Rodrigo Duterte

Rodrigo Roa Duterte was born on March 28, 1945, in Maasin, Leyte.{{Cite news |last=Lopez |first=Alexander |date=May 11, 2015 |title=Duterte returns home on Mother's Day |work=Manila Bulletin |url=http://www.mb.com.ph/duterte-returns-home-on-mothers-day/ |access-date=February 8, 2016}} His father was Vicente Gonzales Duterte (1911–1968), a Cebuano lawyer, and his mother, Soledad Gonzales Roa (1916–2012), was a schoolteacher from Cabadbaran, Agusan and a civic leader, of Chinese and Spanish mestizo descent.Halili, M.C. (2010). Philippine History. Rex Book Store, Inc. Duterte has said that his grandfather was Chinese and hailed from Xiamen in Fujian, China.{{Cite news |date=October 20, 2016 |title=Will playing the Chinese ancestry card help Rodrigo Duterte win over Beijing? |work=South China Morning Post |url=https://www.scmp.com/news/china/diplomacy-defence/article/2038385/will-playing-chinese-ancestry-card-help-rodrigo-duterte |access-date=April 3, 2020}} Duterte has four siblings: Eleanor, Jocelyn, Emmanuel and Benjamin.{{Cite news |date=June 30, 2016 |title=LOOK: Who's who in Duterte family tree |language=en |newspaper=Philippine Daily Inquirer |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/793140/rodrigo-duterte-family-tree |access-date=December 1, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161104075449/https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/793140/rodrigo-duterte-family-tree |archive-date=November 4, 2016}}

Duterte's father was mayor of Danao, Cebu, and subsequently the provincial governor of (the then-undivided) Davao province. Rodrigo's cousin Ronald was mayor of Cebu City from 1983 to 1986. Ronald's father, Ramon Duterte, also held that position from 1957 to 1959. The Dutertes consider the Cebu-based political families of the Durano and the Almendras clan as relatives.{{Cite news |date=June 29, 2016 |title=Unknown facts about President Duterte |language=en-US |work=The Manila Times |url=https://www.manilatimes.net/2016/06/29/supplements/unknown-facts-about-president-duterte/270749/ |access-date=April 15, 2021}}{{Cite news |last=Elemia |first=Camille |date=November 30, 2015 |title=Grace Poe campaign manager is Duterte's nephew |work=Rappler |url=https://www.rappler.com/nation/elections/grace-poe-campaign-manager-ace-durano-relative-duterte |access-date=April 15, 2021}} Duterte also has relatives from the Roa clan in Leyte through his mother's side.{{Cite news |date=May 20, 2015 |title=Mayor Rodrigo Roa Duterte: Leyte's first president? |work=Daily Zamboanga Times |url=http://www.zamboangatimes.ph/top-news/14939-mayor-rodrigo-roa-duterte-leytes-first-president.html |access-date=September 13, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306013153/http://www.zamboangatimes.ph/top-news/14939-mayor-rodrigo-roa-duterte-leytes-first-president.html |archive-date=March 6, 2016}} Duterte's family lived in Maasin, and in his father's hometown in Danao, until he was four years old.{{Cite web |title=About President Duterte |url=http://president.gov.ph/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160708082800/http://president.gov.ph/ |archive-date=July 8, 2016 |access-date=September 14, 2016 |website=Office of the President of the Philippines}} Duterte was heavily influenced by his mother, who unlike Vicente was a staunch anti-Marcos activist, which led the young Duterte to have a divided opinion on the Marcoses. Duterte later said Marcos could have been the best president, but he was a dictator.{{Cite web |date=February 10, 2016 |title=Marcos best president if not for dictatorship – Duterte |url=https://www.rappler.com/nation/elections/121919-duterte-marcos-best-president/}} The Dutertes initially moved to Mindanao in 1948 but still went back and forth to the Visayas until 1949.{{Cite news |last=Corrales |first=Nestor |date=February 25, 2016 |title=Duterte returns to his roots in Danao City, Cebu for campaign activities |newspaper=Philippine Daily Inquirer |url=http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/768534/duterte-returns-to-his-roots-in-danao-city-cebu-for-campaign-activities |access-date=July 6, 2016}} They finally settled in the Davao Region in 1950. Vicente worked as a lawyer engaged in private practice. Soledad worked as a teacher until 1952, when Vicente entered politics.{{Cite web |title=Soledad Roa Duterte |url=http://rafi.org.ph/triennialawards/awardee/soledad-roa-duterte/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140315131529/http://rafi.org.ph/triennialawards/awardee/soledad-roa-duterte/ |archive-date=March 15, 2014 |access-date=April 26, 2022 |website=RAFI Triennial Awards |publisher=Ramon Aboitiz Foundation Inc.}}

Duterte went to Laboon Elementary School in Maasin for a year. He spent his remaining elementary days at Santa Ana Elementary School in Davao City, where he completed his primary education in 1956. He finished his secondary education in the High School Department of Holy Cross College of Digos (now Cor Jesu College) in Digos, Davao province, after being expelled twice from previous schools, including one in the Ateneo de Davao University (AdDU) High School due to misconduct.{{Cite news |last=Ranada |first=Pia |date=May 20, 2016 |title=Rody Duterte: The rebellious son, the prankster brother |work=Rappler |url=https://www.rappler.com/newsbreak/in-depth/rody-duterte-rebellious-son-prankster-brother |access-date=April 15, 2021}} He graduated in 1968 with a Bachelor of Arts degree in political science at the Lyceum of the Philippines in Manila.{{Cite news |last=Bolido |first=Linda B. |date=March 10, 2015 |title=Duterte is LPU's outstanding alumnus |language=en |newspaper=Philippine Daily Inquirer |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/677750/duterte-is-lpus-outstanding-alumnus |access-date=April 24, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150313165103/https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/677750/duterte-is-lpus-outstanding-alumnus |archive-date=March 13, 2015}}{{Cite web |title=H.E. Rodrigo Roa Duterte |url=https://www.lpudavao.edu.ph/alumni/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180811010851/https://www.lpudavao.edu.ph/alumni/ |archive-date=August 11, 2018 |access-date=April 24, 2022 |website=Lyceum of the Philippines – Davao|date=June 21, 2018 }}

Duterte obtained a law degree from San Beda College of Law in 1972,{{Cite news |date=November 25, 2017 |title=Duterte receives awards from San Beda, First Scout Ranger Regiment |work=CNN Philippines |url=https://www.cnnphilippines.com/news/2017/11/25/duterte-awards-san-beda-scout-ranger.html |access-date=April 24, 2022 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171128050422/https://www.cnnphilippines.com/news/2017/11/25/duterte-awards-san-beda-scout-ranger.html |archive-date=November 28, 2017}} passing the bar exam in the same year.{{Cite news |last=Aurelio |first=Julie M. |date=May 31, 2018 |title=Why Duterte almost missed the bar exams |language=en |newspaper=Philippine Daily Inquirer |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/996064/why-duterte-almost-missed-the-bar-exams |access-date=April 24, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109040211/https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/996064/why-duterte-almost-missed-the-bar-exams |archive-date=November 9, 2020}} He worked as a professor in the national police academy, and was a member of an organization called Nationalist Alliance for Justice, Freedom and Democracy. He later served as the OIC vice mayor of Davao City, assisting evacuees from Davao City remote areas and working for the release of soldiers captured by the New Peoples Army (NPA).{{cite news |last1=Gonzales |first1=Daisy C. |title=The Rise and Rise of Rodrigo Duterte |url=https://www.bulatlat.com/news/5-40/5-40-duterte.htm |access-date=November 14, 2024 |work=Bulatlat |date=November 13, 2005 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060507062859/https://www.bulatlat.com/news/5-40/5-40-duterte.htm |archive-date=May 7, 2006}} Eventually, he became a special counsel at the City Prosecution Office in Davao City from 1977 to 1979, fourth assistant city prosecutor from 1979 to 1981, third assistant city prosecutor from 1981 to 1983, and second assistant city prosecutor from 1983 to 1986.{{Cite news |title=Election 2016 |language=en |newspaper=Philippine Daily Inquirer |url=https://www.inquirer.net/elections2016/rodrigo-duterte/ |access-date=April 24, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160218014705/https://www.inquirer.net/elections2016/rodrigo-duterte/ |archive-date=February 18, 2016}}{{Cite journal |date=2017 |title=President Rodrigo R. Duterte (Law '72) |url=https://www.sanbeda.edu.ph/download_file/1538467209_1530553079-red-and-white-ball-2017.pdf |journal=Red and White Ball |publisher=San Beda College Alumni Association |pages=10–13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181126103216/https://www.sanbeda.edu.ph/download_file/1538467209_1530553079-red-and-white-ball-2017.pdf |archive-date=November 26, 2018 |access-date=April 24, 2022}}

