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1878 conclave

{{Short description|none}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2019}}

{{Infobox papal conclave

| month = February

| year = 1878

| dates = 18–20 February 1878

| location = Sistine Chapel, Apostolic Palace,
Vatican Hill, Rome

| dean = Luigi di San Filippo e Sorso

| vicedean = Camillo di Pietro

| camerlengo = Gioacchino Pecci

| protopriest = Josef von Schwarzenberg

| protodeacon = Prospero Caterini

| secretary = Pietro Lasagni

| electors = 61 (3 absentees)

| ballots = 3

| pope_elected = Gioacchino Pecci

| nametaken = Leo XIII

| image = Papa Leone XIII.jpeg

| prevconclave_year = 1846

| prevconclave_link = 1846 conclave

| nextconclave_year = 1903

| nextconclave_link = 1903 conclave

}}

A conclave was held from 18 to 20 February 1878 to elect a new pope to succeed Pius IX, who had died on 7 February. Of the 64 eligible cardinal electors, all but three attended. On the third ballot, the conclave elected Cardinal Gioacchino Pecci, the camerlengo of the Apostolic Chamber and archbishop-bishop of Perugia. After accepting his election, he took the name Leo XIII.

It was the first election of a pope who would not rule the Papal States and the first to meet in the Apostolic Palace in the Vatican, since the venue used earlier in the 19th century, the Quirinal Palace, was now the palace of the king of Italy, Umberto I.

Background

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The cardinals assembled to conduct the conclave faced a number of questions. Chief of these questions was whether to choose a pope who would continue Pope Pius IX's reactionary religious and political views, including the unacceptance of Italy's Law of Guarantees, which guaranteed the pope religious liberty in the Kingdom of Italy; Pius IX had previously described himself as a prisoner in the Vatican due to the situation. Conversely, the cardinals could also choose a candidate who would turn away from Pius IX's policies and could work for reconciliation with the king of Italy.

Other broader issues included the church-state relations in Italy; the Third French Republic; Ireland and the United States; the heresy which Pope Leo XIII later called Americanism; divisions in the church caused by the proclamation of papal infallibility by the First Vatican Council; and the status of the First Vatican Council, which had been halted suddenly and never concluded. The length of Pius IX's reign suggested{{Fix|text=how?}} the cardinals give special consideration to the age and health of the man they elected.

Balloting

File:Pius IX, by Adolphe Braun, 1875.jpg

Some 61 of 64 cardinals entered the conclave. Two others arrived too late from New York and Dublin to participate, and one did not attend for health reasons. Three of the 61 had participated in the previous conclave in 1846: Luigi Amat di San Filippo e Sorso, Fabio Maria Asquini, and Domenico Carafa della Spina di Traetto.

With what many churchmen believed was the "unstable" and "anti-Catholic" situation in a Rome that was no longer controlled by the church, some cardinals, notably Cardinal Manning, Archbishop of Westminster, urged that the conclave be moved outside Rome, perhaps even to Malta.{{cite book| chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=GvVVAa_-bsEC&pg=PA41 | pages=42–2 |last= Hittinger | first= Russell | chapter = Pope Leo XIII |title= The Teachings of Modern Christianity on Law, Politics, and Human Nature |editor1-first=John| editor1-last= Witte |editor2-first=Frank S.|editor2-last= Alexander |publisher= Columbia University Press|date= 2006 | isbn=9780231133586}} However, Camerlengo Gioacchino Pecci advocated otherwise, and an initial vote among cardinals to move to Spain was overturned in a later vote. The conclave finally assembled in the Sistine Chapel in the Vatican on 18 February 1878.

Going into the conclave, Cardinal Pecci was the one candidate favored to be elected, in part because many of the cardinals who headed to Rome had already decided to elect him.{{cite book |chapter= Leo XIII and His Successors| first=Valérie | last=Pirie | chapter-url = http://www.pickle-publishing.com/papers/triple-crown-concluding-chapter.htm | title= The Triple Crown: An Account of the Papal Conclaves | location = London | date=1935 | publisher = Sidgwick & Jackson }} In addition to Pecci's competent administration as camerlengo during the brief {{lang|la|sede vacante}} period up to the conclave, Pecci was seen as the opposite of Pope Pius IX in terms of manner and temperament, and had also had a successful diplomatic career prior to being archbishop-bishop of Perugia. Pecci's election was also facilitated in that Alessandro Franchi, the candidate favored by the conservatives, urged his supporters to switch their support to the camerlengo.

