:en:National Institutes of Health

File:Ida Bengston.jpg, a bacteriologist who in 1916 was the first woman hired to work in the Hygienic Laboratory{{cite web|last=Harden|first=Victoria A.|title=WWI and the Ransdell Act of 1930|url= https://history.nih.gov/display/history/WWI%20and%20the%20Ransdell%20Act%20of%201930|website=A Short History of the National Institutes of Health|publisher=Office Of History National Institutes Of Health |access-date=September 12, 2011|url-status=live|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110907060924/http://history.nih.gov/exhibits/history/docs/page_04.html|archive-date=September 7, 2011}}]]

File:President Roosevelt dedicates the National Institute of Health - Bethesda, Maryland, October 31, 1940.webm in 1940]]

File:NIH buildings 1-7.jpg

In 1887, a laboratory for the study of bacteria, the Hygienic Laboratory, was established within the Marine Hospital Service, which at the time was expanding its functions beyond the system of Marine Hospitals into quarantine and research programs. It was initially located at the New York Marine Hospital on Staten Island.{{cite web |url= http://history.nih.gov/exhibits/history/index.html |title=A Short History of the National Institutes of Health (1 of 13) |website=history.nih.gov |access-date=May 25, 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110515022655/http://history.nih.gov/exhibits/history/index.html |archive-date=May 15, 2011 }}{{cite web |url= http://www.referenceforbusiness.com/industries/Public-Administration/Administration-Public-Health-Programs.html |title=SIC 9431 Administration of Public Health Programs |website=Referenceforbusiness.com |access-date=May 25, 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110510114137/http://www.referenceforbusiness.com/industries/Public-Administration/Administration-Public-Health-Programs.html |archive-date=May 10, 2011 }}{{cite web|url=http://www.nih.gov/about/almanac/historical/chronology_of_events.htm|title=The NIH Almanac: Chronology of Events|access-date=13 February 2025}} In 1891, it moved to the top floor of the Butler Building in Washington, D.C. In 1904, it moved again to a new campus at the Old Naval Observatory, which grew to include five major buildings.{{cite web|last1=Harden|first1=Victoria A. |last2=Lyons |first2=Michele |date=2018-02-27|title=NIH's Early Homes|url= https://irp.nih.gov/catalyst/v26i2/nih-s-early-homes |access-date=2020-12-13|website=NIH Intramural Research Program}}

In 1901, the Division of Scientific Research was formed, which included the Hygienic Laboratory as well as other research offices of the Marine Hospital Service.{{Cite web|date=2016-08-15|title=Records of the Public Health Service [PHS], 1912-1968|url= https://www.archives.gov/research/guide-fed-records/groups/090.html |access-date=2021-04-23 |website=National Archives}} In 1912, the Marine Hospital Service became the Public Health Service (PHS). In 1922, PHS established a Special Cancer Investigations laboratory at Harvard Medical School. This development marked the beginning of partnerships with universities.

In 1930, the Hygienic Laboratory was re-designated as the National Institute of Health by the Ransdell Act, and was given $750,000 to construct two NIH buildings at the Old Naval Observatory campus. In 1937, the NIH absorbed the rest of the Division of Scientific Research, of which it was formerly part.{{Cite web|last=Doyle|first=Henry N.|date=1977|title=The federal industrial hygiene agency: a history of the Division of Occupational Health, United States Public Health Service|url= https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:The_Federal_Industrial_Hygiene_Agency.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20211013081215/https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:The_Federal_Industrial_Hygiene_Agency.pdf |archive-date=2021-10-13|url-status=live|access-date=2020-09-03|website=American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists}}

In 1938, the NIH moved to its current campus in Bethesda, Maryland. Over the next few decades, Congress would markedly increase funding of the NIH. Various institutes and centers within the NIH were created for specific research programs. In 1944, the Public Health Service Act was approved and the National Cancer Institute became a division of the NIH. In 1948, the name changed from National Institute of Health to National Institutes of Health.

In the 1960s, virologist and cancer researcher Chester M. Southam injected HeLa cancer cells into patients at the Jewish Chronic Disease Hospital.{{cite book|last1=Skloot|first1=Rebecca|title=The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks|date=2010|publisher=Broadway Paperbacks|location=New York}}{{rp|130}} When three doctors resigned after refusing to inject patients without their consent, the experiment gained considerable media attention.{{rp|133}} The NIH was a major source of funding for Southam's research and required all research involving human subjects to obtain their consent before any experimentation.{{rp|135}} Upon investigating all of their grantee institutions, the NIH discovered that the majority of them did not protect the rights of human subjects. From then on, the NIH has required all grantee institutions to approve any research proposals involving human experimentation with review boards.{{rp|135}}

In 1967, the Division of Regional Medical Programs was created to administer grants for research for heart disease, cancer, and strokes. That same year, the NIH director lobbied the White House for increased federal funding to increase research and the speed with which health benefits could be brought to the people. An advisory committee was formed to oversee the further development of the NIH and its research programs. By 1971, cancer research was in full force, and President Nixon signed the National Cancer Act, initiating a National Cancer Program, President's Cancer Panel, National Cancer Advisory Board, and 15 new research, training, and demonstration centers.{{cite web| title=History of the National Cancer Institute| publisher=National Cancer Institute{{snd}}National Institutes of Health |url= https://www.cancer.gov/about-nci/overview/history#1971 |access-date=June 29, 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170628185858/https://www.cancer.gov/about-nci/overview/history#1971| archive-date=June 28, 2017 |date=March 18, 2015}}

Funding for the NIH has often been a source of contention in the US Congress, serving as a proxy for the political currents of the time. In 1992, the NIH encompassed nearly one percent of the federal government's operating budget and controlled more than 50 percent of all funding for health research, and 85 percent of all funding for health studies in universities.{{cite journal|title= A Medical Anthropologist's Ruminations on NIH Funding|author=Laurie J. Price |journal=Medical Anthropology Quarterly |series=New Series| volume= 6| issue= 2| year=1992 | pages= 128–146 |jstor=649307|doi=10.1525/maq.1992.6.2.02a00030 }} While government funding for research in other disciplines has been increasing at a rate similar to inflation since the 1970s, research funding for the NIH nearly tripled through the 1990s and early 2000s, but has remained relatively stagnant since then.{{cite web|title=Historical Trends in Federal R&D|url= https://www.aaas.org/page/historical-trends-federal-rd|website=AAAS - The World's Largest General Scientific Society |date=June 11, 2013|url-status=live|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180110055211/https://www.aaas.org/page/historical-trends-federal-rd|archive-date=January 10, 2018}}