Duterte has claimed he was sexually abused by a priest when he was a minor.{{Cite news |last=Lacorte |first=Germelina |date=December 4, 2015 |title=Duterte names priest who allegedly molested him as teen |newspaper=Philippine Daily Inquirer |url=http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/744824/duterte-names-priest-who-allegedly-molested-him-as-teen |access-date=December 19, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160308170821/http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/744824/duterte-names-priest-who-allegedly-molested-him-as-teen |archive-date=March 8, 2016}} After he was challenged by the Catholic Bishops' Conference of the Philippines (CBCP) and AdDU officials to name the priest and file a case against him, Duterte then revealed the priest's name as Mark Falvey (died 1975). The Jesuits of the Society of Jesus in the Philippines confirmed that according to press reports in the United States, in May 2007, the Society of Jesus agreed to a tentative payout of {{US$|16 million}} to settle claims that Falvey sexually abused at least nine children in Los Angeles from 1959 to 1975. Accusations against Falvey began in 2002 but he was never charged with a crime. In May 2008, the Diocese of Sacramento paid a $100,000-settlement to a person allegedly raped and molested by Mark's brother, Arthur Falvey. However, it was not clearly indicated in the report if Mark Falvey was assigned at the Jesuit-run Ateneo de Davao.{{Cite news |date=December 5, 2015 |title=Jesuit order paid USD16M to settle Falvey case in US |newspaper=Philippine Daily Inquirer |url=http://globalnation.inquirer.net/133393/jesuit-order-paid-16m-to-settle-falvey-case-in-us |access-date=December 17, 2015}}

When asked why he did not complain when the abuse supposedly happened, Duterte claimed that he was too young to complain about the priest's abuse and was intimidated by authorities at that time. He also stated that he never disclosed that information after he was expelled and moved to a different high school and especially not to his family.{{Cite news |date=December 4, 2015 |title=PDP–Laban Bet to Meet Davao Prelate; Duterte says he was too young to complain about priest's abuse |work=GMA News Online |url=http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/546770/news/nation/duterte-says-he-was-too-young-to-complain-about-priest-s-abuse |access-date=September 14, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304092956/http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/546770/news/nation/duterte-says-he-was-too-young-to-complain-about-priest-s-abuse |archive-date=March 4, 2016}}

Duterte stated at a rally in April 2016 that he shot a fellow student who had bullied him about his Visayan origin as well as other students of the same ethnicity, while at San Beda law college. He said, "But the truth is, I'm used to shooting people. When we were about to graduate from San Beda, I shot a person." Duterte said that he shot the student in a corridor at the college when the said student called him names again. He later told a reporter that the student survived, but refused to answer any further questions about the incident.{{Cite news |date=May 22, 2016 |title=Law student Duterte shot frat brod on campus in '72 |newspaper=Philippine Daily Inquirer |url=http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/780836/law-student-duterte-shot-frat-brod-on-campus-in-72 |access-date=September 24, 2016}}

However, in an interview aired on 24 Oras and published on the official GMA News Online website on April 22, 2016, retired labor arbiter Arthur Amansec said Duterte and Octavio Goco at that time were both playing with a gun as it was normal for students to bring guns to school in the seventies. Amansec is Duterte's former classmate in San Beda College who witnessed the incident. He added that "the bullet hit the school's wooden floor and was embedded there." Amansec emphasized that Duterte and Goco remained friends until Goco died in the United States years later.{{Cite news |title=Ex-classmate bares details of shooting incident between Duterte, friend |language=en-US |work=GMA News Online |url=https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/563671/news/nation/ex-classmate-bares-details-of-shooting-incident-between-duterte-friend/ |access-date=November 21, 2019}}

{{see also|1989 Davao hostage crisis}}

File:Rodrigo Duterte Benigno Aquino III 03.jpg during a meeting with local government unit leaders in Davao City in 2013]]

After the 1986 People Power Revolution that toppled the regime of President Ferdinand Marcos, Duterte was appointed officer-in-charge vice mayor of Davao City by President Corazon Aquino.{{cite news |last1=Gulla |first1=Vivienne |title=Duterte credits Cory Aquino for his political career |url=https://news.abs-cbn.com/news/03/07/18/duterte-credits-cory-aquino-for-his-political-career |access-date=October 30, 2024 |work=ABS-CBN News |date=March 7, 2018 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20241030164749/https://news.abs-cbn.com/news/03/07/18/duterte-credits-cory-aquino-for-his-political-career |archive-date=October 30, 2024}} In the 1988 local elections, he ran for mayor under the banner of Lakas ng Dabaw, defeating former OIC Mayor Zafiro Respicio by a margin of 6,000 votes.{{cite news |title=Asistio proclamation snagged by protest |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lZAtAAAAIBAJ&pg=PA8 |access-date=October 30, 2024 |work=Manila Standard |publisher=Manila Standard |date=January 31, 1988 |page=8 |language=en |via=Google News Archive}}

As mayor of Davao City, Duterte made efforts to unite the different tribes and political groups in the city. He set a precedent by designating deputy mayors to represent the administrative districts, as well as the Lumad and Moro peoples in the city government; this was later copied by other cities in other parts of the Philippines.

