Ímar mac Arailt

File:Ímar mac Arailt (map).png

Ímar was probably the son of Aralt mac Amlaíb,Hudson, BT (2005) p. 171; Duffy (2004a); Duffy (1992) pp. 96, 106. a man whose death at the Battle of Glenn Máma is recorded by the seventeenth-century texts Annals of Clonmacnoise and Annals of the Four Masters, the fifteenth- to sixteenth-century Annals of Ulster, and the twelfth-century Chronicon Scotorum.Annals of the Four Masters (2013a) § 998.11; Annals of the Four Masters (2013b) § 998.11; Chronicon Scotorum (2012) § 999; The Annals of Ulster (2012) § 999.8; Chronicon Scotorum (2010) § 999; The Annals of Ulster (2008) § 999.8; Downham (2007) pp. 29 fig. 6, 58, 245; Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) p. 228 n. 29; Hudson, BT (2005) p. 171; MacShamhráin (2005) p. 9; Duffy (2002) p. 56 n. 9; MacShamhráin (2001) p. 61; Oram (2000) p. 46 n. 81; Murphy (1896) p. 164.{{#tag:ref|According to local tradition, Aralt's grave is marked by pre-historic standing stone at Crehelp, near Dunlavin, in County Wicklow.Walshe (1931) pp. 116, 134–135. In the nineteenth century, the battle was erroneously regarded to have been fought near Dunlavin.MacShamhráin (2001) p. 61; Orpen (1906).|group=note}} If this identification is correct, Ímar's paternal grandfather would have been Amlaíb Cuarán, King of Northumbria and Dublin,McDonald (2019) p. 22; Downham (2007) pp. 29 fig. 6, 241–243, 245; Hudson, BT (2005) p. 171; Duffy (2004a). and a paternal uncle of Ímar would have been Sitriuc mac Amlaíb, King of Dublin.Downham (2007) pp. 29 fig. 6, 58, 245; Duffy (2006) p. 60; Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) p. 228; Hudson, BT (2005) pp. 83 n. 3, 135; Duffy (2002) pp. 55–56; Oram (2000) pp. 16, 46 n. 81; McDonald (1997) p. 33; Thornton (1996) p. 89; Duffy (1993) p. 35; Duffy (1992) pp. 96, 96 n. 14, 106.

File:Sitriuc mac Amlaíb (Oxford Bodleian Library MS Rawlinson B 488, folio 16v).jpg as it appears on folio 16v of Oxford Bodleian Library Rawlinson B 488: "{{lang|ghc|Sitriuic mac Amlaim}}".The Annals of Tigernach (2010) § 1028.2; Annals of Tigernach (2005) § 1028.2; Bodleian Library MS. Rawl. B. 488 (n.d.).]]

Ímar's probable uncle, Sitriuc, ruled Dublin for almost fifty years between 989 and 1036.Connon (2005). There is reason to suspect that the latter's realm included Mann by the second or third decade of the eleventh century.Duffy (2006) p. 54; Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) pp. 229–230; Duffy (1992) p. 98. His reign in Dublin was finally put to an end by Echmarcach mac Ragnaill, who drove Sitriuc from the coastal town and claimed the kingship for himself.Connon (2005); Downham (2004) pp. 64–65; Etchingham (2001) pp. 157–158; Duffy (1997) p. 38. Previously, Sitriuc seems to have been closely aligned with Knútr Sveinnsson, ruler of the kingdoms of England, Denmark, and Norway.Lawson (2013); Hudson, BT (2005) pp. 120–125; Insley (2005); Downham (2004) pp. 63–64; Hudson, BT (2004a); Oram (2000) pp. 31, 34; Hudson, B (1994); Lawson (1993) pp. 106, 185. Knútr's apparent authority in the Irish Sea region, coupled with Sitriuc's seemingly close connections with him, could account for the remarkable security enjoyed by Sitriuc during Knútr's reign.Hudson, BT (2005) pp. 119–127; Insley (2005). It is possible that Echmarcach had been bound from taking action against Sitriuc whilst Knútr held power,Downham (2004) pp. 64–65. and that the confusion caused by the latter's death in 1035 enabled Echmarcach to exploit the situation and seize control of the Irish Sea region.Woolf (2007) p. 246. Although there is no direct evidence that Echmarcach controlled Mann by this date, Sitriuc does not appear to have taken refuge on the island after his expulsion from Dublin. This seems to suggest that the island was outside Sitriuc's possession, and may indicate that Mann had fallen into the hands of Echmarcach sometime before.Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) pp. 229–231. In fact, it is possible that Echmarcach used the island to launch his takeover of Dublin.Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) pp. 229–231; Oram (2000) pp. 16–17.

