2016 Philippine general election

File:2016 NLE Logo.png

File:2016 Philippine election voting instructions.jpg

On May 4, 2015, President Benigno Aquino III appointed Presidential Commission on Good Government chairman Andres D. Bautista as chairman, and former Commission on Audit member Rowena Guanzon and Bangsamoro Business Club's board chairman Sherif Abas as commissioners. Bautista replaced Sixto Brillantes, while Guanzon and Abas replaced Lucenito Tagle and Elias Yusoph, who all retired in February 2015. All appointees will serve until February 2022.{{cite news |url=http://www.interaksyon.com/article/109917/palace-appoints-new-comelec-chief-2-commissioners |title=PCGG's Bautista is new Comelec chief; Palace also names 2 commissioners |date=May 4, 2015 |first=Lira |last=Dalangin-Fernandez |work=Interaksyon.com |access-date=July 10, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150710153314/http://www.interaksyon.com/article/109917/palace-appoints-new-comelec-chief-2-commissioners |archive-date=July 10, 2015 |url-status=dead }}

A few days after the announcement, it was revealed that Abas is a nephew of Mohagher Iqbal, the chief negotiator of the Moro Islamic Liberation Front. Bautista said that Abas confirmed to him that he is Iqbal's nephew. Iqbal neither confirmed nor denied their relationship, calling it is a non-issue, and that there's nothing wrong if his nephew is appointed to a sensitive position.{{cite news|url=http://www.abs-cbnnews.com/focus/05/08/15/new-comelec-commissioner-iqbals-nephew |title=New Comelec commissioner is Iqbal's nephew |date=May 8, 2015 |first=Kathryn |last=dela Cruz |work=ABS-CBNnews.com |access-date=July 10, 2015}}

Bautista was confirmed by the Commission on Appointments on September 21; meanwhile, Abas' confirmation was deferred because Senator Alan Peter Cayetano, who was not present when Bautista was confirmed, still had questions to ask Abas.{{Cite web|title = Comelec, DILG chiefs get CA nod|url = http://www.philstar.com/headlines/2015/09/23/1502955/comelec-dilg-chiefs-get-ca-nod|website = The Philippine Star|access-date = October 8, 2015|last = Sy|date = September 23, 2015|first = Marvin}}

{{main|Voter registration in the Philippines}}

The commission started voter registration for the elections on May 6, 2014, to October 31, 2015. Under the law, the 9.6 million registered voters who do not have biometrics attached their registration will not be allowed to vote.{{cite news|url=http://www.rappler.com/nation/55261-comelec-voters-registration-begins |title=Voters' registration for 2016 polls begins May 6 |first=Michael |last=Bueza |work=Rappler.com |date=April 12, 2014 |access-date=May 11, 2014}} Voter registration was suspended from October 12 to 16 to give way to the filing of candidacies. From October 17 to 31, the commission would extend its hours up to 9:00 p.m. to accommodate last minute registrants.{{Cite web|title = Comelec suspends voters registration for COC filing {{!}} ANC|url = http://www.abs-cbnnews.com/nation/10/07/15/comelec-suspends-voters-registration-coc-filing|website = ANC {{!}} ABS-CBN News Channel|access-date = October 8, 2015|date = October 7, 2015}}

Voter registration was suspended in Puerto Princesa from April 20 to May 17, 2015, because of the 2015 mayoral recall election. The Voters' Registration Act prohibits voter registration during recall elections.{{cite news|url=http://www.mb.com.ph/voters-registration-suspended-due-to-puerto-princesa-recall-polls/ |title= Voters' registration suspended due to Puerto Princesa recall polls |date=April 8, 2015 |first=Leslie Ann |last=Aquino|work=The Manila Bulletin |access-date=May 9, 2015}}