By the 1990s, the NIH committee focus had shifted to DNA research and launched the Human Genome Project.{{cite web|url= https://www.genome.gov/25520329/online-education-kit-1990-launch-of-the-human-genome-project/ |title=Online Education Kit: 1990: Launch of the Human Genome Project |work=National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI) |access-date=November 26, 2018}}

On January 22, 2025, the Trump administration imposed an immediate freeze on meetings – such as grant review panels – as well as travel, communications, and hiring at the NIH, impacting $47.4 billion worth of activities.{{cite web|url= https://www.science.org/content/article/trump-hits-nih-devastating-freezes-meetings-travel-communications-and-hiring |title=Trump hits NIH with 'devastating' freezes on meetings, travel, communications, and hiring |date=January 22, 2025 |work=Science |accessdate=January 24, 2025}}

{{Main|Director of the National Institutes of Health}}

The NIH Office of the Director is the central office responsible for setting policy for the NIH, and for planning, managing, and coordinating the programs and activities of all NIH components. The NIH Director plays an active role in shaping the agency's activities and outlook. The Director is responsible for providing leadership to the Institutes and Centers by identifying needs and opportunities, especially in efforts involving multiple Institutes.{{cite web |title=NIH Leadership |url= https://www.nih.gov/about-nih/who-we-are/nih-leadership |work=National Institutes of Health (NIH) |access-date=March 18, 2019 |date=October 31, 2014}} {{PD-notice}} Within the Director's Office is the Division of Program Coordination, Planning and Strategic Initiatives with 12 divisions including:

• Office of AIDS Research
• Office of Research on Women's Health
• Office of Disease Prevention
• Sexual and Gender Minority Research Office
• Tribal Health Research Office
• Office of Program Evaluation and Performance

The Agency Intramural Research Integrity Officer "is directly responsible for overseeing the resolution of all research misconduct allegations involving intramural research, and for promoting research integrity within the NIH Office of Intramural Research (OIR)."{{cite news |title=Kathryn M. Partin, Ph.D. |url= https://oir.nih.gov/about/leadership-staff/kathryn-partin |publisher=National Institutes of Health |date=May 27, 2021}} There is a Division of Extramural Activities, which has its own Director.{{cite news |title=Division of Extramural Activities - Contacts |url= https://www.niaid.nih.gov/about/division-extramural-activities-contacts |publisher=National Institutes of Health |date=May 28, 2021}} The Office of Ethics has its own Director,{{cite news |title=Office of Ethics (OE) - Contacts |url= https://www.niaid.nih.gov/about/ethics-contacts |work=National Institutes of Health |date=June 17, 2009}} as does the Office of Global Research.{{cite web |title=Global Research - Contacts |url= https://www.niaid.nih.gov/about/ogr-contacts |work=National Institutes of Health |date=April 26, 2021}}

Intramural research is primarily conducted at the main campus in Bethesda, Maryland, and Rockville, Maryland, and the surrounding communities.

File:SEClinicalResearchCenterNIH -0114.jpg

File:MainLobbyWallClinicalResearchCenterNIH.jpg

File:Looking at the Main Lobby at the Clinical Research Center at NIH -0091.jpg

File:LobbyClinicalResearchCenterNIH.jpg

The Bayview Campus in Baltimore, Maryland houses the research programs of the National Institute on Aging, National Institute on Drug Abuse, and National Human Genome Research Institute with nearly 1,000 scientists and support staff.{{cite web|url= https://irp.nih.gov/about-us/research-campus-locations/bayview-campus |title=Bayview Campus|date=May 8, 2013|website=nih.gov|access-date=May 7, 2018|url-status=live|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170905035824/https://irp.nih.gov/about-us/research-campus-locations/bayview-campus |archive-date=September 5, 2017}} The Frederick National Laboratory in Frederick, MD and the nearby Riverside Research Park, houses many components of the National Cancer Institute, including the Center for Cancer Research, Office of Scientific Operations, Management Operations Support Branch, the division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics and the division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis.{{cite web|title=NCI at Frederick: About the NCI at Frederick|url= https://ncifrederick.cancer.gov/about/ |website=ncifrederick.cancer.gov |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180110054811/https://ncifrederick.cancer.gov/about/ |archive-date=January 10, 2018}}

The National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences is located in the Research Triangle region of North Carolina.

Other ICs have satellite locations in addition to operations at the main campus. The National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases maintains its Rocky Mountain Labs in Hamilton, Montana,{{cite web |url=http://www3.niaid.nih.gov/about/organization/dir/overview.htm |title=Division of Intramural Research Overview |publisher=National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases |date=September 1, 2010 |access-date=September 15, 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100308040208/https://www3.niaid.nih.gov/about/organization/dir/overview.htm |archive-date=March 8, 2010 }} with an emphasis on BSL3 and BSL4 laboratory work. NIDDK operates the Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch in Phoenix, Arizona.

