nytimes.com/1999/07/13/business/goldman-sachs-to-acquire-electronic-trading-concern.html|url-status=live}} as part of its shift towards electronic trading.{{cite book |title=Dark Pools: High-Speed Traders, A.I. Bandits, and the Threat to the Global Financial System |last=Patterson |first=Scott |publisher=Crown Publishing |year=2012 |isbn=978-0-307-88717-7 |page=29}} After decades of debate among the partners, the company became a public company via an initial public offering in May 1999.{{Cite web |url=https://nypost.com/1999/05/04/goldman-sachs-ipo-debuts-today-at-3-66b/ |title=GOLDMAN SACHS IPO DEBUTS TODAY AT $3.66B|last=Piskora|first=Beth|date=May 4, 1999|website=New York Post|language=en|access-date=December 6, 2019|archive-date=August 17, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200817124848/https://nypost.com/1999/05/04/goldman-sachs-ipo-debuts-today-at-3-66b/|url-status=live}} Goldman sold 12.6% of the company to the public, and after the IPO, 48.3% of the company was held by 221 former partners, 21.2% of the company was held by non-partner employees, and the remaining 17.9% was held by retired Goldman partners and two long-time investors, Sumitomo Bank Ltd. and Assn, the investing arm of Kamehameha Schools.{{cite news | url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/1999-05-16/goldman-sachs-how-public-is-this-ipo | title=Goldman Sachs: How Public Is This IPO? | first=Leah Nathans | last=Spiro | publisher=Bloomberg L.P. | date=May 17, 1999 | access-date=April 7, 2017 | archive-date=August 27, 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200827190313/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/1999-05-16/goldman-sachs-how-public-is-this-ipo | url-status=live }} The shares were priced at $53 each at listing. After the IPO, Henry Paulson became chairman and chief executive officer, succeeding Jon Corzine.{{cite news| title=End of an era for Goldman | url=https://money.cnn.com/1999/05/03/markets/goldman/ | work=CNN | date=May 3, 1999 | archive-date=October 19, 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201019151634/https://money.cnn.com/1999/05/03/markets/goldman/ | url-status=live }}

In September 2000, Goldman Sachs purchased Spear, Leeds, & Kellogg, one of the largest specialist firms on the New York Stock Exchange, for $6.3 billion (~${{Format price|{{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=6300000000|start_year=2000}}}} in {{Inflation/year|US-GDP}}).{{cite news|last1=McGeehan|first1=Patrick|title=Goldman Sachs to Acquire Top Firm on Trading Floors|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2000/09/12/business/goldman-sachs-to-acquire-top-firm-on-trading-floors.html|access-date=May 18, 2017|agency=The New York Times Company|issue=Business|page=C2|work=The New York Times|date=September 12, 2000|url-access=limited|archive-date=September 13, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200913000550/https://www.nytimes.com/2000/09/12/business/goldman-sachs-to-acquire-top-firm-on-trading-floors.html|url-status=live}}

In January 2000, Goldman, along with Lehman Brothers, was the lead manager for the first internet bond offering for the World Bank.{{Cite news|last=Fuerbringer|first=Jonathan|date=January 13, 2000|title=The Markets: Market Place; The bond market, refuge of the instinctually stodgy, is being wired for e-commerce dealing|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2000/01/13/business/markets-market-place-bond-market-refuge-instinctually-stodgy-being-wired-for-e.html|access-date=June 10, 2020|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=September 12, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200912163856/https://www.nytimes.com/2000/01/13/business/markets-market-place-bond-market-refuge-instinctually-stodgy-being-wired-for-e.html|url-status=live}}

In 2000, Goldman Sachs advised Jim and Janet Baker on the sale of Dragon NaturallySpeaking to Lernout & Hauspie of Belgium for $580 million in L&H stock. L&H later collapsed due to accounting fraud and its stock price declined significantly. The Bakers filed a lawsuit against Goldman Sachs, alleging negligence, intentional and negligent misrepresentation, and breach of fiduciary duty since Goldman did not uncover and warn Dragon or the Bakers of the accounting problems of the acquirer, L&H. Lawyers for Goldman said it was not Goldman's job to uncover the accounting fraud. On January 23, 2013, a federal jury rejected the Bakers' claims and found Goldman Sachs not liable to the Bakers, instead siding with Goldman in counterclaims.{{cite news|last1=McLaughlin |first1=Tim |last2=Pressman |first2=Aaron |title=Goldman cleared of all charges in doomed Dragon sale |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-goldman-dragon-trial-idUSBRE90M1GX20130123 | publisher=Reuters |date=January 23, 2013|archive-date=January 5, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160105233438/http://www.reuters.com/article/us-goldman-dragon-trial-idUSBRE90M1GX20130123 |url-status=live}}

In March 2003, the firm took a 45% stake in a joint venture with JBWere, the Australian investment bank. In April 2003, Goldman acquired The Ayco Company L.P., a fee-based financial counseling service.{{Cite web |url=https://www.bizjournals.com/albany/stories/2003/04/14/daily17.html |title=Goldman Sachs to acquire Ayco |work=Albany Business Review |date=April 15, 2003 |access-date=July 29, 2021 |url-status=live |archive-date=October 22, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201022150641/https://www.bizjournals.com/albany/stories/2003/04/14/daily17.html }} In October 2003, in its Global Economics Paper No. 99 (Dreaming With BRICs: The Path to 2050), researchers at Goldman Sachs led by Jim O'Neill, Baron O'Neill of Gatley introduced the BRIC concept, identifying the developing countries of Brazil, Russia, India, and China, as rising economic powers.{{cite web | url=https://avikdgreat.tripod.com/InterestingReads/BRIC_GoldmanSachs.pdf | title=Global Economics Paper No: 99 Dreaming With BRICs: The Path to 2050 | first1=Dominic | last1=Wilson | first2=Roopa | last2=Purushothaman | work=Goldman Sachs | date=October 1, 2003}} In May 2006, Paulson left the firm to serve as United States Secretary of the Treasury, and Lloyd Blankfein was promoted to chairman and chief executive officer.{{Cite news|last=Anderson|first=Jenny|date=June 3, 2006 |title=New Chief Executive Is Chosen by Goldman|work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/06/03/business/03goldman.html|access-date=June 10, 2020|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=November 21, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201121050331/https://www.nytimes.com/2006/06/03/business/03goldman.html|url-status=live}} In January 2007, Goldman, along with CanWest Global Communications, acquired Alliance Atlantis, the company with the broadcast rights to the CSI franchise.{{Cite news | url=https://variety.com/2007/scene/markets-festivals/alliance-atlantis-sold-for-2-billion-1117957101/ |last1=Tillson |first1=Tamsen |date=January 10, 2007 |title=Alliance Atlantis sold for $2 billion | work=Variety |archive-date=October 21, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201021172221/https://variety.com/2007/scene/markets-festivals/alliance-atlantis-sold-for-2-billion-1117957101/ |url-status=live}}

As a result of its involvement in securitization during the subprime mortgage crisis, Goldman Sachs suffered during the 2008 financial crisis,{{cite news | url=https://www.economist.com/blogs/freeexchange/2009/07/like_everyone_else_goldman_was | title=Like everyone else, Goldman was in trouble | newspaper=The Economist | date=July 28, 2009 | archive-date=January 25, 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170125161003/http://www.economist.com/blogs/freeexchange/2009/07/like_everyone_else_goldman_was | url-status=live }}{{cite news | url=https://www.mcclatchydc.com/news/politics-government/article24561376.html | title=How Goldman secretly bet on the U.S. housing crash | publisher=McClatchy | date=November 1, 2009 | url-access=subscription | archive-date=April 10, 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170410183150/http://www.mcclatchydc.com/news/politics-government/article24561376.html | url-status=live }} and it received a $10 billion investment from the United States Department of the Treasury as part of the Troubled Asset Relief Program, a financial bailout created by the Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008. The investment was made in November 2008 and was repaid with interest in June 2009.{{cite news | url=http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/money/economy/2009-04-14-tarp-repay-bank-bailout_N.htm | title=Goldman Sachs to return $10B of bailout money | work=USA Today | date=April 15, 2009 | archive-date=January 29, 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190129220350/http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/money/economy/2009-04-14-tarp-repay-bank-bailout_N.htm | url-status=live }}{{cite news | title=JPMorgan and 9 Other Banks Repay TARP Money |url=https://dealbook.nytimes.com/2009/06/17/jpmorgan-repays-treasury-as-tarp-exits-continue/ | issue=DealBook | work=The New York Times |date=June 17, 2009 |url-access=limited |archive-date=March 10, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190310080912/https://dealbook.nytimes.com/2009/06/17/jpmorgan-repays-treasury-as-tarp-exits-continue/ |url-status=live}}

During the 2007 subprime mortgage crisis, Goldman profited from the collapse in subprime mortgage bonds in summer 2007 by short-selling subprime mortgage-backed securities. Two Goldman traders, Michael Swenson and Josh Birnbaum, are credited with being responsible for the firm's large profits during the crisis.{{cite news|last1=Alloway|first1=Tracy|title=Goldman's uneasy subprime short|url=https://ftalphaville.ft.com/2010/12/10/433571/goldmans-uneasy-subprime-short/|access-date=June 3, 2012|agency=Nikkei|issue=Alphaville|publisher=Financial Times|date=December 10, 2010|language=en|url-access=subscription|archive-date=September 19, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200919153553/https://ftalphaville.ft.com/2010/12/10/433571/goldmans-uneasy-subprime-short/|url-status=live}}{{Cite web |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/banksandfinance/2788346/Subprime-star-Josh-Birnbaum-leaves-Goldman.html |title=Subprime star Josh Birnbaum leaves Goldman. The Telegraph. |date=April 17, 2008 |access-date=April 3, 2018 |archive-date=November 22, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201122155522/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/banksandfinance/2788346/Subprime-star-Josh-Birnbaum-leaves-Goldman.html |url-status=live }} The pair, members of Goldman's structured products group in New York City, made a profit of $4 billion by "betting" on a collapse in the subprime market and shorting mortgage-related securities. By summer 2007, they persuaded colleagues to see their point of view and convinced skeptical risk management executives.{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2007/dec/21/goldmansachs.useconomy |title=Success shines unwelcome spotlight on to Goldman Sachs |work=The Guardian |date=December 21, 2007|first=Andrew |last=Clark |access-date=September 12, 2013 |archive-date=August 1, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801033416/https://www.theguardian.com/business/2007/dec/21/goldmansachs.useconomy |url-status=live }} The firm initially avoided large subprime write-downs and achieved a net profit due to significant losses on non-prime securitized loans being offset by gains on short mortgage positions. The firm's viability was called into question as the crisis intensified in September 2008.

In October 2007, Goldman Sachs was criticized for packaging risky mortgages and selling them to the public as safe investments.{{cite news | url=http://fortune.com/2016/04/12/goldman-sachs-house-of-junk-mortgage-bonds/ | title=Goldman Sachs' House of Junk | first=Allan | last=Sloan | author-link=Allan Sloan | publisher=Fortune | date=October 16, 2007 | access-date=May 18, 2017 | archive-date=November 12, 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112024930/https://fortune.com/2016/04/12/goldman-sachs-house-of-junk-mortgage-bonds/ | url-status=live }}

In 2007, former Goldman Sachs trader Matthew Marshall Taylor was fired after hiding an $8.3 billion unauthorized trade involving derivatives on the S&P 500 index by making "multiple false entries" into a Goldman trading system, with the objective of protecting his year-end bonus of $1.5 million. The trades cost the company $118 million. In 2013, Taylor plead guilty to charges and was sentenced to 9 months in prison and was ordered to repay the $118 million loss.{{cite news |last1=Abrams |first1=Rachel |title=Ex-Goldman Trader Sentenced to 9 Months in Prison |url=https://archive.nytimes.com/dealbook.nytimes.com/2013/12/06/ex-goldman-trader-sentenced-to-9-months-in-prison/ |work=The New York Times |date=December 6, 2013 |url-access=limited |archive-date=January 25, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170125160306/https://dealbook.nytimes.com/2013/12/06/ex-goldman-trader-sentenced-to-9-months-in-prison/ |url-status=live}}

On September 21, 2008, Goldman Sachs and Morgan Stanley, the last two major investment banks in the United States, both confirmed that they would become traditional bank holding companies.{{cite news|last1=Hall |first1=Jessica|last2=Heavens|first2=Louise|title=Goldman Sachs to be regulated by Fed |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-goldmansachs-idUSNWEN838420080922|access-date=September 22, 2008|agency=Thomson Reuters|issue=Fund News|publisher=Reuters|date=September 21, 2008|archive-date=November 11, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111204449/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-goldmansachs-idUSNWEN838420080922|url-status=live}}{{cite news | url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2008/sep/22/wallstreet.morganstanley | title=Wall Street in crisis: Mitsubishi to buy stake in Morgan Stanley | first1=Julia | last1=Kollewe | first2=David | last2=Teather | work=The Guardian | date=September 22, 2008 | access-date=December 11, 2016 | archive-date=December 5, 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201205203628/https://www.theguardian.com/business/2008/sep/22/wallstreet.morganstanley | url-status=live }} The Federal Reserve's approval of their bid to become banks ended the business model of an independent securities firm, 75 years after Congress separated them from deposit-taking lenders, and capped weeks of chaos that sent Lehman Brothers into bankruptcy and led to the rushed sale of Merrill Lynch to Bank of America{{cite news|last1=Hilsenrath|first1=Jon|last2=Paletta|first2=Damian|title=Goldman, Morgan Scrap Wall Street Model, Become Banks in Bid to Ride Out Crisis|journal=The Wall Street Journal. Eastern Edition|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB122202739111460721|access-date=May 18, 2017|agency=Dow Jones & Company Inc|issue=Business|publisher=Wall Street Journal|date=September 22, 2008|location=United States|language=en|url-access=subscription|issn=0099-9660|archive-date=December 3, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201203003329/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB122202739111460721|url-status=live}} On September 23, 2008, Berkshire Hathaway agreed to purchase $5 billion in Goldman's preferred stock, and also received warrants to buy another $5 billion in Goldman's common stock within five years.{{cite web | url=https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/886982/000095012308011720/y71480exv3w1.htm | title=Berkshire Hathaway to Invest $5 billion in Goldman Sachs | publisher=U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission | date=September 23, 2008 | access-date=May 18, 2017 | archive-date=August 16, 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140816030946/http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/886982/000095012308011720/y71480exv3w1.htm | url-status=live }} The company also raised $5 billion via a public offering of shares at $123 per share. Goldman also received a $10 billion preferred stock investment from the U.S. Treasury in October 2008, as part of the Troubled Asset Relief Program (TARP).{{cite news | url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/10/15/AR2007101501435.html | newspaper=The Washington Post | title=An Unsavory Slice of Subprime | first=Allan | last=Sloan | date=October 16, 2007 | access-date=May 3, 2010 | archive-date=October 1, 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191001183858/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/10/15/AR2007101501435.html | url-status=live }}

Andrew Cuomo, then New York Attorney General, questioned Goldman's decision to pay 953 employees bonuses of at least $1 million (~${{Format price|{{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=1000000|start_year=2008}}}} in {{Inflation/year|US-GDP}}) each after it received TARP funds in 2008.{{cite news|last1=Grocer|first1=Stephen|title=Wall Street Compensation–'No Clear Rhyme or Reason'|journal=The Wall Street Journal. Eastern Edition|url=https://blogs.wsj.com/deals/2009/07/30/wall-street-compensation-no-clear-rhyme-or-reason/|access-date=May 31, 2017|agency=Dow Jones & Company Inc|issue=Blogs|publisher=Wall Street Journal|date=July 30, 2009|location=United States|language=en|url-access=subscription|issn=0099-9660|archive-date=August 1, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801022109/https://blogs.wsj.com/deals/2009/07/30/wall-street-compensation-no-clear-rhyme-or-reason/|url-status=live}} In that same period, however, CEO Lloyd Blankfein and six other senior executives opted to forgo bonuses, stating they believed it was the right thing to do, in light of "the fact that we are part of an industry that's directly associated with the ongoing economic distress".{{cite news|last1=Giannone|first1=Joseph|last2=Bansal|first2=Paritosh|title=Goldman CEO, 6 others forgo 2008 bonuses|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-goldmansachs-bonus-idUSTRE4AF2KV20081117|access-date=May 18, 2017|agency=Thomson Reuters|issue=Business News|publisher=Reuters|date=November 16, 2008|location=New York|language=en|archive-date=October 22, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201022220058/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-goldmansachs-bonus-idUSTRE4AF2KV20081117|url-status=live}} Cuomo called the move "appropriate and prudent", and urged the executives of other banks to follow the firm's lead and refuse bonus payments. In June 2009, Goldman Sachs repaid the U.S. Treasury's TARP investment, with 23% interest (in the form of $318 million in preferred dividend payments and $1.418 billion in warrant redemptions).{{cite press release|url=http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20090722005842/en/Goldman-Sachs-Pays-1.1-Billion-Redeem-TARP|title=Goldman Sachs Pays $1.1 Billion to Redeem TARP Warrants: US Taxpayers Make 23 Percent Return|publisher=Business Wire|date=July 22, 2009|access-date=March 19, 2017|archive-date=October 20, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201020090150/https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20090722005842/en/Goldman-Sachs-Pays-1.1-Billion-Redeem-TARP|url-status=live}}
{{cite news|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2009/07/22/goldman-sachs-pays-11-billion-to-redeem-warrants.html|title=Goldman Sachs Pays $1.1 Billion to Redeem Warrants|publisher=CNBC|date=July 22, 2009|access-date=September 9, 2017|archive-date=November 9, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109030206/https://www.cnbc.com/id/32085262|url-status=live}} On March 18, 2011, Goldman Sachs received Federal Reserve approval to buy back Berkshire's preferred stock in Goldman.{{cite news|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2011/03/18/warren-buffett-gets-an-unwanted-call-from-goldman-sachs.html|title=Warren Buffett Gets an Unwanted Call from Goldman Sachs|work=CNBC|date=March 18, 2011|access-date=February 15, 2013|first1=Alex|last1=Crippe|archive-date=August 6, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806080740/https://www.cnbc.com/id/42153208|url-status=live}} In December 2009, Goldman announced that its top 30 executives would be paid year-end bonuses in restricted stock that they cannot sell for five years, with clawback provisions.{{cite news | url=https://usatoday30.usatoday.com/MONEY/usaedition/2009-12-10-goldman-execs_NU.htm | title=Goldman Sachs gives top execs bonuses in stock | agency=Bloomberg News | publisher=USA Today | date=December 10, 2009 | access-date=May 18, 2017 | archive-date=October 31, 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171031210236/https://usatoday30.usatoday.com/MONEY/usaedition/2009-12-10-goldman-execs_NU.htm | url-status=live }}{{cite news|last1=Craig|first1=Susanne|last2=Enrich|first2=David|title=Banks Brace for Bonus Fury|journal=The Wall Street Journal. Eastern Edition|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB126317064618124057|access-date=January 13, 2010|agency=Dow Jones & Company Inc|issue=Management|publisher=Wall Street Journal|date=January 10, 2010|location=United States|language=en|url-access=subscription|issn=0099-9660|archive-date=January 26, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126074733/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB126317064618124057|url-status=live}}

During the 2008 financial crisis, the Federal Reserve introduced several short-term credit and liquidity facilities to help stabilize markets. Some of the transactions under these facilities provided liquidity to institutions whose disorderly failure could have severely stressed an already fragile financial system.{{cite web |url=http://www.federalreserve.gov/newsevents/press/monetary/20101201a.htm |title="FRB: Press Release – Federal Reserve releases detailed information about transactions conducted to stabilize markets during the recent financial crisis". Federal Reserve. December 1, 2010 |publisher=Federalreserve.gov |access-date=November 2, 2011 |archive-date=May 2, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170502090030/https://www.federalreserve.gov/newsevents/press/monetary/20101201a.htm |url-status=live }} Goldman Sachs was one of the heaviest users of these loan facilities, taking out many loans between March 18, 2008, and April 22, 2009. The Primary Dealer Credit Facility (PDCF), the first Fed facility ever to provide overnight loans to investment banks, loaned Goldman Sachs a total of $589 billion against collateral such as corporate market instruments and mortgage-backed securities.{{cite web |url=http://www.federalreserve.gov/newsevents/reform_pdcf.htm |title="Primary Dealer Credit Facility (PDCF)". Federal Reserve. Retrieved December 3, 2010 |publisher=Federalreserve.gov |access-date=November 2, 2011 |archive-date=November 5, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201105015923/https://www.federalreserve.gov/newsevents/reform_pdcf.htm |url-status=live }} The Term Securities Lending Facility (TSLF), which allows primary dealers to borrow liquid Treasury securities for one month in exchange for less liquid collateral, loaned Goldman Sachs a total of $193 billion.{{cite web |url=http://www.federalreserve.gov/newsevents/reform_tslf.htm |title=Term Securities Lending Facility (TSLF) and TSLF Options Program (TOP) |publisher=FederalReserve.gov |access-date=November 2, 2011 |archive-date=October 22, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201022200151/https://www.federalreserve.gov/newsevents/reform_tslf.htm |url-status=live }} Goldman Sachs's borrowings totaled $782 billion in hundreds of revolving transactions over these months.{{cite web |url=http://www.federalreserve.gov/newsevents/reform_transaction.htm |title=FRB: Regulatory Reform: Transaction Data |publisher=FederalReserve.gov |date=October 11, 2011 |access-date=November 2, 2011 |archive-date=February 1, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210201172700/https://www.federalreserve.gov/newsevents/reform_transaction.htm |url-status=live }} The loans were fully repaid in accordance with the terms of the facilities.{{cite news | url=http://www.marketwatch.com/story/jp-morgan-goldman-sachs-other-banks-repay-tarp | title=J.P. Morgan, Goldman Sachs, other banks repay TARP | first=ALISTAIR | last=BARR | work=MarketWatch | date=June 17, 2009 | access-date=June 5, 2011 | archive-date=September 22, 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200922104252/https://www.marketwatch.com/story/jp-morgan-goldman-sachs-other-banks-repay-tarp | url-status=live }}