In December 1990, Duterte joined the Nacionalista Party upon the persuasion of Senator Juan Ponce Enrile.{{Cite news |last=Beltran |first=Luis D. |author-link=Louie Beltran |date=March 11, 1991 |title=The relevance of political parties |page=9 |work=Manila Standard |publisher=Kagitingan Publications, Inc. |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=LK8mAAAAIBAJ&sjid=CAsEAAAAIBAJ&pg=6369%2C1737842 |access-date=May 19, 2021 |quote=Enrile has been busy recruiting new NP members – Mayor Duterte of Davao City, for example...}} In 1992, he successfully defended his seat from 1st district representative Prospero Nograles. In 1995, after Flor Contemplacion, a Filipina, was executed in Singapore after confessing to a double murder, Duterte allegedly burned a flag of Singapore (though this claim was later denied) and joined 1,000 employees of Davao City in protest.{{Cite news |last=Shenon |first=Philip |date=March 22, 1995 |title=Outcry Mounts in Philippines Over Hanging |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1995/03/22/world/outcry-mounts-in-philippines-over-hanging.html |access-date=May 10, 2016}}{{Cite news |last=Dancel |first=Raul |title=Spokesman for Rodrigo Duterte says remarks on burning Singapore flag made 'jokingly' |work=The Straits Times |url=http://www.straitstimes.com/asia/se-asia/spokesman-for-rodrigo-duterte-says-remarks-on-burning-singapore-flag-made-jokingly |access-date=May 7, 2016}}

In 1998, because he was term-limited to run again for mayor, Duterte ran and won as congressman of the city's 1st district under the Laban ng Makabayang Masang Pilipino (LAMMP). He was a member of five House committees, namely: National Defense, Public Order and Security, Health, Transportation and Communications, and Cooperative Development. He filed 64 measures, including 45 bills, with one enacted into law—Republic Act No. 8969, which declared the third Friday of August a special holiday in Davao City. He expressed disinterest with his new post, describing it as less engaging compared to his time as mayor. He attempted to resign in 1999 after his son Paolo was accused of mauling a hotel guard, but both House Speaker Manny Villar and President Joseph Estrada declined his resignation.{{cite news|url=https://www.rappler.com/newsbreak/iq/134492-congressman-rodrigo-duterte-davao-city/|title=How did Rodrigo Duterte fare as congressman?|first=Reynaldo Jr.|last=Santos|work=Rappler|date=May 28, 2016|accessdate=September 23, 2024}}

In 2001, he ran again for mayor of Davao against his former ally, Mayor Benjamin de Guzman, as well as his estranged sister Jocelyn.{{cite news|last=Canuday|first=Jowel F.|title=Davao City poll drive: It's all in the family|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r6U2AAAAIBAJ&pg=PA14|access-date=August 2, 2024|newspaper=Philippine Daily Inquirer|date=March 2, 2001|page=A14}} He won against de Guzman and Jocelyn and was elected for a fourth term. He was re-elected in 2004, defeating de Guzman for the second time,{{Cite news|date=May 18, 2004|title=Landslide win for Davao's Duterte|work=The Philippine Star|url=https://www.philstar.com/nation/2004/05/18/250446/landslide-win-davao146s-duterte|access-date=March 17, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220317110924/https://www.philstar.com/nation/2004/05/18/250446/landslide-win-davao146s-duterte |archive-date=March 17, 2022}} and in 2007 with virtually no opposition.{{Cite news |last=Arguillas |first=Carolyn O. |date=May 11, 2016 |title=Rodrigo Roa Duterte: 16th President, first Mindanawon to lead the country |work=MindaNews |url=https://www.mindanews.com/top-stories/2016/05/rodrigo-roa-duterte-16th-president-first-mindanawon-to-lead-the-country/ |access-date=June 19, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160922221257/https://www.mindanews.com/top-stories/2016/05/rodrigo-roa-duterte-16th-president-first-mindanawon-to-lead-the-country/ |archive-date=September 22, 2016}}

File:VICE MAYOR RODRIGO R. DUTERTE Inauguration Speech 2010.jpg

In 2010, he was elected vice mayor, succeeding his daughter Sara, who was elected as mayor.{{Cite news |last=Subingsubing |first=Krixia |date=January 18, 2021 |title=Robredo, Sara Duterte react to President's remarks on female leaders |newspaper=Philippine Daily Inquirer |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1384852/leni-sara-react-to-rodys-remarks-on-female-leaders |access-date=April 15, 2021}}

In 2013, Davao City sent rescue and medical teams to Tacloban to give aid to the victims of Typhoon Haiyan (locally known in the country as Typhoon Yolanda). Financial assistance was also given to Bohol and Cebu for earthquake victims.{{Cite news |last1=Maru |first1=Davinci S. |last2=Vestil |first2=Justin K. |last3=Pineda |first3=Oscar C. |last4=Felicitas |first4=Princess Dawn H. |date=October 22, 2013 |title=Davao brings P18M as help to Cebu, Bohol |work=SunStar |url=http://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/local-news/2013/10/22/davao-brings-p18m-help-cebu-bohol-309893 |access-date=December 19, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131025010148/http://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/local-news/2013/10/22/davao-brings-p18m-help-cebu-bohol-309893 |archive-date=October 25, 2013}}

Duterte also passed Davao City's Women Development Code, which aims "to uphold the rights of women and the belief in their worth and dignity as human beings".{{Cite web |title=Davao City's GAD Awards |url=http://www.davaocity.gov.ph/igdd/downloads/report.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160505195956/http://www.davaocity.gov.ph/igdd/downloads/report.pdf |archive-date=May 5, 2016 |access-date=September 14, 2016 |website=Davao City (government website)}}{{Cite news |author=Castillo, B.L. |date=May 14, 2016 |title=National women code eyed in Duterte's term |work=SunStar|url=http://www.sunstar.com.ph/davao/local-news/2016/05/14/national-women-code-eyed-dutertes-term-473693 |access-date=September 15, 2016 |archive-date=November 2, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171102213432/http://www.sunstar.com.ph/davao/local-news/2016/05/14/national-women-code-eyed-dutertes-term-473693 |url-status=dead }} Duterte banned swimsuit competitions in beauty pageants in Davao City.{{Cite news |date=June 17, 2007 |title=Davao City bans bikini contests – report |work=GMA News Online |url=http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/46973/news/regions/davao-city-bans-bikini-contests-report |access-date=December 19, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161219063030/http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/46973/news/regions/davao-city-bans-bikini-contests-report |archive-date=December 19, 2016}} He gained prominence for supporting the first-ever Gawad Kalinga Village inside a jail facility in Davao City. It is a home-type jail with ten cottages built inside the compound, which now serve as homes for female inmates.{{Cite news |last=Esteves |first=Patricia |date=March 16, 2008 |title=Gawad Kalinga builds humane haven for Davao female inmates |work=The Philippine Star |url=http://www.philstar.com/headlines/50455/gawad-kalinga-builds-humane-haven-davao-female-inmates |access-date=December 19, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160630161539/http://www.philstar.com/headlines/50455/gawad-kalinga-builds-humane-haven-davao-female-inmates |archive-date=June 30, 2016}}