File:Echmarcach mac Ragnaill (Oxford Bodleian Library MS Rawlinson B 488, folio 17r).jpg as it appears on folio 17r of Oxford Bodleian Library Rawlinson B 488: "{{lang|ghc|Eachmarcach}}".The Annals of Tigernach (2010) § 1036.8; Annals of Tigernach (2005) § 1036.8; Bodleian Library MS. Rawl. B. 488 (n.d.).]]

Echmarcach's hold on Dublin was short-lived as the fourteenth-century Annals of Tigernach records that Ímar replaced him as King of Dublin in 1038.The Annals of Tigernach (2010) § 1038.1; Annals of Tigernach (2005) § 1038.1; Hudson, BT (2005) p. 135; Oram (2000) p. 16; Duffy (1992) p. 96; Anderson (1922a) pp. 590–592 n. 2. This annal-entry has been interpreted to indicate that Ímar drove Echmarcach from the kingship.Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) p. 228; Hudson, BT (2005) p. 135; Oram (2000) p. 16. There is reason to suspect that Þórfinnr Sigurðarson, Earl of Orkney extended his presence into the Isles and the Irish Sea region at about this period.Hudson, BT (2005) p. 135. The evidence of Þórfinnr's power in the Isles could suggest that he possessed an active interest in the ongoing struggle over the Dublin kingship.Byrne (2008) p. 897. In fact, Þórfinnr's predatory operations in the Irish Sea region may have contributed to Echmarcach's loss of Dublin in 1038.

File:Haraldr Knútsson (British Library Cotton MS Tiberius B I, folio 156v).jpg as it appears on 156v of British Library Cotton Tiberius B I (the "C" version of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle): "{{lang|ang|Harold cing}}".O'Keeffe (2001) p. 107; Cotton MS Tiberius B I (n.d.).]]

It is conceivable that Ímar received some form of support from Knútr's son and successor in Britain, Haraldr Knútsson, King of England. The latter was certainly in power when Ímar replaced Echmarcach, and an association between Ímar and Haraldr could explain why the Annals of Ulster reports the latter's death two years later.The Annals of Ulster (2012) § 1040.6; The Annals of Ulster (2008) § 1040.6; Hudson, BT (2005) pp. 135–136. Ímar's reign lasted about eight years,Annals of the Four Masters (2013b) § 1046.8; Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) p. 228; Hudson, BT (2005) p. 137; Oram (2000) p. 16; Duffy (1992) p. 96; Anderson (1922a) pp. 590–592 n. 2. and one of his first royal acts appears to have been the invasion of Rathlin Island within the year.Hudson, BT (2005) p. 136. The fact that he proceeded to campaign in the North Channel could indicate that Echmarcach had held power in this region before his acquisition of Mann and Dublin.Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) p. 229; Oram (2000) p. 16.

{{multiple image

| footer = Skuldelev II (image a), a contemporary Viking longboat uncovered in Denmark, was originally built of Dublin oak. It dates to about Ímar's floruit, and could have been commissioned during his reign.Holm (2015). Havhingsten fra Glendalough (image b), a modern Danish reconstruction of Skuldelev II.Ravn; Bischoff; Englert; Nielsen (2011) pp. 244, 245 fig. 10.6.