In 2008, Goldman Sachs started a "Returnship" internship program after research and consulting with other firms led them to understand that career breaks happen and that returning to the workforce was difficult, especially for women. The goal of the Returnship program was to offer a chance at temporary employment for workers. Goldman Sachs holds the trademark for the term 'Returnship'.{{Cite news | last=Koba | first=Mark |title=Returnship for Older Workers: Proceed with Caution | url=https://www.cnbc.com/2013/10/14/returnships-for-older-workers-proceed-with-caution.html | work=CNBC | date=October 14, 2013 | archive-date=April 6, 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160406081244/http://www.cnbc.com/2013/10/14/returnships-for-older-workers-proceed-with-caution.html | url-status=live}} According to a 2009 BrandAsset Valuator survey taken of 17,000 people nationwide, the firm's reputation suffered in 2008 and 2009, and rival Morgan Stanley was respected more than Goldman Sachs, a reversal of the sentiment in 2006.{{cite news |last1=Farrell |first1=Greg |title=Goldman Sachs' reputation tarnished |url=https://www.ft.com/content/ae3d459a-7f8e-11de-85dc-00144feabdc0|access-date=August 24, 2009 |agency=Nikkei |issue=Banks |publisher=Financial Times |date=August 2, 2009 |location=New York |language=en |url-access=subscription |archive-date=November 27, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201127190620/https://www.ft.com/content/ae3d459a-7f8e-11de-85dc-00144feabdc0|url-status=live}} In 2011, Goldman took full control of JBWere in a $1 billion (~${{Format price|{{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=1000000000|start_year=2011}}}} in {{Inflation/year|US-GDP}}) buyout.{{cite news | url=http://www.theaustralian.com.au/business/goldman-sachs-takes-full-control-in-1bn-buyout/news-story/f790b0a14a6ed33018b1110a7418eb68 | title=Goldman Sachs takes full control in $1bn buyout | first1=James | last1=Chessell | first2=Nabila | last2=Ahmed| work=The Australian | date=April 8, 2011 | access-date=May 18, 2017 | archive-date=January 22, 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180122004749/http://www.theaustralian.com.au/business/goldman-sachs-takes-full-control-in-1bn-buyout/news-story/f790b0a14a6ed33018b1110a7418eb68 | url-status=live }}

In September 2011, Goldman Sachs announced that it was shutting down Global Alpha Fund LP, its largest hedge fund, which had been housed under Goldman Sachs Asset Management (GSAM).{{cite news|last1=Rappaport|first1=Liz|title=Goldman to Close Global Alpha Hedge Fund|journal=The Wall Street Journal. Eastern Edition|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424053111904060604576573053089881550|access-date=May 18, 2017|agency=Dow Jones & Company Inc|issue=Markets|publisher=Wall Street Journal|date=September 16, 2011|location=United States|language=en|url-access=subscription|issn=0099-9660|archive-date=November 11, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111183658/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424053111904060604576573053089881550|url-status=live}}{{Cite web|last=Global Alpha Fund LP|date=2005|title=Goldman Sachs Global Alpha Fund, L.P. 2005 ANNUAL REPORT|url=https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/63814/000006381408000013/ex992-10ka2007.pdf|website=SEC|access-date=August 13, 2020|archive-date=July 10, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170710000024/https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/63814/000006381408000013/ex992-10ka2007.pdf|url-status=live}} Global Alpha, which was created in the mid-1990s with $10 million,{{cite news|title=Goldman Sachs to Shut Its Global Alpha Hedge Fund|url=https://dealbook.nytimes.com/2011/09/15/goldman-to-shut-global-alpha-hedge-fund/|access-date=May 18, 2017|agency=The New York Times Company|issue=DealBook|work=The New York Times|date=September 15, 2011|location=United States|language=en|url-access=limited|archive-date=August 1, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801203937/https://dealbook.nytimes.com/2011/09/15/goldman-to-shut-global-alpha-hedge-fund/|url-status=live}} was once "one of the biggest and best performing hedge funds in the world" with more than $12 billion assets under management (AUM) at its peak in 2007.{{Cite news| title=How Goldman Sachs Lost One Of Its Crown Jewels, Global Alpha| first=John| last=Carney| date=September 16, 2011| work=Business Insider via CNBC| access-date=April 24, 2020| url=https://www.businessinsider.com/how-goldman-sachs-lost-one-of-its-crown-jewels-global-alpha-2011-9| archive-date = August 4, 2020| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200804060453/https://www.businessinsider.com/how-goldman-sachs-lost-one-of-its-crown-jewels-global-alpha-2011-9| url-status = live}} Global Alpha used quantitative analysis and computer-driven models to invest, using high-frequency trading. It was founded by Cliff Asness and Mark Carhart, who developed the statistical models on which the trading was based. Global Alpha was described by The Wall Street Journal as a "big, secretive hedge fund"—the "Cadillac of a fleet of alternative investments" that had made millions for Goldman Sachs by 2006.{{Cite news| issn=0099-9660| last=Smith| first = Randall| title = Goldman Gurus Strike It Rich With Hedge Fund| work = Wall Street Journal| access-date = April 25, 2020| date=April 20, 2006| url = https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB114550097877130828| archive-date=August 1, 2020| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801044453/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB114550097877130828| url-status=live}} By mid-2008, assets under management (AUM) of the fund had declined to $2.5 billion, by June 2011, AUM was less than $1.7 billion, and by September 2011, after suffering losses that year, AUM was approximately $1 billion.{{cite news |last1=LaCapra |first1=LaurenTara|last2=Herbst-Bayliss |first2=Svea |title=Goldman to close Global Alpha fund after losses |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-goldmansachs-hedgefund-idUSTRE78F28Y20110916 |access-date=May 18, 2017|agency=Thomson Reuters |publisher=Reuters |date=September 16, 2011|location=New York |language=en |archive-date=October 22, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201022130428/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-goldmansachs-hedgefund-idUSTRE78F28Y20110916|url-status=live}}

In 2013, Goldman underwrote the $2.913 billion (~${{Format price|{{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=2913000000|start_year=2013}}}} in {{Inflation/year|US-GDP}}) Grand Parkway System Toll Revenue Bond offering for the Houston, Texas area, one of the fastest-growing areas in the United States. The bond will be repaid from toll revenue.{{cite web | url=https://www.transportation.gov/tifia/financed-projects/grand-parkway-segments-d%E2%80%93g | title=Grand Parkway Segments D-G | publisher=United States Department of Transportation | date=January 21, 2015 | access-date=May 14, 2017 | archive-date=March 31, 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190331080357/https://www.transportation.gov/tifia/financed-projects/grand-parkway-segments-d%E2%80%93g | url-status=live }}{{cite web | url=https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/ipd/project_profiles/tx_grandparkway.aspx | title=Project Profiles: Grand Parkway | publisher=US Dept of Transportation:Federal Highway Administration | year=2014 | quote=Goldman Sachs, Underwriter for the Revenue Bonds | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170403195104/https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/ipd/project_profiles/tx_grandparkway.aspx | archive-date=April 3, 2017 | df=mdy-all }}

In April 2013, together with Deutsche Bank, Goldman led a $17 billion bond offering by Apple Inc., the largest corporate-bond deal in history{{cite news|last1=Burne|first1=Katy|last2=Cherney|first2=Mike|title=Apple's Record Plunge Into Debt Pool|journal=The Wall Street Journal. Eastern Edition|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424127887324482504578454691936382274|access-date=April 7, 2014|agency=Dow Jones & Company Inc|issue=Markets|publisher=Wall Street Journal|date=April 30, 2013|location=United States|language=en|url-access=subscription|issn=0099-9660|archive-date=December 4, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201204184648/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424127887324482504578454691936382274|url-status=live}}{{cite news | title=Apple Raises $17 Billion in Record Corporate Bond Sale | url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2013-04-30/apple-plans-six-part-bond-sale-in-first-offering-since-1996-1- | last1=Mead | first1=Charles | first2=Sarika | last2=Gangar | work=Bloomberg News | date=April 30, 2013 | access-date=May 18, 2017 | archive-date=January 1, 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210101135340/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2013-04-30/apple-plans-six-part-bond-sale-in-first-offering-since-1996-1- | url-status=live }} and Apple's first since 1996. Goldman Sachs managed both of Apple's previous bond offerings in the 1990s.

In June 2013, Goldman Sachs purchased the loan portfolio from Brisbane-based Suncorp Group, one of Australia's largest banks and insurance companies. The A$1.6 billion face amount loan portfolio was purchased for A$960 million.{{cite news|last1=Kelly|first1=Ross|title=Suncorp Sells 'Bad Bank' Loans to Goldman Sachs|journal=The Wall Street Journal. Eastern Edition|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424127887323734304578542262346050342|access-date=May 17, 2017|agency=Dow Jones & Company Inc|issue=Business|publisher=Wall Street Journal|date=June 12, 2013|location=Sydney, Australia|language=en|url-access=subscription|issn=0099-9660|archive-date=November 28, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128111425/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424127887323734304578542262346050342|url-status=live}}{{cite news | url=http://www.theaustralian.com.au/business/financial-services/suncorp-sells-16bn-loan-portfolio-to-goldman-sachs/news-story/f16b35946f1ecde6b284e75186d16fdb | title=Suncorp sells $1.6bn loan book to Goldman Sachs for $960m | first=MICHAEL | last=BENNET | work=The Australian | date=June 13, 2013 | access-date=May 17, 2017 | archive-date=February 7, 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210207173039/https://www.theaustralian.com.au/nocookies?a=A.flavipes | url-status=live }}

In September 2013, Goldman Sachs Asset Management agreed to acquire the stable value business of Deutsche Asset & Wealth Management, with total assets under supervision of $21.6 billion (~${{Format price|{{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=21600000000|start_year=2013}}}} in {{Inflation/year|US-GDP}}) {{as of|2013|June|30|lc=y|df=US}}.{{cite press release | url=https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20130925006114/en/Goldman-Sachs-Asset-Management-to-Acquire-Stable-Value-Business-from-Deutsche-Asset-Wealth-Management | title=Goldman Sachs Asset Management to Acquire Stable Value Business from Deutsche Asset & Wealth Management | publisher=Business Wire | date=September 25, 2013}}

In 2014, Goldman Sachs acquired an 18% stake in DONG Energy (now Ørsted A/S), the largest electric utility in Denmark, from the Danish government after the company needed fresh capital but was unable to attract state funding.{{Cite web |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2017/10/02/dong-energy-changes-name-to-orsted-goes-big-on-renewables.html |title=Dong Energy changes name to Orsted goes big on renewables |last=Frangoul |first=Anmar |date=October 2, 2017 | work=CNBC |archive-date=April 12, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190412111719/https://www.cnbc.com/2017/10/02/dong-energy-changes-name-to-orsted-goes-big-on-renewables.html |url-status=live}} The sale led to protests by the public in Copenhagen and led to the resignation of six cabinet ministers and the withdrawal of the Socialist People's Party from Prime Minister Helle Thorning-Schmidt's leftist governing coalition.{{cite web | url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2014-02-06/in-denmark-goldman-sachs-deal-ignites-political-crisis | title=In Denmark, Goldman Sachs Deal Ignites Political Crisis | last1=Levring | first1=Peter | first2=Christian | last2=Wienberg | work=Bloomberg News | date=February 6, 2014 | archive-date=February 7, 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140207020756/http://www.businessweek.com/articles/2014-02-06/in-denmark-goldman-sachs-deal-ignites-political-crisis | url-status=live }} Protesters were wary of Goldman having an ownership stake due to its role in the 2008 financial crisis and the possible shift of the company's earnings to tax havens. Additional protests occurred in 2016 when the initial public offering of the company resulted in a windfall profit for Goldman.{{Cite news | url=https://www.ft.com/content/327d093e-2cd1-11e6-bf8d-26294ad519fc | title=Dong Energy's debut sparks outrage in Denmark over Goldman windfall | first=RICHARD | last=MILNE | work=Financial Times | date=June 8, 2016}} Goldman purchased the 18% stake in 2014 for 8 billion kroner and sold just over a 6% stake in 2017 for 6.5 billion kroner.{{cite web | url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-02-05/goldman-sale-reignites-conspiracy-theories-in-danish-parliament | title=Goldman Sale Reignites Conspiracy Theories in Danish Parliament | last=Levring | first=Peter | publisher=Bloomberg L.P. | date=February 5, 2017 | archive-date=April 6, 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170406190208/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-02-05/goldman-sale-reignites-conspiracy-theories-in-danish-parliament | url-status=live }} Goldman sold its remaining stake in the utility in 2017.{{Cite news | url=https://energywatch.com/EnergyNews/Utilities/article9943886.ece | title=Goldman Sachs bids final farewell to Dong | first=MAZ | last=PLECHINGER | work=Energy Watch Group | date=December 10, 2017}}

In January 2014, the Libyan Investment Authority (LIA) filed a lawsuit against Goldman for $1 billion after the firm lost 98% of the $1.3 billion the LIA invested with Goldman in 2007.{{cite news | url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2014-08-19/goldman-sachs-drops-bid-to-throw-out-libyan-wealth-fund-suit.html | title=Goldman Sachs Drops Bid to End Libyan Wealth Fund Suit | last1=Hodges | first1=Jeremy | work=Bloomberg News | date=August 19, 2014 | url-access=subscription | archive-date=January 5, 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150105054528/http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2014-08-19/goldman-sachs-drops-bid-to-throw-out-libyan-wealth-fund-suit.html | url-status=live }}{{cite news | url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/afontevecchia/2011/05/31/goldman-sachs-lost-98-of-libyas-1-3b-sovereign-wealth-fund-investment/ | title=Goldman Sachs Lost 98% of Libya's $1.3B Sovereign Wealth Fund Investment | first=Agustino | last=Fontevecchia | work=Forbes | date=May 31, 2011 | archive-date=February 8, 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170208215553/http://www.forbes.com/sites/afontevecchia/2011/05/31/goldman-sachs-lost-98-of-libyas-1-3b-sovereign-wealth-fund-investment/ | url-status=live }} The losses stemmed from derivatives trades that earned Goldman $350 million in fees.{{cite news |url=https://dealbook.nytimes.com/2014/01/30/libyan-investment-fund-files-suit-against-goldman/ |last1=Anderson |first1=Jenny |title=Libyan Investment Fund Sues Goldman Over Loss |work=The New York Times |date=January 30, 2014 |url-access=limited |archive-date=February 19, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140219172235/http://dealbook.nytimes.com/2014/01/30/libyan-investment-fund-files-suit-against-goldman/|url-status=live}}{{cite news | url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2014/nov/24/goldman-sachs-libya-high-court | first=Jennifer | last=Rankin | work=The Guardian | date=November 24, 2014 | title=High court judge orders Goldman Sachs to disclose Libya profits | archive-date=January 25, 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170125161043/https://www.theguardian.com/business/2014/nov/24/goldman-sachs-libya-high-court | url-status=live }} In court documents, Goldman admitted to having used small gifts, occasional travel and an internship to gain access to Libya's sovereign wealth fund.{{cite news |url=https://www.ft.com/content/b2d79034-4021-11e4-936b-00144feabdc0 |last1=Binham |first1=Caroline |last2=Croft |first2=Jane |title=Goldman admits cultivating ties with Gaddafi-era Libya fund |agency=Nikkei| work=Financial Times |date=September 19, 2014 |url-access=subscription |archive-date=January 25, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170125160219/https://www.ft.com/content/b2d79034-4021-11e4-936b-00144feabdc0|url-status=live}} In October 2016, after a trial, Justice Vivien Rose entered a judgment in Goldman Sachs's favor, saying that the relationship "did not go beyond the normal cordial and mutually beneficial relationship that grows up between a bank and a client" and that Goldman's fees were not excessive.{{Cite news | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/15/business/dealbook/goldman-sachs-libya-sovereign-wealth-fund.html | title=Goldman Sachs Didn't Trick Libyan Fund, Judge Says | first=Chad | last=Bray | work=The New York Times | date=October 15, 2016 | url-access=limited}}

In August 2015, Goldman Sachs agreed to acquire General Electric's GE Capital Bank on-line deposit platform, including US$8-billion of on-line deposits and another US$8-billion of brokered certificates of deposit.{{cite news | url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-08-13/goldman-sachs-to-buy-ge-bank-unit-with-16-billion-of-deposits | title=Goldman Sachs to Acquire GE Capital Bank's on-line deposit platform | work=Bloomberg News | date=August 13, 2015 | first=Michael J. | last=Moore | access-date=March 7, 2017 | archive-date=November 8, 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108134803/http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-08-13/goldman-sachs-to-buy-ge-bank-unit-with-16-billion-of-deposits | url-status=live }}

File:Marcus by Goldman Sachs Logo.svg

In April 2016, Goldman Sachs launched GS Bank, a direct bank.{{cite news | url=http://www.businessinsider.com/goldman-sachs-launches-online-saving-account-gsbank-2016-4 | title=Goldman Sachs is launching a bank account for ordinary people – not just the super rich | work=Business Insider | date=April 25, 2016 | first=Oscar | last=Williams-Grut | access-date=April 25, 2016 | archive-date=August 6, 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806142058/https://www.businessinsider.com/goldman-sachs-launches-online-saving-account-gsbank-2016-4 | url-status=live }} In October 2016, Goldman Sachs Bank USA started offering no-fee unsecured personal loans under the brand Marcus by Goldman Sachs.{{cite news | url=https://www.usnews.com/news/business/articles/2016-10-13/goldman-sachs-launches-personal-loan-service | title=Goldman Sachs launches personal loan service | first=Ken | last=Sweet | agency=Associated Press | publisher=U.S. News & World Report | date=October 13, 2016 | access-date=May 18, 2017 | archive-date=August 1, 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801083541/https://www.usnews.com/news/business/articles/2016-10-13/goldman-sachs-launches-personal-loan-service | url-status=live }} In March 2016, Goldman Sachs agreed to acquire financial technology startup Honest Dollar, a digital retirement savings tool founded by American entrepreneur Whurley, focused on helping small-business employees and self-employed workers obtain affordable retirement plans. Terms of the deal were not disclosed.{{cite news |last=Moyer| first=Liz |title=Goldman Sachs to Buy Honest Dollar, a Small Plan Start-Up |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/03/15/business/dealbook/goldman-sachs-to-buy-honest-dollar-a-small-plan-start-up.html |work=The New York Times |date=March 14, 2016 |url-access=limited | archive-date=December 16, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201216230517/https://www.nytimes.com/2016/03/15/business/dealbook/goldman-sachs-to-buy-honest-dollar-a-small-plan-start-up.html|url-status=live}}

In May 2017, Goldman Sachs purchased $2.8 billion (~${{Format price|{{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=2800000000|start_year=2017}}}} in {{Inflation/year|US-GDP}}) of PDVSA 2022 bonds from the Central Bank of Venezuela during the 2017 Venezuelan protests.{{cite news |last1=Vyas |first1=Kejal |last2=Kurmanaev |first2=Anatoly |title=Goldman Sachs Bought Venezuela's State Oil Company's Bonds Last Week |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/goldman-sachs-bought-venezuelan-oil-co-bonds-last-week-1496020176| work=The Wall Street Journal |date=May 28, 2017 |location=Caracas, Venezuela |url-access=subscription |issn=0099-9660 |archive-date=January 7, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210107044131/https://www.wsj.com/articles/goldman-sachs-bought-venezuelan-oil-co-bonds-last-week-1496020176 |url-status=live}}

In April 2018, Goldman Sachs acquired Clarity Money, a personal finance startup.{{cite news | title=Goldman Sachs bought a money-management app | url=http://www.businessinsider.com/r-goldman-sachs-buys-personal-finance-start-up-clarity-money-2018-4 | first=Jessica | last=Resnick-Ault | agency=Reuters | publisher=Business Insider | date=April 16, 2018 | access-date=April 16, 2018 | archive-date=February 3, 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210203222427/https://www.businessinsider.com/r-goldman-sachs-buys-personal-finance-start-up-clarity-money-2018-4 | url-status=live }} On September 10, 2018, Goldman Sachs acquired Boyd Corporation from Genstar Capital for $3 billion (~${{Format price|{{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=3000000000|start_year=2018}}}} in {{Inflation/year|US-GDP}}).{{Cite news |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/goldman-sachs-merchant-banking-to-buy-boyd-corp-from-genstar-capital-1531393390 |last=Beckerman |first=Josh|title=Goldman Sachs Merchant Banking to Buy Boyd Corp. From Genstar Capital |work=The Wall Street Journal |date=July 12, 2018 |issn=0099-9660 | url-access=subscription |archive-date=August 1, 2020| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801021717/https://www.wsj.com/articles/goldman-sachs-merchant-banking-to-buy-boyd-corp-from-genstar-capital-1531393390|url-status=live}} On May 16, 2019, Goldman Sachs acquired United Capital Financial Advisers, LLC for $750 million (~${{Format price|{{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=750000000|start_year=2019}}}} in {{Inflation/year|US-GDP}}).{{Cite news | first=Matt | last=Egan | title=Goldman Sachs makes biggest acquisition in nearly 20 years | work=CNN | url=https://www.cnn.com/2019/05/16/investing/goldman-sachs-acquisition-united-capital/index.html | date=May 16, 2019 | archive-date=January 28, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128203523/https://www.cnn.com/2019/05/16/investing/goldman-sachs-acquisition-united-capital/index.html | url-status=live}}

File:Apple Card.png, issued by Goldman Sachs Bank USA]]

In March 2019, Apple, Inc. announced that it would partner with Goldman Sachs to launch the Apple Card, the bank's first credit card offering.{{Cite news |title=Apple unveils new no-fee credit card: The Apple Card |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2019/03/25/apple-unveils-new-credit-card-the-apple-card.html | work=CNBC |last=Son |first=Hugh |date=March 25, 2019 |archive-date=March 25, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190325190729/https://www.cnbc.com/2019/03/25/apple-unveils-new-credit-card-the-apple-card.html |url-status=live }} The partnership opportunity had been turned down by other banks including Barclays, Citigroup, JPMorgan Chase and Synchrony Financial.{{Cite web |last=Son |first=Hugh |date=May 28, 2019 |title=A Goldman Sachs rival pulled out of the Apple Card deal on fears it will be a money loser |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2019/05/28/goldman-rival-pulled-out-of-apple-card-on-fears-it-was-money-loser.html |access-date=July 2, 2022 |website=CNBC |language=en |archive-date=July 2, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220702203749/https://www.cnbc.com/2019/05/28/goldman-rival-pulled-out-of-apple-card-on-fears-it-was-money-loser.html |url-status=live }}{{Cite web |last=Son |first=Hugh |date=August 14, 2019 |title=Goldman Sachs may lose money on the Apple Card in the next recession, Nomura says |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2019/08/14/goldman-sachs-may-lose-money-on-the-apple-card-in-the-next-recession.html |access-date=July 2, 2022 |website=CNBC |language=en |archive-date=July 2, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220702203749/https://www.cnbc.com/2019/08/14/goldman-sachs-may-lose-money-on-the-apple-card-in-the-next-recession.html |url-status=live }}

In March 2019, Goldman Sachs was fined £34.4 million by the London regulator for misreporting millions of transactions over a decade.[https://www.theguardian.com/business/2019/mar/28/city-watchdog-fines-goldman-sachs-misreporting-transactions City watchdog fines Goldman Sachs £34.4m for misreporting] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190329172813/https://www.theguardian.com/business/2019/mar/28/city-watchdog-fines-goldman-sachs-misreporting-transactions |date=March 29, 2019 }}, Guardian, March 28, 2019.