File:Rodrigo Duterte (2009).jpg

During Duterte's tenure as mayor, Davao City experienced economic boom and a significant decrease in crime from being a conflict-ridden area between communists and right-wing groups during the 1970s and 1980s, and is constantly rated as among the safest in the country.{{Cite book |last=Heydarian |first=Richard Javad |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cvs1DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA35 |title=The Rise of Duterte: A Populist Revolt against Elite Democracy |date=September 15, 2017 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-981-10-5918-6 |page=35 |language=en |access-date=March 17, 2022}}{{Cite journal |last=Dacumos-Lagorza |first=Kristine |date=September 1, 2017 |title=Defining Davao |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=COSEDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA62 |journal=LEAGUE Magazine |language=en |publisher=The League Publishing Company, Inc. |issue=September–October 2017 Issue: The Local Government Unit Magazine |page=62}} The city also ranks high in the world according to crowdsourced survey site Numbeo,{{Cite news |last=Hegina |first=Aries Joseph |title=Davao City improves to 5th in ranking of world's safest cities |newspaper=Philippine Daily Inquirer |url=https://globalnation.inquirer.net/125132/davao-city-improves-to-5th-in-ranking-of-worlds-safest-cities |access-date=November 21, 2019}}{{Cite news |last=Llemit |first=Ralph Lawrence G. |date=August 5, 2019 |title=Davao 2nd top safest city in SEA |work=SunStar|url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph//article/1817328 |url-status=dead |access-date=November 21, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190805162214/https://www.sunstar.com.ph/article/1817328 |archive-date=August 5, 2019}} a narrative that gained currency in the national media, creating a widespread public perception that has been a significant factor in establishing support for his nationwide drug policy.{{Cite news |date=April 2, 2017 |title=Thousands dead: the Philippine president, the death squad allegations and a brutal drugs war |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/apr/02/philippines-president-duterte-drugs-war-death-squads |access-date=September 28, 2017}}{{Cite news |date=February 2, 2017 |title=Drugs and death in Davao: the making of Rodrigo Duterte |work=Financial Times |url=https://www.ft.com/content/9d6225dc-e805-11e6-967b-c88452263daf?mhq5j=e6 |access-date=September 28, 2017}}{{Cite news |date=May 26, 2016 |title=Philippine death squads very much in business as Duterte set for presidency |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-philippines-duterte-killings-insight-idUSKCN0YG0EB |access-date=September 14, 2016 |quote=Today, thanks to Duterte's campaigns against drugs and crime, Davao today feels much safer, say the locals. But it still ranks first among 15 Philippine cities for murder and second for rape, according to the national police.}} The city was also awarded "Most Child-Friendly City for Highly-Urbanized Category" in 1998, 1999, 2013 and 2014.{{Cite news |date=May 13, 2015 |title=Another child-friendly award given Davao |newspaper=Philippine Daily Inquirer |url=http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/690922/another-child-friendly-award-given-davao |access-date=July 26, 2018}}{{Cite news |date=December 12, 2017 |title=Davao City bags Kalasag, Most Child-Friendly awards |work=SunStar|url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/article/409592/Davao-City-bags-Kalasag-Most-Child-Friendly-awards |access-date=July 26, 2018}}

Under Duterte's watch, the city council imposed a prohibition on selling, serving, drinking, and consuming alcoholic beverages from 01:00 until 08:00 each morning. Duterte signed Executive Order No. 39, reducing the speed limits for all kinds of motor vehicles within the territorial jurisdiction of Davao City in the interest of public safety and order.{{Cite news |author=Mejos, A.I. |date=April 11, 2015 |title=Davao City's speed limit reduces accidents, but businesses also affected |newspaper=Philippine Daily Inquirer |url=http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/684841/davao-citys-speed-limit-reduces-accidents-but-businesses-also-affected |access-date=September 15, 2016}} Duterte also signed Executive Order No. 04 creating the implementing of rules and regulations for a new comprehensive anti-smoking ordinance.{{Cite news |last=Regalado |first=E. |date=February 13, 2014 |title=Noy complies with Davao City's smoking ordinance |work=The Philippine Star |url=http://www.philstar.com/nation/2014/02/13/1289610/noy-complies-davao-citys-smoking-ordinance |access-date=September 15, 2016}} A firecracker ban was also implemented by the City Council through the support of Duterte.{{Cite news |last=Tordecilla, K. |date=May 18, 2016 |title=Davao City ordinances that may be implemented nationwide under a Duterte presidency |work=CNN Philippines |url=http://cnnphilippines.com/news/2016/05/17/davao-city-ordinances.html |access-date=September 15, 2016 |archive-date=September 19, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160919004529/http://cnnphilippines.com/news/2016/05/17/davao-city-ordinances.html |url-status=dead }} Davao acquired 10 ambulances for central 911 intended for medical emergencies and 42 mobile patrol vehicles and motorcycles for the Davao City Police Office.{{Cite news |last=Ocampo |first=Y.D. |date=August 5, 2016 |title=Davao's Central 911 serves as model for national counterpart |work=Manila Bulletin |url=http://www.mb.com.ph/davaos-central-911-serves-as-model-for-national-counterpart/ |access-date=September 15, 2016}} Duterte, through Executive Order No. 24, ordered all shopping malls and commercial centers to install, operate and maintain high end and high definition closed circuit television (CCTV) cameras at all entrance and exit points of their premises.{{Cite news |date=September 26, 2013 |title=Malls in Davao told to follow security rules |work=BusinessWorld |url=http://www.bworldonline.com/content.php?section=Nation&title=malls-in-davao-told-to-follow-security-rules&id=77014 |url-status=dead |access-date=September 15, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112040749/https://www.bworldonline.com/content.php?section=Nation |archive-date=November 12, 2020}}

In September 2015, Duterte was contacted by a restaurant owner in Davao City after a local tourist refused to comply with the city's public anti-smoking ordinance. The then-mayor went to the restaurant and had the tourist choose to be shot at his crotch, have himself imprisoned, or swallow his cigarette butt; the tourist chose the latter and apologized to Duterte.{{Cite news |last=Gonzales |first=Yuji Vincent |date=September 3, 2015 |title=Davao tourist swallows cigarette butt after reprimand from Duterte |newspaper=Philippine Daily Inquirer |url=http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/719038/davao-tourist-swallows-cigarette-butt-after-reprimand-from-duterte |access-date=December 19, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905145735/http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/719038/davao-tourist-swallows-cigarette-butt-after-reprimand-from-duterte |archive-date=September 5, 2015}} Duterte was then met with criticisms especially from the Commission on Human Rights (CHR).{{cite news |last1=Mateo |first1=Janvic |title=CHR to government officials: Treat people with respect |url=https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2015/09/04/1496083/chr-government-officials-treat-people-respect |access-date=November 16, 2024 |work=The Philippine Star |date=September 4, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181003062953/https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2015/09/04/1496083/chr-government-officials-treat-people-respect |archive-date=October 3, 2018}}

{{Main|Davao Death Squad}}

{{Further|Philippine drug war#Senate committee|Philippine drug war#Arturo Lascañas}}

Duterte has been linked by human rights groups such as Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch to extrajudicial killings of over 1,400 alleged criminals and street children by vigilante death squads.{{Cite news |date=July 17, 2015 |title=Rodrigo Duterte: The Rise of Philippines' Death Squad Mayor |work=Human Rights Watch |publisher=The Mark News |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2015/07/17/rodrigo-duterte-rise-philippines-death-squad-mayor |access-date=September 14, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160901200109/https://www.hrw.org/news/2015/07/17/rodrigo-duterte-rise-philippines-death-squad-mayor |archive-date=September 1, 2016}} In the April 2009 UN General Assembly of the Human Rights Council, the UN report (Eleventh Session Agenda item 3, par 21) said, "The Mayor of Davao City has done nothing to prevent these killings, and his public comments suggest that he is, in fact, supportive."{{Cite web |title=Report of the Special Rapporteur on extrajudicial, summary or arbitrary executions |url=http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/hrcouncil/docs/11session/A.HRC.11.2.Add.8.pdf |website=Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights}} Duterte emphasized that the concept of human rights for criminals is Western and should not apply to the Philippines;{{Cite news |last=Lacorte |first=Germelina |date=May 15, 2015 |title=Duterte on criminals: 'Kill all of them' |language=en |newspaper=Philippine Daily Inquirer |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/691527/dutertes-secret-in-keeping-davao-city-phs-safest-kill-criminals |access-date=March 29, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150517231926/https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/691527/dutertes-secret-in-keeping-davao-city-phs-safest-kill-criminals |archive-date=May 17, 2015}} he further challenged human rights officials to file a case against him if they could provide evidence of his links with vigilante groups.{{Cite news |title=Duterte admits links to Davao Death Squad |work=ABS-CBN News |url=http://www.abs-cbnnews.com/nation/regions/05/25/15/duterte-admits-links-davao-death-squad-says-hell-kill-100000-criminals}}

