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1935 in science

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{{Science year nav|1935}}

The year 1935 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.

Astronomy

Chemistry

  • February 28–March 1 – Working with polyamides to develop a viable new fiber for chemical company DuPont, American chemist Gérard Berchet working under the direction of Wallace Carothers first synthesizes the synthetic polymer nylon at Wilmington, Delaware.{{cite web|title=the history of nylon |url=http://www.caimateriali.org/index.php?id=32 |first=L. |last=Trossarelli |publisher=Club Alpino Italiano, Centro Studi Materiali e Tecniche |year=2010 |access-date=2012-02-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425044410/http://www.caimateriali.org/index.php?id=32 |archive-date=2012-04-25 |url-status=live }}
  • April 13 – Dorothy Hodgkin publishes her first solo paper, on the methodology of X-ray crystallography of insulin.{{cite journal|first=D.|last=Hodgkin|title=X-ray single crystal photographs of insulin|journal=Nature|location=London|volume=135|year=1935|issue=3415|pages=591–2|doi=10.1038/135591a0|bibcode=1935Natur.135..591C|s2cid=4121225|doi-access=free}}
  • Vitamin E is first isolated in a pure form by Gladys Anderson Emerson at the University of California, Berkeley.{{citation|title=Encyclopedia of World Scientists|page=211|isbn=978-1438118826|first=Elizabeth H.|last=Oakes|year=2007|chapter=Emerson, Gladys Anderson}}
  • Eastman Kodak first market Kodachrome subtractive color reversal film as 16 mm movie film.{{cite journal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uN4DAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA804|title=Color Movies Easy To Make With Aid Of New Film|journal=Popular Mechanics|date=June 1935|publisher=Hearst Magazines}}{{cite news|url=http://www.deseretnews.com/article/704234/Range-of-color-Kodachrome-Basin-lives-up-to-name-it-got-by-accident.html |title=Range of Color: Kodachrome Basin Lives up to Name it Got by Accident |first=Carma |last=Wadley |work=Deseret News |date=1999-06-25 |access-date=2012-01-20 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100813100543/http://www.deseretnews.com/article/704234/Range-of-color-Kodachrome-Basin-lives-up-to-name-it-got-by-accident.html |archive-date=August 13, 2010 }} It has been invented by two professional musicians, Leopold Godowsky Jr. and Leopold Mannes.{{cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB124567093975236801|title=Kodak to Take Kodachrome Away|first=Robert|last=Tomsho|work=The Wall Street Journal|date=2009-06-23|page=B6|access-date=2012-01-20}}{{cite web|url=http://www.invent.org/hall_of_fame/233.html |title=Leopold Godowsky, Jr |publisher=Invent.org |access-date=2012-01-20 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111210164914/http://www.invent.org/hall_of_fame/233.html |archive-date=2011-12-10 }}{{cite web|url=http://www.invent.org/hall_of_fame/223.html |title=Leopold Mannes |publisher=Invent.org |access-date=2012-01-20 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111210165936/http://www.invent.org/hall_of_fame/223.html |archive-date=2011-12-10 }}

Ecology

  • English botanist Arthur Tansley introduces the concept of the ecosystem.{{cite journal|doi=10.2307/1930070|last=Tansley|first=A. G.|year=1935|title=The use and abuse of vegetational terms and concepts|journal=Ecology|volume=16|issue=3|pages=284–307|jstor=1930070}}The term ecosystem was coined by Arthur Roy Clapham at Tansley's request. {{cite journal|last=Willis|first=A. J.|year=1997|title=The Ecosystem: An Evolving Concept Viewed Historically|journal=Functional Ecology|volume=11|issue=2|pages=268–271|doi=10.1111/j.1365-2435.1997.00081.x|doi-access=}}