File:NIH Clinical Center south entrance.jpg

As of 2017, 153 scientists receiving financial support from the NIH have been awarded a Nobel Prize and 195 have been awarded a Lasker Award.{{cite web|title=Lasker Awards|url= https://www.nih.gov/about-nih/what-we-do/nih-almanac/lasker-awards |work=National Institutes of Health |date=February 5, 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160705023514/https://www.nih.gov/about-nih/what-we-do/nih-almanac/lasker-awards |archive-date=July 5, 2016}}

In 2019, the NIH devoted 10% of its funding to research within its own facilities (intramural research), and gave >80% of its funding in research grants to extramural (outside) researchers.{{cite news |title=Top 25 NIH-Funded Institutions |last=Philippidis |first=Alex |work=Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology News |date=September 2019 |page=16 |volume=39 |issue=9 |url=https://www.genengnews.com/magazine/september-2019-vol-39-no-9/ |url-access=registration |access-date=September 14, 2019 }} Of this extramural funding, a certain percentage (2.8% in 2014) must be granted to small businesses under the SBIR/STTR program.{{cite book|last=Garland|first=Eva|title=Winning SBIR/STTR Grants: A Ten Week Plan for Preparing Your NIH Phase I Application|date=2014|publisher=CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform |isbn=978-1494784447}} {{As of|2011||df=}}, the extramural funding consisted of about 50,000 grants to more than 325,000 researchers at more than 3000 institutions.{{cite web|title=NIH Budget|url=http://www.nih.gov/about/budget.htm|website=National Institutes of Health|access-date=August 26, 2011|date=May 23, 2011|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110826201557/http://www.nih.gov/about/budget.htm|archive-date=August 26, 2011}} {{As of|2018||df=|alt=By 2018}}, this rate of granting remained reasonably steady, at 47,000 grants to 2,700 organizations. {{As of|2010|alt=In FY 2010}}, the NIH spent {{US$|10.7bn}} (not including temporary funding from the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009) on clinical research, {{US$|7.4bn}} on genetics-related research, {{US$|6.0bn}} on prevention research, {{US$|5.8bn}} on cancer, and {{US$|5.7bn}} on biotechnology.{{cite web|title=Estimates of Funding for Various Research, Condition, and Disease Categories (RCDC) |url=http://report.nih.gov/rcdc/categories/Default.aspx |website=Research Portfolio Online Reporting Tools |publisher=National Institutes of Health |access-date=August 26, 2011 |date=March 15, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110813065343/http://report.nih.gov/rcdc/categories/Default.aspx |archive-date=August 13, 2011 }}

{{main|NIH Public Access Policy}}

In 2008 a Congressional mandate called for investigators funded by the NIH to submit an electronic version of their final manuscripts to the National Library of Medicine's research repository, PubMed Central (PMC), no later than 12 months after the official date of publication.{{cite web|last=National Institutes of Health|title=NIH Public Access Policy Details|url=http://publicaccess.nih.gov/policy.htm|publisher=National Institutes of Health|access-date=January 30, 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111101151816/http://publicaccess.nih.gov/policy.htm|archive-date=November 1, 2011}} The NIH Public Access Policy was the first public access mandate for a U.S. public funding agency.{{cite journal|last=Suber|first=Peter|title=An open access mandate for the National Institutes of Health|journal=Open Medicine|date=April 16, 2008|volume=2|issue=2|pages=e39–41|pmc=3090178|pmid=21602938}}

In 2000, the [[United States Congressional Joint Economic Committee|

Joint Economic Committee of Congress]] reported NIH research, which was funded at $16 billion a year in 2000, that some econometric studies had given a rate of return of 25 to 40 percent per year by reducing the economic cost of illness in the US. It found that of the 21 drugs with the highest therapeutic impact on society introduced between 1965 and 1992, public funding was "instrumental" for 15.{{cite web|publisher=U.S. Joint Economic Committee |date=May 2000 |url= http://www.faseb.org/portals/2/pdfs/opa/2008/nih_research_benefits.pdf |title=The Benefits of Medical Research and the Role of the NIH |access-date=May 25, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150412003136/http://www.faseb.org/portals/2/pdfs/opa/2008/nih_research_benefits.pdf |archive-date=April 12, 2015 }} As of 2011, NIH-supported research helped to discover 153 new FDA-approved drugs, vaccines, and new indications for drugs in the 40 years prior.{{cite journal |last1=Stevens |first1=A. J. |last2=Jensen |first2=J. J. |last3=Wyller |first3=K. |last4=Kilgore |first4=P. C. |last5=Chatterjee |first5=S. |last6=Rohrbaugh |first6=M. L. |title=The Role of Public-Sector Research in the Discovery of Drugs and Vaccines |journal=New England Journal of Medicine |year=2011 |volume=364 |issue= 6|pages=535–541 |doi=10.1056/NEJMsa1008268 |pmid=21306239 |doi-access=free }} One study found NIH funding aided either directly or indirectly in developing the drugs or drug targets for all of the 210 FDA-approved drugs from 2010 to 2016.{{cite web|url= https://www.statnews.com/2018/02/12/nih-funding-drug-development/|title=NIH funding contributed to 210 approved drugs in recent years, study says|date=February 12, 2018|website=statnews.com|access-date=May 7, 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180322020227/https://www.statnews.com/2018/02/12/nih-funding-drug-development/|archive-date=March 22, 2018}} In 2015, Pierre Azoulay et al. estimated $10 million invested in research generated two to three new patents.{{cite journal |first1=Pierre |last1=Azoulay |first2=Joshua S. |last2=Graff Zivin |first3=Danielle |last3=Li |first4=Bhaven N. |last4=Sampat |title=Public R&D Investments and Private-sector Patenting: Evidence from NIH Funding Rules |journal=NBER Working Paper No. 20889 |date=January 2015 |doi=10.3386/w20889 |doi-access=free }}

Since its inception, the NIH intramural research program has been a source of many pivotal scientific and medical discoveries. Some of these include:

• 1908: George W. McCoy's discovery that rodents were a reservoir of bubonic plague.
• 1911: George W. McCoy, Charles W. Chapin, William B. Wherry, and B. H. Lamb described the previously unknown tularemia.
• 1924: Roscoe R. Spencer and Ralph R. Parker developed a vaccine against Rocky Mountain spotted fever.
• 1930: Sanford M. Rosenthal developed a treatment for mercury poisoning used widely before the development of dimercaptoethanol.
• 1943: Wilton R. Earle pioneered the cell culture process and published a paper describing the production of malignancy in vitro, Katherine K. Sanford developed the first clone from an isolated cancer cell, and Virginia J. Evans devised a medium that supported growth of cells in vitro.
• 1940s–1950s: Bernard Horecker and colleagues described the pentose phosphate pathway.
• 1950s: Julius Axelrod discovered a new class of enzymes, cytochrome P450 monooxygenases, a fundamental of drug metabolism.
• 1950: Earl Stadtman discovered phosphotransacetylose, elucidating the role of acetyl CoA in fatty acid metabolism.
• 1960s: Discovered the first human slow virus disease, kuru, which is a degenerative, fatal infection of the central nervous system. This discovery of a new mechanism for infectious diseases revolutionized thinking in microbiology and neurology.
• 1960s: Defined the mechanisms that regulate noradrenaline, one of the most important neurotransmitters in the brain.
• 1960s: Developed the first licensed rubella vaccine and the first test for rubella antibodies for large scale testing.
• 1960s: Developed an effective combination drug regimen for Hodgkin's lymphoma.
• 1960s: Discovery that tooth decay is caused by bacteria.
• 1970s: Developed the assay for human chorionic gonadotropin that evolved into the home pregnancy tests.
• 1970s: Described the hormonal cycle involved in menstruation.
• 1980s: Determined the complete structure of the IgE receptor that is involved in allergic reactions.
• 1990s: Hari Reddi's identification and purification of bone morphogenetic proteins{{cite news |last1=Furchgott |first1=Roy |title=Technology; Urging the Bones to Heal |url= https://www.nytimes.com/1993/04/04/business/technology-urging-the-bones-to-heal.html |newspaper=The New York Times |date=April 4, 1993}}
• 1990s: First trial of gene therapy in humans.

In September 2006, the NIH Blueprint for Neuroscience Research started a contract for the NIH Toolbox for the Assessment of Neurological and Behavioral Function to develop a set of state-of-the-art measurement tools to enhance collection of data in large cohort studies. Scientists from more than 100 institutions nationwide contributed. In September 2012, the NIH Toolbox was rolled out to the research community. NIH Toolbox assessments are based, where possible, on Item Response Theory and adapted for testing by computer.{{citation needed|date=May 2017}}

NIH sponsors the Database of Genotypes and Phenotypes (dbGaP), a repository of information produced by studies investigating the interaction of genotype and phenotype. The information includes phenotypes, molecular assay data, analyses and documents. Summary-level data is available to the general public whereas the individual-level data is accessible to researchers.{{cite journal |title=NCBI's Database of Genotypes and Phenotypes: dbGaP |journal=Nucleic Acids Research |date=January 1, 2014 |volume=42 |issue=D975–D979 |doi=10.1093/nar/gkt1211 |pmc=3965052 |last1=Tryka |first1=K. A. |last2=Hao |first2=L. |last3=Sturcke |first3=A. |last4=Jin |first4=Y. |last5=Wang |first5=Z. Y. |last6=Ziyabari |first6=L. |last7=Lee |first7=M. |last8=Popova |first8=N. |last9=Sharopova |first9=N. |last10=Kimura |first10=M. |last11=Feolo |first11=M. |pages=D975–D979 |pmid=24297256 }} According to the City Journal NIH denies access to such attributes as intelligence, education and health on the grounds that studying their genetic basis would be stigmatizing.{{cite news |last1=Lee |first1=James |title=Don't Even Go There |url=https://www.city-journal.org/nih-blocks-access-to-genetics-database |access-date= January 10, 2023 |publisher=City Journal |date=October 19, 2022}}

The NIH partnered with Moderna in 2020 during the COVID-19 pandemic to develop a vaccine. The final phase of testing began on July 27 with up to 30,000 volunteers assigned to one of two groups—one receiving the mRNA-1273 vaccine and the other receiving salt water injections—and continued until there had been approximately 100 cases of COVID-19 among the participants.{{cite web|url= https://www.npr.org/sections/coronavirus-live-updates/2020/07/27/895672859/us-vaccine-candidate-heads-to-widespread-testing-in-people |title=COVID-19 Vaccine Candidate Heads To Widespread Testing In U.S. |work=NPR |date=July 27, 2020 |last1=Palca |first1=Joe}}{{cite web|url= https://www.nih.gov/news-events/news-releases/promising-interim-results-clinical-trial-nih-moderna-covid-19-vaccine |title=Promising Interim Results from Clinical Trial of NIH-Moderna COVID-19 Vaccine |work=National Institutes of Health |publisher=U.S. Department of Health and Human Services |date=2020-11-16 |accessdate=2021-06-23 }} In 2021, the NIH contributed $4,395,399 towards the Accelerating COVID-19 Therapeutic Interventions and Vaccines (ACTIV) program.{{cite web |date=May 2022 |title=2021 Statutory Report |url= https://fnih.org/sites/default/files/2022-05/2021%20Statutory%20Report.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20220916060802/https://fnih.org/sites/default/files/2022-05/2021%20Statutory%20Report.pdf |archive-date=2022-09-16 |access-date=2022-09-15 |work=Foundation for the National Institutes of Health}}

{{See also|COVID-19 lab leak theory|Investigations into the origin of COVID-19|}}

Following the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic, the NIH-funded EcoHealth Alliance has been the subject of controversy and increased scrutiny due to its ties to the Wuhan Institute of Virology (WIV)—which has been at the center of speculation since early 2020 that SARS-CoV-2 may have escaped in a lab incident.{{cite magazine |title=In Major Shift, NIH Admits Funding Risky Virus Research in Wuhan |url=https://www.vanityfair.com/news/2021/10/nih-admits-funding-risky-virus-research-in-wuhan |magazine=Vanity Fair |date=22 October 2021}}{{cite web |first=Jocelyn |last=Kaiser |title=NIH says grantee failed to report experiment in Wuhan that created a bat virus that made mice sicker |url=https://www.science.org/content/article/nih-says-grantee-failed-report-experiment-wuhan-created-bat-virus-made-mice-sicker |work=Science |date=October 21, 2021 |access-date=February 5, 2025}}{{cite news |title=Fauci stands by gain-of-function research denials, defends collaboration with Wuhan lab |url=https://denvergazette.com/news/fauci-stands-by-gain-of-function-research-denials-defends-collaboration-with-wuhan-lab/article_8ba272e2-2940-532c-9820-4b015465a246.html |newspaper=The Denver Gazette |date=October 24, 2021}} Between 2014 and 2019, NIH awarded approximately $3.7 million in grant funding to EcoHealth Alliance, a nonprofit organization focused on global health and infectious disease research. A portion of this funding, around $600,000, was subcontracted to WIV in China as part of a project titled "Understanding the Risk of Bat Coronavirus Emergence."{{cn|date=March 2025}} The project aimed to study bat coronaviruses and assess their potential to infect humans. The research at WIV included the creation of chimeric viruses, which combined genetic material from different bat coronaviruses to evaluate their ability to infect human cells.{{cn|date=March 2025}} In documents released in 2021, including NIH correspondence with Congress, it was disclosed that one of these modified viruses resulted in an "unexpected outcome," where the virus became more infectious in humanized mice.{{cn|date=March 2025}} The NIH maintained that this outcome was not the intended goal of the research and did not violate the terms of the grant, though critics raised concerns about potential gain-of-function research. Under political pressure, the NIH withdrew funding to EcoHealth Alliance in July 2020.{{cite news |title=NIH Presses U.S. Nonprofit for Information on Wuhan Virology Lab |url= https://www.wsj.com/articles/nih-presses-u-s-nonprofit-for-information-on-wuhan-virology-lab-11597829400 |access-date=6 June 2021 |newspaper=The Wall Street Journal}} In 2023, HHS barred WIV from receiving U.S. government funding for a decade, citing non-compliance with safety and reporting standards.{{cn|date=March 2025}}