In June 2015, the commission denied reports that some voters' biometrics were lost, saying that they were only "degraded," and that "two thousand" voters would have to have their biometrics taken again.{{Cite news|url = http://www.rappler.com/nation/97618-comelec-no-lost-biometrics-data|title = No 'lost' biometrics data – Comelec|last = Bueza|first = Michael|date = June 27, 2015|work = Rappler.com|access-date = July 8, 2015}} A month later, the commission opened booths in Metro Manila and Luzon to further registration. By that time, there were still 4.3 million voters with incomplete biometrics.{{Cite news|url = http://www.rappler.com/nation/politics/elections/2016/98072-schedule-voter-registration-malls|title = Malls open voters' registration booths|last = Bueza|first = Michael|date = July 1, 2015|work = Rappler.com|access-date = July 8, 2015}} The commission, seeing the successful turnout for registration at the malls, mulled holding the elections itself inside such malls.{{Cite web|title = Comelec mulls holding elections in malls|url = http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/514706/news/nation/comelec-mulls-holding-elections-in-malls|work=GMA News Online |date=July 2, 2015 |access-date = July 24, 2015}} The commission's en banc had already approved "in principle" the mall voting process.{{cite web|url=http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/543012/news/nation/bautista-comelec-en-banc-approves-mall-voting-in-principle|title=Bautista: Comelec en banc approves mall voting 'in principle'|publisher=GMA News|date=November 4, 2015|access-date=November 5, 2015}} Near the end of the month, the commission said that the number of voters without biometrics has decreased to 3.8 million.{{Cite web|title = Voters without biometrics down to 3.8 M|url = http://www.philstar.com/headlines/2015/07/25/1480728/voters-without-biometrics-down-3.8-m|work=The Philippine Star |date=July 25, 2015 |access-date = July 25, 2015}}

By mid-August, the commission announced that they had purged 1.3 million records from the voters' list, including the deceased and voters who did not vote in the two immediate preceding elections, the 2013 general and 2013 barangay, and that voters without biometrics had fallen to 3.5 million.{{Cite web|title = Comelec purges 1.3M Filipinos from voters' list|url = http://www.rappler.com/nation/politics/elections/2016/103108-comelec-delist-voters-list-registration|website = Rappler|access-date = August 19, 2015|date = August 19, 2015|last = Esmaquel|first = Paterno II}} By August 30, the number of registered voters without biometrics data had fallen to 3.1 million; this was after a Social Weather Stations poll came out that as much as 9.7 million people still had not updated their biometrics yet and could be disenfranchised.{{Cite web|title = Only 3.1M voters still without biometrics–Comelec|url = http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/722351/only-3-1m-voters-still-without-biometrics-comelec|website = Philippine Daily Inquirer|access-date = October 8, 2015|date = September 16, 2015|first = Tina G.|last = Santos}}

The Commission on Elections concluded the 17-month registration on October 31, and offered no extension, except for voters in Cagayan Valley which was devastated by Typhoon Lando, who were given until the next day to finish theirs. This was despite a petition to the Supreme Court by the Kabataan party-list to extend registration until January 8, 2016.{{Cite web|title = 17-month voters' registration ends|url = http://www.philstar.com/headlines/2015/11/01/1517083/17-month-voters-registration-ends|website = The Philippine Star|access-date = October 31, 2015|date = November 1, 2015|last = Crisostomo|first = Shiela}} Acting on the said petition, the Supreme Court issued a restraining order on the No Bio, No Boto mandatory voters biometrics campaign on December 1.{{Cite web|url=http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/743881/sc-issues-tro-on-comelecs-no-bio-no-boto-rule|title = SC issues TRO on Comelec's 'No Bio, No Boto' rule|date = December 2015}} It was later lifted after 16 days.

{{main|Vote counting in the Philippines}}

The 2016 general elections represented the largest electronic vote counting exercise in history as 92,509 vote counting machines were used to digitize voter-marked ballots and transmit the results to the Municipal Board of Canvassers.

In April 2015, the counting machines were leased from London-based Smartmatic after the Supreme Court of the Philippines invalidated the 300 million-peso contract between the Commission and the Smartmatic-TIM consortium for diagnostics and repair of 80,000 Precinct Count Optical Scan (PCOS) machines. The court said that the commission "failed to justify its resort to direct contracting."{{cite news|url=http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/473554/news/nation/sc-voids-comelec-deal-for-pcos-repair-diagnostics |title=SC voids Comelec deal for PCOS repair, diagnostics |first=Mark |last=Marueñas |work=GMA News |date=April 21, 2015 |access-date=April 25, 2015}}

