1 Samuel 16

This chapter was originally written in the Hebrew language. It is divided into 23 verses.

Some early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter in Hebrew are of the Masoretic Text tradition, which includes the Codex Cairensis (895), Aleppo Codex (10th century), and Codex Leningradensis (1008).{{sfn|Würthwein|1995|pp=35-37}} Fragments containing parts of this chapter in Hebrew were found among the Dead Sea Scrolls including 4Q52 (4QSam{{sup|b}}; 250 BCE) with extant verses 1–11.{{sfn|Ulrich|2010|pp=276–277}}[https://thewaytoyahuweh.com/dead-sea-scrolls/general-info/#1_samuel Dead sea scrolls - 1 Samuel]{{sfn|Fitzmyer|2008|p=35}}[https://www.deadseascrolls.org.il/explore-the-archive/manuscript/4Q52-1 4Q52 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library]

Extant ancient manuscripts of a translation into Koine Greek known as the Septuagint (originally was made in the last few centuries BCE) include Codex Vaticanus (B; $\backslash mathfrak\{G\}$^B; 4th century) and Codex Alexandrinus (A; $\backslash mathfrak\{G\}$^A; 5th century).{{sfn|Würthwein|1995|pp=73-74}}{{efn|The whole book of 1 Samuel is missing from the extant Codex Sinaiticus.{{Catholic Encyclopedia|wstitle=Codex Sinaiticus}}}}

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• Bethlehem
• Gibeah
• Ramah

The section comprising 1 Samuel 16 to 2 Samuel 5 is known as the "History of David's Rise",

with David as the central character, within which 1 Samuel 16:1 to 2 Samuel 1:27 form an independent unit with a central theme of "the decline of Saul and the rise of David".{{sfn|Jones|2007|p=207}} The part emphasizes that David is God's chosen king (1 Samuel 16:1–13; 'the LORD was with him' 1 Samuel 16:18; 18:14), but Saul was still king and David was careful not to take over the kingdom from God's anointed (1 Samuel 24:6; 26:9), even it is shown throughout that David was under blessing, while Saul was under curse.{{sfn|Jones|2007|p=207}} The narrative stresses that David did not come to power by killing Saul's family, and that Saul and his son Jonathan knew that David was the chosen successor; Jonathan even assisted David by his own virtual abdication, while Saul tried to oppress David due to jealousy.{{sfn|Jones|2007|p=207}}

The narrative of David's anointing bears some similarities to Saul's own election to the kingship:{{sfn|Jones|2007|pp=207–208}}

• YHWH alone chooses a king (the Hebrew verb bahar, "to choose", is used in both accounts; 1 Samuel 10:24; 16:8–10), so both Saul and David did not come to the throne by chance or force.
• Saul was from the smallest clan of the smallest tribe of Israel, whereas David was the youngest of Jesse's sons.
• David was not present for examination and had to be brought from the fields, whereas Saul had to be brought from among the baggage.{{sfn|Jones|2007|p=208}}

Despite the similarities, this narrative the major difference introduced by is that Saul was rejected but David chosen, explicitly shown in verse 13 with the 'transfer of YHWH's spirit from Saul to David and the abandonment of Saul to a malevolent spirit'.{{sfn|Jones|2007|p=208}}

:Now the Lord said to Samuel, "How long will you mourn for Saul, seeing I have rejected him from reigning over Israel? Fill your horn with oil, and go; I am sending you to Jesse the Bethlehemite. For I have provided Myself a king among his sons."{{bibleref2|1 Samuel|16:1|NKJV}} NKJV

• "Horn with oil": The anointing oil was placed in an animal horn as container, in contrary to the "flask of oil" used to anoint Saul in 1 Samuel 9.{{sfn|Evans|2018|p=174}} The use of oil for anointing was found in some reports from ancient Near East, but the anointing from a "horn of oil" was found uniquely in ancient Syria-Palestine, such as a depiction in an Egyptian tomb (from 1420 BCE) of a Syria-Palestinian envoy carrying a horn of oil, and an Ugaritic text referring to the anointing of king Amuru's daughter by pouring oil from a horn on her head.{{sfn|Evans|2018|pp=174–175}}
• "Provided": literally "seen" in Hebrew.Note on 1 Samuel 16:1 in NKJV

:And Samuel said, "How can I go? If Saul hears it, he will kill me."