On February 13, 2012, the National Institutes of Health (NIH) announced a new group of individuals assigned to research pain. This committee is composed of researchers from different organizations and will focus to "coordinate pain research activities across the federal government with the goals of stimulating pain research collaboration… and providing an important avenue for public involvement" ("Members of new", 2012). With a committee such as this research will not be conducted by each individual organization or person but instead a collaborating group which will increase the information available. With this hopefully more pain management will be available including techniques for those with arthritis.{{cite web|title=Members of new Interagency Pain Research Coordinating Committee announced|website=nih.gov|url=https://www.nih.gov/news-events/news-releases/members-new-interagency-pain-research-coordinating-committee-announced|date=2012-02-13|access-date=2019-07-13}} In 2020 Beth Darnall, American scientist and pain psychologist, was appointed as scientific member of the group.

To allocate funds, the NIH must first obtain its budget from Congress. This process begins with institute and center (IC) leaders collaborating with scientists to determine the most important and promising research areas within their fields. IC leaders discuss research areas with NIH management who then develops a budget request for continuing projects, new research proposals, and new initiatives from the Director. The NIH submits its budget request to the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), and the HHS considers this request as a portion of its budget. Many adjustments and appeals occur between the NIH and HHS before the agency submits NIH's budget request to the Office of Management and Budget (OMB). OMB determines what amounts and research areas are approved for incorporation into the President's final budget. The President then sends the NIH's budget request to Congress in February for the next fiscal year's allocations.{{cite web|title=Funding|url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/RL33695.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304060502/http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/RL33695.pdf|archive-date=March 4, 2016}} The House and Senate Appropriations Subcommittees deliberate and by fall, Congress usually appropriates funding. This process takes approximately 18 months before the NIH can allocate any actual funds.{{cite web|title=Funding|url=http://officeofbudget.od.nih.gov|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111207114012/http://officeofbudget.od.nih.gov/|archive-date=December 7, 2011}}

When a government shutdown occurs, the NIH continues to treat people who are already enrolled in clinical trials, but does not start any new clinical trials and does not admit new patients who are not already enrolled in a clinical trial, except for the most critically ill, as determined by the NIH Director.{{cite news|url= https://www.nytimes.com/2013/10/10/health/in-shutdown-clinical-trial-enrollment-slows-but-doesnt-halt.html |title=Clinical Trials Continue, but Only at a Crawl|author=Sabrina Tavernese|newspaper=New York Times|date=October 9, 2013|url-status=live|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20171104143540/http://www.nytimes.com/2013/10/10/health/in-shutdown-clinical-trial-enrollment-slows-but-doesnt-halt.html|archive-date=November 4, 2017}}{{cite news|first=Lauran|last=Neergaard|url= http://www.huffingtonpost.ca/2013/10/09/nih-admits-a-dozen-critic_n_4073447.html |title=NIH admits a dozen critically ill, making exceptions to no-new-patient policy during shutdown |work=Huffington Post |agency=The Associated Press |date=October 9, 2013 |access-date=September 10, 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170301013202/http://www.huffingtonpost.ca/2013/10/09/nih-admits-a-dozen-critic_n_4073447.html |archive-date=March 1, 2017}}{{cite news|url= https://www.foxnews.com/health/government-slimdown-blocks-some-seeking-nih-research-treatment/ |title=Government slimdown blocks some seeking NIH research treatment |work=Fox News Channel |agency=The Associated Press |date=October 2, 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20131005124430/http://www.foxnews.com/health/2013/10/02/government-slimdown-blocks-some-seeking-nih-research-treatment/ |archive-date=October 5, 2013}}{{cite web|url= https://www.hhs.gov/budget/fy2014/fy2014contingency_staffing_plan-rev6.pdf |title=Department of Health and Human Services Fiscal Year 2014 Contingency Staffing Plan for Operations in the Absence of Enacted Annual Appropriations |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131028125958/http://www.hhs.gov/budget/fy2014/fy2014contingency_staffing_plan-rev6.pdf |archive-date=October 28, 2013 }}

Over the last century, the responsibility to allocate funding has shifted from the OD and Advisory Committee to the individual ICs and Congress increasingly set apart funding for particular causes. In the 1970s, Congress began to earmark funds specifically for cancer research, and in the 1980s there was a significant amount allocated for AIDS/HIV research.

Funding for the NIH has often been a source of contention in Congress, serving as a proxy for the political currents of the time. During the 1980s, President Reagan repeatedly tried to cut funding for research, only to see Congress partly restore funding. The political contention over NIH funding slowed the nation's response to the AIDS epidemic; while AIDS was reported in newspaper articles from 1981, no funding was provided for research on the disease. In 1984 National Cancer Institute scientists found implications that "variants of a human cancer virus called HTLV-III are the primary cause of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)," a new epidemic that gripped the nation.

