1 Samuel 22

This chapter was originally written in the Hebrew language. It is divided into 23 verses.

Some early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter in Hebrew are of the Masoretic Text tradition, which includes the Codex Cairensis (895), Aleppo Codex (10th century), and Codex Leningradensis (1008).{{sfn|Würthwein|1995|pp=35-37}} Fragments containing parts of this chapter in Hebrew were found among the Dead Sea Scrolls including 4Q51 (4QSam{{sup|a}}; 100–50 BCE) with extant verses 10–11{{sfn|Ulrich|2010|pp=281–282}}[https://thewaytoyahuweh.com/dead-sea-scrolls/general-info/#1_samuel Dead sea scrolls - 1 Samuel]{{sfn|Fitzmyer|2008|p=35}}[https://www.deadseascrolls.org.il/explore-the-archive/manuscript/4Q51-1 4Q51 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library] and 4Q52 (4QSam{{sup|b}}; 250 BCE) with extant verses 8–9.{{sfn|Ulrich|2010|pp=281–282}}{{sfn|Fitzmyer|2008|p=35}}[https://www.deadseascrolls.org.il/explore-the-archive/manuscript/4Q52-1 4Q52 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library]

Extant ancient manuscripts of a translation into Koine Greek known as the Septuagint (originally was made in the last few centuries BCE) include Codex Vaticanus (B; $\backslash mathfrak\{G\}$^B; 4th century) and Codex Alexandrinus (A; $\backslash mathfrak\{G\}$^A; 5th century).{{sfn|Würthwein|1995|pp=73-74}}{{efn|The whole book of 1 Samuel is missing from the extant Codex Sinaiticus.{{Catholic Encyclopedia|wstitle=Codex Sinaiticus}}}}

• {{bibleverse|1 Samuel|22:1–5|9}}: {{bibleverse|Psalm|57:1–11|9}}; {{bibleverse|Psalm|142:1–7|9}}[https://biblehub.com/bsb/1_samuel/22.htm 1 Samuel 22 Berean Study Bible]. Biblehub
• {{bibleverse|1 Samuel|22:6–23|9}}: {{bibleverse|Psalm|52:1–9|9}}

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• Adullam
• Gibeah
• Hereth
• Mizpah or Mizpeh in Moab
• Nob
• Ramah

David was now an outlaw (continued throughout chapters 26) and hid in Adullam, where he was joined by his family and 'all those who were deprived and embittered', so he became a leader of a group of 'malcontents'.{{sfn|Jones|2007|p=210}}

{{sup|1}}David therefore departed from there and escaped to the cave of Adullam. So when his brothers and all his father’s house heard it, they went down there to him. {{sup|2}}And everyone who was in distress, everyone who was in debt, and everyone who was discontented gathered to him. So he became captain over them. And there were about four hundred men with him."{{bibleref2|1 Samuel|22:1–2|NKJV}} NKJV

• "Adullam": was a 'cave' (according to Masoretic Text), which also functioned as a 'stronghold' (according to Septuagint; cf. verse 4), located to the south-west of Jerusalem in the Shephelah.{{sfn|Jones|2007|p=210}} The geographical condition of the wilderness around Adullam in Judah had long been a hideout of fugitives.{{sfn|Coogan|2007|p=434 Hebrew Bible}}

{{sup|3}}Then David went from there to Mizpah of Moab; and he said to the king of Moab, "Please let my father and mother come here with you, till I know what God will do for me." {{sup|4}}So he brought them before the king of Moab, and they dwelt with him all the time that David was in the stronghold."{{bibleref2|1 Samuel|22:3–4|NKJV}} NKJV

Due to the uncertainty of his life as outlaw and how it would affect his family, David sought asylum for his parents in Moab, for some reasons: his ancestry connections with Moab through Ruth (Ruth 4:17–22), and the likely support from an enemy of Saul, who had defeated Moab in battle (1 Samuel 14:47).{{sfn|Jones|2007|p=210}} This action proved to be correct because Saul was very suspicious of any conspiracy and would kill anyone he suspected to do so, including their families (verses 8, 13).{{sfn|Jones|2007|p=210}}

Then the prophet Gad said to David, “Do not remain in the stronghold; depart, and go into the land of Judah.” So David departed and went into the forest of Hereth.{{bibleref2|1 Samuel|22:5|ESV}} ESV

• Gad: later became a court prophet (2 Samuel 24:11–19).{{sfn|Jones|2007|p=210}}
• "Hereth" (KJV: "Hareth"): is a forested area in Judah, assumed to be on the border of the Philistine plain, in the southern part of Judah.[http://www.biblicalcyclopedia.com/F/forest.html McClintock and Strong Biblical Cyclopedia: Forest]