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In 1044, the Annals of Tigernach records that Ímar penetrated into the domain of the Uí Fhíachrach Arda Sratha and killed their chief. The annal-entry also indicates that Ímar stormed the church of Armagh, and burned {{lang|ghc|Scrín Pátraic}} (the "Shrine of Patrick") in the attack.Erskine (2012) pp. 214–215; The Annals of Tigernach (2010) § 1044.4; Annals of Tigernach (2005) § 1044.4; Hudson, BT (2005) pp. 136, 171; Ryan (1949) p. 76; Crawford (1923) p. 80.{{#tag:ref|Such shrines or {{lang|ghc|scrína}} were elaborately decorated boxes, caskets, or containers that held either parts of a saint's body, or items associated with a saint.Erskine (2012) p. 60; Crawford (1923) p. 80. {{lang|ghc|Scrín Pátraic}} is noted by various Irish annals between the eighth- and eleventh centuries, and was likely constructed to accommodate some or all of the corporeal remains of Saint Patrick.Erskine (2013) p. 52; Erskine (2012) p. 60. The {{lang|ghc|scrín}} was likely the principal insignia of Armagh before its destruction in 1066 by the Uí Briúin Bréifne.Erskine (2013) p. 52; Erskine (2012) pp. 62–64, 105.|group=note}} The following year, he again invaded Rathlin Island, and his subsequent slaughter of three hundred noblemen of the Ulaid, including a certain heir apparent named Ragnall Ua Eochada, is documented by the Annals of Clonmacnoise, the Annals of Inisfallen, the Annals of Tigernach, and the Annals of the Four Masters.Duffy (2006) p. 55; Annals of the Four Masters (2013a) § 1045.12; Annals of the Four Masters (2013b) § 1045.12; Annals of Inisfallen (2010) § 1045.5; The Annals of Tigernach (2010) § 1045.3; Annals of Inisfallen (2008) § 1045.5; Annals of Tigernach (2005) § 1045.3; Hudson, BT (2005) p. 136; Duffy (2002) p. 53; Duffy (1995) p. 391; Duffy (1993) p. 234; Duffy (1992) p. 98, 98 n. 29; Ryan (1949) p. 76; Murphy (1896) p. 177. This remarkable action may indicate that the Dubliners and Ulaid were battling for control of Rathlin Island. If so, it could be evidence that Ímar enjoyed the possession of Mann by this date. The domain of the Ulaid is certainly the closest Irish territory to Mann,Duffy (2002) p. 53. and the control of the Manx fleet could account for the Dubliner's ability to challenge the Ulaid.Duffy (2006) p. 55. Whatever the case, within the year Niall mac Eochada, King of Ulaid is recorded to have attacked Fine GallThe Annals of Tigernach (2010) § 1045.11; Annals of Tigernach (2005) § 1045.11; Hudson, BT (2005) p. 136.—Dublin's agriculturally-rich northern hinterlandDuffy (2017); Downham (2014) p. 19; Downham (2013) p. 158; Downham (2005); Downham (2005); Valante (1998–1999) p. 246, 246 n. 16; Holm (2000) pp. 254–255.—in what may have been a retaliatory raid.

File:Ímar mac Arailt (Oxford Bodleian Library MS Rawlinson B 489, folio 41r).jpg).The Annals of Ulster (2012) § 1054.1; The Annals of Ulster (2008) § 1054.1; Bodleian Library MS. Rawl. B. 489 (n.d.).]]

The following year, the Annals of Tigernach states that Echmarcach succeeded Ímar.The Annals of Tigernach (2010) § 1046.6; Annals of Tigernach (2005) § 1046.6; Forte; Oram; Pedersen (2005) p. 228; Hudson, BT (2005) p. 137; Duffy (1992) p. 96; Anderson (1922a) pp. 590–592 n. 2.{{#tag:ref|This source erroneously identifies Ímar by his father's name, Aralt.The Annals of Tigernach (2010) § 1046.6; Annals of Tigernach (2005) § 1046.6; Anderson (1922a) pp. 590–592 n. 2.|group=note}} The Annals of the Four Masters specifies that Ímar was driven from the kingship by Echmarcach, who was then elected king by the Dubliners. After this point in Ímar's life, all that is known for certain is that he died in 1054,Hudson, BT (2005) p. 137. as recorded by the Annals of Ulster and the sixteenth-century Annals of Loch Cé.The Annals of Ulster (2012) § 1054.1; Annals of Loch Cé (2008) § 1054.1; The Annals of Ulster (2008) § 1054.1; Duffy (1992) p. 97; Anderson (1922a) pp. 590–592 n. 2. Nevertheless, since these sources style Ímar in Gaelic rí Gall ("king of the foreigners"), there may be evidence to suggest that, when Diarmait mac Maíl na mBó, King of Leinster drove Echmarcach from Dublin in 1052, Diarmait reinstalled Ímar as king.Duffy (1992) p. 97.