In December 2019, the company pledged to invest and finance $750 billion in climate transition projects and to stop financing oil exploration in the Arctic and some projects related to coal.{{cite news |last1=Stevens |first1=Pippa | title=Goldman Sachs to spend $750 billion on climate transition projects and curb fossil fuel lending |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2019/12/16/goldman-sachs-targets-750-billion-for-climate-transition-projects.html | work=CNBC |date=December 16, 2019 |archive-date=February 19, 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210219124908/https://www.cnbc.com/2019/12/16/goldman-sachs-targets-750-billion-for-climate-transition-projects.html |url-status=live }}

In June 2020, Goldman Sachs introduced a new corporate typeface, Goldman Sans, and made it freely available. After Internet users discovered that the terms of the license prohibited the disparagement of Goldman Sachs, the bank was much mocked and disparaged in its font, until it eventually changed the license to the standard SIL Open Font License.{{Cite news|last1=Wagner|first1=Josh|last2=Stein|first2=Joel|date=August 21, 2020|title=Goldman Sachs Has Money. It Has Power. And Now It Has a Font|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/08/21/business/goldman-sachs-font.html|access-date=August 21, 2020|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=December 23, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201223181104/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/08/21/business/goldman-sachs-font.html|url-status=live}}

Goldman Sachs was embroiled in the 1Malaysia Development Berhad scandal, related to Malaysia's sovereign wealth fund, 1Malaysia Development Berhad (1MDB). The bank paid a fine of $2.9 billion under the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, the largest such fine to date. In July 2020, Goldman Sachs agreed on a $3.9 billion settlement in Malaysia for criminal charges related to the 1MDB scandal.{{cite web | url=https://www.swfinstitute.org/news/83728/top-10-fcpa-enforcement-actions-disgraced-goldman-sachs-tops-the-list | title=TOP 10 FCPA Enforcement Actions, Disgraced Goldman Sachs Tops the List | publisher=Sovereign Wealth Fund Institute | archive-date=January 13, 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210113100852/https://www.swfinstitute.org/news/83728/top-10-fcpa-enforcement-actions-disgraced-goldman-sachs-tops-the-list | url-status=live }}{{cite news |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2020/07/24/goldman-sachs-agrees-to-3point9-billion-deal-with-malaysia-to-settle-criminal-probe-into-1mdb-scandal.html|title=Goldman Sachs agrees to $3.9 billion deal with Malaysia to settle criminal probe into 1MDB scandal |date=July 24, 2020 |first=Hugh|last=Son|access-date=January 15, 2021 |archive-date=October 30, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030060507/https://www.cnbc.com/2020/07/24/goldman-sachs-agrees-to-3point9-billion-deal-with-malaysia-to-settle-criminal-probe-into-1mdb-scandal.html|url-status=live}} For charges brought for the same case in other countries, Goldman Sachs agreed in October of the same year to pay more than $2.9 billion, with over $2 billion going to fines imposed in the US.{{cite news|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2020/10/22/goldman-sachs-agrees-to-pay-more-than-2point9-billion-to-resolve-probes-into-its-1mdb-scandal-.html |title=Goldman Sachs agrees to pay more than $2.9 billion to resolve probes into its 1MDB scandal |date=October 22, 2020|first=Hugh|last=Son|access-date=October 23, 2020 |archive-date=January 29, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210129064653/https://www.cnbc.com/2020/10/22/goldman-sachs-agrees-to-pay-more-than-2point9-billion-to-resolve-probes-into-its-1mdb-scandal-.html|url-status=live}}

Effective July 1, 2020, the firm no longer manages initial public offerings of a company without "at least one diverse board candidate, with a focus on women" in the U.S. and Europe.{{Cite web |last=Elsesser |first=Kim |title=Goldman Sachs Won't Take Companies Public If They Have All-Male Corporate Boards |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/kimelsesser/2020/01/23/goldman-sachs-wont-take-companies-public-if-they-have-all-male-corporate-boards/ |access-date=March 14, 2023 |website=Forbes |archive-date=March 14, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230314150640/https://www.forbes.com/sites/kimelsesser/2020/01/23/goldman-sachs-wont-take-companies-public-if-they-have-all-male-corporate-boards/ |url-status=live }}{{Cite web |title=Goldman Sachs' board diversity pledge pays off with 50 diverse directors |url=https://fortune.com/2022/04/05/goldman-sachs-placed-50th-diverse-director-board-diversity/ |access-date=March 14, 2023 |website=Fortune |archive-date=March 14, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230314151213/https://fortune.com/2022/04/05/goldman-sachs-placed-50th-diverse-director-board-diversity/ |url-status=live }}

In August 2021, Goldman Sachs announced that it had agreed to acquire NN Investment Partners, which had US$ 335 billion in assets under management, for €1.7 billion from NN Group.{{cite news | last=Dummett | first=Ben | title=Goldman Sachs to Acquire European Asset Manager for $1.9 Billion | url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/goldman-sachs-to-acquire-european-asset-manager-for-1-9-billion-11629364151 | work=The Wall Street Journal | date=August 19, 2021 | url-access=subscription |archive-date=August 19, 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210819143555/https://www.wsj.com/articles/goldman-sachs-to-acquire-european-asset-manager-for-1-9-billion-11629364151|url-status=live}}

In September 2021, Goldman Sachs announced to acquire GreenSky for about $2.24 billion (~${{Format price|{{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=2240000000|start_year=2021}}}} in {{Inflation/year|US-GDP}}) and completed the acquisition in March 2022.{{Cite news|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2021/09/15/goldman-sachs-is-acquiring-buy-now-pay-later-fintech-greensky-for-2point2-billion-.html|title=Goldman Sachs is acquiring buy now, pay later fintech GreenSky for $2.2 billion|date=September 15, 2021|newspaper=CNBC|access-date=April 8, 2022|archive-date=April 8, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220408021632/https://www.cnbc.com/2021/09/15/goldman-sachs-is-acquiring-buy-now-pay-later-fintech-greensky-for-2point2-billion-.html|url-status=live}}

In March 2022, Goldman Sachs announced it was winding down its business in Russia in compliance with regulatory and licensing requirements regarding sanctions after the Russian invasion of Ukraine.{{cite news | url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-03-10/goldman-sachs-to-exit-russia-in-wall-street-s-first-pullout | title=Goldman Sachs to Exit Russia in Wall Street's First Pullout | work=Bloomberg News | date=March 10, 2022 | first=Sridhar | last=Natarajan | access-date=March 10, 2022 | archive-date=May 15, 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220515074824/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-03-10/goldman-sachs-to-exit-russia-in-wall-street-s-first-pullout | url-status=live }}

Also during that same month, Goldman Sachs announced it had acquired NextCapital Group, a Chicago-based open-architecture digital retirement advice provider.{{Cite web |date=March 29, 2022 |title=Goldman Sachs to Acquire NextCapital Group |url=https://www.nsbanking.com/news/goldman-sachs-to-acquire-nextcapital-group/ |access-date=March 30, 2022 |website=NS Banking |language=en-US |archive-date=June 20, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220620212942/https://www.nsbanking.com/news/goldman-sachs-to-acquire-nextcapital-group/ |url-status=live }}

In June 2022, Goldman Sachs offered its first derivatives product linked to Ether (ETH).{{cite web |url=https://fortune.com/2022/06/13/goldman-sachs-first-trade-derivative-linked-to-ether/ |title=Goldman Sachs just executed its first trade of derivative linked to Ether |date=June 13, 2022 |work=Fortune |last=Mishra |first=Parikshit |access-date=June 16, 2022 |archive-date=June 15, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220615152658/https://fortune.com/2022/06/13/goldman-sachs-first-trade-derivative-linked-to-ether/ |url-status=live }} Goldman Sachs was announced as an official partner of McLaren.{{Cite web |title=McLaren Racing – McLaren Racing announces multi-year partnership with Goldman Sachs |url=https://www.mclaren.com/racing/partners/goldman-sachs/mclaren-racing-announces-multi-year-partnership-goldman-sachs/ |access-date=November 18, 2022 |website=www.mclaren.com |language=en |archive-date=November 18, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221118125827/https://www.mclaren.com/racing/partners/goldman-sachs/mclaren-racing-announces-multi-year-partnership-goldman-sachs/ |url-status=live }}

In September 2022, Goldman Sachs announced the layoff of hundreds of employees across the company, apparently as a result of the earnings report from July of the same year that showed a significant reduction.{{cite news | url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-62885047 | title=Financial giant Goldman Sachs set for hundreds of layoffs | date=September 13, 2022 | publisher=BBC News | access-date=September 13, 2022 | archive-date=September 14, 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220914043527/https://www.bbc.com/news/business-62885047 | url-status=live }}

In February 2024, CNBC reported Goldman Sachs was expanding its reach into the economic lives of more Americans by way of Rhythm Energy, a provider of independent energy in Texas. The firm's private equity fund owned the firm, but it operated independently. At the time of the reporting, it was linked to energy networks that provided electricity for 190 million Americans.{{Cite web |last=Son |first=Hugh |date=February 2, 2024 |title=A Goldman Sachs-backed electricity firm is making a play to reach more Americans' homes |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2024/02/02/goldman-sachs-backed-electricity-firm-to-reach-more-americans-homes.html |access-date=February 12, 2024 |website=CNBC}}

The company is growing its Indian business – Goldman Sachs has invested ₹72 crore (₹720 000 000) for 15 lakh (1 500 000) shares in Medi Assist Healthcare debuting in January 2024.{{Cite news|language=en|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/stocks/news/bulk-deal-goldman-sachs-other-marquee-funds-buy-stakes-in-medi-assist-healthcare-post-listing/articleshow/107090086.cms|title=Bulk deal: Goldman Sachs, other marquee funds buy stakes in Medi Assist Healthcare post-listing|website=The Economic Times|date=January 23, 2024 |access-date=February 25, 2024|archive-date=January 24, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240124072316/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/stocks/news/bulk-deal-goldman-sachs-other-marquee-funds-buy-stakes-in-medi-assist-healthcare-post-listing/articleshow/107090086.cms |last1=Podishetti |first1=Akash }}

According to a statement made by Goldman CEO David Solomon in January 2025, the credit-card partnership with Apple may end before its contract runs out in 2030.{{Cite news |date=January 16, 2025 |title=Goldman Sachs CEO says Apple card partnership may end before 2030 |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/finance/goldman-sachs-ceo-says-apple-card-partnership-may-end-before-2030-2025-01-15/}}

In February 2025, Goldman Sachs announced the termination of its commitment to diversity on the boards of companies it assists with going public. This decision marks another instance in a series of rollbacks concerning corporate diversity, equity, and inclusion (DEI) initiatives, which have faced significant criticism from conservative groups. The bank had previously committed to ensuring that each company it takes through the IPO process in the United States or Western Europe would have at least two board members who were not white men. Additionally, the pledge specified that at least one of these individuals should be a woman. Goldman Sachs confirmed the decision to end this initiative on February 11, 2025, reflecting broader shifts in corporate DEI strategies amidst political and societal debates.{{cite web | last=Jack | first=Simon | last2=Jordan | first2=Dearbail | title=Goldman Sachs axes diversity rule that has 'served its purpose' | website=BBC Home | date=2025-02-12 | url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c4gwvxn5377o | access-date=2025-02-12}}

In April 2025, Goldman Sachs lowered its 12-month forecast for Europe’s STOXX 600 index from 580 to 570 points, citing concerns over U.S. President Donald Trump’s proposed global tariffs. The index most recently closed at 533.92 points. Fears of an economic slowdown following Trump’s announcement have unsettled financial markets.  Goldman also revised down its European earnings per share estimates, now forecasting 2% growth in 2025 and 4% in 2026, down from 4% and 6%, respectively. The bank raised the probability of a U.S. recession to 35% and now expects three interest rate cuts this year from both the U.S. Federal Reserve and the European Central Bank. Goldman also raised its FTSE 100 forecast from 9,000 to 9,100 points. {{Cite news |date=April 1, 2025 |title=Goldman Sachs trims Europe's STOXX 600 forecast on Trump tariff impact |url=https://www.reuters.com/markets/europe/goldman-sachs-cuts-12-month-europes-stoxx-600-forecast-2025-04-01/}}

{{Main|Goldman Sachs controversies}}

{{summarize section|date=March 2022}}

The company has been criticized for lack of ethical standards, working with dictatorial regimes,{{cite news |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2013-02-06/goldman-sachs-shouldn-t-work-for-russia-human-rights-group-says| title=Goldman Sachs Shouldn't Work for Russia, Human Rights Group Says |last=Harper |first=Christine | work=Bloomberg News |date=February 6, 2013 | url-access=subscription |archive-date=February 26, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170226201216/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2013-02-06/goldman-sachs-shouldn-t-work-for-russia-human-rights-group-says |url-status=live}} close relationships with the U.S. federal government via a "revolving door" of former employees,{{cite news|last1=Creswell |first1=Julie |last2=White |first2=Ben |title=The Guys From 'Government Sachs' |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/10/19/business/19gold.html |work=The New York Times |date=October 17, 2008 | url-access=limited |archive-date=February 20, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140220160810/http://www.nytimes.com/2008/10/19/business/19gold.html |url-status=live}} and driving up prices of commodities through futures speculation. It has also been criticized by its employees for 100-hour work weeks, high levels of employee dissatisfaction among first-year analysts, abusive treatment by superiors, a lack of mental health resources, and extremely high levels of stress in the workplace leading to physical discomfort.{{Cite news | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/03/19/business/goldman-sachs-analysts-workplace-complaint.html | title='I'm in a really dark place': Complaints at Goldman Sachs set off a workplace debate. |last1=Karaian |first1=Jason |last2=Sorkin | first2=Andrew Ross | author-link1=Andrew Ross Sorkin | work=The New York Times | date=March 19, 2021 | url-access=limited | issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=September 16, 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210916055629/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/03/19/business/goldman-sachs-analysts-workplace-complaint.html |url-status=live}}{{Cite news |last=Ghosh|first=Palash|title=Goldman Sachs First-Year Analysts Face 100-Hour Weeks, Abusive Behavior, Stress: Survey Says|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/palashghosh/2021/03/18/goldman-sachs-first-year-analysts-face-100-hour-weeks-abusive-behavior-stress-survey-says/|access-date=September 16, 2021|website=Forbes|language=en|archive-date=September 16, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210916055628/https://www.forbes.com/sites/palashghosh/2021/03/18/goldman-sachs-first-year-analysts-face-100-hour-weeks-abusive-behavior-stress-survey-says/|url-status=live}}

Goldman was criticized for allegedly misleading its investors and profiting from the collapse of the mortgage market during the 2008 financial crisis. This led to investigations from the United States Congress, the United States Department of Justice, and a lawsuit from the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission that resulted in Goldman paying a $550 million settlement in July 2010. Goldman Sachs denied wrongdoing and stated that its customers were aware of its bets against the mortgage-related security products it was selling to them, and that it only used those bets to hedge against losses.{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/12/24/business/24trading.html|title=Banks Bundled Bad Debt, Bet Against It and Won |last1=Morgenson|first1=Gretchen |date=December 23, 2009 |work=The New York Times |last2=Story |first2=Louise | url-access=limited}}{{cite press release |url=https://www.goldmansachs.com/media-relations/in-the-news/archive/04-13-2011-statement-in-response-to-report-by-senate-perm-sub.html |title=Statement in Response to Report by the Senate Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations|date=April 13, 2011 |publisher=Goldman Sachs}}

Goldman Sachs was "excoriated by the press and the public" according to journalists Bethany McLean and Joe Nocera.{{cite book |title=All the Devils Are Here: The Hidden History of the Financial Crisis|last1=McLean |first1=Bethany|last2=Nocera|first2=Joe |page=153 |author-link1=Bethany McLean |author-link2=Joe Nocera}} This was despite the non-retail nature of its business that would normally have kept it out of the public eye. In a story in Rolling Stone published in July 2009, Matt Taibbi characterized Goldman Sachs as a "great vampire squid" sucking money instead of blood, allegedly engineering "every major market manipulation since the Great Depression ... from tech stocks to high gas prices".{{cite web|title=Matt Taibbi's "Vampire Squid" Takedown Of Goldman Sachs Is Finally Online |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/matt-taibbis-vampire-squid-take-down-of-goldman-sachs-is-finally-online-2009-7 |last=Carney |first=John | work=Business Insider |date=July 16, 2009 |archive-date=March 4, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140304200714/http://www.businessinsider.com/matt-taibbis-vampire-squid-take-down-of-goldman-sachs-is-finally-online-2009-7|url-status=live}}{{cite magazine |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/politics/news/the-great-american-bubble-machine-20100405 |title=The Great American Bubble Machine |last=Taibbi |first=Matt | author-link=Matt Taibbi | magazine=Rolling Stone |date=July 9, 2009 |archive-date=July 1, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180701115943/https://www.rollingstone.com/politics/news/the-great-american-bubble-machine-20100405|url-status=live}}{{cite news |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/jakezamansky/2013/08/08/the-great-vampire-squid-keeps-on-sucking/ |title=The Great Vampire Squid Keeps On Sucking |date=August 8, 2013 |last=Zamansky | first=Jake |work=Forbes| url-access=limited |archive-date=September 8, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908191835/https://www.forbes.com/sites/jakezamansky/2013/08/08/the-great-vampire-squid-keeps-on-sucking/ |url-status=live}}{{cite news |last1=Roose| first1=Kevin| title=The Long Life of the Vampire Squid |url=https://archive.nytimes.com/dealbook.nytimes.com/2011/12/13/the-long-life-of-the-vampire-squid-metaphor/ |work=The New York Times |date=December 13, 2011 |url-access=limited |archive-date=December 4, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131204210641/http://dealbook.nytimes.com/2011/12/13/the-long-life-of-the-vampire-squid-metaphor/|url-status=live}}

While all the investment banks were scolded by congressional investigations, Goldman Sachs was subject to "a solo hearing in front of the Senate Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations" and a critical report.{{cite news |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/halahtouryalai/2011/04/14/criminal-charges-loom-for-goldman-sachs-after-scathing-senate-report/|title=Criminal Charges Loom For Goldman Sachs After Scathing Senate Report |last=Touryalai |first=Halah |work=Forbes |date=April 14, 2011}} In 2011, a Senate panel released a report accusing Goldman Sachs of misleading clients and engaging in conflicts of interest.{{cite news | url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/halahtouryalai/2011/04/14/criminal-charges-loom-for-goldman-sachs-after-scathing-senate-report/ | title=Criminal Charges Loom For Goldman Sachs After Scathing Senate Report | first=Halah | last=Touryalai | work=Forbes | date=April 14, 2011 | access-date=May 16, 2017 | archive-date=January 25, 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170125160416/http://www.forbes.com/sites/halahtouryalai/2011/04/14/criminal-charges-loom-for-goldman-sachs-after-scathing-senate-report/ | url-status=live }}