Two months later, the Commission conducted a mock election where a "hybrid" system of manual counting and electronic transmission of results was tested out. Gus Lagman, former elections commissioner and a proponent of the hybrid system, pointed out the system's money-saving advantage and reliability, as opposed to full automation where the results can be manipulated.{{Cite web|title = Comelec holds mock elections, tests hybrid system|url = http://cnnphilippines.com/news/2015/06/27/Commission-on-Elections-Comelec-holds-mock-elections-tests-hybrid-system.html|access-date = July 7, 2015|date = June 27, 2015|last = Remitio|first = Rex|publisher = CNN Philippines|archive-date = July 8, 2015|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150708153315/http://cnnphilippines.com/news/2015/06/27/Commission-on-Elections-Comelec-holds-mock-elections-tests-hybrid-system.html|url-status = dead}} Meanwhile, the Commission overturned its self-imposed disqualification of Smartmatic from bidding on counting machines.{{cite news|title = Comelec reverses ruling disqualifying Smartmatic|url = http://www.philstar.com/headlines/2015/07/01/1471983/comelec-reverses-ruling-disqualifying-smartmatic|access-date = July 7, 2015|date = July 1, 2015|newspaper = The Philippine Star|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150924224419/http://www.philstar.com/headlines/2015/07/01/1471983/comelec-reverses-ruling-disqualifying-smartmatic|archive-date = September 24, 2015|url-status = dead|df = mdy-all}}

Senator Francis Escudero disapproved of the use of the hybrid system, saying "it brings back memories of the Hello Garci controversy".{{Cite web|title = Chiz asks Comelec: Drop hybrid poll, go for full automation|url = http://www.interaksyon.com/article/113745/chiz-asks-comelec-drop-hybrid-poll-go-for-full-automation|access-date = July 7, 2015|date = July 5, 2015|last = Reyes|first = Ernie|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150709054726/http://www.interaksyon.com/article/113745/chiz-asks-comelec-drop-hybrid-poll-go-for-full-automation|archive-date = July 9, 2015|url-status = dead|df = mdy-all}} A few days later, the Commission informed the House of Representatives Committee on Suffrage and Electoral Reforms that they had decided not to use the hybrid system.{{Cite web|title = Comelec junks hybrid poll option for full automation|url = http://www.philstar.com/headlines/2015/07/10/1475254/comelec-junks-hybrid-poll-option-full-automation|access-date = July 10, 2015|date = July 10, 2015|last = Diaz|first = Jess|website = The Philippine Star|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150710085445/http://www.philstar.com/headlines/2015/07/10/1475254/comelec-junks-hybrid-poll-option-full-automation|archive-date = July 10, 2015|url-status = dead|df = mdy-all}}

On a House of Representatives committee hearing held on late July, Elections chairman Andres Bautista told lawmakers that the Commission had decided to award Smartmatic-TIM a 1.7 billion peso contract to lease 23,000 OMR counting machines.{{Cite news|url = http://www.philstar.com:8080/headlines/2015/07/30/1482504/comelec-smartmatic-bags-p1.7-b-pcos-deal|title = Comelec: Smartmatic bags P1.7-B PCOS deal|last = Diaz|first = Jess|date = July 30, 2015|work = The Philippine Star|access-date = July 30, 2015|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150924061519/http://www.philstar.com:8080/headlines/2015/07/30/1482504/comelec-smartmatic-bags-p1.7-b-pcos-deal|archive-date = September 24, 2015|url-status = dead|df = mdy-all}} Days later, the Commission declared the bidding for the refurbishing 80,000 machines as a failure, after two of the three bidders backed out, while the third was disqualified.{{cite news|title = Bidding failure declared anew for PCOS upgrade|url = http://www.philstar.com/headlines/2015/08/02/1483601/bidding-failure-declared-anew-pcos-upgrade|access-date = August 2, 2015|date = August 2, 2015|newspaper = The Philippine Star|last = Crisostomo|first = Shiela}}

On August 13, the Commission agreed to lease 94,000 new OMR machines for 7.9 billion pesos, while the old machines used for 2010 and 2013 elections would be used for the 2019 elections.{{Cite web|title = Comelec to lease 94,000 new machines for 2016 elections|url = http://cnnphilippines.com/news/2015/08/13/Comelec-decision-lease-94K-new-machines.html|access-date = August 19, 2015|date = August 14, 2015|website = CNN Philippines|last = Gotinga|first = JC|archive-date = August 20, 2015|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150820045057/http://cnnphilippines.com/news/2015/08/13/Comelec-decision-lease-94K-new-machines.html|url-status = dead}}