{{blockquote|We're the ninth-safest city. How do you think I did it? How did I reach that title among the world's safest cities? Kill them all [criminals].|Duterte, May 15, 2015}}

Duterte frequently expressed his support for the extrajudicial killings that occurred during his tenure as Davao City mayor, while alternately denying and admitting his links to them.{{Cite web |title="You Can Die Any Time" Death Squad Killings in Mindanao |url=https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/philippines0409webwcover_0.pdf |access-date=September 6, 2014 |website=Human Rights Watch}}{{Cite news |title=The Philippines' real-life Punisher, Davao City Mayor Rodrigo Duterte, urged to run for president |work=News.com.au |url=http://www.news.com.au/world/asia/the-philippines-reallife-punisher-davao-city-mayor-rodrigo-duterte-urged-to-run-for-president/story-fnh81fz8-1226973937374 |url-status=dead |access-date=September 6, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140906113159/http://www.news.com.au/world/asia/the-philippines-reallife-punisher-davao-city-mayor-rodrigo-duterte-urged-to-run-for-president/story-fnh81fz8-1226973937374 |archive-date=September 6, 2014}} During his post-presidency in October 2023, he admitted on his talk show program Gikan sa Masa, para sa Masa to using intelligence funds to finance the extrajudicial killings done during his time as mayor.{{cite news|last=Ramos|first=Marlon|title=Rodrigo Duterte remark he funded Davao slays sent to ICC|url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1846808/rodrigo-duterte-remark-he-funded-davao-slays-sent-to-icc|access-date=October 23, 2023|newspaper=Philippine Daily Inquirer|date=October 17, 2023|location=Manila, Philippines}}{{Cite AV media|author=Sonshine Media Network International|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=miDJCWnLynM&t=4316s|title=Gikan sa Masa, Para sa Masa (OCTOBER.10.2023)|date=October 11, 2023|access-date=October 23, 2023|website=YouTube|publisher=Google LLC|time=1:11:57|language=Filipino, English|quote=Kinain ko yung intelligence fund... Ang intelligence fund, binili ko, pinapatay ko lahat.}}

{{Main|Federalism and Rodrigo Duterte}}

In September 2014, Duterte and former mayors and governors, calling themselves the Mindanao Council of Leaders, advocated for a federalist government.{{Cite news |date=September 14, 2014 |title=Duterte, Mindanao leaders bat federalism |work=Davao Today |url=http://davaotoday.com/main/politics/duterte-mindanao-leaders-bat-federalism/ |access-date=September 15, 2016}} A month later, Duterte attended an event sponsored by the Federal Movement for a Better Philippines in Cebu City.{{Cite news |last=Casas |first=Arianne Caryl |date=November 30, 2014 |title=Federalism summit in Davao today |work=Sun.Star |url=http://www.sunstar.com.ph/davao/local-news/2014/11/30/federalism-summit-davao-today-379430 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141213180224/http://www.sunstar.com.ph/davao/local-news/2014/11/30/federalism-summit-davao-today-379430 |archive-date=December 13, 2014}}

In December 2014, Duterte held a summit entitled "Mindanaons Forging Unity Toward a Federal System of Government".{{Cite news |last=Mellejor |first=Lilian C. |date=November 14, 2014 |title=Davao mayor convenes Mindanao leaders for Federalism summit |work=Philippines Today |url=http://www.philippinestoday.net/archives/17403 |access-date=April 27, 2019}}

{{Main|Rodrigo Duterte 2016 presidential campaign}}

{{Further|2016 Philippine presidential election}}

File:Rodrigo Duterte 2016 campaign.png

Prospects of Duterte running for president in the 2016 elections began in February 2015, during which Duterte, then outgoing Mayor of Davao City, re-entered the PDP-Laban party, who courted him to run for president.{{cite news |last1=Esmaquel |first1=Paterno II |title=Duterte 're-enters' PDP-Laban amid 2016 prospects |url=https://www.rappler.com/philippines/84620-rodrigo-duterte-pdp-laban/ |access-date=July 30, 2024 |work=Rappler |date=February 21, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240727072014/https://www.rappler.com/philippines/84620-rodrigo-duterte-pdp-laban/ |archive-date=July 27, 2024}} A month later, Duterte emerged as a preferred presidential candidate in a Pulse Asia poll; tied with Manila mayor and former president Joseph Estrada, Duterte ranked third behind Senator Grace Poe and frontrunner, Vice President Jejomar Binay.{{cite news |last1=Hofilena |first1=Chay |title=Duterte is No. 3 in presidential preference poll |url=https://www.rappler.com/philippines/87143-duterte-ranks-3-presidential-preference-poll/ |access-date=July 30, 2024 |work=Rappler |date=March 17, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240730123351/https://www.rappler.com/philippines/87143-duterte-ranks-3-presidential-preference-poll/ |archive-date=July 30, 2024}} In the following months leading to October, however, Duterte repeatedly declined his supporters' clamors for him to run as president because of what he described as a "flawed government system", as well as lack of funds and opposition from his family members—notably, from his daughter Sara.{{cite news |last1=Gonzales |first1=Yuji Vincent |title=Duterte's final answer: I won't run for president |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/719960/dutertes-final-answer-i-wont-run-for-president |access-date=July 30, 2024 |newspaper=Philippine Daily Inquirer |date=September 7, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150910015552/https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/719960/dutertes-final-answer-i-wont-run-for-president |archive-date=September 10, 2015 |language=en}} Additionally, Duterte said he will retire from politics after his mayorship ends, but only if Sara runs as mayor.{{cite news |last1=Ranada |first1=Pia |title=Rodrigo Duterte: Sorry, I will not run for president |url=https://www.rappler.com/philippines/elections/109018-rodrigo-duterte-not-running-president/ |access-date=July 30, 2024 |work=Rappler |date=October 12, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240605045202/https://www.rappler.com/philippines/elections/109018-rodrigo-duterte-not-running-president/ |archive-date=June 5, 2024}}

PDP-Laban standard bearer Martin Diño unexpectedly withdrew his candidacy on October 29 and named Duterte as his substitute.{{cite news |last1=Takumi |first1=Rie |title=Martin Diño withdraws candidacy for president, names Duterte as substitute |url=https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/topstories/nation/542407/martin-dino-withdraws-candidacy-for-president-names-duterte-as-substitute/story/ |access-date=July 30, 2024 |work=GMA News Online |date=October 29, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240201221443/https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/topstories/nation/542407/martin-dino-withdraws-candidacy-for-president-names-duterte-as-substitute/story/ |archive-date=February 1, 2024 |language=en}} A month later, Duterte formally announced his presidential bid and accepted Alan Peter Cayetano's offer to be his running mate; Duterte also named Sara as his substitute for Mayor of Davao City.{{Cite news |last=Dioquino |first=Rose-An Jessica |date=November 27, 2015 |title=Duterte files COC for president |work=GMA News Online |url=http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/545982/news/nation/duterte-files-coc-for-president |access-date=July 6, 2016}}{{Cite news |title=Duterte makes a stand |work=Manila Bulletin |url=http://www.mb.com.ph/duterte-makes-a-stand/#LubMmVQSGTGM834v.99 |url-status=dead |access-date=November 22, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151123202534/http://www.mb.com.ph/duterte-makes-a-stand/ |archive-date=November 23, 2015}}

File:Duterte-Cayetano campaign 2016 elections (Pandacan, Manila)(2016-04-23) 28).jpg on April 23, 2016.]]