After Ímar's death, Diarmait appears to have appointed his own son, Murchad, control of Dublin later that decade, as the Annals of the Four Masters accords him the title tigherna Gall, meaning "lord of the foreigners" in 1059.Annals of the Four Masters (2013a) § 1059.20; Annals of the Four Masters (2013b) § 1059.20; Duffy (2002) p. 54, 54 n. 3; Duffy (1993) p. 32, 32 n. 5; Duffy (1992) pp. 99–100, 100 n. 34.{{#tag:ref|Although this source styles Murchad merely as a "lord", the original upon which this annal draws likely read "king". The Annals of the Four Masters is otherwise known to relegate royal titles to lordly ones.Duffy (1992) p. 100 n. 34.|group=note}} In 1061, Murchad invaded Mann and seems to have overthrown Echmarcach.Hudson, B (2005); Duffy (2002) p. 54; Duffy (1997) p. 37; Duffy (1993) pp. 32–33; Duffy (1992) p. 100; Candon (1988) p. 402; Anderson (1922a) pp. 590–592 n. 2. The record of Murchad's actions against Echmarcach could indicate that the latter had seated himself on the island after his expulsion from Dublin.Byrne (2008) pp. 864, 892; Duffy (2006) pp. 55–56; Etchingham (2001) p. 154; Duffy (1993) pp. 32–33; Duffy (1992) p. 100. Another possibility is that Echmarcach had only reestablished himself as king in the Isles after Ímar's death in 1054.Candon (1988) p. 402. Whatever the case, both Diarmait and Murchad were dead by 1072, and the Annals of Tigernach describes Diarmait on his obituary as King of the Isles (rí Innsi Gall, literally "king of the isles of the foreigners"), a declaration which seems to indicate that, by the eleventh century at least, the kingship of the Isles was contingent upon control of Mann.The Annals of Tigernach (2010) § 1072.1; Annals of Tigernach (2005) § 1072.1; Duffy (2002) pp. 53–54; Duffy (1993) p. 33.

{{chart top|collapsed=no|Simplified family tree illustrating the familial connection between Ímar and the family of Cynan ab Iago, an apparent ally. Women are italicised.Thornton (1996) p. 108 fig. 3.}}

{{tree chart/start|align=center}}

{{tree chart | | | | |AC1| | | | |AC1={{nowrap|Amlaíb Cuarán (died 980/981)}}
{{nowrap|King of Northumbria and Dublin}}}}

{{tree chart | |,|-|-|-|(}}

{{tree chart |SMA| |AMA|SMA=Sitriuc (died 1042)
King of Dublin|AMA=Aralt (died 999)}}

{{tree chart | |!| | | |!}}

{{tree chart |AMS| |IMA| |IAI|AMS=Amlaíb |IMA=Ímar (died 1054)
King of Dublin |IAI={{nowrap|Iago (died 1039)}}
{{nowrap|King of Gwynedd}} |boxstyle_IMA=background-color: PaleTurquoise;}}

{{tree chart | |!| | | | | | | |!}}

{{tree chart |RIA|-|-|v|-|-|CAI| |RIA=Ragnailt |CAI=Cynan (fl. 1064)}}

{{tree chart | | | | | |!| | | | | }}

{{tree chart | | | | |GAC|GAC=Gruffudd (died 1137)
King of Gwynedd}}

{{tree chart/end}}

{{chart bottom}}

File:Iago ab Idwal ap Meurig (Oxford Bodleian Library MS Jesus College 111, folio 60r).jpg as it appears on folio 60r of Oxford Jesus College 111 (the Red Book of Hergest): "{{lang|wlm|Jago uab Jdwal}}".Williams Ab Ithel (1860) pp. 38–39 § 1031; Jesus College MS. 111 (n.d.); Oxford Jesus College MS. 111 (n.d.) p. 60r.]]