By September, the Commission sought the transfer the site manufacturing the voting machines from China to Taiwan after it received intelligence reports from the military in July that China might sabotage the elections. Smartmatic, the manufacturer of the machines, acquiesced to the request. China, meanwhile, denied any plans of sabotaging the election, calling it "sheer fabrication."{{Cite web|title = Comelec: Intel shows China may sabotage 2016 polls|url = http://www.philstar.com/headlines/2015/09/17/1500723/comelec-intel-shows-china-may-sabotage-2016-polls|website = The Philippine Star|access-date = October 8, 2015|last = Romero|first = Paolo|date = September 17, 2015}} Smartmatic also won the contract worth P500 million for the electronic results transmission services of the voting machines.{{Cite web|title = Comelec: Intel shows China may sabotage 2016 polls|url = http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/545926/news/nation/smartmatic-bags-p500-m-electronic-results-transmission-deal|website = GMA News|access-date = November 27, 2015|date = November 26, 2015}}

On March 4, the Commission unanimously voted to disallow the issuance of voting receipt to voters, although onscreen verification was allowed, which would take an additional 15 seconds per voter.{{cite news|url=http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/557857/news/nation/comelec-formalizes-unanimous-stand-versus-ballot-receipts |title=Comelec formalizes unanimous stand versus ballot receipts |first=Rose-An Jessica |last=Dioquino |work=GMA News Online |date=March 4, 2016 |access-date=March 5, 2016}}

The Commission eventually aborted mall voting and allowed the use of replacement ballots.{{cite news|last1=Jaymalin|first1=Mayen|title=Comelec aborts mall voting plan|url=http://www.philstar.com/headlines/2016/04/28/1577632/comelec-aborts-mall-voting-plan|access-date=May 7, 2016|work=The Philippine Star|date=April 28, 2016}}

Election authorities, with the help of election services provider Smartmatic, created a Virtual private network (VPN) for the secure and reliable transmission of electoral data. To guarantee nationwide coverage, Smartmatic coordinated the main telecom companies in the Philippines.

This VPN was used to transmit the votes of over 44 million citizens from 36.805 polling centres. On election night, 4 hours after the polls closed, 80% vote counting machines had transmitted the election data, setting a new record for the Philippines.{{cite news|last1=Geducos|first1=Argyll|title=PH 2016 polls sets record for fastest transmission of electronic vote count|url=http://www.mb.com.ph/ph-2016-polls-sets-record-for-fastest-transmission-of-electronic-vote-count/|access-date=May 11, 2016|work=Manila Bulletin|date=May 11, 2016}}

Speed was one of the main reasons why Philippine authorities decided to automate elections. As an archipelago comprising over 7,000 islands, several of which lack a proper communications infrastructure, the transmission of results posed a challenge.

The election gun ban was implemented starting from January 9, 2016, the official start of the 90-day election period. Francisco Pobe, regional director of COMELEC-13, also pointed out that the candidate should not bring bodyguards without gun ban exemption.{{cite news|url=http://www.mb.com.ph/comelec-total-gun-ban-to-start-on-january-9-2016/|title=Comelec total gun ban to start on January 9, 2016|newspaper=Manila Bulletin|last=Crismundo|first=Mike|date=January 3, 2016|access-date=March 22, 2016}} Go Act, a pro-gun group formed by gun owners filed a petition before the Supreme Court to fully stop the implementation of the election gun ban.{{cite news|url=http://www.philstar.com/headlines/2016/01/12/1541714/pro-gun-group-asks-sc-stop-gun-ban|title=Pro-gun group asks SC to stop gun ban|newspaper=The Philippine Star|last=Punay|first=Edu|date=January 12, 2016|access-date=March 22, 2016}}

On August 18, 2015, the commission released the calendar of activities for the May 9, 2016 national and local elections:{{Cite web|title = Comelec sets election calendar towards May 2016 polls|url = http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/714539/comelec-sets-election-calendar-towards-may-2016-polls|website = newsinfo.inquirer.net|access-date = August 21, 2015|last = INQUIRER.net|date = August 19, 2015}}