:And the Lord said, "Take a heifer with you and say, ‘I have come to sacrifice to the Lord.'"{{bibleref2|1 Samuel|16:2|ESV}} ESV

After Saul's rejection (verse 1), Samuel was fear of Saul's reprisal, so he had to have a pretence of going to Bethlehem to anoint Saul's replacement.{{sfn|Jones|2007|p=207}}

• "With you": Hebrew: "in your hand."Note on 1 Samuel 16:2 in NET Bible

:But the Lord said to Samuel, “Do not look on his appearance or on the height of his stature, because I have rejected him. For the Lord sees not as man sees. For man looks on the outward appearance, but the Lord looks on the heart.”{{bibleref2|1 Samuel|16:7|MEV}} MEV

Although David was handsome (verse 12), it is emphasized that God does not look on the 'outward appearance', as it was precisely for that reason that Eliab, who was as tall as Saul, was rejected.{{sfn|Jones|2007|p=207}}

File:Saul and David by Rembrandt Mauritshuis 621.jpg (between 1650 and 1670)]]

Not long after David was anointed and endowed with YHWH's spirit, Saul became unwell (verse 14), which turned out to be an opportunity for David to enter the court. David was brought in because of his skill in playing music (verse 18), but inside the court he had palace training that would be useful for his future. Apparently David's military prowess also attracted the attention of Saul, whose policy was to enlist all capable men in his fight against the Philistines (1 Samuel 14:52), so David additionally was appointed as Saul's armor-bearer. Furthermore, David was said to have good intellectual judgement, was a man of presence (verse 18), and on top of those, 'YHWH is with him'.{{sfn|Jones|2007|p=208}} Verse 21 even states that 'Saul loved him' ('Saul' was explicitly mentioned in the Greek Septuagint, instead of ambiguous subject in Masoretic Text), which later turned to a love-hate relationship between the two.{{sfn|Jones|2007|p=208}} An important statement in verse 23: Saul was entirely in David's hands, and David took that responsibility seriously.{{sfn|Jones|2007|p=208}}

:Now the Spirit of the Lord had turned away from Saul, and an evil spirit from the Lord tormented him.{{bibleref2|1 Samuel|16:14|NET}} NET Bible

• "Evil spirit": The Hebrew word translated “evil” here may refer to (1) the character of the spirit or to (2) its effect upon Saul. If the former, it could be translated as "demonic spirit", but if the latter, another translation option might be “a mischief-making spirit”.Note on 1 Samuel 16:15 in NET Bible An evil spirit of the God was sent to sow discord between Abimelech and the people of Shechem (Judges 9:23); here the evil spirit would lead to discord between Saul and David.{{sfn|Evans|2018|p=175}}

:Then one of the servants answered and said,

::"Look, I have seen a son of Jesse the Bethlehemite, who is skillful in playing, a mighty man of valor, a man of war, prudent in speech, and a handsome person; and the Lord is with him."{{bibleref2|1 Samuel|16:18|NKJV}} NKJV

• "Prudent in speech": in Hebrew literally "discerning of word".Note [c] on 1 Samuel 16:18 in NET Bible
• "A handsome person": in Hebrew literally "a man of form".Note [d] on 1 Samuel 16:18 in NET Bible

{{columns-list|colwidth=22em|

• Abinadab
• Anointing
• Bethlehem
• Eliab
• Harp
• Jesse the Bethlehemite
• Israelites
• Ramah
• Shammah
• Tribe of Judah

}}

{{Portal|Bible}}

• Related Bible parts: Exodus 17, Numbers 14, Deuteronomy 25, Judges 3, Judges 6, Judges 7, 1 Samuel 10, 1 Samuel 11, 1 Samuel 12, 1 Samuel 13

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{{reflist}}

{{Refbegin}}

• {{Cite book|last=Auld|first=Graeme|chapter=1 & 2 Samuel|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2Vo-11umIZQC&pg=PA213 |editor=James D. G. Dunn and John William Rogerson|title=Eerdmans Commentary on the Bible|publisher=Eerdmans|year=2003|isbn=9780802837110}}
• {{Cite book|last=Bergen|first=David T.|title=1, 2 Samuel|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eGT6fWsajqcC |publisher=B&H Publishing Group|year=1996|isbn=9780805401073}}
• {{Cite book| last=Chapman |first= Stephen B. |title= 1 Samuel as Christian Scripture: A Theological Commentary |publisher= Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Company |year= 2016 |isbn= 978-1467445160 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=kS4XDAAAQBAJ }}
• {{Cite book| last=Evans |first= Paul |title= 1-2 Samuel | series = The Story of God Bible Commentary | editor-first= Tremper | editor-last= Longman |publisher= Zondervan Academic |year= 2018 |isbn= 978-0310490944 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=Uy8-DwAAQBAJ }}
• {{Cite book|last=Gordon|first=Robert|title=I & II Samuel, A Commentary|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JMJ1ZAnswuUC&dq=I+%26+II+Samuel:+a+commentary+Gordon&pg=PA338|publisher=Paternoster Press |year=1986 |isbn=9780310230229}}
• {{Cite book|last=Hertzberg|first=Hans Wilhelm|title=I & II Samuel, A Commentary|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=friNN7IdjOIC&q=Saul+appointed+anointed+instituted&pg=PA19|publisher=Westminster John Knox Press|year=1964|edition=trans. from German 2nd edition 1960|isbn=978-0664223182|page=19}}
• {{Cite book|last=Tsumura|first=David Toshio|title=The First Book of Samuel|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iLKAlhLDkMwC |publisher=Eerdmans|year=2007|isbn=9780802823595}}

