1999 Malaysian general election
{{Short description|none}}
{{Infobox election
| country = Malaysia
| type = parliamentary
| previous_election = 1995 Malaysian general election
| previous_year = 1995
| previous_mps = Members of the Dewan Rakyat, 9th Malaysian Parliament
| next_election = 2004 Malaysian general election
| next_year = 2004
| seats_for_election = All 193 seats in the Dewan Rakyat
| election_date = {{Start date|df=yes|1999|11|29}}
| elected_mps = Members elected
| majority_seats = 97
| registered = 9,546,303
| turnout = 71.19%
| image1 = Malaysian Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad at the 1998 APEC Summit.jpg
| leader1 = Mahathir Mohamad
| party1 = UMNO
| popular_vote1 = 3,763,003
| percentage1 = 56.52%
| last_election1 = 162 seats, 65.16%
| seats1 = 148
| seat_change1 = {{decrease}} 14
| swing1 = {{decrease}}8.64pp
| image2 = Fadzil Noor 2.jpg
| leader2 = Fadzil Noor
| party2 = PAS
| popular_vote2 = 2,681,460
| percentage2 = 40.28%
| last_election2 = 16 seats
| seats2 = 42
| seat_change2 = {{increase}} 26
| swing2 = {{increase}} 10.75pp
| image3 = Penampang_Sabah_Joseph-Pairin-Kitingan-02.jpg
| leader3 = Joseph Pairin Kitingan
| party3 = United Sabah Party
| popular_vote3 = 143,338
| percentage3 = 2.15%
| last_election3 = 3.33%, 8 seats
| seats3 = 3
| seat_change3 = {{decrease}} 5
| swing3 = {{decrease}}1.18pp
| title = Prime Minister
| posttitle = Prime Minister-designate
| before_election = Mahathir Mohamad
| before_party = Barisan Nasional
| after_election = Mahathir Mohamad
| after_party = Barisan Nasional
| alliance1 = BN
| alliance3 = {{ndash}}
| alliance3_name = no
| alliance2 = BA
}}
General elections were held in Malaysia on Monday, 29 November 1999. Voting took place in all 193 parliamentary constituencies of Malaysia, each electing one Member of Parliament to the Dewan Rakyat, the dominant house of Parliament. State elections also took place in 394 state constituencies in 11 out of 13 states of Malaysia (except Sabah and Sarawak) on the same day. They were the last elections for Mahathir Mohamad as Prime Minister and Chairman of Barisan Nasional, until 2018. They were also the first elections held in a single day nationwide.
The opposition won a total of 113 state assembly seats, 98 of which went to the PAS, 11 to the DAP and 4 for Keadilan.{{Cite web |url=http://www.spr.gov.my/index/1999_Pilihan%20Raya%20DUN.htm |title=Pilihan Raya umum 1999 - Dewan Undangan Negeri |access-date=2008-09-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171009175318/http://www.spr.gov.my/index/1999_Pilihan%20Raya%20DUN.htm |archive-date=2017-10-09 |url-status=dead|website=Election Commission of Malaysia}} In the states of Kelantan and Terengganu, the PAS won by a huge margin–41-2 against Barisan Nasional out of a total of 43 seats and 28-4 out of a total of 32 seats respectively, hence allowing them to form the state governments in these states. In addition, PAS also captured one-third of the state seats in Kedah, with the remaining two-thirds going to Barisan Nasional (UMNO won 16 seats, MCA 2 seats in Kedah).