In June 2009, after the firm repaid the TARP investment from the U.S. Treasury, Goldman made some of the largest bonus payments in its history due to its strong financial performance, setting aside a record $11.4 billion for bonus payments.{{cite book | author=McLean and Nocera |title=All the Devils Are Here | page=361 }}{{cite news | url=https://www.fortunechina.com/first/c/2009-07/15/content_21706.htm | title=The return of the $773,000 paycheck | first=Colin | last=Barr | work=Fortune | date=July 14, 2009| archive-date=September 5, 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170905002817/http://archive.fortune.com/2009/07/14/news/companies/goldman.pay.fortune/index.htm | url-status=live }}{{cite news |last1=Bowley |first1=Graham |title=With Big Profit, Goldman Sees Big Payday Ahead |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/07/15/business/15goldman.html |work=The New York Times |date=July 14, 2009 |url-access=limited |archive-date=April 3, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170403231557/http://www.nytimes.com/2009/07/15/business/15goldman.html|url-status=live}}{{cite news | url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB126317064618124057 | title=Banks Brace for Bonus Fury | first1=Susanne | last1=Craig | first2=David | last2=Enrich | first3=Robin | last3=Sidel | work=The Wall Street Journal | date=January 12, 2010 | url-access=subscription}}{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2009/jun/21/goldman-sachs-bonus-payments |title=Goldman to make record bonus payout |last=Inman |first=Phillip |work=The Guardian |date=June 20, 2009}} Andrew Cuomo, then New York Attorney General, questioned Goldman's decision to pay 953 employees bonuses of at least $1 million each after it received TARP funds in 2008.{{cite news | url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/BL-DLB-12285 | title=Wall Street Compensation–'No Clear Rhyme or Reason' | first=Stephen | last=Grocer | work=The Wall Street Journal | date=July 30, 2009 | url-access=subscription}} That same period, however, CEO Lloyd Blankfein and 6 other senior executives opted to forgo bonuses, stating they believed it was the right thing to do because they were part of the industry that caused economic distress.{{cite news | url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-goldmansachs-bonus-idUSTRE4AF2KV20081117 | title=Goldman CEO, 6 others forgo 2008 bonuses | first1=Joseph A. | last1=Giannone | first2=Paritosh | last2=Bansal | work=Reuters | date=November 16, 2008}}

American International Group received $180 billion in government loans during the financial crisis, much of which was used to pay counterparties under credit default swaps purchased from AIG. Goldman Sachs received $12.9 billion. However, due to the size and nature of the payouts, there was considerable controversy in the media and among some politicians as to whether banks, including Goldman Sachs, should have been forced to take greater losses and should not have been paid in full via government loans to AIG.{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/04/17/business/economy/17norris.html |title=Dimming the Aura of Goldman Sachs |last=Norris |first=Floyd |date=April 16, 2009 |work=The New York Times |author-link=Floyd Norris | url-access=limited}}{{cite news |url=https://archive.nytimes.com/dealbook.nytimes.com/2009/04/07/inspector-to-audit-aigs-counterparty-payouts/ |title=Inspector to Audit A.I.G.'s Counterparty Payouts |date=April 7, 2009 |work=The New York Times | url-access=limited}}{{cite news |url=https://archive.nytimes.com/dealbook.nytimes.com/2009/03/26/cuomo-widens-his-aig-investigation/ |title=Cuomo Widens His A.I.G. Investigation |date=March 26, 2009 |work=The New York Times | url-access=limited}}{{cite web |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2009-03-14/german-and-french-banks-got-36-billion-from-aig-bailout |title=German and French banks got $36 billion from AIG Bailout |last=Mandel |first=Michael|date=March 15, 2009 |work=Bloomberg L.P.}}{{cite news |url=https://www.politico.com/story/2009/03/aig-ships-billions-in-bailout-abroad-020039 |title=AIG ships billions in bailout abroad|last=Javers |first=Eamon |date=March 15, 2009| work=Politico}}{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/16/business/16rescue.html|title=A.I.G. Lists Banks It Paid With U.S. Bailout Funds |last=Walsh |first=Mary Williams |date=March 15, 2009 |work=The New York Times | url-access=limited}} If the government let AIG default, according to money manager Michael Lewitt, "its collapse would be as close to an extinction-level event as the financial markets have seen since the Great Depression".{{cite magazine | url=https://content.time.com/time/business/article/0,8599,1841699,00.html | title=Why the Government Wouldn't Let AIG Fail |last=Fox |first=Justin |date=September 16, 2008| magazine=Time}}

Goldman Sachs maintained that its net exposure to AIG was "not material", and that the firm was protected by hedges (in the form of CDSs with other counterparties) and $7.5 billion of collateral, which would have protected the bank from incurring an economic loss in the event of an AIG bankruptcy or failure.{{cite news | first=Jordan | last=Terry | url=https://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2009/11/the-media-is-wrong-about-goldman-sachs-aig/30565/ | title=The Media is Wrong about Goldman Sachs, AIG | work=The Atlantic | date=November 20, 2009 | archive-date=September 5, 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170905003149/https://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2009/11/the-media-is-wrong-about-goldman-sachs-aig/30565/ | url-status=live }}{{cite news |url=https://archive.nytimes.com/dealbook.nytimes.com/2009/03/20/goldman-maintains-it-had-no-aig-exposure/ |title=Goldman Maintains It Had No A.I.G. Exposure |work=The New York Times |date=March 20, 2009 |url-access=limited |archive-date=April 23, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110423120456/http://dealbook.nytimes.com/2009/03/20/goldman-maintains-it-had-no-aig-exposure/ |url-status=live}} The firm stated the cost of these hedges to be over $100 million.{{cite news |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB123967007321015621 |last1=van Praag |first1=Lucas|title=Goldman Protected Its Clients From AIG's Weakness | work=The Wall Street Journal |date=April 14, 2009 |url-access=subscription |issn=0099-9660 |archive-date=October 18, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151018094520/http://www.wsj.com/articles/SB123967007321015621|url-status=live}} CFO David Viniar stated that profits related to AIG in the first quarter of 2009 "rounded to zero", and profits in December were not significant and that he was "mystified" by the interest the government and investors have shown in the bank's trading relationship with AIG.{{cite news |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/goldman-cfo-doesnt-get-why-everyone-is-so-obsessed-with-aig-2009-4 |title=Goldman CFO Doesn't Get Why Everyone Is So Obsessed With AIG |first=Joe |last=Weisenthal | work=Business Insider |date=April 14, 2009 |archive-date=September 5, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170905003645/http://www.businessinsider.com/goldman-cfo-doesnt-get-why-everyone-is-so-obsessed-with-aig-2009-4 |url-status=live}} Speculation remains that Goldman's hedges against its AIG exposure would not have paid out if AIG was allowed to fail. According to a report by the United States Office of the Inspector General of TARP, if AIG had collapsed, it would have made it difficult for Goldman to liquidate its trading positions with AIG, even at discounts, and it also would have put pressure on other counterparties that "might have made it difficult for Goldman Sachs to collect on the credit protection it had purchased against an AIG default." Finally, the report said, an AIG default would have forced Goldman Sachs to bear the risk of declines in the value of billions of dollars in collateral debt obligations.{{cite news |url=https://www.propublica.org/documents/item/30823-sigtarp-initial-report-to-the-congress |title=SIGTARP Initial Report to Congress|last=Barofsky |first=Neil |date=February 6, 2009 |publisher=United States Department of Treasury}} Goldman argued that CDSs are marked to market (i.e. valued at their current market price) and their positions netted between counterparties daily. Thus, as the cost of insuring AIG's obligations against default rose substantially in the lead-up to its bailout, the sellers of the CDS contracts had to post more collateral to Goldman Sachs. The firm claims this meant its hedges were effective and the firm would have been protected against an AIG bankruptcy and the risk of knock-on defaults, had AIG been allowed to fail.{{cite news |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB123967007321015621 |title=Goldman Protected Its Clients From AIG's Weakness |last=van Praag |first=Lucas|date=April 14, 2009 | work=The Wall Street Journal | url-access=subscription}} However, in practice, the collateral would not protect fully against losses both because protection sellers would not be required to post collateral that covered the complete loss during a bankruptcy and because the value of the collateral would be highly uncertain following the repercussions of an AIG bankruptcy.{{cite news |url=https://www.economist.com/free-exchange/2009/04/14/did-we-need-to-bail-out-aig |title=Did we need to bail out AIG? |date=April 14, 2009| newspaper=The Economist}}

Although many have said there is no evidence to support the claim,{{Cite news | url=https://news.wpcarey.asu.edu/20090706-cost-capital-goldman-sachs-extreme-makeover | title=The cost of capital: Goldman Sachs' extreme makeover | work=Arizona State University | date=July 6, 2009}} some have argued that Goldman Sachs received preferential treatment from the government by participating in the crucial September meetings at the New York Fed, which decided AIG's fate. Much of this has stemmed from an inaccurate but often quoted article published in The New York Times.{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/09/28/business/28melt.html | last=Morgenson |first=Gretchen |title=Behind Insurer's Crisis, Blind Eye to a Web of Risk |work=The New York Times|date=September 27, 2008 |url-access=limited |archive-date=August 15, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210815053023/https://www.nytimes.com/2008/09/28/business/28melt.html |url-status=live}} The article was later corrected to state that Blankfein, CEO of Goldman Sachs, was "one of the Wall Street chief executives at the meeting". Representatives from other firms were indeed present at the September AIG meetings. Furthermore, Goldman Sachs CFO David Viniar stated that CEO Blankfein had never "met" with US Treasury Secretary Henry Paulson to discuss AIG;{{cite news |first1=Greg |last1=Morcroft |first2=Alistair |last2=Barr |title=Goldman rejected settling of AIG trades at discount |url=https://www.marketwatch.com/story/goldman-rejected-offers-settle-aig-trades-discount-goldman | work=MarketWatch|date=March 20, 2009 |archive-date=March 13, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170313042313/http://www.marketwatch.com/story/goldman-rejected-offers-settle-aig-trades-discount-goldman|url-status=live}} however, they had frequent phone calls.{{cite book | first=Matt | last=Taibbi |title=Griftopia |publisher=Spiegel & Grau |year=2010 |page=[https://archive.org/details/griftopiabubblem0000taib/page/248 248]|isbn=978-0385529952 |author-link=Matt Taibbi |title-link=Griftopia}} Paulson was not present at the September meetings at the New York Fed. Morgan Stanley was hired by the Federal Reserve to advise on the AIG bailout.{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/09/17/business/17insure.html |last1=Andrews |first1=Edmund |last2=Walsh |first2=MaryWilliams |title=Fed's $85 Billion Loan Rescues Insurer |work=The New York Times |date=September 16, 2008 |url-access=limited|archive-date=April 30, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110430061807/http://www.nytimes.com/2008/09/17/business/17insure.html |url-status=live}} According to The New York Times, Paulson spoke with the CEO of Goldman Sachs two dozen times during the week of the bailout, though he obtained an ethics waiver before doing so.{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/08/09/business/09paulson.html |title=Paulson's Calls to Goldman Tested Ethics |last1=Morgenson |first1=Gretchen |date=August 8, 2009 |work=The New York Times |last2=van Natta Jr. |first2=Don | url-access=limited}} While it is common for regulators to be in contact with market participants to gather valuable industry intelligence, particularly in a crisis, Paulson spoke with Goldman's Blankfein more frequently than with other large banks. Federal officials say that although Paulson was involved in decisions to rescue A.I.G, it was the Federal Reserve that played the lead role in shaping and financing the A.I.G. bailout.

Goldman Sachs was charged for repeatedly issuing research reports with extremely inflated financial projections for Exodus Communications and Goldman Sachs was accused of giving Exodus its highest stock rating even though Goldman knew Exodus did not deserve such a rating.{{cite web|url=https://casetext.com/case/60223-trust-v-goldman-2|title=60223 Trust v. Goldman, Sachs Co. (S.D.N.Y. 007), 540 F. Supp. 2d 449 – Casetext|website=Casetext.com|access-date=May 14, 2019|archive-date=March 18, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180318120908/https://casetext.com/case/60223-trust-v-goldman-2|url-status=live}} On July 15, 2003, Goldman Sachs, Lehman Brothers and Morgan Stanley were sued for artificially inflating the stock price of RSL Communications by issuing untrue or materially misleading statements in research analyst reports, and paid $3,380,000 (~${{Format price|{{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=3380000|start_year=2003}}}} in {{Inflation/year|US-GDP}}) for settlement.{{cite court|litigants=FOGARAZZO V. LEHMAN BROS., INC.|court=United States District Court for the Southern District of New York|date=2004|url=https://casetext.com/case/fogarazzo-v-lehman-bros-inc-sdny-2004}}

Goldman Sachs was accused of asking for kickback bribes from institutional clients who made large profits flipping stocks which Goldman had intentionally undervalued in initial public offerings it was underwriting during the dot-com bubble. Documents under seal in a decade-long lawsuit concerning eToys.com's initial public offering (IPO) in 1999 but released accidentally to The New York Times show that IPOs managed by Goldman were purposely underpriced to generate profits for clients of Goldman and that these clients were asked by Goldman to return some of the profits via increased business. The clients willingly complied with these demands because they understood it was necessary to participate in further such undervalued IPOs.{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/10/opinion/sunday/nocera-rigging-the-ipo-game.html |title=Rigging the I.P.O. Game|last=Nocera |first=Joe|date=March 9, 2013 |work=The New York Times | url-access=limited}} Companies selling undervalued stock and their initial consumer stockholders were both defrauded by this practice.{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idIN2792302520130311 |title=Where banks really make money on IPOs|last=Salmon |first=Felix | work=Reuters

|date=March 11, 2013|archive-date=March 11, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130311201712/http://blogs.reuters.com/felix-salmon/2013/03/11/where-banks-really-make-money-on-ipos/ |url-status= live}}

A 2016 report by Public Interest Research Group stated that "Goldman Sachs reports having 987 subsidiaries in offshore tax havens, 537 of which are in the Cayman Islands, despite not operating a single legitimate office in that country, according to its own website. The group officially holds $28.6 billion offshore." The report also noted several other major U.S. banks and companies use the same tax-avoidance tactics.{{Cite web |url=https://pirg.org/edfund/resources/offshore-shell-games-2016/ |title=Offshore Shell Games 2016 | publisher=Public Interest Research Group}}

In 2008, Goldman Sachs had an effective tax rate of only 3.8%, down from 34% the year before, and its tax liability decreased to $14 million in 2008, compared to $6 billion in 2007.{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/12/17/business/17goldman.html|title=Goldman Sachs Reports $2.1 Billion Quarterly Loss |last=White|first=Ben |work=The New York Times |date=December 16, 2008 | url-access=limited |archive-date=March 27, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170327082248/http://www.nytimes.com/2008/12/17/business/17goldman.html |url-status=live}} Critics have argued that the reduction in Goldman Sachs's tax rate was achieved by shifting its earnings to subsidiaries in low or no-tax nations, such as the Cayman Islands.{{cite news | url=https://www.thenation.com/article/archive/slide-show-8-corporations-owe-you-money/ |title=Slide Show: 8 Corporations That Owe You Money | work=The Nation |date=February 3, 2011| archive-date=February 6, 2011 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110206233029/http://www.thenation.com/slideshow/158255/slide-show-8-corporations-owe-you-money | url-status=live}}

File:Lucas Papademos 2011-11-11.jpg

Goldman was criticized for its involvement in the 2010 European debt crisis. In 2001, to avoid non-compliance with the Maastricht Treaty, Goldman arranged a secret loan of €2.8 billion for Greece disguised as an off-the-books "cross-currency swap", hiding 2% of Greece's national debt. Goldman received a fee of €600 million for the complicated transaction.{{Cite news | url=https://www.thenation.com/article/archive/goldmans-greek-gambit/ | title=How Goldman Sachs Profited From the Greek Debt Crisis | first=Robert | last=Reich | author-link=Robert Reich | work=The Nation | date=August 3, 2015 | url-access=limited}}{{cite news | first=Beat | last=Balzli | title=How Goldman Sachs Helped Greece to Mask its True Debt | url=https://www.spiegel.de/international/europe/greek-debt-crisis-how-goldman-sachs-helped-greece-to-mask-its-true-debt-a-676634.html | work=Der Spiegel | date=February 8, 2010 | archive-date=July 1, 2011 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110701140628/http://www.spiegel.de/international/europe/0,1518,676634,00.html | url-status=live }} In September 2009, Goldman Sachs, among others, created a special credit default swap (CDS) index to cover the high risk of Greece's national debt.{{cite news | first=Jeannine | last=Aversa | title=Fed chief: We're looking into firms betting on Greek default | url=https://usatoday30.usatoday.com/money/economy/2010-02-25-bernanke-fed-greece_N.htm | work=USA Today | date=February 25, 2010 | archive-date=January 25, 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170125161035/http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/money/economy/2010-02-25-bernanke-fed-greece_N.htm | url-status=live }} The interest-rates of Greek national bonds soared, leading the Greek economy very close to bankruptcy in 2010 and 2011.{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/06/20/business/20euro.html |title=Deal on Lifeline to Avert Greek Bankruptcy Is Postponed |last1=Castle |first1=Stephen |last2=Kitsantonis |first2=Niki |work=The New York Times | date=June 19, 2011 |url-access=limited |archive-date=June 26, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110626004643/http://www.nytimes.com/2011/06/20/business/20euro.html |url-status=live}}

Many European leaders with roles in the crisis had ties to Goldman Sachs. Lucas Papademos, Greece's former prime minister, ran the Central Bank of Greece at the time of the controversial derivatives deals with Goldman Sachs that enabled Greece to hide the size of its debt.{{cite news | first=Stephen | last=Foley | title=What price the new democracy? Goldman Sachs conquers Europe | url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/business/analysis-and-features/what-price-the-new-democracy-goldman-sachs-conquers-europe-6264091.html | work=The Independent | date=November 18, 2011 | archive-date=March 4, 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304025943/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/business/analysis-and-features/what-price-the-new-democracy-goldman-sachs-conquers-europe-6264091.html | url-status=live }} Petros Christodoulou, general manager of the Greek Public Debt Management Agency was a former employee of Goldman Sachs. Mario Monti, Italy's former prime minister and finance minister, who headed the new government that took over after Berlusconi's resignation, was an international adviser to Goldman Sachs. Otmar Issing, former board member of the Bundesbank and the executive board of the European Bank also advised Goldman Sachs. Mario Draghi, then head of the European Central Bank, was the former managing director of Goldman Sachs International. António Borges, Head of the European Department of the International Monetary Fund in 2010–2011 and responsible for most of enterprise privatizations in Portugal since 2011, was the former vice chairman of Goldman Sachs International. Carlos Moedas, a former Goldman Sachs employee, was the Secretary of State to the Prime Minister of Portugal and Director of ESAME, the agency created to monitor and control the implementation of the structural reforms agreed by the government of Portugal and the troika composed of the European Commission, the European Central Bank and the International Monetary Fund. Peter Sutherland, former Attorney General of Ireland was a non-executive director of Goldman Sachs International.{{cite news | first=Stephen | last=Collins | url=https://www.irishtimes.com/news/politics/goldman-sachs-chairman-peter-sutherland-retires-1.2220241 | title=Goldman Sachs chairman Peter Sutherland retires| work=Irish Times | date=May 20, 2015 | archive-date=March 18, 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180318183303/https://www.irishtimes.com/news/politics/goldman-sachs-chairman-peter-sutherland-retires-1.2220241 | url-status=live }}

Although the allegations against Goldman were later discovered to be lacking evidence, in March 2012, Greg Smith, then-head of Goldman Sachs U.S. equity derivatives sales business in Europe, the Middle East and Africa (EMEA), resigned his position via an op-ed in The New York Times criticizing the company and its executives and wrote a book titled Why I left Goldman Sachs.{{cite news | url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/business/news/top-goldman-sachs-executive-quits-over-culture-of-toxic-greed-7566430.html | first=John | last=Hall | title=Top Goldman executive quits over culture of 'toxic' greed | work=The Daily Telegraph | date=March 14, 2012 | archive-date=July 28, 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180728132755/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/business/news/top-goldman-sachs-executive-quits-over-culture-of-toxic-greed-7566430.html | url-status=live }}{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/03/14/opinion/why-i-am-leaving-goldman-sachs.html |last1=Smith |first1=Greg |title=Why I Am Leaving Goldman Sachs |work=The New York Times |date=March 14, 2012 |url-access=limited |archive-date=March 14, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314122421/http://www.nytimes.com/2012/03/14/opinion/why-i-am-leaving-goldman-sachs.html|url-status=live}}{{cite news | title=A noisy exit | url=https://www.economist.com/schumpeter/2012/03/14/a-noisy-exit | first=Joseph | last=Schumpeter | newspaper=The Economist | date=March 14, 2012 | url-access=subscription | archive-date=September 5, 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170905002319/https://www.economist.com/blogs/schumpeter/2012/03/goldman-sachs | url-status=live }}{{cite news | title=Of Mammon and muppets | url=https://www.economist.com/news/finance-and-economics/21565219-insider%E2%80%99s-take-goldman-sachs-strikes-nerve-mammon-and-muppets| newspaper=The Economist | date=October 27, 2012 | archive-date=January 25, 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170125160502/http://www.economist.com/news/finance-and-economics/21565219-insider%E2%80%99s-take-goldman-sachs-strikes-nerve-mammon-and-muppets | url-status=live }}{{cite news |title=A Tell-All on Goldman Has Little Worth Telling |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/10/20/business/why-i-left-book-about-goldman-falls-short.html |work=The New York Times |last1=Stewart |first1=James |date=October 19, 2012 |url-access=limited |archive-date=July 16, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170716101102/http://www.nytimes.com/2012/10/20/business/why-i-left-book-about-goldman-falls-short.html|url-status=live}} Almost all the claims made by Smith turned out to be lacking in evidence and Smith was alleged to be a con artist by The Observer. However, The New York Times never issued a retraction or admitted to any error in judgment in initially publishing Smith's op-ed.{{cite news | first=Ryan | last=Holiday |author-link=Ryan Holiday | url=https://observer.com/2012/10/the-making-and-unmaking-of-goldman-sachs-whistleblower-greg-smith/ | title=The Making (and Unmaking) of Goldman Sachs Whistleblower Greg Smith | work=The Observer | date=October 26, 2012 | archive-date=July 19, 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140719185458/http://observer.com/2012/10/the-making-and-unmaking-of-goldman-sachs-whistleblower-greg-smith/ | url-status=live }}{{cite news | title=Why I Left Goldman Sachs: Is the bank's most famous quitter a con man? | url=https://theweek.com/articles/471202/why-left-goldman-sachs-banks-most-famous-quitter-con-man| work=The Week | date=October 19, 2012 | archive-date=September 5, 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170905004006/http://theweek.com/articles/471202/why-left-goldman-sachs-banks-most-famous-quitter-con-man | url-status=live }}