Geology

History of science and technology

Mathematics

Pharmacology

Physics

  • January 8 – A.C. Hardy patents the spectrophotometer.
  • February 26 – Robert Watson-Watt and Arnold Wilkins first demonstrate the reflection of radio waves from an aircraft, near Daventry in England;{{cite web|publisher=IET|url=http://tv.theiet.org/technology/communications/219.cfm|title=Passive Covert Radar – Watson-Watt's Daventry Experiment Revisited|access-date=2011-06-07|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110513210855/http://tv.theiet.org/technology/communications/219.cfm|archive-date=13 May 2011|url-status=live|last1=Magazines|first1=Hearst|date=June 1935}} on June 17, the first radio detection of an aircraft by ground-based radar is made at Orford Ness.
  • Einstein, Podolsky, and Rosen publish a paper arguing that quantum mechanics is not a complete physical theory (the EPR paradox).{{Cite web |url=https://journals.aps.org/pr/abstract/10.1103/PhysRev.47.777 |title="Can Quantum-Mechanical Description of Physical Reality Be Considered Complete?" |access-date=2011-04-10 }} Discussion of this introduces the 'Schrödinger's cat' thought experiment.{{cite journal|author-link=Erwin Schrödinger|first=Erwin|last=Schrödinger|title=Die gegenwärtige Situation in der Quantenmechanik|trans-title=The present situation in quantum mechanics|journal=Naturwissenschaften |date=November 1935|doi=10.1007/BF01491891|volume =23| issue= 49| pages= 807–812|bibcode=1935NW.....23..807S|s2cid=206795705}}
  • Jacques Yvon introduces S-particle distribution functions in classical statistical mechanics;{{cite book|first=J.|last=Yvon|year=1935|title=Theorie Statistique des Fluides et l'Equation et l'Equation d'État|series=Actes scientifique et industrie, 203|location=Paris|publisher=Hermann}} they will later be included in the BBGKY hierarchy.

Physiology and medicine

  • January 28 – Iceland becomes the first country to legalize abortion on medical grounds.
  • May – The hormone testosterone is first isolated and named by a team at Organon in the Netherlands led by German scientist Ernst Laqueur.{{cite journal|author=David K. G.|author2=Dingemanse, E.|author3=Freud, J. L.|title=Über krystallinisches mannliches Hormon aus Hoden (Testosteron) wirksamer als aus harn oder aus Cholesterin bereitetes Androsteron|trans-title=On crystalline male hormone from testicles (testosterone) effective as from urine or from cholesterol|language=de|journal=Hoppe-Seyler's Zeitschrift für Physiologische Chemie|volume=233|issue=5–6|pages=281–83|date=May 1935|doi=10.1515/bchm2.1935.233.5-6.281}} In August, the chemical synthesis of testosterone from cholesterol is achieved by Adolf Butenandt and Günther Hanisch.{{cite journal|last1=Butenandt|first1=A.|last2=Hanisch|first2=G.|title=Ũber die Umwandlung des Dehydroandrosterons in Androstenol-(17)-one-(3) (Testosterone): um Weg zur Darstellung des Testosterons auf Cholesterin (Vorlauf Mitteilung)|trans-title=The conversion of dehydroandrosterone into androstenol-(17)-one-3 (testosterone): a method for the production of testosterone from cholesterol (preliminary communication)|journal=Chemische Berichte|year=1935|volume=68|issue=9|pages=1859–62|language=de|doi=10.1002/cber.19350680937}} A week later, the Ciba group in Zurich, Leopold Ruzicka and A. Wettstein, publish their synthesis of the hormone.{{cite journal|last1=Ruzicka|first1=L.|last2=Wettstein|first2=A.|title=Ũber die kristallinische Herstellung des Testikelhormons, Testosteron (Androsten-3-ol-17-ol)|trans-title=The crystalline production of the testicle hormone, testosterone (Androsten-3-ol-17-ol)|journal=Helvetica Chimica Acta|year=1935|volume=18|pages=1264–75|language=de|doi=10.1002/hlca.193501801176}}
  • Ladislas J. Meduna discovers metrazol shock therapy.
  • First vaccine for yellow fever.
  • German physician Karl Matthes develops the first two-wavelength ear O2 saturation meter.{{cite journal|last=Matthes|first=K.|title=Untersuchungen über die Sauerstoffsättigung des menschlichen Arterienblutes|trans-title=Studies on the Oxygen Saturation of Arterial Human Blood|journal=Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Archives of Pharmacology|volume=179|issue=6|pages=698–711|doi=10.1007/BF01862691|year=1935|s2cid=24678464}}