In 1992, the NIH encompassed nearly 1 percent of the federal government's operating budget and controlled more than 50 percent of all funding for health research and 85 percent of all funding for health studies in universities. From 1993 to 2001 the NIH budget doubled. For a time, funding essentially remained flat, and for seven years following the financial crisis, the NIH budget struggled to keep up with inflation.[https://www.nih.gov/about-nih/what-we-do/nih-almanac/appropriations-section-1 NIH Appropriations (Section 1)] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170507125120/https://www.nih.gov/about-nih/what-we-do/nih-almanac/appropriations-section-1 |date=May 7, 2017 }} and [https://www.nih.gov/about-nih/what-we-do/nih-almanac/appropriations-section-2 NIH Appropriations (Section 2)] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180105133440/https://www.nih.gov/about-nih/what-we-do/nih-almanac/appropriations-section-2 |date=January 5, 2018 }} April 7, 2016, retrieved May 4, 2016, U.S. Department of Health and Human Service

In 1999 Congress increased the NIH's budget by $2.3 billion{{cite web|url=https://www.nih.gov/about-nih/what-we-do/nih-almanac/legislative-chronology|title=The NIH Almanac: Legislative Chronology|access-date=13 February 2025}} to $17.2 billion in 2000.{{cite web|url=http://officeofbudget.od.nih.gov/pdfs/FY13/spending%20list/Mechanism%20Detail%20for%20Total%20NIH%20FY%202000%20-%20FY%202011.pdf|title=Funding|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130215111157/http://officeofbudget.od.nih.gov/pdfs/FY13/spending%20list/Mechanism%20Detail%20for%20Total%20NIH%20FY%202000%20-%20FY%202011.pdf|archive-date=February 15, 2013}} In 2009 Congress again increased the NIH budget to $31 billion in 2010. In 2017 and 2018, Congress passed laws with bipartisan support that substantially increasing appropriations for the NIH, which was 37.3 billion dollars annually in FY2018.Office of Management and Budget [https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/BUDGET-2018-BLUEPRINT/pdf/BUDGET-2018-BLUEPRINT.pdf America First. A Budget Blueprint to Make America Great Again.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170504104551/https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/BUDGET-2018-BLUEPRINT/pdf/BUDGET-2018-BLUEPRINT.pdf |date=May 4, 2017 }} Budget of the United States Government, Fiscal Year 2018. Government Publishing Office, March 16, 2017.65 pp{{Cite web|url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R43341.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140328195650/http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R43341.pdf |archive-date=2014-03-28 |url-status=live|title=NIH Funding: FY1994-FY2019|website=Congressional Research Service|access-date=March 17, 2017}}

From the outset of 2025, NIH funding operations have faced interruptions on an unprecedented scale under the direction of the current executive branch of the U.S. government; disruptions as of March 2025 include:

• impeding grants for dementia and ALS research;

• hindering procurement of necessary resources, such as those for transporting patient blood samples;

• preventing a research scientist from consulting with physicians treating children with a devastating rare condition;

• interrupting the supply of mice for genetic studies, with years of research being imperiled as a result;

• cutting research grants for training doctoral and postdoctoral students.{{Cite news |last=Kolata |first=Gina |date=2025-03-24 |title=‘Chaos and confusion’ at the N.I.H., the crown jewel of American science |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/03/24/health/nih-doge-trump.html |access-date=2025-03-24 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}

{{main|NIH grant}}

Researchers at universities or other institutions outside of the NIH can apply for research project grants (RPGs) from the NIH. There are numerous funding mechanisms for different project types (e.g., basic research, clinical research, etc.) and career stages (e.g., early career, postdoc fellowships, etc.). The NIH regularly issues "requests for applications" (RFAs), e.g., on specific programmatic priorities or timely medical problems (such as Zika virus research in early 2016). In addition, researchers can apply for "investigator-initiated grants" whose subject is determined by the scientist.

The total number of applicants has increased substantially, from about 60,000 investigators who had applied during the period from 1999 to 2003 to slightly less than 90,000 in who had applied during the period from 2011 to 2015.{{Cite web|url=https://nexus.od.nih.gov/all/2016/05/31/how-many-researchers/|title=How Many Researchers?|last=Lauer|first=Mike|date=May 31, 2016|website=Open Mike|publisher=NIH|access-date=June 6, 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160825174823/https://nexus.od.nih.gov/all/2016/05/31/how-many-researchers/|archive-date=August 25, 2016}} Due to this, the "cumulative investigator rate", that is, the likelihood that unique investigators are funded over a 5-year window, has declined from 43% to 31%.{{Anchor|R01 grant}}

R01 grants are the most common funding mechanism and include investigator-initiated projects. The roughly 27,000 to 29,000 R01 applications had a funding success of 17-19% during 2012 though 2014. Similarly, the 13,000 to 14,000 R21 applications had a funding success of 13-14% during the same period.{{Cite web|url=https://nexus.od.nih.gov/all/2015/04/10/looking-at-recent-data-on-r21-and-r01-equivalent-grants/|title=Looking at Recent Data on R21 and R01-equivalent Grants|last=Rockey|first=Sally|date=April 10, 2015|website=Rock Talk|publisher=NIH|access-date=October 2, 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161008215446/https://nexus.od.nih.gov/all/2015/04/10/looking-at-recent-data-on-r21-and-r01-equivalent-grants/|archive-date=October 8, 2016}} In FY 2016, the total number of grant applications received by the NIH was 54,220, with approximately 19% being awarded funding.{{cite web|title=NIH Research Portfolio Online Reporting Tools (RePORT)|url=https://report.nih.gov/success_rates/Success_ByIC.cfm|website=report.nih.gov|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180202133251/https://report.nih.gov/success_rates/Success_ByIC.cfm|archive-date=February 2, 2018}} Institutes have varying funding rates. The National Cancer Institute awarded funding to 12% of applicants, while the National Institute for General Medical Science awarded funding to 30% of applicants.