The election results were seen as a great gain for PAS, who previously had no state seats in Kedah and capturing only one seat in Terengganu in the 1995 General Elections. Observers attributed this to the neglect by the Federal Administration in the states of Terengganu and Kelantan due to administration by different parties.{{cite book|title=Malaysia recent trends and challenges|author=Swee-Hock Saw, K. Kesavapany|publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies|pages=97–8|year=2006|isbn=981-230-339-1}}
Results
{{Election results
|image=File:Dewan Rakyat 1999 (blocs).svg
|alliance1=Barisan Nasional|aspan1=14|party1=United Malays National Organisation|votes1=1985943|seats1=72|sc1=–17
|party2=Malaysian Chinese Association|votes2=960770|seats2=29|sc2=–1
|party3=Parti Gerakan Rakyat Malaysia|votes3=187323|seats3=6|sc3=–1
|party4=Malaysian Indian Congress|votes4=171998|seats4=7|sc4=0
|party5=Sarawak United Peoples' Party|votes5=129356|seats5=7|sc5=0
|party6=Parti Pesaka Bumiputera Bersatu|votes6=111389|seats6=10|sc6=0
|party7=Parti Bansa Dayak Sarawak|votes7=51803|seats7=6|sc7=+1
|party8=UPKO|votes8=46913|seats8=3|sc8=New
|party9=Sabah Progressive Party|votes9=46756|seats9=2|sc9=0
|party10=Sarawak National Party|votes10=45419|seats10=4|sc10=+1
|party11=Liberal Democratic Party|votes11=12800|seats11=1|sc11=0
|party12=Parti Bersatu Rakyat Sabah|votes12=12533|seats12=0|sc12=0
|party13=Independent|votes13=|seats13=1|sc13=0
|atotal14=3763003|aseats14=148|sc14=–14
|alliance17=Barisan Alternatif|aspan17=5|party17=Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party|votes17=996466|seats17=27|sc17=+20
|party18=Democratic Action Party|votes18=848040|seats18=10|sc18=+1
|party19=National Justice Party|votes19=767964|seats19=5|sc19=New
|party20=Parti Rakyat Malaysia|votes20=68990|seats20=0|sc20=0
|atotal21=2681460|aseats21=42|sc21=+26
|alliance22=United Sabah Party|votes22=143338|seats22=3|sc22=–5
|alliance23=State Reform Party|votes23=23354|seats23=0|sc23=New
|alliance24=Malaysian Democratic Party|votes24=7601|seats24=0|sc24=New
|alliance25=Pan-Malaysian Islamic Front|votes25=409|seats25=0|sc25=New
|alliance26=Malaysian People's Justice Front|votes26=274|seats26=0|sc26=0
|alliance27=Independents|votes27=38054|seats27=0|sc27=0
|invalid=138256
|total_sc=+1
|electorate=9546303
|source=[http://www.electionpassport.com/files/MY/MY.xlsx Election Passport]
}}
=By state=
== Johor ==
{{Election results
|alliance1=Barisan Nasional|aspan1=4|party1=United Malays National Organisation|votes1=393831|seats1=13|sc1=0
|party2=Malaysian Chinese Association|votes2=190871|seats2=6|sc2=0
|party3=Malaysian Indian Congress|votes3=26351|seats3=1|sc3=0
|atotal4=611053|aseats4=20|sc4=0
|alliance5=Barisan Alternatif|aspan5=5|party5=Democratic Action Party|votes5=79200|seats5=0|sc5=0
|party6=Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party|votes6=57273|seats6=0|sc6=0
|party7=National Justice Party|votes7=62554|seats7=0|sc7=New
|party8=Parti Rakyat Malaysia|votes8=27912|seats8=0|sc8=0
|atotal9=226939|aseats9=0|sc9=0
|invalid=23206
|total_sc=0
|electorate=1190400
}}
== Kedah ==
{{Election results
|alliance1=Barisan Nasional|aspan1=3|party1=United Malays National Organisation|votes1=260380|seats1=5|sc1=–8
