1923 in the Soviet Union

• General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union – Joseph Stalin
• Chairman of the Central Executive Committee of the Congress of Soviets – Mikhail Kalinin
• Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the Soviet Union – Vladimir Lenin

• 17–25 April – 12th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)

• 16 June – The Yakut Revolt ends with the defeat of the White Army.

• 15 October – The Declaration of 46 is sent.

• January 9 — Eduard Kolmanovsky, People's Artist of the USSR (d. 1994)
• January 13 — Daniil Shafran, cellist (d. 1997)
• January 15 — Yevgeny Vesnik, actor (d. 2009)
• January 27 — Vladimir Aleksenko, Air force general (d. 1995)
• January 30 — Leonid Gaidai, comedy film director, screenwriter and actor (d. 1993)
• February 7 — Grigory Romanov, 9th First Secretary of the Leningrad Regional Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (d. 2008)
• April 3 — Lev Zaykov, 10th First Secretary of the Leningrad Regional Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (d. 2002)
• April 27 — Viktor Chebrikov, 6th Chairman of the Committee for State Security (d. 1999)
• April 28 — Zarifa Aliyeva, ophthalmologist (d. 1985)
• May 5 — Sergey Akhromeyev, 8th Chief of the General Staff of the Soviet Armed Forces (d. 1991)
• May 10 — Heydar Aliyev, 3rd President of Azerbaijan (d. 2003)
• July 13 — Mikhail Pugovkin, comic actor (d. 2008)
• July 28 — Vladimir Basov, actor, film director and screenwriter (d. 1987)
• August 11 — Maxim Grabovenko, Hero of the Soviet Union (d. 1980)
• September 6 — Aleksandr Babaev, fighter pilot (d. 1985)
• September 11 — Grigory Baklanov, writer (d. 2009)
• September 13 — Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya, Hero of the Soviet Union (d. 1941)
• September 20 — Aleksandr Koldunov, flying ace during WWII (d. 1992)
• September 26 — Aleksandr Alov, film director (d. 1983)
• September 29 — Aleksei Filippov, mathematician (d. 2006)
• October 18 — Pyotr Lushev, army general (d. 1997)
• October 25 — Mikhail Mikhin, flying ace (d. 2007)
• October 31 — Ivan Otmakhov, Hero of the Soviet Union (d. 1945)
• November 6 — Aleksandra Chudina, athlete (d. 1990)
• November 9 — Viktor Turbin, Hero of the Soviet Union (d. 1944)
• November 11 — Isaac Trachtenberg, Hygienist (d. 2023)
• November 22 — Yury Nikandrov, Olympic shooter (d. 2018)
• November 23 — Mikhail Zaitsev, general of the Soviet Army (d. 2009)
• November 29 — Inna Zubkovskaya, ballerina (d. 2001)
• December 2 — Alexander Yakovlev, politician, diplomat and historian (d. 2005)
• December 14 — Akhsarbek Abaev, Hero of the Soviet Union (d. 1982)
• December 15 — Valentin Varennikov, general and politician (d. 2009)

• 1923 in fine arts of the Soviet Union
• List of Soviet films of 1923

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Category:1920s in the Soviet Union

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