The sequel narrative to David's visit to Nob opened with Saul sitting in council at Gibeah (cf. 14:2) accusing the members of his own tribe ('you Benjaminites') of conspiracy and of not disclosing to him the pact between David and Jonathan (verse 8); therefore immediately isolated himself from his own clan.{{sfn|Jones|2007|p=210}} Doeg the Edomite, the 'chief of the shepherds' in 1 Samuel 21:7, now was titled 'in charge of Saul's servants' (KJV: "set over the servants of Saul"), reported Ahimelech's assistance to David by giving him bread and Goliath's sword.{{sfn|Jones|2007|p=210–211}} Ahimelech, who was called to come before Saul, protested his innocence by claiming that he only treated David as Saul's obedient servant and son-in-law without knowledge a change in David's status.{{sfn|Jones|2007|p=211}} No matter what, Saul commanded his servants to kill the priests, but they refused to obey, so Saul commanded Doeg, who being an Edomite dared to execute the entire priesthood of Nob and commit blood revenge on the whole city (verse 19).{{sfn|Jones|2007|p=211}}{{sfn|Coogan|2007|p=434 Hebrew Bible}} One priest, Abiathar son of Ahimelech son of Ahitub, escaped and attached himself to David, thereby fulfilling the prophecy of 2:27–36,{{sfn|Coogan|2007|p=435 Hebrew Bible}} as well as securing for David the service of a priest with ephod (including "Urim and Thummim"; cf. 1 Samuel 23:9–12).{{sfn|Jones|2007|p=211}} The priest Abiathar remained with him as high priest until he was eventually banished by Solomon (1 Kings 2:26–27).{{sfn|Jones|2007|p=211}} In the end this narrative contrasts Saul, whose act of reprisal had lost for him the service of a priesthood, and David, who had access to YHWH through the only priest left.{{sfn|Jones|2007|p=211}}

{{sup|9}}Then answered Doeg the Edomite, who was set over the servants of Saul, and said, “I saw the son of Jesse going to Nob, to Ahimelech the son of Ahitub. {{sup|10}}And he inquired of the Lord for him, gave him provisions, and gave him the sword of Goliath the Philistine.”{{bibleref2|1 Samuel|22:9–10|NKJV}} NKJV

The reference to Doeg the Edomite in 1 Samuel 21:7 becomes meaningful in this part of narrative, which may add to the long-standing animosity between Israel and Edom (Genesis 25:25, 30; Numbers 20:1–21; Judges 3:7-11).{{sfn|Jones|2007|p=210}}

{{columns-list|colwidth=22em|

• Abiathar
• Ahimelech
• Ahitub
• Ephod
• Edomite
• Goliath
• Herder
• Jesse
• Kohen
• Philistines
• Saul
• Tribe of Benjamin}}
• Related Bible parts: 1 Samuel 17, 1 Samuel 18, 1 Samuel 20, 1 Samuel 21

{{notelist}}

{{reflist}}

{{Refbegin}}

• {{Cite book|last=Auld|first=Graeme|chapter=1 & 2 Samuel|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2Vo-11umIZQC&pg=PA213 |editor=James D. G. Dunn and John William Rogerson|title=Eerdmans Commentary on the Bible|publisher=Eerdmans|year=2003|isbn=9780802837110}}
• {{Cite book|last=Bergen|first=David T.|title=1, 2 Samuel|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eGT6fWsajqcC |publisher=B&H Publishing Group|year=1996|isbn=9780805401073}}
• {{Cite book| last=Chapman |first= Stephen B. |title= 1 Samuel as Christian Scripture: A Theological Commentary |publisher= Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Company |year= 2016 |isbn= 978-1467445160 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=kS4XDAAAQBAJ }}
• {{Cite book| last=Evans |first= Paul |title= 1-2 Samuel | series = The Story of God Bible Commentary | editor-first= Tremper | editor-last= Longman |publisher= Zondervan Academic |year= 2018 |isbn= 978-0310490944 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=Uy8-DwAAQBAJ }}
• {{Cite book|last=Gordon|first=Robert|title=I & II Samuel, A Commentary|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JMJ1ZAnswuUC&dq=I+%26+II+Samuel:+a+commentary+Gordon&pg=PA338|publisher=Paternoster Press |year=1986 |isbn=9780310230229}}
• {{Cite book|last=Hertzberg|first=Hans Wilhelm|title=I & II Samuel, A Commentary|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=friNN7IdjOIC&q=Saul+appointed+anointed+instituted&pg=PA19|publisher=Westminster John Knox Press|year=1964|edition=trans. from German 2nd edition 1960|isbn=978-0664223182|page=19}}
• {{Cite book|last=Tsumura|first=David Toshio|title=The First Book of Samuel|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iLKAlhLDkMwC |publisher=Eerdmans|year=2007|isbn=9780802823595}}