During his campaign, Duterte gained distinction for his emphatic anti-crime message and push to reduce "Imperial Manila's" dominance.{{cite journal |last1=Cook |first1=Malcolm |last2=Salazar |first2=Lorraine |title=The Differences Duterte Relied Upon to Win |journal=ISEAS Perspective |date=June 22, 2016 |issue=34 |url=https://www.iseas.edu.sg/wp-content/uploads/pdfs/ISEAS_Perspective_2016_34.pdf |access-date=October 30, 2024 |publisher=ISEAS – Yusof Ishak Institute |location=Singapore |issn=2335-6677}}{{rp|page=5}} At the same time, he made controversial remarks, including promising to kill tens of thousands of criminals and eradicate crime in six months.{{Cite news |title=Philippines election: Duterte declares victory and promises change |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/may/10/rodrigo-duterte-declares-victory-in-philippines-election-vows-to-rewrite-constitution |access-date=November 6, 2016}} He also said his presidency would be "a bloody one", and that he would pardon himself, the police, and soldiers accused of human rights abuses at the end of his six-year term.{{Cite news |title=Philippine presidential frontrunner Rodrigo Duterte vows to pardon himself for murder |work=Australian Broadcasting Company |url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-04-28/philippine-candidate-rodrigo-duterte-vows-murder-pardon/7365436 |access-date=November 6, 2016}} Duterte also apologized after saying out of anger when recalling the events{{Cite news |title=Rodrigo Duterte: Philippines presidential candidate hits back as rape remark sparks fury |work=ABC News |url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-04-18/rodrigo-duterte-hits-back-back-as-rape-remark-sparks-fury/7333532}} that he "should have been first" to rape Jacqueline Hamill, an Australian missionary who was gang-raped and killed during the 1989 Davao hostage crisis.{{Cite news |date=April 19, 2016 |title=The dark, cruel joke about rape that derailed a presidential campaign |work=The Independent |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/philippine-presidential-candidate-rodrigo-duterte-gang-rape-comments-a6990911.html |access-date=November 5, 2016}} After the United States' and Australia's ambassadors to the Philippines criticized him for the rape comments, Duterte threatened to sever diplomatic ties with the countries if elected.

{{Main|Federalism and Rodrigo Duterte}}

Duterte campaigned for decentralization and a shift to a federal government during the 2016 presidential election. In an October 2014 forum organized by Federal Movement for a Better Philippines in Cebu City prior to joining the presidential race, the then-mayor of Davao City called for the creation of two federal states for Moro people as a solution to the problems besetting Mindanao.{{Cite news |author=Lacorte, G. |date=October 10, 2014 |title=Argument for federalism: Manila steals funds |newspaper=Philippine Daily Inquirer |url=http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/643859/argument-for-federalism-manila-steals-funds |access-date=May 17, 2017}} Mayor Duterte said that Nur Misuari and his Moro National Liberation Front do not see eye-to-eye with the Moro Islamic Liberation Front which the administration of President Benigno Aquino III had inked a peace deal with. He also said that the "template of the Bangsamoro Basic Law is federal", but what is granted to the Bangsamoro should also be granted to other Moro groups and other regions in the country.{{Cite news |author=Lacorte, G. |date=May 17, 2015 |title=Duterte: Change in form of gov't possible only through 'Con-Con' |newspaper=Philippine Daily Inquirer |url=http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/691847/duterte-change-in-form-of-govt-possible-only-through-con-con |access-date=May 17, 2017}} In a dialogue with the Makati Business Club prior to the elections, Duterte said he is open to "toning down the Constitution" to accommodate more foreign investors to the Philippines.{{Cite news |agency=Philippine News Agency |date=April 28, 2016 |title=Duterte open to 'toning down' Constitution to accommodate foreign investors |work=Manila Bulletin |url=http://2016.mb.com.ph/2016/04/28/duterte-open-to-toning-down-constitution-to-accommodate-foreign-investors/comment-page-16/ |url-status=dead |access-date=May 17, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010133028/http://2016.mb.com.ph/2016/04/28/duterte-open-to-toning-down-constitution-to-accommodate-foreign-investors/comment-page-16/ |archive-date=October 10, 2017}} He also said he is open to up to 70 percent foreign ownership of businesses in the country and foreign lease of lands up to 60 years, but will "leave it to Congress to decide".

On May 30, 2016, the 16th Congress of the Philippines proclaimed Duterte as the president-elect of the Philippines after he topped the official count by the Congress of the Philippines for the 2016 presidential election with 16,601,997 votes, 6.6 million more than his closest rival, Mar Roxas.{{Cite news |date=May 27, 2016 |title=Official count: Duterte is new president, Robredo is vice president |work=CNN Philippines |url=http://cnnphilippines.com/news/2016/05/27/official-count-duterte-president-robredo-vp.html |access-date=May 28, 2016 |archive-date=December 25, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225131751/http://cnnphilippines.com/news/2016/05/27/official-count-duterte-president-robredo-vp.html |url-status=dead }}{{Cite news |date=May 28, 2016 |title=Lawmakers set Monday proclamation for Duterte, Robredo |work=CNN Philippines |url=http://cnnphilippines.com/news/2016/05/28/Duterte-Robredo-proclamation-set-on-Monday.html |access-date=May 28, 2016 |archive-date=May 30, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160530193202/http://cnnphilippines.com/news/2016/05/28/Duterte-Robredo-proclamation-set-on-Monday.html |url-status=dead }}{{Cite news |date=May 30, 2016 |title=Duterte, Robredo proclaimed new President, VP; Rody a no-show |newspaper=Philippine Daily Inquirer |url=http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/788148/congress-proclaims-duterte-robredo-as-new-president-vp-rody-a-no-show |access-date=June 24, 2016}} Camarines Sur representative Leni Robredo on the other hand, was proclaimed as the vice president-elect of the Philippines with 14,418,817 votes, narrowly defeating Senator Bongbong Marcos by 263,473 votes.{{Cite news |last=Cayabyab |first=Marc Jayson |title=Leni Robredo is vice president |newspaper=Philippine Daily Inquirer |url=http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/787873/leni-robredo-is-vice-president |access-date=May 27, 2016}}

Duterte's election victory was attributed to growing public dissatisfaction on the perceived failures of administrations that followed the 1986 EDSA Revolution.{{cite journal |last1=Untalan |first1=Carmina Yu |editor1-last=Torri |editor1-first=Michelguglielmo |editor2-last=Mocci |editor2-first=Nicola |title=The Philippines 2016: Democracy in dispute? |journal=Asia Maior |date=March 1, 2017 |volume=XXVII |pages=143–152 |url=https://www.asiamaior.org/the-journal/09-asia-maior-vol-xxvii-2016/the-philippines-2016.html |access-date=October 30, 2024 |publisher=Associazione Asia Maior & CSPE - Centro Studi per i Popoli extra-europei "Cesare Bonacossa" - Università di Pavia |doi=10.52056/9788867288861/06 |issn=2385-2526|doi-access=free }} It was also aided by a strong social media and grassroots fanbase{{cite journal |last1=Sinpeng |first1=Aim |last2=Gueorguiev |first2=Dimitar |last3=Arugay |first3=Aries A. |title=Strong Fans, Weak Campaigns: Social Media and Duterte in the 2016 Philippine Election |journal=Journal of East Asian Studies |date=November 2020 |volume=20 |issue=3 |pages=353–374 |doi=10.1017/jea.2020.11 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-east-asian-studies/article/abs/strong-fans-weak-campaigns-social-media-and-duterte-in-the-2016-philippine-election/35F8393A2160E31A33D63B667FF42A73 |access-date=October 30, 2024}}{{rp|pages=8–10}} and the endorsement of the influential Iglesia ni Cristo, known for its block-voting.{{cite news |title=INC endorses Duterte, Marcos |url=https://news.abs-cbn.com/halalan2016/nation/05/05/16/inc-endorses-duterte-marcos |access-date=October 30, 2024 |work=ABS-CBN News |date=May 5, 2016 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230409215243/https://news.abs-cbn.com/halalan2016/nation/05/05/16/inc-endorses-duterte-marcos |archive-date=April 9, 2023}}