|party2=Malaysian Chinese Association|votes2=55242|seats2=2|sc2=0
|atotal3=315622|aseats3=7|sc3=–8
|alliance4=Barisan Alternatif|aspan4=4|party4=Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party|votes4=171825|seats4=8|sc4=+8
|party5=National Justice Party|votes5=65371|seats5=0|sc5=New
|party6=Democratic Action Party|votes6=13258|seats6=0|sc6=0
|atotal7=250454|aseats7=10|sc7=+8
|invalid=10988
|total_sc=0
|electorate=765028
}}
== Kelantan ==
{{Election results
|alliance1=Barisan Alternatif|aspan1=3|party1=Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party|votes1=228111|seats1=10|sc1=+4
|party2=National Justice Party|votes2=64763|seats2=3|sc2=New
|atotal3=292874|aseats3=13|sc3=+8
|alliance4=Barisan Nasional|party4=United Malays National Organisation|votes4=187102|seats4=1|sc4=–1
|alliance5=Pan-Malaysian Islamic Front|votes5=409|seats5=0|sc5=New
|alliance6=Malaysian People's Justice Front|votes6=274|seats6=0|sc6=0
|invalid=9151
|total_sc=0
|electorate=641754
}}
== Kuala Lumpur ==
{{Election results
|alliance1=Barisan Nasional|aspan1=4|party1=Malaysian Chinese Association|votes1=82298|seats1=1
|party2=Parti Gerakan Rakyat Malaysia|votes2=70884|seats2=2
|party3=United Malays National Organisation|votes3=67310|seats3=3
|atotal4=220492|aseats4=6
|alliance5=Barisan Alternatif|aspan5=5|party5=Democratic Action Party|votes5=116776|seats5=4
|party6=National Justice Party|votes6=62600|seats6=0
|party7=Parti Rakyat Malaysia|votes7=20342|seats7=0
|party8=Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party|votes8=17111|seats8=0
|atotal9=216829|aseats9=4
|alliance10=Malaysian Democratic Party|votes10=457|seats10=0
|alliance11=Independents|votes11=1335|seats11=0
|invalid=4100
|electorate=627377
}}
== Labuan ==
{{Election results
|alliance1=Barisan Nasional|party1=United Malays National Organisation|votes1=8687|seats1=1|sc1=0
|alliance2=United Sabah Party|votes2=2172|seats2=0|sc2=0
|alliance3=Barisan Alternatif|party3=Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party|votes3=1318|seats3=0|sc3=New
|total_sc=0
|invalid=176
|electorate=21611
}}
== Malacca ==
{{Election results
|alliance1=Barisan Nasional|aspan1=3|party1=United Malays National Organisation|votes1=85912|seats1=3|sc1=0
|party2=Malaysian Chinese Association|votes2=46891|seats2=1|sc2=0
|atotal3=132803|aseats3=4|sc3=0
|alliance4=Barisan Alternatif|aspan4=4|party4=National Justice Party|votes4=43051|seats4=0|sc4=New
|party5=Democratic Action Party|votes5=33611|seats5=1|sc5=0
|party6=Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party|votes6=25239|seats6=0|sc6=0
|atotal7=101901|aseats7=1|sc7=0
|invalid=5469
|total_sc=0
|electorate=313676
}}
==Negeri Sembilan==
{{Election results
|alliance1=Barisan Nasional|aspan1=4|party1=United Malays National Organisation|votes1=79193|seats1=4|sc1=0
|party2=Malaysian Chinese Association|votes2=61880|seats2=2|sc2=0
|party3=Malaysian Indian Congress|votes3=27112|seats3=1|sc3=0
|atotal4=168185|aseats4=7|sc4=0
|alliance5=Barisan Alternatif|aspan5=4|party5=Democratic Action Party|votes5=68526|seats5=0|sc5=0
|party6=Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party|votes6=23773|seats6=0|sc6=0
|party7=National Justice Party|votes7=23585|seats7=0|sc7=New
|atotal8=116884|aseats8=0|sc8=0