The principal Welsh monarch during Ímar's reign was Gruffudd ap Llywelyn. One of the latter's main rivals was Iago ab Idwal ap Meurig, King of Gwynedd, a man who had killed Gruffudd's father in 1023, and thenceforth ruled Gwynedd until his own demise in 1039.Pryce (2004); Snyder (2003) p. 182. Gruffudd himself may have been responsible for Iago's slaying, and certainly succeeded to the kingship of Gwynedd after his death.Hudson, BT (2005) p. 136; Pryce (2004); Walker (2004); Snyder (2003) p. 182. It was likely in the context of Iago's fall and this resulting regime change that the latter's son, Cynan, fled overseas and sought refuge in Dublin.Duffy (2009) p. 290; Downham (2004) p. 66; Duffy (2004b) p. 104; Duffy (1997) p. 38.

{{multiple image

| footer = Maughold IV (image a; detail, image b),McDonald (2007a) p. 59; McDonald (2007b) pp. 128–129 pl. 1; Rixson (1982) pp. 114–115 pl. 1; Cubbon (1952) p. 70 fig. 24; Kermode (1915–1916) p. 57 fig. 9. a Manx runestone displaying a contemporary sailing vessel.McDonald (2012) p. 151; McDonald (2007a) pp. 58–59; McDonald (2007b) pp. 54–55, 128–129 pl. 1; Wilson (1973) p. 15. The power of the kings of the Isles laid in their armed galley-fleets.McDonald (2016) p. 337; McDonald (2012) p. 151; McDonald (2007b) pp. 120, 128–129 pl. 1. The inscription of the vessel may date from about the eleventh- to the thirteenth century. Surviving sources reveal that the powerful eleventh-century fleet of the kings of Dublin was a much sought-after military commodity.Doherty (2005).

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| alt2 = Detail of a sailing vessel inscribed on the runestone

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According to the thirteenth-century Historia Gruffud vab Kenan, the mother of Cynan's son was Ragnailt ingen Amlaíb, a paternal granddaughter of Sitriuc. Further revealed by this source is the fact that this woman's father, Amlaíb mac Sitriuc, built and commanded a Welsh fortress called Castell Avloed.Hudson, BT (2005) pp. 120–121; Etchingham (2001) pp. 157–158; Thornton (1996) pp. 87–88; Duffy (1995) p. 381; Hudson, B (1994) p. 328; Loyn (1976) pp. 15–16, 16 n. 1; An Inventory of the Ancient Monuments (1964) pp. cxxxix–cxlii, cxxxix n. 2; Wainwright (1962) p. 56; Jones (1910) pp. 104–105, 160 n. 9. Although it is unknown how long the Dubliners possessed the fortress, in 1036 another son of Sitriuc was slain in Wales by an apparent kinsman,The Annals of Tigernach (2010) § 1036.9; Annals of Tigernach (2005) § 1036.9; Hudson, BT (2005) p. 121; Etchingham (2001) pp. 157–158, 158 n. 35; Duffy (1997) p. 38; Duffy (1995) p. 381; Hudson, B (1994) p. 329. an event which could be evidence of a struggle for control of the site.Hudson, BT (2005) p. 121; Duffy (1995) p. 381; Hudson, B (1994) p. 329. Echmarcach's aforesaid expulsion of Sitriuc from Dublin in the same year could in turn indicate that this exiled monarch sought refuge in Wales.Etchingham (2001) pp. 157–158; Duffy (1997) p. 38; Duffy (1995) p. 381; Hudson, B (1994) p. 329.

