:en:Ramskoeldia
{{Short description|Extinct genus of Amplectobeluid radiodont}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| fossil_range = {{Fossil Range|Chengjiang|Middle Cambrian|Chengjiang–Middle Cambrian}}
| image = 20191221 Radiodonta frontal appendage Ramskoeldia.png
| image_caption = Frontal appendages of R. platyacantha and R. consimilis
| taxon = Ramskoeldia
| authority = Cong et al., 2018
| type_species = Ramskoeldia platyacantha
| type_species_authority = Cong et al., 2018
| subdivision = * {{extinct}}R. platyacantha
(Cong et al., 2018)
- {{extinct}}R.? consimilis
Cong et al., 2018
}}
Ramskoeldia is a genus of amplectobeluid radiodont described in 2018. It was the second genus of radiodont found to possess gnathobase-like structures (abbreviated as GLS) and an atypical oral cone after Amplectobelua.{{Cite journal|last1=Cong|first1=Pei-Yun|last2=Edgecombe|first2=Gregory D.|last3=Daley|first3=Allison C.|last4=Guo|first4=Jin|last5=Pates|first5=Stephen|last6=Hou|first6=Xian-Guang|date=2018|title=New radiodonts with gnathobase-like structures from the Cambrian Chengjiang biota and implications for the systematics of Radiodonta|journal=Papers in Palaeontology|language=en|volume=4|issue=4|pages=605–621|doi=10.1002/spp2.1219|s2cid=90258934|issn=2056-2802|doi-access=free|bibcode=2018PPal....4..605C }} The type species, Ramskoeldia platyacantha, was discovered in the Chengjiang biota of China, the home of numerous radiodontids such as Amplectobelua and Lyrarapax.
Morphology
File:20210214_Ramskoeldia_size.png
Ramskoeldia is known only from a few frontal appendages, gnathobase-like structures (GLSs), disarticulated smooth and tuberculated plates interpreted as parts of their oral cones, as well as fragments of body flaps and head carapace complex. The frontal appendage of Ramskoeldia is composed of 16 podomeres (3 shaft podomeres and 13 distal articulated region podomeres), with endites of podomeres 4 to at least podomere 12 bearing prominent auxiliary spines. The endites of podomere 4 (first podomere of distal articulated region) is the largest compared to other endites, but not extremely enlarged like those of Amplectobelua. The size of the endites alternates (those on even podomeres being larger than that of the odd podomere following it) and decreasing distally, except podomere 8 is larger than podomere 6 just like Amplectobelua. Compared to Amplectobelua, the GLSs of Ramskoeldia are wider and the three pairs of GLSs did not gradually alternate in size.
Taxonomy
Two species of Ramskoeldia have been described, R. platyacantha and R.? consimilis, but the taxonomic placement of latter species within this genus has been consistently questioned by subsequent studies.{{Cite journal |last1=Zeng |first1=Han |last2=Zhao |first2=Fangchen |last3=Zhu |first3=Maoyan |date=2022-09-07 |title=Innovatiocaris, a complete radiodont from the early Cambrian Chengjiang Lagerstätte and its implications for the phylogeny of Radiodonta |url=https://doi.org/10.1144/jgs2021-164 |journal=Journal of the Geological Society |volume=180 |doi=10.1144/jgs2021-164 |s2cid=252147346 |issn=0016-7649}}{{cite journal |last1=McCall |first1=Christian |title=A large pelagic lobopodian from the Cambrian Pioche Shale of Nevada |journal=Journal of Paleontology |date=13 December 2023 |volume=97 |issue=5 |pages=1009–1024 |doi=10.1017/jpa.2023.63 |bibcode=2023JPal...97.1009M |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-paleontology/article/abs/large-pelagic-lobopodian-from-the-cambrian-pioche-shale-of-nevada/11B0704C49A7730AA3E8F46EB2CA1C95}}{{cite journal |last1=Wu |first1=Yu |last2=Pates |first2=Stephen |last3=Liu |first3=Cong |last4=Zhang |first4=Mingjing |last5=Lin |first5=Weiliang |last6=Ma |first6=Jiaxin |last7=Wu |first7=Yuheng |last8=Chai |first8=Shu |last9=Zhang |first9=Xiangliang |last10=Fu |first10=Dongjing |title=A new radiodont from the lower Cambrian (Series 2 Stage 3) Chengjiang Lagerstätte, South China informs the evolution of feeding structures in radiodonts |journal= Journal of Systematic Palaeontology|date=16 July 2024 |volume=22 |issue=1 |doi=10.1080/14772019.2024.2364887 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2024JSPal..2264887W |hdl=10871/136118 |hdl-access=free }} The endites of R. platyacantha are stout and their length does not exceed the height of the podomere to which they attach. The shaft podomeres 2 and 3 of R. platyacantha also bore prominent endites resembling those of distal articulated podomeres. Conversely, in R. consimilis, the endites of the distal articulated region are slender and most of them have a length that exceeds the height of podomere to which they attach. The shaft of R. consimilis has only a simple endite on podomere 3. The frontal appendages of R. consimilis had been previously misidentified as Houcaris saron owing to their similar overall appearance.
Due to the numerous shared characters with Amplectobelua (e.g. larger endites of podomere 8; irregular oral cone; presence of GLSs), the discovery of Ramskoeldia questioned the amplectobeluid affinity of Lyrarapax, a presumed amplectobeliud genus which lacking characters noted above. Ramskoeldia classified under Amplectobeluidae based on the diagnosis by Cong et al. 2018, while further phylogenetic analysis either suggest it to be a member of Amplectobeluidae (alongside Amplectobelua, Lyrarapax, and Laminacaris){{Cite journal|last1=Lerosey-Aubril|first1=Rudy|last2=Pates|first2=Stephen|date=2018-09-14|title=New suspension-feeding radiodont suggests evolution of microplanktivory in Cambrian macronekton|journal=Nature Communications|volume=9|issue=1|page=3774|doi=10.1038/s41467-018-06229-7|issn=2041-1723|pmc=6138677|pmid=30218075|bibcode=2018NatCo...9.3774L}} or a relatively basal radiodont.{{Cite journal|last1=Moysiuk|first1=J.|last2=Caron|first2=J.-B.|date=2019-08-14|title=A new hurdiid radiodont from the Burgess Shale evinces the exploitation of Cambrian infaunal food sources|journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences|volume=286|issue=1908|doi=10.1098/rspb.2019.1079|issn=0962-8452|pmc=6710600|pmid=31362637}}