|invalid=8318
|total_sc=0
|electorate=406541
}}
==Pahang==
{{Election results
|alliance1=Barisan Nasional|aspan1=3|party1=United Malays National Organisation|votes1=149279|seats1=8|sc1=0
|party2=Malaysian Chinese Association|votes2=66015|seats2=3|sc2=0
|atotal3=215294|aseats3=11|sc3=0
|alliance4=Barisan Alternatif|aspan4=4|party4=Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party|votes4=81984|seats4=0|sc4=0
|party5=National Justice Party|votes5=50711|seats5=0|sc5=New
|party6=Democratic Action Party|votes6=26786|seats6=0|sc6=0
|atotal7=159481|aseats7=0|sc7=0
|invalid=9672
|total_sc=0
|electorate=522871
}}
==Penang==
{{Election results
|alliance1=Barisan Nasional|aspan1=4|party1=Malaysian Chinese Association|votes1=84698|seats1=1|sc1=–1
|party2=Parti Gerakan Rakyat Malaysia|votes2=83607|seats2=2|sc2=0
|party3=United Malays National Organisation|votes3=79565|seats3=3|sc3=–1
|atotal4=247870|aseats4=6|sc4=–2
|alliance5=Barisan Alternatif|aspan5=4|party5=Democratic Action Party|votes5=169973|seats5=4|sc5=+1
|party6=National Justice Party|votes6=54987|seats6=1|sc6=New
|party7=Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party|votes7=8810|seats7=0|sc7=0
|atotal8=233770|aseats8=5|sc8=+2
|alliance9=Independents|votes9=942|seats9=0|sc9=0
|invalid=10150
|total_sc=0
|electorate=653572
}}
==Perak==
{{Election results
|alliance1=Barisan Nasional|aspan1=5|party1=Malaysian Chinese Association|votes1=179632|seats1=6|sc1=–1
|party2=United Malays National Organisation|votes2=170223|seats2=9|sc2=–2
|party3=Parti Gerakan Rakyat Malaysia|votes3=32832|seats3=3|sc3=0
|party4=Malaysian Indian Congress|votes4=32425|seats4=2|sc4=0
|atotal5=415112|aseats5=20|sc5=–3
|alliance6=Barisan Alternatif|aspan6=4|party6=Democratic Action Party|votes6=156110|seats6=1|sc6=+1
|party7=Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party|votes7=93454|seats7=2|sc7=+2
|party8=National Justice Party|votes8=80067|seats8=0|sc8=New
|atotal9=329631|aseats9=3|sc9=+3
|alliance10=Malaysian Democratic Party|votes10=3312|seats10=0|sc10=New
|invalid=20419
|total_sc=0
|electorate=1159858
}}
==Perlis==
{{Election results
|alliance1=Barisan Nasional|party1=United Malays National Organisation|votes1=46212|seats1=3|sc1=0
|alliance3=Barisan Alternatif|aspan3=3|party3=Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party|votes3=26191|seats3=0|sc3=0
|party4=National Justice Party|votes4=9867|seats4=0|sc4=New
|atotal5=36058|aseats5=0|sc5=9
|invalid=896
|total_sc=0
|electorate=105733
}}
==Sabah==
{{Election results
|alliance1=Barisan Nasional|aspan1=6|party1=United Malays National Organisation|votes1=139654|seats1=11|sc1=+2
|party2=UKPO|votes2=46913|seats2=3|sc2=New
|party3=Sabah Progressive Party|votes3=46756|seats3=2|sc3=0
|party4=Liberal Democratic Party|votes4=12800|seats4=1|sc4=0
|party5=Parti Bersatu Rakyat Sabah|votes5=12533|seats5=0|sc5=New
|atotal6=258656|aseats6=17|sc6=+5
|alliance7=United Sabah Party|votes7=141166|seats7=3|sc7=–5
|alliance8=Barisan Alternatif|aspan8=4|party8=National Justice Party|votes8=18344|seats8=0|sc8=New
|party9=Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party|votes9=2244|seats9=0|sc9=0
|party10=Democratic Action Party|votes10=973|seats10=0|sc10=0
|atotal11=21561|aseats11=0|sc11=0