File:Steven Mandis photo.jpg

In 2014, a book by former Goldman portfolio manager Steven George Mandis was published entitled What Happened to Goldman Sachs: An Insider's Story of Organizational Drift and Its Unintended Consequences. Mandis also wrote and defended a PhD dissertation about Goldman at Columbia University.{{cite web | title=What Happened to Goldman Sachs: An Insider's Story of Organizational Drift and Its Unintended Consequences | first=Steven G. | last=Mandis | author-link=Steven George Mandis | url=https://hbr.org/product/what-happened-to-goldman-sachs-an-insider-s-story-of-organizational-drift-and-its-unintended-consequences/an/11798E-KND-ENG | work=Harvard Business Review | date=October 1, 2013 | archive-date=September 5, 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170905005838/https://hbr.org/product/what-happened-to-goldman-sachs-an-insider-s-story-of-organizational-drift-and-its-unintended-consequences/an/11798E-KND-ENG | url-status=live }} Mandis left in 2004 after working for the firm for 12 years.{{cite news |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2013-09-25/goldman-sachs-insider-tale-doubles-as-phd-thesis |title=Goldman Sachs Insider Tale Doubles as PhD Thesis |last=Brady |first=Diane |work=Bloomberg News |date=September 25, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170125160642/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2013-09-25/goldman-sachs-insider-tale-doubles-as-phd-thesis |archive-date=January 25, 2017 |url-status=live }} According to Mandis, there was an "organizational drift" in the company's evolution and Goldman came under a variety of pressures that resulted in slow, incremental changes to its culture and business practices. Those changes included becoming a public company, which limited the personal risk of Goldman executives and shifted it to shareholders and put pressure on the company to grow, leading to conflicts of interest.{{cite news |url=https://archive.nytimes.com/dealbook.nytimes.com/2013/09/30/goldman-as-case-study-not-hero-or-villain/ |last=Lattman |first=Peter |title=An Ex-Trader, Now a Sociologist, Looks at the Changes in Goldman |work=The New York Times |date=September 30, 2013 |url-access=limited |archive-date=August 18, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170818221149/https://dealbook.nytimes.com/2013/09/30/goldman-as-case-study-not-hero-or-villain/ |url-status=live}}

In 2021, a group of first year bankers told managers that they are working 100 hours a week with 5 hours sleep at night and that they have been constantly experiencing workplace abuse that has seriously affected their mental health. In May 2022, Goldman Sachs implemented a more flexible vacation policy to help their employees "rest and recharge" whereby senior bankers get unlimited vacation days, and all employees are expected to take a minimum of 15 days vacation every year.{{Cite news |title=Goldman Sachs gives top bankers unlimited vacation days |url=https://www.cnn.com/2022/05/16/investing/goldman-sachs-unlimited-vacation/index.html | first=Allison | last=Morrow |work=CNN |date=May 16, 2022 |archive-date=May 17, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220517001233/https://www.cnn.com/2022/05/16/investing/goldman-sachs-unlimited-vacation/index.html |url-status=live}}

In 2010, two former female employees filed a lawsuit against Goldman Sachs for gender discrimination. Cristina Chen-Oster and Shanna Orlich claimed that the firm fostered an "uncorrected culture of sexual harassment and assault" causing women to either be "sexualized or ignored". The suit cited both cultural and pay discrimination including frequent client trips to strip clubs, client golf outings that excluded female employees, and the fact that female vice presidents made 21% less than their male counterparts.{{cite news | url=https://money.cnn.com/2014/07/02/investing/goldman-sachs-lawsuit/index.html | title=Suit alleges "boy club" culture at Goldman | first=Jesse | last=Solomon | work=CNN | date=July 2, 2014 | access-date=August 3, 2020 | archive-date=October 24, 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201024073814/https://money.cnn.com/2014/07/02/investing/goldman-sachs-lawsuit/index.html | url-status=live }}
{{cite news | url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2014-07-02/a-lawsuit-peeks-inside-the-goldman-sachs-boys-club | title=A Lawsuit Peeks Inside the Goldman Sachs 'Boys' Club' | first=Sheelah | last=Kolhatkar | work=Bloomberg News | date=July 2, 2014 | access-date=May 16, 2017 | archive-date=September 25, 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160925091357/http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2014-07-02/a-lawsuit-peeks-inside-the-goldman-sachs-boys-club | url-status=live }}
{{cite news | url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/business/news/goldman-sachs-lawsuit-wall-street-giant-is-a-boys-club-where-drinking-strip-clubs-and-sexism-9582743.html | title=Goldman Sachs lawsuit: Wall Street giant is a 'boys club where drinking, strip clubs and sexism tolerated' | first=Mark | last=McSherry | work=The Independent | date=July 3, 2014 | access-date=August 29, 2017 | archive-date=July 25, 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180725184138/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/business/news/goldman-sachs-lawsuit-wall-street-giant-is-a-boys-club-where-drinking-strip-clubs-and-sexism-9582743.html | url-status=live }} In March 2018, the judge ruled that the female employees may pursue their claims as a group in a class-action lawsuit against Goldman on gender bias, but the class action excludes their claim on sexual harassment.{{cite news|last1=Stempel |first1=Jonathan |last2=Thomas |first2=Susan |title=U.S. judge certifies Goldman Sachs gender bias class action|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-goldman-sachs-bias-lawsuit-idUSKBN1H61SN|access-date=February 21, 2019|agency=Thomson Reuters|issue=Business News|publisher=Reuters|date=March 30, 2018|location=New York|language=en|archive-date=February 23, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190223131707/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-goldman-sachs-bias-lawsuit-idUSKBN1H61SN|url-status=live}}

In May 2023, Goldman Sachs agreed to pay $215 million (£170.5 million) to resolve claims made by nearly 2800 female staff. This settlement was made over accusations of the company's discriminatory practices, allegedly providing women with lower salaries and lesser opportunities. Government records have revealed that female employees at Goldman Sachs earned 20% less than their male counterparts, which is significantly higher than the 9.4% national gender pay gap. The settlement was reached a month before the scheduled trial of the class-action lawsuit.{{Cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-65538014 |title=Goldman Sachs to pay $215m in sex discrimination case |work=BBC |access-date=May 9, 2023 |archive-date=May 9, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230509174150/https://www.bbc.com/news/business-65538014 |url-status=live }}

On March 13, 2024, WSJ reported that roughly two-thirds of the women who were partners at the end of 2018 have left the firm or no longer have the title. No woman runs a major division or is seen as a credible candidate to succeed Solomon. Only two of the eight executive officers at Goldman are women – in legal and accounting, non-revenue generating positions.{{Cite web |date=March 14, 2024 |title=Women Aren't Getting the Big Jobs at Goldman Sachs, and They're Heading for the Exits |url=https://www.wsj.com/finance/investing/goldman-sachs-women-big-jobs-leaving-09112f6a?mod=hp_lead_pos7 |access-date=March 14, 2024 |website=WSJ}}

On November 11, 2008, the Los Angeles Times reported that Goldman Sachs had both earned $25 million from underwriting California bonds, and advised other clients to short those bonds.{{cite news | first1=Sharona | last1=Coutts | first2=Marc | last2=Lifsher | first3=Michael A. | last3=Hiltzik | url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2008-nov-11-fi-goldman11-story.html | title=Firm urged hedge against state bonds it helped sell | work=Los Angeles Times | date=November 11, 2008 | url-access=limited | archive-date=March 11, 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170311224344/http://articles.latimes.com/2008/nov/11/business/fi-goldman11 | url-status=live }} While some journalists criticized the contradictory actions,{{cite news | first=Greg | last=Gordon | title=Why did blue-chip Goldman take a walk on subprime's wild side? | url=https://www.adn.com/uncategorized/article/why-did-blue-chip-goldman-take-walk-subprimes-wild-side/2009/10/27/ | work=Alaska Dispatch News | date=October 27, 2009 | archive-date=March 18, 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180318182711/https://www.adn.com/uncategorized/article/why-did-blue-chip-goldman-take-walk-subprimes-wild-side/2009/10/27/ | url-status=live }} others pointed out that the opposite investment decisions undertaken by the underwriting side and the trading side of the bank were normal and in line with regulations regarding Chinese walls, and in fact critics had demanded increased independence between underwriting and trading.{{cite news | first=Megan | last=McArdle | title=Matt Taibbi Gets His Sarah Palin On | url=https://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2009/07/matt-taibbi-gets-his-sarah-palin-on/21084/ | work=The Atlantic | date=July 10, 2009 | archive-date=January 25, 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170125160405/http://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2009/07/matt-taibbi-gets-his-sarah-palin-on/21084/ | url-status=live }}

Several people on the list of former employees of Goldman Sachs have later worked in government positions. Notable examples include British Prime Minister Rishi Sunak, former U.S. Secretaries of the Treasury Steven Mnuchin, Robert Rubin, and Henry Paulson; U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission chairman Gary Gensler; former Under Secretary of State John C. Whitehead; former chief economic advisor Gary Cohn; Governor of New Jersey Phil Murphy and former Governor of New Jersey Jon Corzine; former Prime Minister of Italy Mario Monti; former European Central Bank President and former Prime Minister of Italy Mario Draghi; former Bank of Canada and Bank of England Governor and current Prime Minister of Canada Mark Carney; and the former Prime Minister of Australia Malcolm Turnbull. In addition, former Goldman employees have headed the New York Stock Exchange, the London Stock Exchange Group, the World Bank, and competing banks such as Citigroup and Merrill Lynch.

During 2008 Goldman Sachs received criticism for an apparent revolving door relationship, in which its employees and consultants moved in and out of high-level U.S. Government positions, creating the potential for conflicts of interest and leading to the moniker "Government Sachs". Former Treasury Secretary Henry Paulson and former United States Senator and former Governor of New Jersey Jon Corzine are former CEOs of Goldman Sachs along with current governor Murphy. Additional controversy attended the selection of former Goldman Sachs lobbyist Mark A. Patterson as chief of staff to Treasury Secretary Timothy Geithner, despite President Barack Obama's campaign promise that he would limit the influence of lobbyists in his administration.{{cite news | url=https://abcnews.go.com/Blotter/story?id=6735898 | title=Another Lobbyist Headed Into Obama Administration | first1=JUSTIN | last1=ROOD | first2=EMMA | last2=SCHWARTZ | work=ABC News | date=January 27, 2009 | archive-date=April 3, 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403040822/https://abcnews.go.com/Blotter/story?id=6735898 | url-status=live }} In February 2011, the Washington Examiner reported that Goldman Sachs was "the company from which Obama raised the most money in 2008", and that its "CEO Lloyd Blankfein has visited the White House 10 times".{{cite news | url=http://www.washingtonexaminer.com/obamas-top-funder-also-leads-the-nation-in-white-house-visits/article/141278 | title=Obama's top funder also leads the nation in White House visits | first=Timothy P. | last=Carney | work=Washington Examiner | date=February 23, 2011 | archive-date=April 2, 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402135029/http://www.washingtonexaminer.com/obamas-top-funder-also-leads-the-nation-in-white-house-visits/article/141278 | url-status=live }}

In 1986, Goldman Sachs investment banker David Brown pleaded guilty to charges of passing inside information on a takeover deal that eventually was provided to Ivan Boesky.{{cite news |first=Ford S. |last=Worthy |author2=Brett Duval Fromson |author3=Lorraine Carson |title=Wall Street's Spreading Scandal |url=https://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune_archive/1986/12/22/68462/index.htm |work=Fortune Magazine |publisher=Cable News Network LP, LLLP. A Time Warner Company |date=December 22, 1986 |access-date=January 17, 2007 |archive-date=October 12, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012153111/http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune_archive/1986/12/22/68462/index.htm |url-status=live }} In 1989, Robert M. Freeman, who was a senior Partner, who was the Head of Risk Arbitrage, and who was a protégé of Robert Rubin, pleaded guilty to insider trading, for his own account and for the firm's account.{{cite news |first=Landon Jr. |last=Thomas |title=Cold Call |url=http://nymag.com/nymetro/news/bizfinance/columns/businessclass/5693/ |work=New York |date=February 18, 2002 |access-date=January 17, 2007 |archive-date=April 1, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070401075557/http://nymag.com/nymetro/news/bizfinance/columns/businessclass/5693/ |url-status=live }}

{{Main|Raj Rajaratnam/Galleon Group, Anil Kumar, and Rajat Gupta insider trading cases}}

File:Rajat Kumar Gupta - World Economic Forum Annual Meeting Davos 2010 crop.jpg

In April 2010, Goldman director Rajat Gupta was named in an insider-trading case after allegedly informing Raj Rajaratnam of Galleon Group about the $5 billion Berkshire Hathaway investment in Goldman during the 2008 financial crisis. Gupta had told Goldman the month before his involvement became public that he wouldn't seek re-election as a director.{{Cite news | last=James | first=Frank | url=https://www.npr.org/blogs/thetwo-way/2010/04/goldman_sachs_director_linked.html | title=Goldman Sachs Director Tied To Insider-Trading Scandal | work=NPR | date=April 23, 2010 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103210808/http://www.npr.org/blogs/thetwo-way/2010/04/goldman_sachs_director_linked.html |archive-date=November 3, 2013 | url-status=live }}{{cite news |title=Judge postpones Rajaratnam trial to March 8 | url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-galleon-rajaratnam-idUSTRE7193V120110210 |last1=McCool |first1=Grant |last2=McCormick | first2=Gerald | work=Reuters |date=February 10, 2011 |archive-date=January 5, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160105233438/http://www.reuters.com/article/us-galleon-rajaratnam-idUSTRE7193V120110210 | url-status=live}} The United States Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) announced civil charges against Gupta covering the Berkshire investment as well as for providing confidential quarterly earnings information from Goldman and Procter & Gamble, on which Gupta served as a member of the board of directors. Gupta was an investor in some of the Galleon hedge funds and he had other business interests with Rajaratnam. Rajaratnam used the information from Gupta to illegally profit in hedge fund trades; the information on Goldman made Rajaratnam's funds $17 million richer and the Procter & Gamble data created illegal profits of more than $570,000 for Galleon funds managed by others. Gupta denied the accusations. He was also a board member of AMR Corporation.{{cite news | url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2011-10-26/ex-goldman-sachs-director-gupta-said-to-face-insider-trading-probe-charges | title=Ex-Goldman Director Gupta Indicted in Probe of Rajaratnam Trades | first1=Patricia | last1=Hurtado | first2=David | last2=Glovin | first3=Chris | last3=Dolmetsch | work=Bloomberg News | date=November 11, 2014 | url-access=subscription | access-date=May 16, 2017 | archive-date=November 20, 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171120203237/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2011-10-26/ex-goldman-sachs-director-gupta-said-to-face-insider-trading-probe-charges | url-status=live }}{{Cite press release | url=https://www.sec.gov/news/press/2011/2011-223.htm | title=SEC Files Insider Trading Charges against Rajat Gupta | publisher=U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission |date=October 26, 2011}}

Gupta was convicted in June 2012 on insider trading charges stemming from the cases on four criminal felony counts of conspiracy and securities fraud. He was sentenced in October 2012 to two years in prison, an additional year on supervised release and ordered to pay $5 million (~${{Format price|{{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=5000000|start_year=2012}}}} in {{Inflation/year|US-GDP}}) in fines.{{cite news | first=Andrew | last=Tangel | url=https://www.latimes.com/business/la-xpm-2012-oct-24-la-fi-mo-gupta-sentenced-20121024-story.html | title=Rajat Gupta, former Goldman Sachs director, is sentenced | work=Los Angeles Times | date=October 24, 2012 | url-access=limited | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160415052216/http://articles.latimes.com/2012/oct/24/business/la-fi-mo-gupta-sentenced-20121024 | archive-date=April 15, 2016 | url-status=live }} In January 2016, he was released from prison to serve his remaining sentence at home.{{Cite news | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/01/21/business/dealbook/rajat-gupta-to-finish-prison-sentence-at-home-in-new-york.html | title=Rajat Gupta to Finish Insider Trading Sentence at His Home | first=Anita | last=Raghavan | work=The New York Times | date=January 20, 2016}} Gupta challenged the conviction through the courts; it was upheld in 2019.{{Cite news | url=https://www.pbwt.com/second-circuit-blog/rajat-guptas-insider-trading-conviction-affirmed | title=Rajat Gupta's Insider Trading Conviction Affirmed | work=Patterson Belknap Webb & Tyler | date=January 8, 2019}}

{{anchor|Abacus CDO}}

{{See also|Merrill Lynch#CDO controversies|Magnetar Capital}}

Unlike many investors and investment bankers, Goldman Sachs anticipated the subprime mortgage crisis.{{cite news |last1=Morgenson |first1=Gretchen |last2=Story |first2=Louise |title=Banks Bundled Bad Debt, Bet Against It and Won |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/12/24/business/24trading.html|access-date=April 14, 2010|agency=The New York Times Company |issue=Business|page=A1|work=The New York Times|date=December 24, 2009 |location=New York|language=en|url-access=limited|archive-date=April 30, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110430022305/http://www.nytimes.com/2009/12/24/business/24trading.html|url-status=live}} (This article describes the intricate links between Goldman Sachs trader, Jonathan M. Egol, synthetic collateralized debt obligations, or C.D.O., ABACUS, and asset-backed securities index (ABX)) Some of its traders became "bearish" on the housing boom beginning in 2004 and developed mortgage-related securities, originally intended to protect Goldman from investment losses in the housing market. In late 2006, Goldman management changed the firm's overall stance on the mortgage market from positive to negative. As the market began its downturn, Goldman "created even more of these securities", no longer just hedging or satisfying investor orders but, according to business journalist Gretchen Morgenson, "enabling it to pocket huge profits" from the mortgage defaults and that Goldman "used the C.D.O.'s to place unusually large negative bets that were not mainly for hedging purposes". Authors Bethany McLean and Joe Nocera stated that "the firm's later insistence that it was merely a 'market maker' in these transactions – implying that it had no stake in the economic performance of the securities it was selling to clients – became less true over time"-{{cite book | author=McLean and Nocera | title=All the Devils Are Here | page=271}}

The investments were called synthetic CDOs because unlike regular collateralized debt obligations, the principal and interest they paid out came not from mortgages or other loans, but from premiums to pay for insurance against mortgage defaults – the insurance known as "credit default swaps". Goldman and some other hedge funds held a "short" position in the securities, paying the premiums, while the investors (insurance companies, pension funds, etc.) receiving the premiums were the "long" position. The longs were responsible for paying the insurance "claim" to Goldman and any other shorts if the mortgages or other loans defaulted. Through April 2007, Goldman issued over 20 CDOs in its "Abacus" series worth a total of $10.9 billion (~${{Format price|{{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=10900000000|start_year=2007}}}} in {{Inflation/year|US-GDP}}).{{cite news |last1=Story|first1=Louise|last2=Morgenson|first2=Gretchen |title=S.E.C. Accuses Goldman of Fraud in Housing Deal |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/04/17/business/17goldman.html |access-date=January 26, 2014 |agency=The New York Times Company |issue=Business|page=A1 |work=The New York Times|date=April 16, 2010 |location=New York|language=en |url-access=limited|archive-date=December 22, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131222223130/http://www.nytimes.com/2010/04/17/business/17goldman.html|url-status=live}} All together Goldman packaged, sold, and shorted a total of 47 synthetic CDOs, with an aggregate face value of $66 billion between July 1, 2004, and May 31, 2007.FCIR p. 145

But while Goldman was praised for its foresight, some argued its bets against the securities it created gave it a vested interest in their failure. These securities performed very poorly for the long investors and by April 2010, at least US$5 billion (~${{Format price|{{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=5000000000|start_year=2010}}}} in {{Inflation/year|US-GDP}}) worth of the securities either carried "junk" ratings or had defaulted.{{cite news | url=http://www.smh.com.au/business/world-business/abacus-let-goldman-shuffle-mortgage-risk-like-beads-20100418-smx3.html | title=Abacus Let Goldman Shuffle Mortgage Risk Like Beads | first1=Jody | last1=Shenn | first2=Bob | last2=Ivry | agency=Bloomberg News | publisher=Sydney Morning Herald | date=April 16, 2010 | access-date=May 21, 2017 | archive-date=November 8, 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211108131217/https://www.smh.com.au/business/abacus-let-goldman-shuffle-mortgage-risk-like-beads-20100419-smx3.html | url-status=live }} One CDO examined by critics which Goldman bet against but also sold to investors, was the $800 million (~${{Format price|{{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=800000000|start_year=2006}}}} in {{Inflation/year|US-GDP}}) Hudson Mezzanine CDO issued in 2006. In the Senate Permanent Subcommittee hearings, Goldman executives stated that the company was trying to remove subprime securities from its books. Unable to sell them directly, it included them in the underlying securities of the CDO and took the short side, but critics McLean and Nocera complained the CDO prospectus did not explain this but described its contents as "'assets sourced from the Street', making it sound as though Goldman randomly selected the securities, instead of specifically creating a hedge for its own book".{{cite news | url=https://www.businessinsider.com/goldman-sachs-lawyers-dont-get-enough-credit-for-marketing-language-on-cdo-documents-2011-4 | title=Goldman Sachs Employees Try To Explain Why They Used The Phrase "The Street" In Marketing Documents | first=Courtney | last=Comstock | work=Business Insider | date=April 19, 2011}} The CDO did not perform well, and by March 2008 – just 18 months after its issue – so many borrowers had defaulted that holders of the security paid out "about US$310 million to Goldman and others who had bet against it". Goldman's head of European fixed-income sales lamented in an e-mail made public by the Senate Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations, the "real bad feeling across European sales about some of the trades we did with clients" who had invested in the CDO. "The damage this has done to our franchise is very significant."{{cite news | url=https://archive.nytimes.com/dealbook.nytimes.com/2010/04/28/the-goldman-e-mails-or-how-to-sell-junk/ | title=The Goldman E-Mails, or How to Sell Junk | first=CHRIS V. | last=NICHOLSON | work=The New York Times | date=April 28, 2010}}