Following a request by the Centrist Democratic Party of the Philippines, the commission extended the period for holding political conventions to October 8, 2015.{{Cite web|title = Comelec extends period for political conventions|url = http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/538962/news/comelec-extends-period-for-political-conventions|website = GMA News Online|access-date = October 8, 2015|date = September 30, 2015}} The commission did not extend the deadline of filing of candidacies, though.{{Cite web|title = Comelec unlikely to extend deadline for filing of Certificate of Candidacy|url = http://www.interaksyon.com/article/118932/comelec-unlikely-to-extend-deadline-for-filing-of-certificate-of-candidacy|website = InterAksyon.com|access-date = October 14, 2015|language = en|date = October 14, 2015|first = Ferdinand G.|last = Patinio|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151016013537/http://www.interaksyon.com/article/118932/comelec-unlikely-to-extend-deadline-for-filing-of-certificate-of-candidacy|archive-date = October 16, 2015|url-status = dead}}

The commission originally envisioned to release an "almost" final list of candidates on December 15, but postponed it to December 23.{{cite news|title=Comelec: Initial list of candidates to be released Wednesday almost final |url=http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/548557/news/nation/comelec-initial-list-of-candidates-to-be-released-wednesday-almost-final|access-date=January 21, 2016|work=GMA News Online|date=December 20, 2015}} The commission did release a "final list" of vice presidential candidates on December 23, but Chairman Andres D. Bautista that disqualification cases on other positions led them to postpone the release to January 20, when the commission is expected to resolve all disqualification cases.{{cite news|last1=Mangosing|first1=Frances|title=Comelec bares final list of VP candidates|url=http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/749727/comelec-bares-final-list-of-vp-candidates|access-date=January 21, 2016|work=INQUIRER.net|date=January 21, 2016}}

On January 21, the commission released an "initial" list of candidates for all positions. The list is subject to trimming as the disqualification cases on presidential, vice presidential and senatorial cases are to be resolved with finality.{{cite news|last1=Ager|first1=Maila|title=LOOK: Poe, Duterte on Comelec's initial list of presidential bets|url=http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/757518/look-poe-duterte-on-comelecs-initial-list-of-presidential-bets |date=January 21, 2016}}

The Commission on Elections held three debates for presidential candidates—in Mindanao last February 2016, in Visayas last March 2016, and in Luzon last April 2016. A vice-presidential debate was also held in Metro Manila last April 10, 2016.{{Cite web|title = Comelec plans to hold debates for 2016 bets|url = http://www.philstar.com/headlines/2015/09/22/1502628/comelec-plans-hold-debates-2016-bets|website = The Philippine Star|access-date = October 8, 2015|last = Crisostomo|first = Shiela|date = September 22, 2015}}

The commission identified the media entities who had covered the debates: GMA Network (E16: Eleksyon 2016) and Philippine Daily Inquirer (February 21), TV5 (Bilang Pilipino: Boto sa Pagbabago 2016 – English: As a Filipino: Vote for Change 2016) and Philippine Star (March 20), CNN Philippines (The Filipino Votes), Business Mirror, and Rappler (April 10), and ABS-CBN (Halalan 2016: Ipanalo ang Pamilyang Pilipino – English: Election 2016: Winning the Filipino Family) and Manila Bulletin (April 24).{{cite news|title=Comelec identifie media entities to host pres'l, vice pres'l debates|url=http://www.mindanaodailymirror.com/comelec-identifies-media-entities-to-host-presl-vice-presl-debates-5966/|publisher=Mindanao Daily Mirror|work=Philippine News Agency|date=October 20, 2015|access-date=October 20, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151212111225/http://mindanaodailymirror.com/comelec-identifies-media-entities-to-host-presl-vice-presl-debates-5966/|archive-date=December 12, 2015|url-status=dead}}

The commission also encouraged non-governmental organizations to hold debates for Senate and local positions.

{{main|Candidates in the 2016 Philippine presidential election|Candidates in the 2016 Philippine Senate election}}

The COMELEC named the Liberal Party as the dominant majority party, the United Nationalist Alliance as the dominant minority party, and the following as major political parties:{{Cite web |last=II |first=Paterno Esmaquel |date=2016-04-18 |title=Dominant parties: LP, UNA to get more perks |url=https://www.rappler.com/philippines/elections/129921-liberal-party-una-dominant-parties-election-day/ |access-date=2025-05-08 |website=RAPPLER |language=en-US}}

• Nacionalista Party (NP)
• Nationalist People’s Coalition (NPC)
• PDP–Laban
• Kilusang Bagong Lipunan (KBL)
• Lakas–CMD
• Aksyon Demokratiko
• National Unity Party (NUP)