{{Refend}}

{{Refbegin}}

• {{Cite book|last=Breytenbach|first=Andries|title=Past, Present, Future: the Deuteronomistic History and the Prophets |publisher= Brill| year=2000|chapter=Who Is Behind The Samuel Narrative? |chapter-url= https://books.google.com/books?id=uP22QHpnKq8C&dq=Breytenbach+Who+is+behind+the+Samuel+narrative&pg=PA50|editor=Johannes Cornelis de Moor and H.F. Van Rooy|isbn=9789004118713}}
• {{cite book | last= Coogan| first = Michael David | author-link= Michael D. Coogan | title = The New Oxford Annotated Bible with the Apocryphal/Deuterocanonical Books: New Revised Standard Version, Issue 48 | editor-last1 = Coogan | editor-first1= Michael David | editor-first2 = Marc Zvi | editor-last2 = Brettler | editor-first3 = Carol Ann | editor-last3 = Newsom | editor-first4= Pheme | editor-last4 = Perkins | edition= Augmented 3rd | publisher = Oxford University Press | year = 2007 |isbn = 978-0195288810 |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=HmpMPgAACAAJ}}
• {{cite book|last = Fitzmyer|first = Joseph A.|authorlink= Joseph Fitzmyer |title = A Guide to the Dead Sea Scrolls and Related Literature|publisher = William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company| url= https://books.google.com/books?id=TILXeWJ2eNAC | year = 2008|isbn = 9780802862419|location = Grand Rapids, MI }}
• {{cite book | last= Halley | first= Henry H. | author-link= Henry Hampton Halley | title= Halley's Bible Handbook: an abbreviated Bible commentary |edition=24th (revised)| publisher= Zondervan Publishing House | date= 1965 | url= https://archive.org/details/halleysbiblehand00henr | url-access= registration| isbn= 0-310-25720-4}}
• {{Cite book | last = Hayes | first = Christine | title = Introduction to the Bible |publisher = Yale University Press | year = 2015 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=SKbkXYHxvlAC |isbn = 978-0300188271}}
• {{cite book|last= Jones | first= Gwilym H. | chapter = 12. 1 and 2 Samuel | title=The Oxford Bible Commentary | editor-first1=John | editor-last1 = Barton | editor1-link = John Barton (theologian) | editor-first2=John | editor-last2= Muddiman | editor2-link = John Muddiman | publisher = Oxford University Press | edition= first (paperback) | year = 2007 | pages = 196–232 | isbn = 978-0199277186 | url= https://books.google.com/books?id=ZJdVkgEACAAJ | access-date=February 6, 2019}}
• {{Cite book|last=Klein|first=R.W.|chapter=Samuel, books of|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6OJvO2jMCr8C |editor=Bromiley, Geoffrey W|title=The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia|publisher=Eerdmans|year=2003|isbn=9780802837844}}
• {{Cite book|last=Knight|first=Douglas A|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SNLN1nEEys0C&q=630+BCE&pg=PA62|editor=James Luther Mays, David L. Petersen and Kent Harold Richards|chapter=Chapter 4 Deuteronomy and the Deuteronomists|title=Old Testament Interpretation|publisher=T&T Clark|year=1995|isbn=9780567292896 }}
• {{Cite book | editor-last = Ulrich | editor-first = Eugene | title = The Biblical Qumran Scrolls: Transcriptions and Textual Variants | year = 2010 | publisher = Brill | url = https://archive.org/details/TheBiblicalQumranScrolls }}
• {{cite book | last = Würthwein | first = Ernst | author-link = Ernst Würthwein | title = The Text of the Old Testament | publisher = Wm. B. Eerdmans |location = Grand Rapids, MI | year= 1995 | translator-first1 = Erroll F.| translator-last1 = Rhodes | isbn = 0-8028-0788-7 | url= https://books.google.com/books?id=FSNKSBObCYwC | access-date= January 26, 2019}}

{{Refend}}

• Jewish translations:
• [https://www.chabad.org/library/bible_cdo/aid/15845/showrashi/true Shmuel I - I Samuel - Chapter 16 (Judaica Press)]. Hebrew text and English translation [with Rashi's commentary] at Chabad.org
• Christian translations:
• [http://www.gospelhall.org/bible/bible.php?passage=1+Samuel+16 Online Bible at GospelHall.org] (ESV, KJV, Darby, American Standard Version, Bible in Basic English)
• [http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?book_id=9&chapter=16&version=9 1 Samuel chapter 16. Bible Gateway]

{{First Book of Samuel}}

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16

Category:Samuel

Category:David

Category:Saul