In April 2010, the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) charged Goldman Sachs and one of its vice-presidents, Fabrice Tourre, with securities fraud. The SEC alleged that Goldman had told buyers of a synthetic CDO, a type of investment, that the underlying assets in the investment had been picked by an independent CDO manager, ACA Management. In fact, Paulson & Co. a hedge fund that wanted to bet against the investment had played a "significant role" in the selection,[http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/GPO-FCIC/pdf/GPO-FCIC.pdf Financial Crisis Inquiry Report] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180906112326/https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/GPO-FCIC/pdf/GPO-FCIC.pdf |date=September 6, 2018 }}, by the Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission, 2011, p.192 and the package of securities turned out to become "one of the worst-performing mortgage deals of the housing crisis" because "less than a year after the deal was completed, 100% of the bonds selected for Abacus had been downgraded".{{cite news|last1=Lucchetti|first1=Aaron|last2=Ng|first2=Serena|title=Abacus Deal: As Bad as They Come|journal=The Wall Street Journal. Eastern Edition|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748703757504575194521257607284|access-date=February 26, 2014|agency=Dow Jones & Company Inc|issue=Business|publisher=Wall Street Journal|date=April 20, 2010|location=United States|language=en|url-access=subscription|issn=0099-9660|archive-date=March 11, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150311151219/http://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748703757504575194521257607284|url-status=live}}

The particular synthetic CDO that the SEC's 2010 fraud suit charged Goldman with misleading investors with was called Abacus 2007-AC1. Unlike many of the Abacus securities, 2007-AC1 did not have Goldman Sachs as a short seller, in fact, Goldman Sachs lost money on the deal.{{cite web | title=Goldman Sachs and The ABACUS Deal | url=http://sevenpillarsinstitute.org/case-studies/goldman-sachs-and-the-abacus-deal | first1=Philip | last1=Whalen | first2=Kara | last2=Tan Bhala | publisher=Seven Pillars Institute | access-date=February 27, 2014 | archive-date=March 6, 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140306214617/http://sevenpillarsinstitute.org/case-studies/goldman-sachs-and-the-abacus-deal | url-status=live }} That position was taken by the customer (John Paulson) who hired Goldman to issue the security (according to the SEC's complaint). Paulson and his employees selected 90 BBB-rated mortgage bonds{{cite news|last1=Wilchins|first1=Dan|last2=Brettell|first2=Karen|title=Factbox: How Goldman's ABACUS deal worked|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-goldmansachs-abacus-factbox/factbox-how-goldmans-abacus-deal-worked-idUSTRE63F5CZ20100416|access-date=February 9, 2014|agency=Thomson Reuters|issue=Business News|publisher=Reuters|date=April 16, 2010|location=New York|language=en|quote=Hedge fund manager John Paulson tells Goldman Sachs in late 2006 he wants to bet against risky subprime mortgages using derivatives. The risky mortgage bonds that Paulson wanted to short were essentially subprime home loans that had been repackaged into bonds. The bonds were rated "BBB", meaning that as the home loans defaulted, these bonds would be among the first to feel the pain.|archive-date=September 15, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170915070644/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-goldmansachs-abacus-factbox/factbox-how-goldmans-abacus-deal-worked-idUSTRE63F5CZ20100416|url-status=live}} that they believed were most likely to lose value and so the best bet to buy insurance for. Paulson and the manager of the CDO, ACA Management, worked on the portfolio of 90 bonds to be insured (ACA allegedly unaware of Paulson's short position), coming to an agreement in late February 2007. Paulson paid Goldman approximately US$15 million for its work in the deal.The $15 million has been described as "rent" for the Abacus name.
{{cite book|author1=Bethany McLean |author2=Joe Nocera |title=All the Devils Are Here: The Hidden History of the Financial Crisis |page=279|quote=Paulson knocked on Goldman's door at a fortuitous moment. The firm had begun thinking about 'ABACUS-renal strategies' ... By that, he meant that Goldman would 'rent' – for a hefty fee – the Abacus brand to a hedge fund that wanted to make a massive short bet. ... Paulson paid Goldman $15 million to rent the Abacus name.}} Paulson ultimately made a US$1 billion profit from the short investments, the profits coming from the losses of the investors and their insurers. These were primarily IKB Deutsche Industriebank (US$150 million loss), and the investors and insurers of another US$900 million – ACA Financial Guaranty Corp,{{cite news|last1=Salmon|first1=Felix|title=Goldman's misleading statement on ACA|url=http://blogs.reuters.com/felix-salmon/2010/04/19/goldmans-misleading-statement-on-aca/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100422005800/http://blogs.reuters.com/felix-salmon/2010/04/19/goldmans-misleading-statement-on-aca/|url-status=dead|archive-date=April 22, 2010|access-date=August 14, 2010|agency=Thomson Reuters|issue=Blogs|publisher=Reuters|date=April 19, 2010|language=en|quote=when Goldman wrapped the super-senior tranche of the Abacus deal, it did so with ABN Amro, a too-big-to-fail bank, and not with ACA. ABN Amro then laid off that risk onto ACA but was on the hook for all of it if ACA went bust. As, of course, it did.}} ABN AMRO, and the Royal Bank of Scotland.{{cite news|last1=Thomas|first1=Landon|title=A Routine Deal Became an $840 Million Mistake|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/04/23/business/23cdo.html|access-date=February 27, 2014|agency=The New York Times Company|issue=Business|page=A1|work=The New York Times|date=April 22, 2010|location=New York|language=en|url-access=limited|quote=R.B.S. [Royal Bank of Scotland] became involved in Abacus almost by accident. Bankers working in London for ABN Amro, a Dutch bank that was later acquired by R.B.S., agreed to stand behind a portfolio of American mortgage investments that were used in the deal. ABN Amro shouldered almost all of the risks for what, in retrospect, might seem like a small reward: that $7 million. When the housing market fell and Abacus collapsed, R.B.S. ended up on the hook for most of the losses.|archive-date=March 12, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140312081243/http://www.nytimes.com/2010/04/23/business/23cdo.html|url-status=live}}

The SEC alleged that Goldman "materially misstated and omitted facts in disclosure documents" about the financial security, including the fact that it had "permitted a client that was betting against the mortgage market [the hedge fund manager Paulson & Co.] to heavily influence which mortgage securities to include in an investment portfolio, while telling other investors that the securities were selected by an independent, objective third party", ACA Management.{{cite web|url=https://www.sec.gov/litigation/complaints/2010/comp21489.pdf|date=April 16, 2010|publisher=U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission|title=Securities and Exchange Commission vs Goldman Sachs & Co & Fabrice Tourre, Complaint (Securities Fraud)|access-date=April 17, 2010|archive-date=May 20, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100520173821/http://www.sec.gov/litigation/complaints/2010/comp21489.pdf|url-status=live}}{{cite press release | url=https://www.sec.gov/news/press/2010/2010-59.htm | title=SEC Charges Goldman Sachs With Fraud in Structuring and Marketing of CDO Tied to Subprime Mortgages | publisher=U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission | date=April 16, 2010 | access-date=May 18, 2017 | archive-date=February 14, 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130214105713/http://www.sec.gov/news/press/2010/2010-59.htm | url-status=live }} The SEC further alleged that "Tourre also misled ACA into believing ... that Paulson's interests in the collateral section [sic] process were aligned with ACA's, when, in reality, Paulson's interests were sharply conflicting".

In reply, Goldman issued a statement saying the SEC's charges were "unfounded in law and fact", and in later statements maintained that it had not structured the portfolio to lose money, that it had provided extensive disclosure to the long investors in the CDO, that it had lost $90 million, that ACA selected the portfolio without Goldman suggesting Paulson was to be a long investor, that it did not disclose the identities of a buyer to a seller, and vice versa, as it was not normal business practice for a market maker, and that ACA was itself the largest purchaser of the Abacus pool, investing US$951 million. Goldman also stated that any investor losses resulted from the overall negative performance of the entire sector, rather than from a particular security in the CDO.{{cite press release | url=https://www.goldmansachs.com/media-relations/press-releases/archived/2010/sec-response.html | title=Goldman Sachs Makes Further Comments on SEC Complaint | publisher=Business Wire | date=April 16, 2010 | archive-date=March 18, 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180318183748/https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20100416006143/en/Goldman-Sachs-Comments-SEC-Complaint | url-status=live }}{{cite news|last1=Corkery|first1=Michael|title=Goldman Responds Again to SEC Complaint|journal=The Wall Street Journal. Eastern Edition|url=https://blogs.wsj.com/deals/2010/04/19/goldman-responds-again-to-sec-complaint/|access-date=May 18, 2017|agency=Dow Jones & Company Inc|issue=Blogs|publisher=Wall Street Journal|date=April 19, 2010|location=United States|language=en|url-access=subscription|issn=0099-9660|archive-date=July 31, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170731172844/https://blogs.wsj.com/deals/2010/04/19/goldman-responds-again-to-sec-complaint/|url-status=live}} While some journalists and analysts have called these statements misleading, others believed Goldman's defense was strong and the SEC's case was weak.{{cite web | url=http://justoneminute.typepad.com/main/2010/04/cnbc-on-the-goldman-complaint-this-is-surreal.html | title=CNBC On The Goldman Complaint – This Is Surreal | publisher=Justoneminute.typepad.com | first=Tom | last=Maguire | date=April 21, 2010 | access-date=April 22, 2010 | archive-date=April 27, 2010 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100427002347/http://justoneminute.typepad.com/main/2010/04/cnbc-on-the-goldman-complaint-this-is-surreal.html | url-status=live }}{{cite news | url=http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2010/04/20/betting-the-farm-on-goldman | title=The SEC's Dangerous Gamble | first=Harvey | last=Pitt | author-link=Harvey Pitt | newspaper=The Daily Beast | date=April 20, 2010 | access-date=May 18, 2017 | archive-date=November 8, 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211108131218/https://www.thedailybeast.com/the-secs-dangerous-gamble | url-status=live }}{{cite web | url=https://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2010/04/goldman-in-the-eye-of-the-beholder/39255/ | title=Goldman in the Eye of the Beholder | publisher=The Atlantic | date=October 29, 2011 | access-date=March 7, 2017 | archive-date=April 3, 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170403194552/https://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2010/04/goldman-in-the-eye-of-the-beholder/39255/ | url-status=live }}

Some experts on securities law such as Duke University law professor James Cox, believed the suit had merit because Goldman was aware of the relevance of Paulson's involvement and took steps to downplay it. Others, including Wayne State University Law School law professor Peter Henning, noted that the major purchasers were sophisticated investors capable of accurately assessing the risks involved, even without knowledge of the part played by Paulson.{{cite news|last1=Jones|first1=Ashby|title=Goldman v. SEC: It's All About Materiality|journal=The Wall Street Journal. Eastern Edition|url=https://blogs.wsj.com/law/2010/04/19/goldman-v-sec-its-all-about-materiality/|access-date=April 20, 2010|agency=Dow Jones & Company Inc|issue=Blogs|publisher=Wall Street Journal|date=April 19, 2010|location=United States|language=en|url-access=subscription|issn=0099-9660|archive-date=April 22, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100422133110/http://blogs.wsj.com/law/2010/04/19/goldman-v-sec-its-all-about-materiality/|url-status=live}}

Critics of Goldman Sachs point out that Paulson went to Goldman Sachs after being turned down for ethical reasons by another investment bank, Bear Stearns who he had asked to build a CDO. Ira Wagner, the head of Bear Stearns's CDO Group in 2007, told the Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission that having the short investors select the referenced collateral as a serious conflict of interest and the structure of the deal Paulson was proposing encouraged Paulson to pick the worst assets.Federal Crisis Inquiry Report, p.193{{cite news | title=The Moral Compass Missing From The Greatest Trade Ever | url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/the-moral-compass-missing_b_358856 | last=Fiderer | first=David | work=HuffPost | date=May 25, 2011 | access-date=April 27, 2020 | archive-date=August 1, 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801023457/https://www.huffpost.com/entry/the-moral-compass-missing_b_358856 | url-status=live }} Describing Bear Stearns's reasoning, one author compared the deal to "a bettor asking a football owner to bench a star quarterback to improve the odds of his wager against the team".{{cite news|last=Zuckerman|first=Gregory|title=Inside Paulson's Deal with Goldman|url=http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2010/04/19/inside-paulsons-deal-with-goldman.html|date=April 19, 2010|newspaper=Daily Beast|quote=Scott Eichel, a senior Bear Stearns trader, was among those at the investment bank who sat through a meeting with Paulson but later turned down the idea. He worried that Paulson would want especially ugly mortgages for the CDOs, like a bettor asking a football owner to bench a star quarterback to improve the odds of his wager against the team. Either way, he felt it would look improper. ... it didn't pass the ethics standards; it was a reputation issue, and it didn't pass our moral compass.|access-date=February 6, 2014|archive-date=May 24, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140524115010/http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2010/04/19/inside-paulsons-deal-with-goldman.html|url-status=live}} Goldman claimed it lost $90 million, critics maintain it was simply unable (not due to a lack of trying) to shed its position before the underlying securities defaulted.

Critics also question whether the deal was ethical, even if it was legal.{{cite book |author1=Bethany McLean |author2=Joe Nocera |title=All the Devils Are Here: The Hidden History of the Financial Crisis |page=278 |quote=... in truth, the legal issues were far from the most disturbing thing about Abacus 2007-ACI}} Goldman had considerable advantages over its long customers. According to McLean and Nocera, there were dozens of securities being insured in the CDO – for example, another ABACUScalled ABACUS 2005-3 – had 130 credits from several different mortgage originators, commercial mortgage-backed securities, debt from Sallie Mae, credit cards, etc. Goldman bought mortgages to create securities, which made it "far more likely than its clients to have early knowledge" that the housing bubble was deflating and the mortgage originators like New Century had begun to falsify documentation and sell mortgages to customers unable to pay the mortgage-holders back – which is why the fine print on at least one ABACUS prospectus warned long investors that the 'Protection Buyer' (Goldman) 'may have information, including material, non-public information' which it was not providing to the long investors.McLean and Nocera, All the Devils Are Here, 2010, p.272

According to an article in the Houston Chronicle, critics also worried that Abacus might undermine the position of the United States "as a safe harbor for the world's investors" and that "The involvement of European interests as losers in this allegedly fixed game has attracted the attention of that region's political leaders, most notably British Prime Minister Gordon Brown, who has accused Goldman of "moral bankruptcy". This is, in short, a big global story ... Is what Goldman Sachs did with its Abacus investment vehicle illegal? That will be for the courts to decide, ... But it doesn't take a judge and jury to conclude that, legalities aside, this was just wrong."{{cite web | url=http://www.chron.com/opinion/editorials/article/The-Goldman-case-Legal-or-illegal-the-Abacus-1704276.php | title=The Goldman case: Legal or illegal, the Abacus deal was morally wrong. Wall Street needs a new compass | work=Houston Chronicle | date=April 22, 2010 | access-date=February 27, 2014 | archive-date=November 11, 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141111022542/http://www.chron.com/opinion/editorials/article/The-Goldman-case-Legal-or-illegal-the-Abacus-1704276.php | url-status=live }}

On July 15, 2010, Goldman settled out of court, agreeing to pay the SEC and investors US$550 million, including $300 million to the U.S. government and $250 million to investors, one of the largest penalties ever paid by a Wall Street firm. The company did not admit or deny wrongdoing, but did admit that its marketing materials for the investment "contained incomplete information", and agreed to change some of its business practices regarding mortgage investments.

The settlement in July 2010 did not cover charges against Goldman vice president and salesman for Abacus, Fabrice Tourre.{{cite news |url=https://archive.nytimes.com/dealbook.nytimes.com/2010/07/15/goldman-to-settle-with-s-e-c-for-550-million/ |title=Goldman Settles With S.E.C. for $550 Million |work=The New York Times |date=July 15, 2010 |url-access=limited |archive-date=July 8, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170708080025/https://dealbook.nytimes.com/2010/07/15/goldman-to-settle-with-s-e-c-for-550-million/|url-status=live}} Tourre unsuccessfully sought a dismissal of the suit,{{cite news | url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-goldman-tourre-idUSTRE68T3L120100930 |last1=Stempel |first1=Jonathan |last2=Wallace | first2=John| title=Goldman's Tourre says SEC suit should be dismissed | work=Reuters |date=September 30, 2010 |archive-date=September 5, 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170905012152/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-goldman-tourre-idUSTRE68T3L120100930 |url-status=live}}{{cite news | title=Goldman Trader Seeks Suit Dismissal | url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748704116004575522600695880486 | last1=Bray |first1=Chad | work=The Wall Street Journal |date=September 29, 2010 |url-access=subscription |issn=0099-9660 |archive-date=July 31, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170731181941/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748704116004575522600695880486|url-status=live}} which went to trial in 2013.{{cite news | last=ElBoghdady | first=Dina | url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/economy/jurors-hear-closing-arguments-in-sec-fraud-case-against-fabrice-tourre/2013/07/30/a50da674-f954-11e2-b018-5b8251f0c56e_story.html | title=Jurors hear closing arguments in SEC fraud case against Fabrice Tourre | newspaper=The Washington Post | date=July 30, 2013 | archive-date=September 5, 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170905004459/https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/economy/jurors-hear-closing-arguments-in-sec-fraud-case-against-fabrice-tourre/2013/07/30/a50da674-f954-11e2-b018-5b8251f0c56e_story.html | url-status=live }} On August 1, a federal jury found Tourre liable on six of seven counts, including that he misled investors about the mortgage deal. He was found not liable on the most specific charge, that he deliberately made an untrue or misleading statement.{{cite news | last1=Raymond |first1=Nate |title=SEC wins as ex-Goldman executive Tourre found liable for fraud |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-sec-goldman-tourre-idUSBRE96G19720130801 | work=Reuters|date=August 1, 2013 | archive-date=March 10, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160310114108/http://www.reuters.com/article/us-sec-goldman-tourre-idUSBRE96G19720130801|url-status=live}}{{cite news |last1=Craig |first1=Susanne |last2=Protess |first2=Ben | title=Former Trader Is Found Liable in Fraud Case | url=https://archive.nytimes.com/dealbook.nytimes.com/2013/08/01/former-goldman-trader-is-found-liable-in-mortgage-deal/ |work=The New York Times |date=August 1, 2013 |url-access=limited |archive-date=August 1, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130801194915/http://dealbook.nytimes.com/2013/08/01/former-goldman-trader-is-found-liable-in-mortgage-deal/|url-status=live}} Tourre was not subject to criminal charges or jail time.{{Cite news | url=https://money.cnn.com/2013/08/01/news/companies/tourre-goldman-verdict/index.html | title='Fabulous Fab' held liable in Goldman fraud case | first1=Aaron | last1=Smith | first2=James | last2=O'Toole | work=CNN | date=August 1, 2013}} He was fined $650,000 and forced to return a $175,000 bonus.{{Cite news | url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-26552995 | title=Ex-Goldman Sachs trader Fabrice Tourre fined $650,000 | work=BBC News | date=March 12, 2014}} Tourre then pursued a career in academia.{{Cite news | url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/goldman-mortgage-trader-convicted-of-fraud-pursuing-new-career-in-academia-1530540001 | title=Goldman Mortgage Trader Convicted of Fraud Pursuing New Career in Academia | first=Matt |last=Wirz | work=The Wall Street Journal | date=July 2, 2018 | url-access=subscription}}

{{Hatnote|See also: 2000s commodities boom}}

A provision of the 1999 financial deregulation law, the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act, allows commercial banks to enter into any business activity that is "complementary to a financial activity and does not pose a substantial risk to the safety or soundness of depository institutions or the financial system generally".{{cite magazine | last=Taibbi | first=Matt | title=The Vampire Squid Strikes Again: The Mega Banks' Most Devious Scam Yet | magazine=Rolling Stone | date=February 12, 2014 | url=https://www.rollingstone.com/politics/news/the-vampire-squid-strikes-again-the-mega-banks-most-devious-scam-yet-20140212 | access-date=February 14, 2014 | archive-date=February 13, 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140213231325/http://www.rollingstone.com/politics/news/the-vampire-squid-strikes-again-the-mega-banks-most-devious-scam-yet-20140212 | url-status=live }} Since the passing of the laws, Goldman Sachs and other investment banks such as Morgan Stanley and JPMorgan Chase have branched out into ownership of a wide variety of enterprises including raw materials, such as food products, zinc, copper, tin, nickel and, aluminum.

Some critics, such as Matt Taibbi, believe that allowing a company to both "control the supply of crucial physical commodities, and also trade in the financial products that might be related to those markets", is "akin to letting casino owners who take book on NFL games during the week also coach all the teams on Sundays".