One account reported the voting tabulations without providing its source.{{cite book|editor1-first=Hubert |editor1-last=Jedin |editor2-first= John Patrick|editor2-last= Dolan|title=History of the Church: The Church in the Industrial age|date=1981|publisher=Burns & Oates|location=London|page=5|isbn=9780860120858 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h5LYAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA5|access-date=4 May 2018}}

=First ballot=

On the first ballot, held on the morning of 19 February, the votes were:

This ballot was ruled invalid because at least one cardinal did not mark his ballot properly.{{cite book| title = Papal Elections in the Age of Transition, 1878-1922 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=t9QxJMdp6FMC&pg=PA59 | access-date = 15 November 2017 |first= Francis A. | last = Burkle-Young | page= 59 |publisher= Lexington Books | date= 2000|isbn = 9780739101148}}

=Second ballot=

On the second ballot, held on the afternoon of 19 February, the votes were:

  • Pecci, 26 votes
  • Bilio, 7 votes
  • Franchi, 2 votes

=Third ballot=

On the third ballot, held on the morning of 20 February, Pecci was elected pope; the account noting the tabulations for each ballot stated that he had received 44 votes.

Aftermath

The election of Cardinal Pecci, who took the name Leo XIII, was a victory for the liberals. Pecci had been an effective bishop whose diocese had moved from the Papal States to the Kingdom of Italy successfully, without Church problems. He was seen as a diplomatic pragmatist with the tact and flexibility opponents of the previous pope believed Pius IX lacked. At 68, Leo was also young enough to do the job without hindrance of health problems but old enough to offer the prospect of a relatively short reign of ten to fifteen years. Whereas Pius IX was seen as having isolated the Church from international opinion (his confining Jews in ghettos and his treatment of minorities had been condemned by world leaders such as Gladstone), Leo was seen as an "internationalist" who could earn back the Vatican some international respect.

Though always seemingly in poor health and delicate condition, Leo reigned for 25 years. He had the third longest reign of any pope until that time. Leo XIII was later surpassed by Pope John Paul II, who reigned for 26 years and six months from his election in October 1978 to his death in April of 2005. When Leo XIII died on 20 July 1903 at the age of 93, he had lived to be older than any of his known predecessors. He would be surpassed by Pope Benedict XVI, who died at the age of 95.

Participants

class="wikitable sortable" style="width:230px; float:right; margin:0 1em;"

|+Cardinal electors by region

scope="col"|Region

!scope="col"|Number

style="text-align:center" scope="row"|Italy

|style="text-align:center"|40

style="text-align:center" scope="row" data-sort-value="Europe, Rest of"|Rest of Europe

|style="text-align:center"|21

style="text-align:center" scope="row" data-sort-value="America, North"|North America

|style="text-align:center"|0

style="text-align:center" scope="row" data-sort-value="America, South"|South America

|style="text-align:center"|0

style="text-align:center" scope="row"|Asia

|style="text-align:center"|0

style="text-align:center" scope="row"|Oceania

|style="text-align:center"|0

style="text-align:center" scope="row"|Africa

|style="text-align:center"|0

scope="row"|Total

!61

File:Il conclave del 1878. La sfumata (xilografia).jpg

Notes

{{Notelist}}

References

{{Reflist}}

External links

  • [http://www.ewtn.com/library/CHISTORY/LEO13.HTM L’Osservatore Romano article revealing ballots in 1878 conclave] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170415011306/http://www.ewtn.com/library/CHISTORY/LEO13.htm |date=15 April 2017 }}

{{Papal elections and conclaves from 1061|state=collapsed}}

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Category:1878 in Italy

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1878

Category:Pope Pius IX

Category:19th-century Catholicism

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