{{Refend}}

{{Refbegin}}

• {{Cite book|last=Breytenbach|first=Andries|title=Past, Present, Future: the Deuteronomistic History and the Prophets |publisher= Brill| year=2000|chapter=Who Is Behind The Samuel Narrative? |chapter-url= https://books.google.com/books?id=uP22QHpnKq8C&dq=Breytenbach+Who+is+behind+the+Samuel+narrative&pg=PA50|editor=Johannes Cornelis de Moor and H.F. Van Rooy|isbn=9789004118713}}
• {{cite book | last= Coogan| first = Michael David | author-link= Michael D. Coogan | title = The New Oxford Annotated Bible with the Apocryphal/Deuterocanonical Books: New Revised Standard Version, Issue 48 | editor-last1 = Coogan | editor-first1= Michael David | editor-first2 = Marc Zvi | editor-last2 = Brettler | editor-first3 = Carol Ann | editor-last3 = Newsom | editor-first4= Pheme | editor-last4 = Perkins | edition= Augmented 3rd | publisher = Oxford University Press | year = 2007 |isbn = 978-0195288810 |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=HmpMPgAACAAJ}}
• {{cite book|last = Fitzmyer|first = Joseph A.|authorlink= Joseph Fitzmyer |title = A Guide to the Dead Sea Scrolls and Related Literature|publisher = William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company| url= https://books.google.com/books?id=TILXeWJ2eNAC | year = 2008|isbn = 9780802862419|location = Grand Rapids, MI }}
• {{cite book | last= Halley | first= Henry H. | author-link= Henry Hampton Halley | title= Halley's Bible Handbook: an abbreviated Bible commentary |edition=24th (revised)| publisher= Zondervan Publishing House | date= 1965 | url= https://archive.org/details/halleysbiblehand00henr | url-access= registration| isbn= 0-310-25720-4}}
• {{Cite book | last = Hayes | first = Christine | title = Introduction to the Bible |publisher = Yale University Press | year = 2015 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=SKbkXYHxvlAC |isbn = 978-0300188271}}
• {{cite book|last= Jones | first= Gwilym H. | chapter = 12. 1 and 2 Samuel | title=The Oxford Bible Commentary | editor-first1=John | editor-last1 = Barton | editor1-link = John Barton (theologian) | editor-first2=John | editor-last2= Muddiman | editor2-link = John Muddiman | publisher = Oxford University Press | edition= first (paperback) | year = 2007 | pages = 196–232 | isbn = 978-0199277186 | url= https://books.google.com/books?id=ZJdVkgEACAAJ | access-date=February 6, 2019}}
• {{Cite book|last=Klein|first=R.W.|chapter=Samuel, books of|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6OJvO2jMCr8C |editor=Bromiley, Geoffrey W|title=The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia|publisher=Eerdmans|year=2003|isbn=9780802837844}}
• {{Cite book|last=Knight|first=Douglas A|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SNLN1nEEys0C&q=630+BCE&pg=PA62|editor=James Luther Mays, David L. Petersen and Kent Harold Richards|chapter=Chapter 4 Deuteronomy and the Deuteronomists|title=Old Testament Interpretation|publisher=T&T Clark|year=1995|isbn=9780567292896 }}
• {{Cite book | editor-last = Ulrich | editor-first = Eugene | title = The Biblical Qumran Scrolls: Transcriptions and Textual Variants | year = 2010 | publisher = Brill | url = https://archive.org/details/TheBiblicalQumranScrolls }}
• {{cite book | last = Würthwein | first = Ernst | author-link = Ernst Würthwein | title = The Text of the Old Testament | publisher = Wm. B. Eerdmans |location = Grand Rapids, MI | year= 1995 | translator-first1 = Erroll F.| translator-last1 = Rhodes | isbn = 0-8028-0788-7 | url= https://books.google.com/books?id=FSNKSBObCYwC | access-date= January 26, 2019}}

{{Refend}}

• Jewish translations:
• [https://www.chabad.org/library/bible_cdo/aid/15851/showrashi/true Shmuel I - I Samuel - Chapter 22 (Judaica Press)]. Hebrew text and English translation [with Rashi's commentary] at Chabad.org
• Christian translations:
• [http://www.gospelhall.org/bible/bible.php?passage=1+Samuel+22 Online Bible at GospelHall.org] (ESV, KJV, Darby, American Standard Version, Bible in Basic English)
• [http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?book_id=9&chapter=22&version=9 1 Samuel chapter 22. Bible Gateway]

{{First Book of Samuel}}

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22

Category:David

Category:Moab