Technology

  • January 24 – The first beer can is sold in Richmond, Virginia, United States, by the Gottfried Krueger Brewing Company.{{cite journal|last=Maxwell|first=D. B. S.|title=Beer Cans: A Guide for the Archaeologist|journal=Historical Archaeology|year=1993|volume=27|issue=1|pages=95–113|doi=10.1007/BF03373561|jstor=25616219|s2cid=160267011}}
  • June 12 – Conrad Bahr and George Pfefferle file a United States patent for an adjustable ratcheting torque wrench.{{cite patent|country=US|number=2074079|title=Torque measuring wrench|pubdate=1937-03-16|inventor=Charles, Bahr Conrad & Pfefferle, George H.|url=http://www.freepatentsonline.com/2074079.html}}
  • July 16 – The world's first parking meter is installed in Oklahoma City to a design by Holger George Thuesen and Gerald A. Hale patented by Carl Magee.United States patent #2,118,318 for a "coin controlled parking meter" filed 13 May 1935.{{cite web |url=http://www.cityofinglewood.org/news/displaynews.asp?NewsID=466 |publisher=Inglewood, California |title=Inglewood Did Not Invent The Parking Meter |access-date=2012-02-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314022517/http://www.cityofinglewood.org/news/displaynews.asp?NewsID=466 |archive-date=2012-03-14 |url-status=dead }}{{cite web|url=http://www.pom.com/|title=POM Parking Meters|access-date=2012-02-17}}{{cite journal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wN8DAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA519|title=Coin-in-Slot Parking Meter Brings Revenue to City|journal=Popular Mechanics|date=October 1935|page=519|last1=Magazines|first1=Hearst}}{{cite journal|title=70 Years Ago – Tick Tick Tick|journal=Smithsonian |page=18 |date=May 2008}}{{cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB118574808780081653?mod=hps_us_editors_picks|last=Crossen|first=Cynthia|title=When Parallel Parking Was New and Meters Seemed Un-American|newspaper=The Wall Street Journal|date=2007-07-30|access-date=2012-02-17}}The History Channel. History's Lost and Found.{{cite news|last=Chan|first=Sewell|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/12/20/nyregion/20cnd-meter.html?ex=1324270800&en=1b3d441d5381e8c5&ei=5088&partner=rssnyt&emc=rss|title=New York Retires Last Mechanical Parking Meter|newspaper=The New York Times|date=2006-12-20|access-date=2012-02-17}}
  • November 6
  • Edwin H. Armstrong presents his paper on FM broadcasting, "A Method of Reducing Disturbances in Radio Signaling by a System of Frequency Modulation", to the New York section of the Institute of Radio Engineers.
  • First flight of the Hawker Hurricane British fighter aircraft, designed by Sydney Camm.
  • Callender-Hamilton bridge patented by A. M. Hamilton.
  • Helical lobe rotary-screw compressor patented by Alf Lysholm of Ljungstroms Angturbin in Sweden.