{{main|Presidency of Rodrigo Duterte}}

{{see also|Presidential transition of Rodrigo Duterte|Inauguration of Rodrigo Duterte}}

{{Infobox President styles

| name = Rodrigo Duterte{{Cite news |date=July 22, 2016 |title=Malacañang: Drop 'His Excellency' in addressing Duterte |work=CNN Philippines |url=http://cnnphilippines.com/news/2016/07/22/no-honorifics-for-president-rodrigo-duterte.html |access-date=September 14, 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160817234257/http://cnnphilippines.com/news/2016/07/22/no-honorifics-for-president-rodrigo-duterte.html |archive-date=August 17, 2016}}{{Cite news |last=Corrales |first=Nestor |date=July 21, 2016 |title=Drop 'His Excellency,' it's just President Duterte |newspaper=Philippine Daily Inquirer |url=http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/797771/drop-his-excellency-its-just-president-duterte |access-date=September 14, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160721051746/http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/797771/drop-his-excellency-its-just-president-duterte |archive-date=July 21, 2016}}

| image = 100px

| dipstyle = President Duterte, His Excellency (rarely used){{efn|name=his-excellency|Duterte himself does not use the style of Excellency President}}

| offstyle = Your Excellency (rarely used){{efn|name=his-excellency}}

| altstyle = Mr. President, President, Mayor{{Cite web |date=May 16, 2016 |title=Duterte tells public: Call me 'mayor' |url=http://www.manilatimes.net/duterte-tells-public-call-me-mayor/262395/ |access-date=November 16, 2016 |work=The Manila Times}}

}}

Duterte was inaugurated as the sixteenth president of the Philippines on June 30, 2016, succeeding Benigno Aquino III. At age 71, Duterte became the oldest person elected to the presidency, the first local chief executive to get elected straight to the Office of the President, the second Cebuano president (after Sergio Osmeña), and the first Visayan president from Mindanao.{{Cite web |title=Presidency and Vice Presidency by the Numbers: Rodrigo Roa Duterte and Leni Robredo |url=http://malacanang.gov.ph/77212-presidency-and-vice-presidency-by-the-numbers-duterte-robredo/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160808190247/http://malacanang.gov.ph/77212-presidency-and-vice-presidency-by-the-numbers-duterte-robredo/ |archive-date=August 8, 2016 |access-date=July 25, 2016 |publisher=Presidential Museum and Library}}

{{Further|First 100 days of Rodrigo Duterte's presidency}}

File:Duterte_and_Aquino_June_2016.jpg at Malacañang Palace on inauguration day, June 30, 2016]]

Shortly after his inauguration, Duterte held his first Cabinet meeting to lay out their first agenda, which included the country's disaster risk reduction management, decongesting Ninoy Aquino International Airport in Manila; he also expressed his ideas and concerns regarding the territorial disputes in the South China Sea prior to the announcement of the verdict of the Philippines' arbitration case against China over the issue,{{Cite news |last=Gita |first=Ruth Abbey |date=June 30, 2016 |title=Duterte holds first Cabinet meeting |work=SunStar |url=http://www.sunstar.com.ph/manila/local-news/2016/06/30/duterte-holds-first-cabinet-meeting-482533 |access-date=July 1, 2016 |archive-date=July 1, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160701134338/http://www.sunstar.com.ph/manila/local-news/2016/06/30/duterte-holds-first-cabinet-meeting-482533 |url-status=dead }} which the Philippines later won.{{Cite news |last=Perlez |first=Jane |date=July 12, 2016 |title=Tribunal Rejects Beijing's Claims in South China Sea |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/07/13/world/asia/south-china-sea-hague-ruling-philippines.html |access-date=July 13, 2016}} On July 4, he issued his first executive order, allowing his Cabinet Secretary to supervise over several agencies that focus on poverty reduction.{{Cite news |last=Andolong |first=Ina |date=July 4, 2016 |title=President Duterte issues his first Executive Order |work=CNN Philippines |url=http://cnnphilippines.com/news/2016/07/04/rodrigo-duterte-first-executive-order.html |access-date=July 4, 2016 |archive-date=July 7, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160707011120/http://cnnphilippines.com/news/2016/07/04/rodrigo-duterte-first-executive-order.html |url-status=dead }} He called for the reimposition of capital punishment in the country to execute criminals involved in "heinous" crimes, such as illegal drug trade, insisting on hanging.{{Cite news |last1=Romero |first1=Alexis |last2=Macairan |first2=Evelyn |last3=Mendez |first3=Christina |date=June 25, 2016 |title=Duterte insists on death penalty by hanging |work=The Philippine Star |url=http://www.philstar.com/headlines/2016/06/25/1596516/duterte-insists-death-penalty-hanging |access-date=July 9, 2016}}

During his first 100 days in office, Duterte issued an executive order on freedom of information,{{Cite news |last=Alimario |first=Anjo |date=July 25, 2016 |title=President Duterte finally signs FOI |work=CNN Philippines |url=http://cnnphilippines.com/news/2016/07/24/duterte-signs-inks-freedom-of-information-foi.html |access-date=July 29, 2016 |archive-date=July 28, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160728024154/http://cnnphilippines.com/news/2016/07/24/duterte-signs-inks-freedom-of-information-foi.html |url-status=dead }} launched an intensified campaign against illegal drugs, sought to resume peace talks with communist insurgents, formulated a comprehensive tax reform plan, led efforts to pass the Bangsamoro Basic Law, made efforts to streamline government transactions, launched the nationwide 9–1–1 rescue and 8888 complaint hotlines, established a one-stop service center for overseas Filipino workers, and increased in the combat and incentive pay of soldiers and police personnel.{{Cite news |last=Valente |first=Catherine S. |date=October 8, 2016 |title=First 100 days yield significant accomplishments |language=en |work=The Manila Times |url=https://www.manilatimes.net/2016/10/08/news/top-stories/first-100-days-yield-significant-accomplishments/290072/ |access-date=May 15, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191205121827/https://www.manilatimes.net/2016/10/08/news/top-stories/first-100-days-yield-significant-accomplishments/290072/ |archive-date=December 5, 2019}}

Duterte made moves to limit US visiting troops in the country, and has reached out to China and Russia to improve relations. He launched tirades against international critics, particularly, United States President Barack Obama, the US government, the United Nations, and the European Union, which expressed condemnation to his unprecedented war on drugs that led to the deaths of about 3,300 people, half of which were killed by unknown assailants, and the arrest of 22,000 drug suspects and surrender of about 731,000 people.{{Cite news |date=October 8, 2016 |title=A look at the 1st 100 days of Duterte's phenomenal rule |language=en |newspaper=Philippine Daily Inquirer |agency=Associated Press |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/823155/a-look-at-the-1st-100-days-of-dutertes-phenomenal-rule |access-date=May 15, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161210230705/http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/823155/a-look-at-the-1st-100-days-of-dutertes-phenomenal-rule |archive-date=December 10, 2016}}

File:Inauguration of President Rodrigo Roa Duterte 6 30 2016-uH80-bjOBnM.webm as the 16th president of the Philippines on June 30, 2016.]]