Frederick Kaufman, a contributing editor of Harper's Magazine, argued in a 2010 article that Goldman's creation of the Goldman Sachs Commodity Index (now the S&P GSCI) helped passive investors such as pension funds, mutual funds and others engage in food price speculation by betting on financial products based on the commodity index. These financial products disturbed the normal relationship between supply and demand, making prices more volatile and defeating the price stabilization mechanism of the futures exchange.{{cite magazine | first=Frederick | last=Kaufman | title=The Food Bubble: How Wall Street Starved Millions and got away with it | url=https://frederickkaufman.typepad.com/files/the-food-bubble-pdf.pdf | magazine=Harper's Magazine | date=July 1, 2010 | archive-date=May 27, 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140527113338/http://frederickkaufman.typepad.com/files/the-food-bubble-pdf.pdf | url-status=live }}{{cite news | first1=Amy | last1=Goodman | first2=Juan | last2=Gonzales | first3=Frederick | last3=Kaufman | url=https://www.democracynow.org/2010/7/16/the_food_bubble_how_wall_street | title=The Food Bubble: How Wall Street Starved Millions and Got Away With It | work=Democracy Now! | date=July 16, 2010 | archive-date=May 20, 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170520121118/https://www.democracynow.org/2010/7/16/the_food_bubble_how_wall_street | url-status=live }}{{cite news | url=https://therealnews.com/jghosh0407foodpt1 | title=GLOBAL FOOD BUBBLE ON THE WAY? | work=The Real News Network | date=May 5, 2010}}

A June 2010 article in The Economist defended commodity investors and oil index-tracking funds, citing a report by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development that found that commodities without futures markets and ignored by index-tracking funds also saw price rises during the period.{{cite news | url=https://www.economist.com/finance-and-economics/2010/06/24/clearing-the-usual-suspects | title=Clearing the usual suspects | author=Buttonwood | newspaper=The Economist | date=June 24, 2010 | url-access=subscription | archive-date=May 4, 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170504121421/http://www.economist.com/node/16432870 | url-status=live }}

{{main|Aluminium price-fixing conspiracy}}

Although it was described by others as just a conspiracy theory,{{Cite news | url=https://alphaarchitect.com/2013/10/goldman-sachs-warehouse-trade-conspiracy-theory/ | title=GOLDMAN SACHS' WAREHOUSE TRADE–CONSPIRACY THEORY! | work=Alpha Architect}} in a July 2013 article, David Kocieniewski, a journalist with The New York Times, accused Goldman Sachs and other Wall Street firms of "capitalizing on loosened federal regulations" to manipulate "a variety of commodities markets", particularly aluminum, citing "financial records, regulatory documents, and interviews with people involved in the activities".{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/07/21/business/a-shuffle-of-aluminum-but-to-banks-pure-gold.html |last1=Kocieniewski |first1=David |title=A Shuffle of Aluminum, but to Banks, Pure Gold |work=The New York Times |date=July 20, 2013 |url-access=limited |archive-date=January 17, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140117200136/http://www.nytimes.com/2013/07/21/business/a-shuffle-of-aluminum-but-to-banks-pure-gold.html|url-status=live}} After Goldman Sachs purchased aluminum warehousing company Metro International in 2010, the wait of warehouse customers for delivery of aluminum supplies to their factories – to make beer cans, home siding, and other products – went from an average of 6 weeks to more than 16 months. The premium on all aluminum sold in the spot market doubled, with industry analysts blaming the lengthy delays at Metro International, costing American consumers more than $5 billion from 2010 to 2013. Goldman's ownership of a quarter of the national supply of aluminum – a million and a half tons – in a network of 27 Metro International warehouses in Detroit, Michigan, was blamed.{{cite news | url=https://www.usnews.com/opinion/blogs/economic-intelligence/2013/07/24/how-goldman-sachs-and-wall-street-manipulate-alumnimum-and-other-commodities | title=The Goldman Sachs Guide To Manipulating Commodities | work=U.S. News & World Report | date=July 24, 2013 | last=Stanley | first=Marcus | archive-date=January 25, 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170125160513/http://www.usnews.com/opinion/blogs/economic-intelligence/2013/07/24/how-goldman-sachs-and-wall-street-manipulate-alumnimum-and-other-commodities | url-status=live }} To avoid hoarding and price manipulation, the London Metal Exchange requires that "at least 3,000 tons of that metal must be moved out each day". According to the article, Goldman dealt with this requirement by moving the aluminum – not to factories, but "from one warehouse to another".

In August 2013, Goldman Sachs was subpoenaed by the federal Commodity Futures Trading Commission as part of an investigation into complaints that Goldman-owned metals warehouses had "intentionally created delays and inflated the price of aluminum".{{cite news |title=U.S. Subpoenas Goldman in Inquiry of Aluminum Warehouses |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/08/13/business/us-subpoenas-goldman-in-inquiry-of-aluminum-warehouses.html |last=Kocieniewski |first=David |work=The New York Times | date=August 12, 2013 |url-access=limited |archive-date=September 16, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130916023814/http://www.nytimes.com/2013/08/13/business/us-subpoenas-goldman-in-inquiry-of-aluminum-warehouses.html | url-status=live}}

According to Lydia DePillis of Wonkblog, when Goldman bought the warehouses it "started paying traders extra to bring their metal" to Goldman's warehouses "rather than anywhere else. The longer it stays, the more rent Goldman can charge, which is then passed on to the buyer in the form of a premium."{{cite news | url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2013/07/22/heres-how-goldman-sachs-is-making-your-beer-more-expensive/ | title=Here's how Goldman Sachs is making your beer more expensive | first=Lydia | last=DePillis | newspaper=The Washington Post | date=July 22, 2013 | url-access=subscription | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170125160627/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2013/07/22/heres-how-goldman-sachs-is-making-your-beer-more-expensive/ | archive-date=January 25, 2017 | url-status=live }} The effect is "amplified" by another company, Glencore, which is "doing the same thing in its warehouse in Vlissingen".

Columnist Matt Levine, writing for Bloomberg News, described the conspiracy theory as "pretty silly", but said that it was a rational outcome of an irrational and inefficient system which Goldman Sachs may not have properly understood.{{cite news | title=The Goldman Sachs Aluminum Conspiracy Was Pretty Silly | url=https://www.bloomberg.com/view/articles/2014-11-20/the-goldman-sachs-aluminum-conspiracy-was-pretty-silly | first=Matt | last=Levine | work=Bloomberg News | date=November 20, 2014 | url-access=subscription | archive-date=August 9, 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170809170354/https://www.bloomberg.com/view/articles/2014-11-20/the-goldman-sachs-aluminum-conspiracy-was-pretty-silly | url-status=live }}

In December 2014, Goldman Sachs sold its aluminum warehousing business to Ruben Brothers.{{cite news |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/goldman-sachs-sells-aluminum-business-to-swiss-firm-1419279027 |last1=Berthelsen |first1=Christian |last2=Iosebashvili |first2=Ira |title=Goldman Sachs Sells Aluminum Business to Swiss Firm | work=The Wall Street Journal |date=December 22, 2014 |url-access=subscription |issn=0099-9660 |archive-date=June 23, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170623083504/https://www.wsj.com/articles/goldman-sachs-sells-aluminum-business-to-swiss-firm-1419279027 |url-status=live}}{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/goldman-metro-idUSL1N0U61FW20141222 |last1=Leff |first1=Jonathan |last2=Mason |first2=Josephine |title=UPDATE 2-Goldman sells Metro metals warehouse unit to Reuben Bros |work=Reuters |date=December 22, 2014 |archive-date=April 30, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170430061553/http://www.reuters.com/article/goldman-metro-idUSL1N0U61FW20141222 |url-status=live}}{{cite news |url=https://dealbook.nytimes.com/2014/12/22/goldman-sells-aluminum-subsidiary/ |last1=Popper |first1=Nathaniel|title=Goldman Sells Aluminum Subsidiary |work=The New York Times |date=December 22, 2014 |url-access=limited |archive-date=July 22, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170722150327/https://dealbook.nytimes.com/2014/12/22/goldman-sells-aluminum-subsidiary/ |url-status=live}}

In March 2015, the legal case against Goldman Sachs, JPMorgan Chase, Glencore, the two investment banks' warehousing businesses, and the London Metal Exchange in various combinations – of violating U.S. anti-trust laws, was dismissed by United States District Court for the Southern District of New York Judge Katherine B. Forrest in Manhattan for lack of evidence and other reasons.{{Cite web | url=https://casetext.com/case/in-re-aluminum-warehousing-antitrust-litig-6 | title=In re Aluminum Warehousing Antitrust Litig. | date=March 4, 2015}} The lawsuit was revived in 2019 after the 2nd U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals in Manhattan said the previous decision was in error. That case was dismissed by judge Paul A. Engelmayer in 2021 although Reynolds Consumer Products and two other plaintiffs that had directly transacted with the defendants were allowed to pursue the case.{{Cite news | url=https://www.spglobal.com/marketintelligence/en/news-insights/latest-news-headlines/price-manipulation-charges-against-glencore-goldman-jpmorgan-dropped-8211-reuters-62726103 | title=Price manipulation charges against Glencore, Goldman, JPMorgan dropped – Reuters | first=Karla | last=Escober | work=S&P Global | date=February 19, 2021}} Those purchasers settled with Goldman and JPMorgan Chase in 2022.{{Cite news | url=https://www.law360.com/articles/1485106/goldman-sachs-jpmorgan-near-aluminum-antitrust-deal | title=Goldman Sachs, JPMorgan Near Aluminum Antitrust Deal | first=Craig | last=Clough | work=Law360 | date=April 18, 2022 | url-access=subscription}}

Investment banks, including Goldman, have also been accused of driving up the price of gasoline by speculating on the oil futures exchange. In August 2011, "confidential documents" were leaked "detailing the positions" in the oil futures market of several investment banks, including Goldman Sachs, Morgan Stanley, JPMorgan Chase, Deutsche Bank, and Barclays, just before the peak in gasoline prices in the summer of 2008. The presence of positions by investment banks on the market was significant for the fact that the banks have deep pockets, and so the means to significantly sway prices, and unlike traditional market participants, neither produced oil nor ever took physical possession of actual barrels of oil they bought and sold. Journalist Kate Sheppard of Mother Jones called it "a development that many say is artificially raising the price of crude".{{cite news | url=https://www.motherjones.com/environment/2011/09/oil-speculators-goldman-sachs | title=$4 Gas: Brought to You by Wall Street | last=Sheppard | first=Kate | publisher=Mother Jones | date=September 8, 2011 | access-date=July 5, 2018 | archive-date=July 12, 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180712121825/https://www.motherjones.com/environment/2011/09/oil-speculators-goldman-sachs/ | url-status=live }} However, another source stated that, "Just before crude oil hit its record high in mid-2008, 15 of the world's largest banks were betting that prices would fall, according to private trading data..."{{cite news | url=http://fuelfix.com/blog/2011/08/29/big-banks-bet-crude-oil-prices-would-fall-in-2008-run-up-leaked-data-show/ | title=Big Banks Bet Crude Oil Prices Would Fall in 2008 Run-Up, Leaked Data Show | work=Bloomberg L.P. | quote=Just before crude oil hit its record high in mid-2008, 15 of the world's largest banks were betting that prices would fall, according to private trading data released by U.S. Senator Bernie Sanders. The net positions of the banks undermine arguments made by Sanders that speculative trades on Wall Street drove oil prices in 2008, said Craig Pirrong, director of the Global Energy Management Institute at the University of Houston. Retail gasoline reached a record $4.08 a gallon on July 7, 2008, and oil peaked at $147.27 a barrel on July 11 that year. | access-date=May 18, 2017 | archive-date=July 24, 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170724010823/http://fuelfix.com/blog/2011/08/29/big-banks-bet-crude-oil-prices-would-fall-in-2008-run-up-leaked-data-show/ | url-status=live }}

In April 2011, a couple of observers – Brad Johnson of the blog Climate Progress, founded by Joseph J. Romm, and Alain Sherter of CBS MoneyWatch – noted that Goldman Sachs was warning investors of a dangerous spike in the price of oil. Climate Progress quoted Goldman as warning "that the price of oil has grown out of control due to excessive speculation" in petroleum futures, and that "net speculative positions are four times as high as in June 2008", when the price of oil peaked.

It stated that, "Goldman Sachs told its clients that it believed speculators like itself had artificially driven the price of oil at least $20 higher than supply and demand dictate."{{cite web | title=Goldman Sachs Admits Record Speculation To Blame For Skyrocketing Gas Prices | url=https://thinkprogress.org/goldman-sachs-admits-record-speculation-to-blame-for-skyrocketing-gas-prices-2d3eb98320d2/ | first=Brad | last=Johnson | publisher=ThinkProgress | date=April 13, 2011 | access-date=May 21, 2017 | archive-date=January 25, 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170125160446/https://thinkprogress.org/goldman-sachs-admits-record-speculation-to-blame-for-skyrocketing-gas-prices-2d3eb98320d2 | url-status=live }} Sherter noted that Goldman's concern over speculation did not prevent it (along with other speculators) from lobbying against regulations by the Commodity Futures Trading Commission to establish "position limits", which would cap the number of futures contracts a trader can hold, and thus prevent speculation.{{cite news | url=http://www.cbsnews.com/news/when-goldman-sachs-warns-that-speculation-drives-oil-prices-listen-up/ | title=When Goldman Sachs Warns That Speculation Drives Oil Prices, Listen Up | first=Alain | last=Sherter | work=CBS News | date=April 13, 2011 | access-date=February 27, 2014 | archive-date=December 31, 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141231004112/http://www.cbsnews.com/news/when-goldman-sachs-warns-that-speculation-drives-oil-prices-listen-up/ | url-status=live }}

According to Joseph P. Kennedy II, by 2012, prices on the oil commodity market had become influenced by "hedge funds and bankers" pumping "billions of purely speculative dollars into commodity exchanges, chasing a limited number of barrels and driving up the price". The problem started, according to Kennedy, in 1991, when

just a few years after oil futures began trading on the New York Mercantile Exchange, Goldman Sachs made an argument to the Commodity Futures Trading Commission that Wall Street dealers who put down big bets on oil should be considered legitimate hedgers and granted an exemption from regulatory limits on their trades.

The commission granted an exemption that ultimately allowed Goldman Sachs to process billions of dollars in speculative oil trades. Other exemptions followed,

In January 2016, Goldman Sachs agreed to pay $15 million after it was found that a team of Goldman employees, between 2008 and 2013, "granted locates" by arranging to borrow securities to settle short sales without adequate review. However, U.S. regulation for short selling requires brokerages to enter an agreement to borrow securities on behalf of customers or to have "reasonable grounds" for believing that it can borrow the security before entering contracts to complete the sale. Additionally, Goldman Sachs gave "incomplete and unclear" responses to information requests from SEC compliance examiners in 2013 about the firm's securities lending practices.{{cite news|last1=Barlyn|first1=Suzanne|last2=Hay|first2=Andrew|title=Goldman Sachs to pay $15 million to settle SEC stock lending case|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-goldman-sachs-sec-lending-idUSKCN0US2NN20160114|access-date=February 1, 2016|agency=Thomson Reuters|issue=Wealth|publisher=Reuters|date=January 14, 2016|language=en|archive-date=February 3, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160203110128/http://www.reuters.com/article/us-goldman-sachs-sec-lending-idUSKCN0US2NN20160114|url-status=live}}

{{Main|1Malaysia Development Berhad scandal}}

In July 2009, Prime Minister of Malaysia Najib Razak set up a sovereign wealth fund, 1Malaysia Development Berhad (1MDB).{{Cite news | url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/7/28/timeline-how-malaysias-1mdb-financial-scandal-unfolded | title=Timeline: How Malaysia's 1MDB financial scandal unfolded | work=Al Jazeera English | date=July 28, 2020 | access-date=January 18, 2022 | archive-date=January 18, 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220118054114/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/7/28/timeline-how-malaysias-1mdb-financial-scandal-unfolded | url-status=live }}{{cite news |last1=Koswanage |first1=Niluksi |last2=Azhar |first2=Saeed | title=Deutsche Bank hires Goldman Sachs's Malaysia head: sources | url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-deutsche-malaysia-idUSBREA050CE20140106 | work=Reuters | date=January 6, 2014 | location=Singapore |archive-date=January 5, 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160105233438/http://www.reuters.com/article/us-deutsche-malaysia-idUSBREA050CE20140106 | url-status=live}}{{Cite news | title=Goldman reportedly scrutinized by police for relation to money laundering probe | url=https://www.cnbc.com/2017/11/02/1mdb-money-laundering-singapore-reportedly-probing-goldman-sachs-link.html | agency=Reuters | work=CNBC | date=November 2, 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180125134431/https://www.cnbc.com/2017/11/02/1mdb-money-laundering-singapore-reportedly-probing-goldman-sachs-link.html | archive-date=January 25, 2018 | url-status=live}}

In 2015, U.S. prosecutors began examining the role of Goldman in helping 1MDB raise more than $6 billion (~${{Format price|{{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=6000000000|start_year=2015}}}} in {{Inflation/year|US-GDP}}). The 1MDB bond deals were said to generate "above-average" commissions and fees for Goldman amounting close to $600 million or more than 9% of the proceeds.{{cite news | title=Goldman's Leissner Said to Get Money From Ex-1MDB Employee | url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-05-18/goldman-s-leissner-said-to-get-money-from-ex-1mdb-employee | last1=Farrell | first1=Greg | last2=Geiger | first2=Keri | work=Bloomberg News | date=May 18, 2016 | url-access=subscription | archive-date=January 25, 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170125160443/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-05-18/goldman-s-leissner-said-to-get-money-from-ex-1mdb-employee | url-status=live }}

Beginning in 2016, Goldman was investigated for a $3 billion (~${{Format price|{{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=3000000000|start_year=2016}}}} in {{Inflation/year|US-GDP}}) bond created by the bank for 1MDB. U.S. Prosecutors investigated whether the bank failed to comply with the Bank Secrecy Act, which requires financial institutions to report suspicious transactions to regulators.{{cite news | url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/goldman-probed-over-malaysia-fund-1465257383 | last1=Baer | first1=Justin | last2=Wright | first2=Tom | title=Goldman Probed Over Malaysia Fund 1MDB | work=The Wall Street Journal |date=June 7, 2016 |url-access=subscription |issn=0099-9660 |archive-date=June 7, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160607005318/http://www.wsj.com/articles/goldman-probed-over-malaysia-fund-1465257383 |url-status=live}} In November 2018, Goldman's former chairman of Southeast Asia, Tim Leissner, admitted that more than US$200 million (~${{Format price|{{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=200000000|start_year=2018}}}} in {{Inflation/year|US-GDP}}) in proceeds from 1MDB bonds went into the accounts controlled by him and a relative, bypassing the company's compliance rules.{{Cite web | url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-11-12/goldman-shares-tumble-to-2016-levels-as-1mdb-pressure-mounts |title=Goldman Sachs Tumbles on 1MDB Scandal and 'Fear of the Unknown' | work=Bloomberg News | date=November 12, 2018 | url-access=subscription | archive-date=November 14, 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181114141736/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-11-12/goldman-shares-tumble-to-2016-levels-as-1mdb-pressure-mounts | url-status=live}}{{Cite news | url=https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2018/11/02/1mdb-how-did-leissner-and-other-execs-bypass-goldmans-compliance-rules/ | title=1MDB: How did Leissner and other execs bypass Goldman's compliance rules? | work=The Star | archive-date=November 14, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181114224032/https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2018/11/02/1mdb-how-did-leissner-and-other-execs-bypass-goldmans-compliance-rules/ |url-status=live}} Leissner and another former Goldman banker, Roger Ng, together with Malaysian financier Jho Low were charged with money laundering.{{Cite news | url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-46062576 | title=Ex-Goldman bankers face 1MDB charges | work=BBC News | date=November 1, 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181101145701/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-46062576 |archive-date=November 1, 2018 | url-status=live}} Goldman chief executive David Solomon felt "horrible" about the ex-staff breaking the law by going around the policies{{Cite news | url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-goldmansachs-1mdb-probe/goldman-sachs-ceo-i-feel-horrible-ex-bankers-broke-law-in-1mdb-case-idUSKCN1NC0SN | title=Goldman Sachs CEO: I feel horrible ex-bankers broke law in 1MDB case | last=Geddie | first=John | work=Reuters | archive-date=November 8, 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181108105122/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-goldmansachs-1mdb-probe/goldman-sachs-ceo-i-feel-horrible-ex-bankers-broke-law-in-1mdb-case-idUSKCN1NC0SN |url-status=live}}{{Cite news | url=https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2018/11/07/goldman-sachs-ceo-i-feel-horrible-ex-bankers-broke-law/ |title=Goldman Sachs CEO: I feel horrible ex-bankers broke law in 1MDB case| work=The Star | date=November 7, 2018 | archive-date=November 8, 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181108065634/https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2018/11/07/goldman-sachs-ceo-i-feel-horrible-ex-bankers-broke-law/ | url-status=live}} and apologized to Malaysians for Leissner's role in the 1MDB scandal.{{Cite news | url=https://www.reuters.com/article/uk-goldman-sachs-1mdb/goldman-sachs-ceo-apologises-for-ex-bankers-role-in-1mdb-scandal-idUSKCN1PA22T | title=Goldman Sachs CEO apologises for ex-banker's role in 1MDB scandal | first=Aparajita | last=Saxena | work=Reuters | date=January 16, 2019 | access-date=January 18, 2022 | archive-date=January 18, 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220118054112/https://www.reuters.com/article/uk-goldman-sachs-1mdb/goldman-sachs-ceo-apologises-for-ex-bankers-role-in-1mdb-scandal-idUSKCN1PA22T | url-status=live }}{{Cite news | url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2019/jan/16/goldman-chief-says-sorry-over-ex-banker-role-in-1mdb-scandal-malaysia | title=Goldman chief says sorry over ex-banker's role in 1MDB scandal | first=Kalyeena | last=Makortoff | work=The Guardian | date=January 16, 2019 | access-date=January 18, 2022 | archive-date=January 18, 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220118182822/https://www.theguardian.com/business/2019/jan/16/goldman-chief-says-sorry-over-ex-banker-role-in-1mdb-scandal-malaysia | url-status=live }}{{Cite news | url=https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2019/01/18/goldman-sachs-ceo-apologises-for-exbankers-role-in-1mdb-scandal/ | title=Goldman Sachs CEO apologises for ex-banker's role in 1MDB scandal | work=The Star | date=January 18, 2019 | archive-date=January 18, 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190118024823/https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2019/01/18/goldman-sachs-ceo-apologises-for-exbankers-role-in-1mdb-scandal/ | url-status=live}}