Events

  • September 16–21 – First Congress for the Unity of Science is held at the Sorbonne.{{cite book|last1=Stadler|first1=Friedrich|title=The Vienna Circle: studies in the origins, development, and influence of logical empiricism|date=2015|orig-year=2001|series=Vienna Circle Institute library|volume=4|edition=Abridged and revised|publisher=Springer Verlag|location=Cham|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2rAlCQAAQBAJ|doi=10.1007/978-3-319-16561-5|isbn=9783319165608|oclc=911018849}}{{rp|171}}

Awards

Births

  • January 26 – Andrew J. Stofan, American astronautical engineer.
  • January 29 – Roger Payne (died 2023), American biologist and zoologist.{{cite book|author=Roger Searle Payne|title=The Acoustical Location of Prey by the Barn Owl (Tyto Alba).|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XyxBAAAAYAAJ|year=1962|publisher=Cornell University, Feb.}}
  • February 15 – Roger B. Chaffee (died in accident 1967), American astronaut.{{cite web |title=Roger B. Chaffee {{!}} American astronaut |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Roger-B-Chaffee |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |access-date=19 January 2021 }}
  • February 27 – Anne Treisman, née Taylor (died 2018), English-born psychologist.
  • April 11 – Kazys Almenas (died 2017), Lithuanian physicist, engineer and publisher.
  • April 25 – Jim Peebles, Canadian-born theoretical cosmologist, winner of the Nobel Prize in Physics.{{cite web|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/2019/peebles/facts/|title=James Peebles|website=Nobel Prize|access-date=August 5, 2021}}
  • June 1 – Jacqueline Naze Tjøtta (died 2017), French-born mathematician.{{cite encyclopedia|year=1973|title=Tjøtta, Jacqueline Andrée Naze|encyclopedia=Hvem er hvem?|editor=Steenstrup, Bjørn|publisher=Aschehoug|location=Oslo|url=https://runeberg.org/hvemerhvem/1973/0564.html|page=564|language=no|access-date=2017-04-09}}{{Cite news|url=http://www.aftenposten.no/personalia/Nekrolog-Jacqueline-Andre-Naze-Tjotta-617311b.html|title=Nekrolog: Jacqueline Andreè Naze Tjøtta|work=Aftenposten|first1=Jarle|last1=Berntsen|first2=Per|last2=Lunde|language=no|date=2017-03-16|access-date=2017-04-09}}
  • June 14 – Louise Hay, née Schmir (died 1989), French-born American mathematician.
  • June 25 – Charles Sheffield (died 2002), English-born science fiction author and physicist.
  • June 30 – Animesh Chakravorty, Bengali Indian academic, chemistry professor.
  • July 2 – Sergei Khrushchev, Soviet, Russian and American control engineer (died 2020).{{cite book|author=S. Gerovitch|title=Voices of the Soviet Space Program: Cosmonauts, Soldiers, and Engineers Who Took the USSR into Space|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V9q_BwAAQBAJ&pg=PT81|date=16 December 2014|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan US|isbn=978-1-137-48179-5|pages=81}}
  • July 7 – H. Franklin Bunn, American physician, hematologist and biochemist.
  • July 12 – Satoshi Ōmura, Japanese biochemist, winner of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.{{cite book|title=Heterocycles|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GixFAQAAIAAJ|year=2006|publisher=Sendai Institute of Heterocyclic Chemistry|page=7}}
  • July 14 – Ei-ichi Negishi, Japanese chemist, winner of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry.{{cite book|author=John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation|title=Reports of the President and of the Treasurer|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3JrWAAAAMAAJ|year=1987|publisher=John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation|page=77}}
  • August 3 – Georgy Shonin (died 1997), Ukrainian cosmonaut.
  • August 26 – Karen Spärck Jones (died 2007), English computer scientist.
  • September 11 – Gherman Titov (died 2000), Soviet cosmonaut.
  • September 12 – Harvey J. Alter, American virologist, winner of the Nobel Prize.
  • September 19 – Milan Antal (died 1999), Slovak astronomer
  • October 23 – JacSue Kehoe, American neuroscientist
  • October 26 – Ora Mendelsohn Rosen (died 1990), American biomedical researcher.
  • October 31 – Ronald Graham (died 2020), American mathematician.
  • November 16 – Magdi Yacoub, Egyptian-born cardiothoracic surgeon.
  • November 20 – Michael F. Ashby, English materials engineer.
  • December 27 – Stephan Tanneberger (died 2018), German oncologist, chemist.