{{col-start}}{{col-2}}

{{col-2}}

{{col-end}}

{{col-start}}{{col-2}}

{{col-2}}

{{col-end}}

{{col-start}}{{col-2}}

{{col-2}}

{{col-end}}

Rodrigo Duterte of PDP–Laban and Leni Robredo of the Liberal Party won the presidential and vice presidential elections, respectively. The Liberals also won a plurality of seats in both houses of Congress, but several of the Liberal Party members of the House of Representatives jumped ship to Duterte's PDP–Laban, allowing his party to create a supermajority coalition that put Pantaleon Alvarez into the Speakership. The Senate leadership was ultimately won by PDP–Laban's Koko Pimentel, with the Liberals ultimately comprising the minority bloc there. The election of Alvarez and Pimentel meant that PDP–Laban currently holds three of the four elected highest political offices, for the first time since 1986 when the Kilusang Bagong Lipunan held the offices of the presidency, vice presidency, parliamentary speaker and prime minister.

File:2016 NLE Turnout.png

{{main|2016 Philippine presidential election}}

File:Presidential Race 2016.png

The winner of the presidential election succeeded President Benigno Aquino III, who was term limited. A separate election was held to determine the Vice Presidency; Jejomar Binay could have defended the vice presidency, but ran for president instead. Both elections were under the plurality voting system.

{{Philippine presidential election, 2016}}

File:Provincial Breakdown of VP Race 2016.png

{{Philippine vice presidential election, 2016}}

{{main|2016 Philippine Senate election}}

File:2016 Philippine Senate election results.svg

File:2016 Philippine senate elections results.png at the inset. Note that seats are allocated on the nationwide vote.]]

12 seats of the Senate of the Philippines were up for election. The Philippines uses plurality-at-large voting to determine the winning candidates. With the country as one at-large "district", the twelve candidates with the highest number of votes joined the winners of the 2013 election in the Senate.

{{Philippine Senate election, 2016}}

{{main|2016 Philippine House of Representatives elections}}

File:2016PhilippineHouseElections.png is denoted at the inset, and party-list election results, denoted by boxes to the right.]]

All seats of the House of Representatives were up for election. There are two types of representatives: the district representatives, 80% of the members, were elected in the different legislative districts via the plurality system; each district elected one representative. The party-list representatives were elected via closed lists, with the parties having at least 2% of the vote winning at least one seat, and no party winning more than three seats. If the winning candidates don't surpass 20% of the members, other parties that got less than 2% of the national vote will get one seat each until all party-lists have been filled up.

{{Philippine House election, 2016}}

{{main|2016 Philippine House of Representatives party-list election}}

{{Philippine House party-list election, 2016}}

{{main|2016 Philippine local elections|2016 Philippine gubernatorial elections}}

File:2016 Philippine gubernatorial elections.png

Local elections were held in all provinces, cities and municipalities. Executive posts were elected by the plurality system, while elections for the membership of the local legislatures were by plurality-at-large voting.

Each Sangguniang Panlalawigan (provincial board) has three ex officio members, while each Sangguniang Panlungsod (city council) and Sangguniang Bayan (municipal council) has two. The federation presidents each of Liga ng mga Barangay (barangay chairmen), Sangguniang Kabataan (youth council chairmen), and for Sangguniang Panlalawigan, the chapter presidents of the Sangguniang Bayan and Sangguniang Panlungsod (city and municipal councilors). The ex officio presiding officer of each local legislature is the chief executive's deputy, but that person only votes to break ties.

The federation presidents of the Liga ng mga Barangay and Sangguniang Kabataan were elected from the membership who won in the 2013 elections until December 2017, when they were replaced by appointees of the president, who voted among themselves who shall represent them. A barangay election, originally scheduled for October 2016, is postponed until 2018, to replace these appointees starting in December 2018.

Some legislatures have one reserved seat for indigenous peoples. These have three year terms, and selections are usually not synchronized with local and barangay elections. These are not included in the totals below.

• Presidential transition of Rodrigo Duterte
• Philippine barangay and Sangguniang Kabataan election, 2018, originally scheduled to be held in 2016, but was postponed twice to 2018.

{{Reflist|2}}

{{2016 Philippine elections}}

{{Philippine general elections}}

Category:2016 elections in the Philippines

Category:General elections in the Philippines