Despite the uncertainty of its specific location, Castell Avloed appears to have been situated in territory formerly controlled by Iago,{{#tag:ref|The precise location of this fortress is uncertain.Longley (1991) pp. 82–83; An Inventory of the Ancient Monuments (1964) pp. cxxxix–cxlii, cxxxix n. 2. It could have been situated in on the mainland in Gwynedd, or else on Anglesey at either Moel-y-don or Castell Bryn Gwyn.Smith (2014) p. 539 n. 113; Hudson, BT (2005) p. 120; Hudson, BT (2004b) p. 43; Etchingham (2001) p. 157; Hudson, B (1994) p. 328; Hudson, BT (1991) p. 346; Longley (1991) pp. 82–83; An Inventory of the Ancient Monuments (1964) pp. cxxxix–cxlii, cxxxix n. 2; Wainwright (1962) pp. 56–58.|group=note}} and there is reason to suspect that—after Iago's fall and Cynan's flight—Ímar oversaw military actions against Gruffudd.Hudson, BT (2005) p. 136; Downham (2004) p. 66, 66 n. 109. Three years later, for example, the thirteenth- and fourteenth-century Brut y Tywysogyon and the "B" and "C" versions of the eleventh- to thirteenth-century Annales Cambriæ report that this Welsh king was captured by forces from Dublin.Charles-Edwards (2013) pp. 562, 564; Gough-Cooper (2015a) p. 48 § b1063.1; Gough-Cooper (2015b) p. 26 § c364.2; Hudson, BT (2005) pp. 121, 136; Downham (2004) p. 66, 66 n. 109; Walker (2004); Snyder (2003) p. 182; Moore (1996) p. 26; Walker (1960) p. 86; Williams Ab Ithel (1860) pp. 40–41 § 1040. The episode is further elaborated upon by a sixteenth-century text compiled by David Powell and a seventeenth-century text by compiled by James Ware. According to these admittedly late versions of events, Gruffudd was captured by the Dubliners in the context of them supporting the cause of Cynan. The accounts further state that Gruffudd managed to escape his captors when the Dubliners were counterattacked by Welsh forces before they could return to Ireland.Hudson, BT (2005) pp. 136–137; Hudson, BT (1991) pp. 342–343; Powell; Price (1774) p. 87; Waræi (1658) pp. 138–139. The evidence of Cynan cooperating with the Dubliners against Gruffudd suggests that, not only was Ímar personally involved as king, but that the Welsh fortress of Castell Avloed was still controlled by the Dubliners.

File:Gruffudd ap Llywelyn (British Library Cotton MS Tiberius B I, folio 163r).jpg as it appears on 163r of British Library Cotton Tiberius B I (the "C" version of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle): "{{lang|ang|Griffine cinge}}".O'Keeffe (2001) p. 116; Cotton MS Tiberius B I (n.d.).]]

Another conflict that could have involved Ímar and the military forces of Dublin was Gruffudd's final defeat of Hywel ab Edwin, King of Deheubarth. According to Brut y Tywysogyon and the "B" version of Annales Cambriæ this last stand of Hywel took place at the mouth of the River Tywi—perhaps in the vicinity of Carmarthen—and included Vikings from Ireland who supported Hywel's cause.Gough-Cooper (2015a) p. 48 § b1065.1; Charles-Edwards (2013) p. 562, 562 n. 128; Hudson, BT (2005) pp. 121, 136; Downham (2004) p. 66, 66 n. 109; Walker (2004); Snyder (2003) pp. 182–183; Walker (1960) p. 86; Williams Ab Ithel (1860) pp. 40–41 § 1042. It is apparent that Gruffudd's adversaries generally utilised foreign military support from Ireland's Viking enclaves. Certainly, the twelfth-century Book of Llandaff declares that Gruffudd struggled against English, Irish, and Vikings during his career.Hudson, BT (2005) p. 136; Hudson, BT (1991) p. 331; Haddan; Stubbs (1869) p. 294; Rees (1840) pp. 258, 539–540.

File:Gofraid Crobán (Oxford Bodleian Library MS Rawlinson B 488, folio 19v).jpg § 1091.5; Annals of Tigernach (2005) § 1091.5; Bodleian Library MS. Rawl. B. 488 (n.d.).]]