|alliance12=Malaysian Democratic Party|votes12=2956|seats12=0|sc12=New
|alliance13=State Reform Party|votes13=206|seats13=0|sc13=New
|alliance14=Independents|votes14=11028|seats14=0|sc14=0
|invalid=4840
|total_sc=0
|electorate=719151
}}
==Sarawak==
{{Election results
|alliance1=Barisan Nasional|aspan1=6|party1=Sarawak United Peoples' Party|votes1=129356|seats1=7|sc1=0
|party2=Parti Pesaka Bumiputera Bersatu|votes2=111389|seats2=10|sc2=+1
|party3=Parti Bansa Dayak Sarawak|votes3=51803|seats3=6|sc3=0
|party4=Sarawak National Party|votes4=45419|seats4=4|sc4=0
|party5=Independent|votes5=|seats5=1|sc5=0
|atotal6=337967|aseats6=28|sc6=+1
|alliance7=Barisan Alternatif|aspan7=4|party7=Democratic Action Party|votes7=75922|seats7=0|sc7=New
|party8=National Justice Party|votes8=49774|seats8=0|sc8=New
|party9=Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party|votes9=2438|seats9=0|sc9=0
|atotal10=128134|aseats10=0|sc10=0
|alliance11=State Reform Party|votes11=23148|seats11=0|sc11=New
|alliance12=Independents|votes12=22005|seats12=0|sc12=0
|invalid=8781
|total_sc=+1
|electorate=835027
}}
==Selangor==
{{Election results
|alliance1=Barisan Nasional|aspan1=4|party1=Malaysian Chinese Association|votes1=193243|seats1=6|sc1=0
|party2=United Malays National Organisation|votes2=190895|seats2=8|sc2=0
|party3=Malaysian Indian Congress|votes3=86110|seats3=3|sc3=0
|atotal4=470248|aseats4=17|sc4=0
|alliance5=Barisan Alternatif|aspan5=5|party5=National Justice Party|votes5=161575|seats5=0|sc5=New
|party6=Democratic Action Party|votes6=106905|seats6=0|sc6=0
|party7=Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party|votes7=95643|seats7=0|sc7=0
|party8=Parti Rakyat Malaysia|votes8=20736|seats8=0|sc8=0
|atotal9=384859|aseats9=0|sc9=0
|alliance10=Malaysian Democratic Party|votes10=876|seats10=0|sc10=New
|alliance11=Independents|votes11=2569|seats11=0|sc11=0
|invalid=16785
|total_sc=0
|electorate=1196365
}}
==Terengganu==
{{Election results
|alliance1=Barisan Alternatif|aspan1=3|party1=Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party|votes1=161052|seats1=7|sc1=+6
|party2=National Justice Party|votes2=20715|seats2=1|sc2=New
|atotal3=181767|aseats3=8|sc3=+7
|alliance4=Barisan Nasional|party4=United Malays National Organisation|votes4=127700|seats4=0|sc4=–7
|alliance5=Independents|votes5=175|seats5=0|sc5=0
|invalid=5305
|total_sc=0
|electorate=387339
}}
See also
References
- {{cite journal | last1 = Chin | first1 = James | year = 2000 | title = A New Balance: The Chinese Vote in the 1999 Malaysian General Election | journal = South East Asia Research | volume = 8 | issue = 3| pages = 281–299 | doi = 10.5367/000000000101297299 | s2cid = 156133362 }}
- [http://www.singapore-window.org/sw99/91213af2.htm "Malaysia unlikely to go fundamentalist: Lee Kuan Yew"]. (Dec. 13, 1999). Agence France Presse.
{{reflist}}
External links
- [https://web.archive.org/web/20040813055711/http://www.saag.org/papers/paper95.html South Asia Analysis Group] synopsis of the 1999 election results.
- [https://web.archive.org/web/20070223092406/http://www.iseas.edu.sg/trends120.pdf Trends in Malaysia: Election Assessment] (PDF) a 62 pages collection of papers from Institute of Southeast Asian Studies after the 1999 election.
{{Malaysian elections}}