The NIH employs five broad decision criteria in its funding policy. First, ensure the highest quality of scientific research by employing an arduous peer review process. Second, seize opportunities that have the greatest potential to yield new knowledge and that will lead to better prevention and treatment of disease. Third, maintain a diverse research portfolio to capitalize on major discoveries in a variety of fields such as cell biology, genetics, physics, engineering, and computer science. Fourth, address public health needs according to the disease burden (e.g., prevalence and mortality). And fifth, construct and support the scientific infrastructure (e.g., well-equipped laboratories and safe research facilities) necessary to conduct research.{{cite web |title=Statement on Funding Allocation for Disease Research by Harold Varmus, M. D., Director, National Institutes of Health |publisher=Assistant Secretary for Legislation, Department of Health and Human Services |url=https://www.hhs.gov/asl/testify/t990506a.htm |date=May 6, 1999}}

Advisory committee members advise the institute on policy and procedures affecting the external research programs and provide a second level of review for all grant and cooperative agreement applications considered by the Institute for funding.{{cite web |url=http://www.ninds.nih.gov/find_people/nands/index.htm |title=National Advisory Neurological Disorders and Stroke Council (NANDSC) |publisher=Ninds.nih.gov |access-date=April 28, 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130428004009/http://www.ninds.nih.gov/find_people/nands/index.htm |archive-date=April 28, 2013 }}

In 2014, it was announced that the NIH is directing scientists to perform their experiments with both female and male animals, or cells derived from females as well as males if they are studying cell cultures, and that the NIH would take the balance of each study design into consideration when awarding grants.{{cite news |first=Roni Caryn |last=Rabin |url= https://www.nytimes.com/2014/05/15/health/nih-tells-researchers-to-end-sex-bias-in-early-studies.html |title=Labs Are Told to Start Including a Neglected Variable: Females |newspaper=The New York Times |date=May 14, 2014 |access-date=September 10, 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150906202122/http://www.nytimes.com/2014/05/15/health/nih-tells-researchers-to-end-sex-bias-in-early-studies.html |archive-date=September 6, 2015 }} The announcement also stated that this rule would probably not apply when studying sex-specific diseases (for example, ovarian or testicular cancer).

One of the goals of the NIH is to "expand the base in medical and associated sciences in order to ensure a continued high return on the public investment in research."{{cite web|title=Stakeholders|url= http://www.nih.gov/about/mission.htm|url-status=live|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20111125135014/http://www.nih.gov/about/mission.htm |archive-date=November 25, 2011|date=October 31, 2014}} Taxpayer dollars funding the NIH are from the taxpayers, making them the primary beneficiaries of advances in research. Thus, the general public is a key stakeholder in the decisions resulting from the NIH funding policy.{{cite web|title=Stakeholders |url=http://acd.od.nih.gov/Roster.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20111114231545/http://acd.od.nih.gov/Roster.asp |archive-date=November 14, 2011}}{{Failed verification|date=April 2022}} However, some in the general public do not feel their interests are being represented, and individuals have formed patient advocacy groups to represent their own interests.{{cite web|title=Stakeholders|url= https://www.hhs.gov/asl/testify/t990506a.html |url-status=live|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20161104113818/http://www.hhs.gov/asl/testify/t990506a.html |archive-date=November 4, 2016}}

Important stakeholders of the NIH funding policy include researchers and scientists. Extramural researchers differ from intramural researchers in that they are not employed by the NIH but may apply for funding. Throughout the history of the NIH, the amount of funding received has increased, but the proportion to each IC remains relatively constant. The individual ICs then decide who will receive the grant money and how much will be allotted.

Policy changes on who receives funding significantly affect researchers. For example, the NIH has recently attempted to approve more first-time NIH R01 applicants or the research grant applications of young scientists. To encourage the participation of young scientists, the application process has been shortened and made easier.{{cite journal |journal=Science |year=2008 |volume=322 |issue=5905 |pages=1187–8 |doi=10.1126/science.322.5905.1187c |title=Changes to NIH grant system may backfire |vauthors=Karp PD, Sherlock G, Gerlt JA, Sim I, Paulsen I, Babbitt PC, Laderoute K, Hunter L, Sternberg P, Wooley J, Bourne PE |pmid=19023064|s2cid=47509185 }} In addition, first-time applicants are being offered more funding for their research grants than those who have received grants in the past.{{cite journal |journal=Acad Med |date=May 2010 |volume=85 |issue=5 |pages=775–9 |doi=10.1097/ACM.0b013e3181d74256 |pmid=20520024 |title=Perspective: is NIH funding the "best science by the best scientists"? A critique of the NIH R01 research grant review policies |author=Costello LC|doi-access=free }}

In 2011 and 2012, the Department of Health and Human Services Office of Inspector General published a series of audit reports revealing that throughout the fiscal years 2000–2010, institutes under the aegis of the NIH did not comply with the time and amount requirements specified in appropriations statutes, in awarding federal contracts to commercial partners, committing the federal government to tens of millions of dollars of expenditure ahead of appropriation of funds from Congress.{{cite web | url = http://oig.hhs.gov/oas/reports/region3/31003120.pdf | title = Appropriations Funding for National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases Contract N01-AI-15416 With the University of California at San Francisco Audit (A-03-10-03120) | access-date = June 25, 2011 | date = June 2011 | url-status=live | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111015190017/http://oig.hhs.gov/oas/reports/region3/31003120.pdf | archive-date = October 15, 2011 | df = mdy-all }}

{{cite web | url = http://oig.hhs.gov/oas/reports/region3/31003117.pdf | title = Appropriations Funding for National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases Contract N01-AI-3-0052 With Avecia Biologics Limited | access-date = October 9, 2011 | date = September 2011 | url-status=live | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111015191145/http://oig.hhs.gov/oas/reports/region3/31003117.pdf | archive-date = October 15, 2011 | df = mdy-all }}

{{cite web | url = http://oig.hhs.gov/oas/reports/region3/31003119.pdf | title = Appropriations Funding for National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases Contract HHSN266-2006-00015C With NexBio, Inc | access-date = October 9, 2011 | date = September 2011 | url-status=live | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111015192003/http://oig.hhs.gov/oas/reports/region3/31003119.pdf | archive-date = October 15, 2011 | df = mdy-all }}

{{cite web | url = http://oig.hhs.gov/oas/reports/region3/31003115.pdf | title = Appropriations Funding for National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases Contract HHSN272-2008-00013C with the EMMES Corporation (A-03-10-03115) | access-date = September 11, 2011 | date = October 2011 | url-status=live | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130602160406/http://oig.hhs.gov/oas/reports/region3/31003115.pdf | archive-date = June 2, 2013 | df = mdy-all }}