Ímar may have been the father,McDonald (2019) pp. 22, 27 n. 4; McDonald (2008) pp. 133, 133–134 n. 12; McDonald (2007a) p. 50, 50 n. 24; McDonald (2007b) p. 62, 62 n. 18; Duffy (2006) pp. 53, 60; Hudson, B (2006) p. 170; Hudson, BT (2005) pp. 54, 83 fig. 3, 171; Duffy (2004a); Woolf (2004) p. 100; Duffy (2002) pp. 55–56; McDonald (1997) p. 33; Duffy (1993) p. 35; Duffy (1992) p. 106. uncle,McDonald (2019) p. 27 n. 4; McDonald (2008) pp. 133–134 n. 12; McDonald (2007a) p. 50 n. 24; McDonald (2007b) p. 62 n. 18; Duffy (2004a); Duffy (2002) pp. 55–56; Duffy (1993) p. 35; Duffy 1992 p. 106; McDonald (1997) p. 33. or possibly even the brother of Gofraid Crobán, King of Dublin and the Isles.Woolf (2004) p. 100. In 1091, the Annals of Tigernach reveals that Gofraid possessed the kingship of Dublin in an annal-entry recording his patronym as "... {{lang|ghc|mac Maic Arailt}}".The Annals of Tigernach (2010) § 1091.5; McDonald (2007b) pp. 61–62; Duffy (2006) p. 60; Annals of Tigernach (2005) § 1091.5; Hudson, BT (2005) p. 171; Duffy (2004a); Duffy (2002) pp. 55–56; McDonald (1997) p. 33; Duffy (1993) p. 35; Duffy (1992) p. 106. The thirteenth- to fourteenth-century Chronicle of Mann, on the other hand, gives Gofraid's patronym as "... {{lang|la|filius Haraldi nigri de Ysland}}".McDonald (2012) p. 164; McDonald (2007b) p. 62; Duffy (2006) p. 60; Hudson, BT (2005) p. 171; Duffy (2004a); Duffy (2002) p. 55 n. 8; Sellar (2000) p. 190 n. 16; McDonald (1997) p. 33; Thornton (1996) p. 95; Duffy (1993) p. 35 n. 19; Duffy (1992) p. 106; Broderick; Stowell (1973) p. 61; Anderson (1922b) pp. 43–44 n. 6; Munch; Goss (1874a) pp. 50–51, 144. Whilst the former source identifies Gofraid as the son of a man named Aralt (Old Norse {{lang|non|Haraldr}}), the latter identifies Gofraid as the paternal grandson of a man so named.McDonald (2007b) p. 62; Duffy (2006) p. 60.{{#tag:ref|The late mediaeval Welsh genealogical tract Achau Brenhinoedd a Thywysogion Cymru preserves a pedigree concerning an early thirteenth-century descendant of Gofraid, Ragnall mac Gofraid, King of the Isles. The pedigree runs: "{{lang|wlm|Rhanallt m. Gwythryg ap Afloyd m. Gwrthryt Mearch m. Harallt Ddu m. Ifor Gamle m. Afloyd m. Swtrig}}".Sellar (1997–1998); Thornton (1996) pp. 94–96. The "{{lang|wlm|Gwrthryt Mearch}}" refers to Gofraid, whilst "{{lang|wlm|Harallt Ddu}}" conforms to the chronicle's "{{lang|la|Haraldi nigri de Ysland}}"Sellar (1997–1998); Thornton (1996) pp. 95–96. (the Welsh {{lang|cy|du}} and Latin {{lang|la|niger}} both mean "black").Thornton (1996) p. 95. The pedigree's "{{lang|wlm|Ifor Gamle}}" appears to represent the Old Norse {{lang|non|Ívarr gamli}} (the Old Norse {{lang|non|gamli}} is a weak declension of {{lang|non|gamall}} meaning "old").Thornton (1996) p. 95 n. 74. An historical candidate for the pedigree's "{{lang|wlm|Afloyd m. Swtrig}}" may be Amlaíb Cuarán, whose father was Sitriuc Cáech, King of Northumbria and Dublin.Sellar (1997–1998); Thornton (1996) p. 95. It is possible that the pedigree's "{{lang|wlm|Ifor Gamle}}" represents Ímar himself. The fact that his father was named Aralt, however, could be evidence that the compiler of the pedigree either erroneously reversed the order of "{{lang|wlm|Harallt Ddu}}" and "{{lang|wlm|Ifor Gamle}}", or else missed an additional Aralt in the lineage.Thornton (1996) pp. 95–96.|group=note}}

File:Ímar mac Arailt (Oxford Bodleian Library MS Rawlinson B 488, folio 17r) 2.jpg § 1044.4; Annals of Tigernach (2005) § 1044.4; Bodleian Library MS. Rawl. B. 488 (n.d.).]]