Deaths

  • February 15 – Bohuslav Brauner, Czech chemist (born 1855){{cite book|title=Collection des travaux chimiques de Tchécoslovaquie|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LfkfAQAAMAAJ|year=1935|publisher=Tiskárna "Politika"|page=51}}
  • March 7 – Mary Gage Day, American physician (born 1857){{cite book|last=Leonard|first=John W.|title=Woman's Who's who of America: A Biographical Dictionary of Contemporary Women of the United States and Canada, 1914-1915|url=https://archive.org/details/womanswhoswhoam00leongoog|page=[https://archive.org/details/womanswhoswhoam00leongoog/page/n226 235]|edition=Public domain|year=1914|publisher=American commonwealth Company}}
  • March 12 – Mihajlo Pupin (born 1858), Serbian American physicist.
  • March 16 – John Macleod (born 1876), Scottish physician and physiologist, winner of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.{{cite book|title=Aberdeen University Review|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KdlZAAAAYAAJ|year=1989|publisher=Aberdeen University Press|page=290}}
  • May 12 – Abraham Groves (born 1847), Canadian surgeon.
  • May 21 – Hugo de Vries, Dutch botanist and geneticist (born 1848){{Cite journal | last1 = Hall | first1 = A. D. | title = Hugo de Vries. 1848-1935 | doi = 10.1098/rsbm.1935.0002 | journal = Obituary Notices of Fellows of the Royal Society | volume = 1 | issue = 4 | pages = 371–373 | year = 1935 | doi-access = free }}
  • July 3 – André Citroën (born 1878), French automobile manufacturer.{{cite book | last = Reynolds | first = John | title = André Citroën : the man and the motor cars | publisher = Alan Sutton | location = Stroud | year = 1996 | isbn = 9780750912587 | page=203}}
  • August 21 – Kintarô Okamura (born 1867), Japanese phycologist.
  • September 19 – Konstantin Tsiolkovsky, Russian rocket scientist (born 1857){{cite book|author=Dan Golenpaul|title=Information Please Almanac, Atlas and Yearbook|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MVFaAAAAYAAJ|year=1990|publisher=Doubleday|isbn=978-0-395-51177-0|page=358}}
  • September 28 – W. K. Dickson (born 1860), British cinematographic pioneer.{{cite ODNB |last1=Spehr |first1=Paul C. |title=Dickson, William Kennedy Laurie |date=2011 |doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/46453 |url=https://doi.org/10.1093/ref:odnb/46453 |access-date=21 April 2021}}
  • December 4 – Charles Richet (born 1850), French physiologist, winner of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.{{cite book | last = Leroy | first = Francis | title = A century of Nobel Prizes recipients: chemistry, physics, and medicine | publisher = Marcel Dekker | location = New York | year = 2003 | isbn = 9780824708764 | page=243}}
  • November 6 – Henry Fairfield Osborn (born 1857), American paleontologist.
  • November 21 – Agnes Pockels (born 1862), German chemist.{{cite book | last = Creese | first = Mary | title = Ladies in the laboratory II : West European women in science, 1800-1900 : a survey of their contributions to research | publisher = Scarecrow Press | location = Lanham, Md | year = 2004 | isbn = 9780810849792 | page=148}}
  • December 10 – Sir John Carden, 6th Baronet (born 1892), English tank and vehicle designer (died in 1935 SABENA Savoia-Marchetti S.73 crash).
  • December 12 – Charles Loomis Dana (born 1852), American neurologist.
  • December 13 – Victor Grignard, French chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (born 1871){{cite book|title=Academic American Encyclopedia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eY4xAQAAIAAJ|year=1993|publisher=Grolier|isbn=978-0-7172-2047-2|page=363}}

References

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Category:20th century in science

Category:1930s in science