{{cite web | url = http://oig.hhs.gov/oas/reports/region3/31003106.pdf | title = Appropriations Funding for Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Contract HHSN275-03-3345 With Westat, Inc. Audit (A-03-10-03106) | access-date = November 20, 2011 | date = October 2011 | url-status=live | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130601111129/http://oig.hhs.gov/oas/reports/region3/31003106.pdf | archive-date = June 1, 2013 | df = mdy-all }}

{{cite web | url = http://oig.hhs.gov/oas/reports/region3/31003104.pdf | title = Appropriations Funding for National Institute on Drug Abuse Contract HHSN271-2007-00009C with Charles River Laboratories, Inc. (A-03-10-03104) | access-date = November 22, 2011 | date = October 2011 | url-status=live | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130602113533/http://oig.hhs.gov/oas/reports/region3/31003104.pdf | archive-date = June 2, 2013 | df = mdy-all }}

{{cite web | url = http://oig.hhs.gov/oas/reports/region3/31003118.pdf | title = Appropriations Funding for National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases Contract HHSN266-2005-00022C With PPD Development, LP (Audit A-03-10-03118) | access-date = September 26, 2012 | date = September 2012 | url-status=live | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130522113550/http://oig.hhs.gov/oas/reports/region3/31003118.pdf | archive-date = May 22, 2013 | df = mdy-all }}

{{cite web | url = http://oig.hhs.gov/oas/reports/region3/31003116.pdf | title = Appropriations Funding for National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases Contract N01-AI-30068 With PPD Development, LP (Audit A-03-10-03116) | access-date = September 26, 2011 | date = September 2012 | url-status=live | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130522075019/http://oig.hhs.gov/oas/reports/region3/31003116.pdf | archive-date = May 22, 2013 | df = mdy-all }}

{{main|List of NIH ICs}}

The NIH is composed of 27 separate institutes and centers that conduct and coordinate biomedical research.{{cite web |date=2015-04-14 |title=List of Institutes and Centers |url= https://www.nih.gov/institutes-nih/list-institutes-centers |access-date=2024-04-15 |work=National Institutes of Health }} These are:

{{div col|colwidth=40em}}

• National Cancer Institute (NCI)
• National Eye Institute (NEI)
• National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI)
• National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI)
• National Institute on Aging (NIA)
• National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA)
• National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID)
• National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS)
• National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (NIBIB)
• National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD)
• National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD)
• National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR)
• National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK)
• National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA)
• National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS)
• National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS)
• National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH)
• National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities (NIMHD)
• National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS)
• National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR)
• National Library of Medicine (NLM)
• Center for Information Technology (CIT)
• Center for Scientific Review (CSR)
• Fogarty International Center (FIC)
• National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS)
• National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health (NCCIH)
• NIH Clinical Center (NIH CC)

{{div col end}}

In addition, the National Center for Research Resources operated from April 13, 1962, to December 23, 2011.

{{main|Advanced Research Projects Agency for Health}}

The Advanced Research Projects Agency for Health (ARPA-H) is an entity formerly within the Office of the United States Secretary of Health and Human Services, which was created by Congress in the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2022.{{USPL | 117 | 103 | Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2022}} Modeled after DARPA, HSARPA, IARPA, and ARPA-E, it is intended to pursue unconventional research projects through methods not typically used by federal agencies or private sector companies. Secretary Xavier Becerra delegated ARPA-H to the NIH on May 24, 2022.{{Federal Register|87|32174}}{{cite web |date=2022-06-10 |title=Russell Named Acting Deputy Director for New Advanced Research Entity |url= https://nihrecord.nih.gov/2022/06/10/russell-named-acting-deputy-director-new-advanced-research-entity |access-date=2023-06-14 |work=NIH Record }}{{cite web |last1=Mesa |first1=Natalie |title=ARPA-H to Be Within NIH but Independently Managed by HHS |url= https://www.the-scientist.com/arpa-h-to-be-within-nih-but-independently-managed-by-hhs-69862 |work=The Scientist Magazine |date=April 1, 2022 |access-date=February 5, 2024}} It received $1 billion in appropriations in 2022, and $1.5 billion in 2023, and {{as of|2023|06|lc=y}} it is requesting $2.5 billion for 2024.{{cite web | title=Budget and Appropriations | website=ARPA-H | url=https://arpa-h.gov/about/budget/ | access-date=June 14, 2023}}{{cite web |last1=Kozlov |first1=Max |title=Billion-dollar US health agency gets new chief — but its direction remains in limbo |url= https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-022-02934-y |publisher=Nature |date=June 14, 2022 |access-date=February 5, 2024}}

The Consensus Development Program is an initiative focused on gathering expert opinions to establish standards and guidelines in various fields, especially in health and medicine. Developed as a collaborative effort by organizations such as the NIH, the program assembles panels of specialists who assess available evidence on critical topics and form recommendations to guide clinical practice and policy. This method helps ensure that healthcare decisions are informed by the latest scientific research and expert consensus.{{cite web|title=Consensus Development Program|url= https://www.cancer.gov/publications/dictionaries/cancer-terms/def/consensus-development-program |work=National Cancer Institute |accessdate=2024-10-03}}

{{Main|Director of the National Institutes of Health#List of directors}}

• List of institutes and centers of the National Institutes of Health
• United States Public Health Service
• Foundation for the National Institutes of Health
• National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale
• Heads of International Research Organizations
• NIH Toolbox
• National Institute of Food and Agriculture
• Biomedical Engineering and Instrumentation Program (BEIP)

{{Reflist}}

• {{Include-NIH}}

{{Commons category}}

• {{Official website}}
• [https://www.federalregister.gov/agencies/national-institutes-of-health National Institutes of Health] in the Federal Register
• [https://profiles.nlm.nih.gov/spotlight/rm Regional Medical Programs] Collection of information on NIH's Regional Medical Programs, from the National Library of Medicine

{{National Institutes of Health}}

{{HHS agencies}}

{{US research agencies}}

{{Montgomery County, Maryland topics}}

{{Hospitals in Maryland}}

{{Authority control}}

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