In the aforesaid record of the military actions conducted in 1044, Ímar is merely named as the son of Aralt, a fact which could indicate that this was how he was known to his contemporaries. If correct, the patronym preserved by the Chronicle of Mann could merely be a garbled form of this style.Hudson, BT (2005) p. 171.

The patronym given by the Chronicle of Mann states that Gofraid's father was from "{{lang|la|Ysland}}", a place which could refer to either Iceland,Duffy (2006) p. 60; Duffy (2004a); Duffy (2002) p. 55 n. 8; Sellar (2000) p. 190 n. 16; McDonald (1997) p. 33 n. 24; Thornton (1996) p. 95; Duffy (1993) p. 35 n. 19; Duffy (1992) p. 106; Anderson (1922b) pp. 43–44 n. 6. Islay,Duffy (2006) p. 60; Sellar (2000) p. 190 n. 16; McDonald (1997) p. 33 n. 24; Anderson (1922b) pp. 43–44 n. 6. or Ireland.McDonald (2007b) p. 62; Duffy (2006) pp. 60–61; Duffy (2002) p. 55 n. 8; McDonald (1997) p. 33 n. 24. Other than this passage, there is no evidence hinting of a connection between Gofraid and Iceland.Duffy (2006) p. 60. The chronicle elsewhere states that Gofraid died on Islay,McDonald (2012) pp. 180–181 n. 145; Duffy (2006) pp. 60–61; Duffy (2004a); Sellar (2000) p. 190; Anderson (1922b) pp. 43–44 n. 6; Munch; Goss (1874a) pp. 54–55, 144. although the island's name is rendered "{{lang|la|Ile}}" in this case.Duffy (2006) p. 60; Hudson, BT (2005) p. 171; Munch; Goss (1874) pp. 54–55. If "{{lang|la|Ysland}}" instead refers to Ireland, the spelling could be the result of influence from a source originating in England,Duffy (2006) pp. 60–61. or a source written in Mediaeval French.McDonald (2007b) p. 62; Hudson, BT (2005) p. 171.

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• {{cite journal |last=Wilson |first=DM |author-link=David M. Wilson |year=1973 |title=Manx Memorial Stones of the Viking Period |url=http://www.vsnrweb-publications.org.uk/Saga-Book%201-22%20searchable/Saga-Book%20XVIII.pdf |journal=Saga-Book |volume=18 |pages=1–18 |ref=W9 }}
• {{cite book |last=Woolf |first=A |author-link=Alex Woolf |year=2004 |chapter=The Age of Sea-Kings, 900–1300 |editor1-last=Omand |editor1-first=D |title=The Argyll Book |publisher=Birlinn |location=Edinburgh |pages=94–109 |isbn=1-84158-253-0 |ref=W1 }}
• {{cite book |last=Woolf |first=A |year=2007 |title=From Pictland to Alba, 789–1070 |series=The New Edinburgh History of Scotland |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |location=Edinburgh |isbn=978-0-7486-1233-8 |ref=W3 }}

{{refend}}

{{Commons category-inline|Ímar mac Arailt}}

{{s-start}}

{{s-hou|Uí Ímair||||1054}}

{{s-reg}}

{{s-bef|before=Echmarcach mac Ragnaill}}

{{s-ttl|title=King of Dublin|years=1038–1046}}

{{s-aft|after=Echmarcach mac Ragnaill}}

{{s-end}}

{{Dublin Monarchs}}

{{Kings of the Isles}}

{{Good article}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Imar mac Arailt}}

Category:1054 deaths

Category:11th-century Irish monarchs

Category:11th-century rulers of the Kingdom of the Isles

Category:Monarchs of Dublin

Category:Uí Ímair

Category:Year of birth unknown