On December 17, 2018, Malaysia filed criminal charges against subsidiaries of Goldman and their former employees Leissner and Ng, alleging their commission of misleading statements to dishonestly misappropriate US$2.7 billion from the proceeds of 1MDB bonds arranged and underwritten by Goldman in 2012 and 2013.{{Cite web | url=https://www.thesundaily.my/local/malaysia-files-charges-against-goldman-over-1mdb-scandal-JI280092|title=Malaysia files charges against Goldman over 1MDB scandal|website=www.thesundaily.my|language=en|access-date=December 17, 2018|archive-date=December 17, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181217132739/https://www.thesundaily.my/local/malaysia-files-charges-against-goldman-over-1mdb-scandal-JI280092|url-status=live}}{{Cite web|url=https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2018/12/17/agc-files-criminal-charges-against-subsidiaries-of-goldman-sachs-and-employees/|title=AGC files criminal charges against subsidiaries of Goldman Sachs and employees – Nation {{!}} The Star Online|date=December 17, 2018|website=www.thestar.com.my|access-date=December 17, 2018|archive-date=December 17, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181217120523/https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2018/12/17/agc-files-criminal-charges-against-subsidiaries-of-goldman-sachs-and-employees/ | url-status=live}}

On July 24, 2020, it was announced that the Malaysian government would receive US$2.5 billion in cash from Goldman Sachs,{{Cite news|last=Hoffman|first=Liz|date=August 7, 2020|title=Goldman Sachs Restates Earnings After $3.9 Billion Malaysia Settlement|language=en-US|work=The Wall Street Journal|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/goldman-sachs-restates-earnings-after-3-9-billion-malaysia-settlement-11596796982|access-date=August 7, 2020|issn=0099-9660|archive-date=August 7, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807131104/https://www.wsj.com/articles/goldman-sachs-restates-earnings-after-3-9-billion-malaysia-settlement-11596796982|url-status=live}} and a guarantee from the bank they would also return US$1.4 billion in assets linked to 1MDB bonds.{{Cite web|title=Goldman Sachs, Malaysia agree to US$3.9 billion settlement over 1MDB|url=https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/asia/goldman-sachs-malaysia-agree-1mdb-settlement-12961454|access-date=July 28, 2020|website=CNA|language=en|archive-date=July 28, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728025235/https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/asia/goldman-sachs-malaysia-agree-1mdb-settlement-12961454|url-status=live}} Put together this was substantially less than the US$7.5 billion that had been previously demanded by the Malaysian finance minister. At the same time, the Malaysian government agreed to drop all criminal charges against the bank and that it would cease legal proceedings against 17 current and former Goldman directors. Some commentators argued that Goldman secured a very favorable deal.{{Cite web|title=Commentary: Goldman has done it again with its 1MDB Malaysia deal|url=https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/commentary/najib-razak-goldman-sachs-1mdb-malaysia-deal-settlement-12968614|access-date=July 28, 2020|website=CNA|language=en|archive-date=July 28, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728062310/https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/commentary/najib-razak-goldman-sachs-1mdb-malaysia-deal-settlement-12968614|url-status=live}} Despite the settlement, Malaysian prime minister called it unfair to the country as the settled amount was not sufficient in September 2023,{{Cite web |last=Jalil |first=Asila |date=2023-09-03 |title=Settlement with Goldman Sachs: "Govt may be able to sue again" {{!}} New Straits Times |url=https://www.nst.com.my/business/2023/09/950493/settlement-goldman-sachs-govt-may-be-able-sue-again |access-date=2024-07-07 |website=NST Online |language=en}} and Goldman had in the following month sued Malaysia in a London arbitration court over the settlement reached by both parties.{{Cite web |title=Why is Goldman Sachs suing Malaysia over 1MDB scandal? |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/10/12/why-is-goldman-sachs-suing-malaysia-over-1mdb-scandal |access-date=2024-07-07 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}

In October 2020, the Malaysian subsidiary of Goldman Sachs admitted to mistakes in auditing its subsidiary and agreed to pay more than $2.9 billion (~${{Format price|{{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=2900000000|start_year=2020}}}} in {{Inflation/year|US-GDP}}) in fines.{{cite news | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/10/20/business/goldman-sachs-1mdb-malaysia.html | title=Goldman Sachs Is Said to Admit Mistakes in 1MDB Scandal | first=Matthew | last=Goldstein | work=The New York Times | date=October 20, 2020 | url-access=limited | archive-date=January 24, 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210124010050/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/10/20/business/goldman-sachs-1mdb-malaysia.html | url-status=live}}{{Cite press release | url=https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/goldman-sachs-charged-foreign-bribery-case-and-agrees-pay-over-29-billion | title=Goldman Sachs Charged in Foreign Bribery Case and Agrees to Pay Over $2.9 Billion | publisher=United States Department of Justice | date=October 22, 2020 | access-date=January 18, 2022 | archive-date=January 18, 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220118182642/https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/goldman-sachs-charged-foreign-bribery-case-and-agrees-pay-over-29-billion | url-status=live }}{{Cite news | url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-54597256 | title=Goldman Sachs to pay $3bn over 1MDB corruption scandal | work=BBC News | date=October 22, 2020 | access-date=January 18, 2022 | archive-date=January 18, 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220118054114/https://www.bbc.com/news/business-54597256 | url-status=live }}{{Cite news | url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/goldman-sachs-to-pay-2-8-billion-admit-wrongdoing-to-settle-1mdb-charges-11603202983 | title=Goldman Sachs to Pay $2.8 Billion, Admit Wrongdoing to Settle 1MDB Charges | first1=Dave | last1=Michaels | first2=Liz | last2=Hoffman | first3=Bradley | last3=Hope | work=The Wall Street Journal | date=October 20, 2020 | url-access=subscription | access-date=January 18, 2022 | archive-date=January 18, 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220118183059/https://www.wsj.com/articles/goldman-sachs-to-pay-2-8-billion-admit-wrongdoing-to-settle-1mdb-charges-11603202983 | url-status=live }}

In May 2017, Goldman Sachs purchased $2.8 billion (~${{Format price|{{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=2800000000|start_year=2017}}}} in {{Inflation/year|US-GDP}}) of PDVSA 2022 bonds from the Central Bank of Venezuela during the 2017 Venezuelan protests, when the country was suffering from malnutrition and hyperinflation.{{Cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-venezuela-goldman-idUSKBN1HH36H |title=Amid Venezuela default, Goldman receives 'hunger bond' payment: sources|date=April 10, 2018|work=Reuters|access-date=April 13, 2020|language=en|archive-date=August 1, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801022824/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-venezuela-goldman-idUSKBN1HH36H|url-status=live}}{{Cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-venezuela-goldman-sachs-idUSKBN18Q1D6 |title=Venezuelan opposition condemns Goldman for $2.8 billion bond deal | first1=Brian | last1=Ellsworth | first2=Davide | last2=Scigliuzzo |work=Reuters |date=May 31, 2017 |archive-date=April 21, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200421143742/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-venezuela-goldman-sachs-idUSKBN18Q1D6|url-status=live}} Venezuelan politicians and protesters in New York opposed to President of Venezuela Nicolás Maduro accused Goldman of being of complicit of human rights abuses under the government and declared that the financing would fuel hunger in Venezuela by depriving the government of foreign exchange to import food, leading the securities to be dubbed "hunger bonds." The opposition-led National Assembly voted to ask the United States Congress to investigate the deal, which they called "immoral, opaque, and hypocritical given the socialist government's anti-Wall Street rhetoric". National Assembly president Julio Borges said that the funds would "strengthen the brutal repression" used against the protestors.{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/may/30/goldman-sachs-venezuela-bonds |title=Goldman Sachs condemned for buoying Venezuela with $2.8bn bond purchase |last=Rushe |first=Dominic |work=The Guardian |date=May 30, 2017 |issn=0261-3077 | archive-date=August 1, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801021421/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/may/30/goldman-sachs-venezuela-bonds | url-status=live}} Sheila Patel, CEO of Goldman Sachs Asset Management's international division, said that the incident was a learning experience that taught the bank to focus on environmental, social, and corporate governance issues.{{Cite news |title=Goldman Says It's Learned From Venezuela 'Hunger Bonds' Backlash| url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-03-15/goldman-says-it-s-learned-from-venezuela-hunger-bonds-backlash | first=Ben |last=Bartenstein | work=Bloomberg News |date=March 15, 2018 | url-access=subscription | archive-date=August 1, 2020| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801033125/https://www.bloombergquint.com/onweb/goldman-says-it-s-learned-from-venezuela-hunger-bonds-backlash|url-status=live}}

Goldman Sachs established its presence in Russia in 1998, focusing on investment banking services rather than retail operations. This early entry helped the firm navigate complex sanctions later.{{Cite web |title=Goldman gets Putin’s approval to sell Russia business {{!}} Banking Dive |url=https://www.bankingdive.com/news/goldman-selling-russia-business-putin-approval-balchug/739039/ |access-date=2025-04-26 |website=www.bankingdive.com |language=en-US}} Notably, Kirill Dmitriev, who later led the Russian Direct Investment Fund, worked at Goldman Sachs in New York in the late 1990s, gaining experience in Western finance.{{Cite web |title=Head of RDIF appointed Special Representative of the President of the Russian Federation for Investment and Economic Cooperation with Foreign Countries |url=https://tadviser.com/index.php/Person:Kirill_Aleksandrovich_Dmitriyev |access-date=2025-04-26 |website=TAdviser.ru}}{{Cite web |title=Kirill Dmitriev Profile: Contact Information & Network {{!}} PitchBook |url=https://pitchbook.com/profiles/person/13118-77P |access-date=2025-04-26 |website=pitchbook.com |language=en}} After Russia’s 2022 invasion of Ukraine, Goldman Sachs announced plans to exit Russia, finalizing the sale of its business to Armenian firm Balchug Capital in April 2025,{{Cite web |title=Goldman gets Putin’s approval to sell Russia business {{!}} Banking Dive |url=https://www.bankingdive.com/news/goldman-selling-russia-business-putin-approval-balchug/739039/ |access-date=2025-04-26 |website=www.bankingdive.com |language=en-US}} following a decree by President Vladimir Putin.{{Cite web |title=Goldman Sachs |url=https://leave-russia.org/goldman-sachs |access-date=2025-04-26 |website=leave-russia.org |language=en}} Despite the official exit, Goldman Sachs resumed offering clients non-deliverable forwards (NDFs) linked to the Russian ruble in February 2025.{{Cite web |title=Armenian fund completes acquisition of Goldman Sachs’ Russian unit |url=https://en.armradio.am/2025/04/24/armenian-fund-completes-acquisition-of-goldman-sachs-russian-unit/ |access-date=2025-04-26 |website=Public Radio of Armenia |language=en-US}} Additionally, Putin authorized the transfer of Goldman Sachs' shares in major Russian companies, such as Gazprom and Rosneft, to Balchug Capital.{{Cite web |last=Quantitative |first=Quiver |title=Goldman Sachs (GS) and JPMorgan (JPM) Boost Ruble Trades Amid Sanction Resurgence |url=https://www.barchart.com/story/news/31265332/goldman-sachs-gs-and-jpmorgan-jpm-boost-ruble-trades-amid-sanction-resurgence |access-date=2025-04-26 |website=Barchart.com |language=en}}{{cite news |date=2025-04-02 |title=Putin lets Armenian fund buy Goldman Sachs stakes in Russian public companies |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/finance/putin-lets-armenian-fund-buy-goldman-sachs-stakes-russian-public-companies-2025-04-02/ |access-date=2025-04-26 |work=Reuters}}

After working at Goldman Sachs, Kirill Dmitriev became CEO of the Russian Direct Investment Fund in 2011 and, in February 2025, was appointed Special Representative of the Russian President for Investment and Economic Cooperation.{{Cite web |title=Head of RDIF appointed Special Representative of the President of the Russian Federation for Investment and Economic Cooperation with Foreign Countries |url=https://tadviser.com/index.php/Person:Kirill_Aleksandrovich_Dmitriyev |access-date=2025-04-26 |website=TAdviser.ru}} His background links him closely to Western finance, aiding his role in navigating sanctions. Dmitriev maintained informal ties with the Trump administration, notably meeting Steve Witkoff, earning him the nickname "Putin’s Trump-whisperer."{{Cite web |title=Putin’s envoy meets with Witkoff in Washington – Reuters |url=https://www.pravda.com.ua/eng/news/2025/04/3/7505768/ |access-date=2025-04-26 |website=Ukrainska Pravda |language=en}} His past at Goldman Sachs likely provided lasting networks valuable for influencing financial discussions.{{Cite web |date=2025-04-06 |title=Moscow announces beginning of 'respectful dialogue' and new talks with the US |url=https://kyivindependent.com/moscow-announces-beginning-of-respectful-dialogue-and-new-talks-with-the-us/ |access-date=2025-04-26 |website=The Kyiv Independent |language=en}}{{Cite web |date=2025-04-04 |title=Who is Kirill Dmitriev, Putin's Trump-whisperer |url=https://kyivindependent.com/whos-kirill-dmitriev-putins-trump-whisperer/ |access-date=2025-04-26 |website=The Kyiv Independent |language=en}}{{Cite web |last=Features |first=Jane Lewis published in |date=2025-03-05 |title=Kirill Dmitriev: from Wall Street banker to Putin’s emissary to Trumpworld |url=https://moneyweek.com/economy/people/kirill-dmitriev-trump-putin |access-date=2025-04-26 |website=Moneyweek |language=en}}  

The term "Government Sachs" emerged during Donald Trump's presidency to describe the significant influence of Goldman Sachs alumni, including Steven Mnuchin and Gary Cohn, within his administration.{{Cite web |title=Government Sachs and the Trump Administration |url=https://inequality.org/article/government-sachs-trump-administration/ |access-date=2025-04-26 |website=Inequality.org}} Their presence raised concerns about potential regulatory capture and Wall Street’s broader influence on US policy, including sanctions.{{Cite web |title=Head of RDIF appointed Special Representative of the President of the Russian Federation for Investment and Economic Cooperation with Foreign Countries |url=https://tadviser.com/index.php/Person:Kirill_Aleksandrovich_Dmitriyev |access-date=2025-04-26 |website=TAdviser.ru}}  While there is no direct evidence that Goldman Sachs lobbied for easing sanctions against Russia, the possibility of indirect influence through personal connections and shared perspectives cannot be dismissed. Kirill Dmitriev, a Goldman Sachs alumnus and key intermediary between the Trump administration and the Kremlin,{{Cite web |title=Putin’s envoy meets with Witkoff in Washington – Reuters |url=https://www.pravda.com.ua/eng/news/2025/04/3/7505768/ |access-date=2025-04-26 |website=Ukrainska Pravda |language=en}} further complicated the picture. Dmitriev’s reported discussions with Trump associate Steve Witkoff{{Cite web |last=Features |first=Jane Lewis published in |date=2025-03-05 |title=Kirill Dmitriev: from Wall Street banker to Putin’s emissary to Trumpworld |url=https://moneyweek.com/economy/people/kirill-dmitriev-trump-putin |access-date=2025-04-26 |website=Moneyweek |language=en}}—referred to as the "Witkoff-Dmitriev pact"—suggest informal channels that could have aligned with Goldman Sachs’ interests in maintaining ties to the Russian market.{{Cite web |first= Mykhailo |last=Gonchar |date=2025-03-21 |title=The Dmitriev-Witkoff Pact as the Basis of the Putin-Trump Partnership |work=EU Today |url=https://eutoday.net/the-dmitriev-witkoff-pact-putin-trump-partnership/ |access-date=2025-04-26 |language=en-GB}}

Goldman Sachs’ cautious moves to re-engage with Russia, such as resuming ruble derivative trading and negotiating asset sales with Kremlin approval, can be seen within the broader context of shifting political and economic dynamics.{{Cite web |title=Goldman gets Putin’s approval to sell Russia business {{!}} Banking Dive |url=https://www.bankingdive.com/news/goldman-selling-russia-business-putin-approval-balchug/739039/ |access-date=2025-04-26 |website=www.bankingdive.com |language=en-US}} Even though official US policy toward Russia is still tough, a mix of leftover business interests, signs during the Trump years that sanctions might be eased, and new openings left by European companies pulling out of Russia suggests that Goldman Sachs — and possibly others — are quietly setting themselves up for a future return to the Russian market.{{Cite web |last=Features |first=Jane Lewis published in |date=2025-03-05 |title=Kirill Dmitriev: from Wall Street banker to Putin’s emissary to Trumpworld |url=https://moneyweek.com/economy/people/kirill-dmitriev-trump-putin |access-date=2025-04-26 |website=Moneyweek |language=en}}{{Cite web |last=Quantitative |first=Quiver |title=Goldman Sachs (GS) and JPMorgan (JPM) Boost Ruble Trades Amid Sanction Resurgence |url=https://www.barchart.com/story/news/31265332/goldman-sachs-gs-and-jpmorgan-jpm-boost-ruble-trades-amid-sanction-resurgence |access-date=2025-04-26 |website=Barchart.com |language=en}}{{Cite news |date=2025-04-04 |title=Putin envoy Dmitriev sees ‘positive dynamic’ in US-Russia relations |url=https://www.straitstimes.com/world/united-states/putin-envoy-dmitriev-sees-positive-dynamic-in-us-russia-relations |access-date=2025-04-26 |work=The Straits Times |language=en |issn=0585-3923}}

Note: Financial data in billions of US dollars and employee data in thousands. The data is sourced from the company's SEC Form 10-K from 2000 to 2023.{{Cite web |title=Financials |url=https://www.goldmansachs.com/investor-relations/financials |access-date=2024-08-23 |website=www.goldmansachs.com}}

The 10 largest shareholders of Goldman Sachs as of August 2024 were:{{Cite web |title=The Goldman Sachs Group, Inc. (GS) Stock Major Holders - Yahoo Finance |url=https://finance.yahoo.com/quote/GS/holders/ |access-date=March 7, 2024 |website=finance.yahoo.com |language=en-US}}

• The Vanguard Group (8.96%)
• BlackRock (7.33%)
• State Street Corporation (6.15%)
• Morgan Stanley (2.26%)
• Capital World Investors (2.08%)
• Geode Capital Management (2.94%)
• Bank of America (1.94%)
• Fisher Asset Management (1.86%)
• Dodge & Cox (1.72%)
• T. Rowe Price (1.60%)

According to OpenSecrets, Goldman Sachs and its employees collectively gave $3.3 million in the 2022 United States elections to various candidates, leadership PACs, political parties, 527 groups, and outside spending entities benefiting both major American political parties. The largest beneficiary in 2022 was David McCormick, former CEO of Bridgewater Associates, who received $336,000 in contributions.{{Cite web | url=https://www.opensecrets.org/orgs/goldman-sachs/summary?id=d000000085 | title=Goldman Sachs | publisher=OpenSecrets}}

Non-employee members of the board of directors of the company are M. Michele Burns, Mark Flaherty, Kimberley Harris, Kevin Johnson, Ellen J. Kullman, Lakshmi Mittal, Adebayo Ogunlesi, Peter Oppenheimer, Jan E. Tighe, Jessica Uhl, and David Viniar.{{Cite web | url=https://www.sec.gov/ix?doc=/Archives/edgar/data/886982/000119312523073347/d353280ddef14a.htm | title=SCHEDULE 14A Proxy Statement Pursuant to Section 14(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 | publisher=U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission | date=March 17, 2023 | archive-date=December 24, 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211224140620/https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/886982/000119312521087020/d88664ddef14a.htm | url-status=live }} Non-employee directors receive annual compensation of $100,000 in cash and $350,000 in restricted stock, with an extra $25,000 for committee chairpersons.

1. Marcus Goldman (1869–1894)
2. Samuel Sachs (1894–1928)
3. Waddill Catchings (1928–1930)
4. Sidney Weinberg (1930–1969)
5. Gus Levy (1969–1976)
6. John C. Whitehead and John L. Weinberg (1976–1985)
7. John L. Weinberg (1985–1990)
8. Robert Rubin (1990–1992)
9. Stephen Friedman (1992–1994)
10. Jon Corzine (1994–1998)
11. Henry Paulson (1999–2006)
12. Lloyd Blankfein (2006–2018); Senior chairman (2019–present)
13. David M. Solomon (2018–present)

• List of former employees of Goldman Sachs
• Goldman Sachs Foundation - philanthropic initiatives of the company

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• Archived at [https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/PXgUea6JVcI Ghostarchive]{{cbignore}} and the [https://web.archive.org/web/20190503134313/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PXgUea6JVcI&gl=US&hl=en Wayback Machine]{{cbignore}}: {{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PXgUea6JVcI|title=Why Goldman Sachs Went From Investing For The Rich To Targeting Everyone|publisher=CNBC|date=May 2, 2019}}{{cbignore}}

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