Following the September 2 bombing in Davao City that killed 14 people in the city's central business district, on September 3 Duterte declared a "state of lawlessness", and on the following day issued Proclamation No. 55 to officially declare a "state of national emergency on account of lawless violence in Mindanao".{{Cite magazine |author=Solomon, F. |date=September 6, 2016 |title=Rodrigo Duterte declares a state of emergency in the Philippines |magazine=Time |url=https://time.com/4479616/rodrigo-duterte-philippines-obama-davao-blast/ |access-date=September 6, 2016}}{{Cite news |author=Viray, P.L. |date=September 6, 2016 |title=Palace issues proclamation of state of national emergency |work=The Philippine Star |url=http://www.philstar.com/headlines/2016/09/06/1621023/palace-issues-proclamation-state-national-emergency |access-date=September 6, 2016}} On December 7, Duterte signed Executive Order No. 10 creating a consultative committee to review the 1987 Constitution of the Philippines.{{Cite news |author=Macas, T. |date=December 9, 2016 |title=Duterte signs EO creating committee to review 1987 Constitution |work=GMA News Online |url=http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/news/nation/591878/duterte-signs-eo-creating-committee-to-review-1987-constitution/story/ |access-date=May 17, 2017}}

Duterte adjusted to working and residing at the Malacañang Palace by dividing his workweek between Manila and Davao City, spending three days in each city and utilizing the Malacañang of the South while in Davao.{{Cite news |last=Hegina |first=Aries Joseph |date=July 2, 2016 |title=Duterte to split workweek between Manila, Davao |newspaper=Philippine Daily Inquirer |url=http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/793908/duterte-to-split-workweek-between-manila-davao |access-date=July 9, 2016}}

A Pulse Asia survey conducted from July 2–8 showed that Duterte had a trust rating of 91%, the highest of the six presidents since the Marcos dictatorship.{{Cite news |date=October 7, 2016 |title=The Truth About Duterte's 'Popularity' in the Philippines |work=The Diplomat |url=https://thediplomat.com/2016/10/the-truth-about-dutertes-popularity-in-the-philippines/ |access-date=December 2, 2016}} In December 2016, Duterte was ranked 70th on Forbes list of The World's Most Powerful People.{{Cite news |date=December 14, 2016 |title=The World's Most Powerful People 2016 |work=Forbes |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/davidewalt/2016/12/14/the-worlds-most-powerful-people-2016/#471408e7368d |access-date=December 15, 2016}}{{Cite news |date=December 14, 2016 |title=Rodrigo Duterte |work=Forbes |url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/rodrigo-duterte/?list=powerful-people |access-date=December 15, 2016}}

{{Further|DuterteNomics}}

Duterte's socioeconomic policies, referred to as DuterteNomics, include tax reform, infrastructure development, social protection programs, and other policies to promote economic growth and human development in the country.{{Cite news |date=May 29, 2017 |title=TIMELINE for Duterte's economic agenda |work=The Manila Times |url=http://www.manilatimes.net/timeline-dutertes-economic-agenda/329785/ |access-date=June 28, 2017}}{{Cite web |title=Home |url=http://www.build.gov.ph/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170622171117/http://www.build.gov.ph/ |archive-date=June 22, 2017 |access-date=June 28, 2017 |website=Build!}} Finance Secretary Carlos Dominguez III has said that the government required what he describes as an "audacious" economic strategy in order for the Philippines to "catch up with its more vibrant neighbors" by 2022 and help it achieve high-income economy status within a generation. The term DuterteNomics was coined to describe the economic policy of the Duterte administration.

Duterte initiated liberal economic reforms to attract foreign investors.{{Cite news |last1=Calonzo |first1=Andreo |last2=Lopez |first2=Ditas B. |date=July 25, 2021 |title=Duterte Pushes to Open Philippines to More Foreign Investors |work=Bloomberg |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-07-25/duterte-set-to-push-congress-on-virus-recovery-successor |access-date=March 20, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210726011148/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-07-25/duterte-set-to-push-congress-on-virus-recovery-successor |archive-date=July 26, 2021}} In March 2022, he signed Republic Act No. 11647 which amended the Foreign Investment Act of 1991, effectively relaxing restrictions on foreign investments by allowing foreigners to invest in a local enterprise up to 100% of its capital.{{Cite news |last=Cervantes |first=Filane Mikee |date=March 4, 2022 |title=PRRD signs law amending Foreign Investments Act |language=en |work=Philippine News Agency |url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1169060 |access-date=March 17, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220305005159/https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1169060 |archive-date=March 5, 2022}} He signed Republic Act No. 11659, amending the 85-year-old Public Service Act, allowing full foreign ownership of public services, which include airports, expressways, railways, telecommunications, and shipping industries, in the country.{{Cite news |last=Parrocha |first=Azer |date=March 21, 2022 |title=Duterte signs law amending Public Service Act |language=en |work=Philippine News Agency |url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1170293 |access-date=March 22, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220321122911/https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1170293 |archive-date=March 21, 2022}}

Duterte reformed the country's tax system in an effort to make the country's tax system fairer, simpler, and more efficient.{{Cite journal |last=Felipe |first=Marvee Anne C. |date=2022 |title=Tax Laws Enacted During the Duterte Administration and the Role of STSRO in the Law-making Process |url=https://legacy.senate.gov.ph/publications/STSRO/62_Tax%20Bits_Final.pdf |journal=Taxbits |publisher=Senate Tax Study and Research Office (STSRO) |volume=XI |issue=62nd Issue (January – February 2022) |pages=1–2 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220320085147/https://legacy.senate.gov.ph/publications/STSRO/62_Tax%20Bits_Final.pdf |archive-date=March 20, 2022 |access-date=March 27, 2022}} In December 2017, he signed Tax Reform for Acceleration and Inclusion Law (TRAIN Law) which excludes those earning an annual taxable income of {{Philippine peso}}250,000 and below from paying the personal income tax, while raising higher excise taxes on vehicles, sugar-sweetened beverages, petroleum products, tobacco and other non-essential goods.{{Cite news |last=Cigaral |first=Ian Nicolas |date=December 19, 2017 |title=Duterte signs 2018 national budget, tax reform bill |work=The Philippine Star |url=https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2017/12/19/1769882/duterte-signs-2018-national-budget-tax-reform-bill |access-date=March 5, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171220091106/https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2017/12/19/1769882/duterte-signs-2018-national-budget-tax-reform-bill |archive-date=December 20, 2017}} Revenues collected from the TRAIN law will help fund the administration's massive infrastructure program.{{Cite news |date=December 19, 2017 |title=Duterte signs tax reform, 2018 budget into law |work=ABS-CBN News |url=https://news.abs-cbn.com/business/12/19/17/duterte-signs-tax-reform-2018-budget-into-law |access-date=December 4, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171221011713/https://news.abs-cbn.com/business/12/19/17/duterte-signs-tax-reform-2018-budget-into-law |archive-date=December 21, 2017}}{{Cite news |last=Gulla |first=Vivienne |date=March 5, 2019 |title=Duterte: TRAIN law keeps gov't running |work=ABS-CBN News |url=https://news.abs-cbn.com/business/03/05/19/duterte-train-law-keeps-govt-running |access-date=December 4, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190313054447/https://news.abs-cbn.com/business/03/05/19/duterte-train-law-keeps-govt-running |archive-date=March 13, 2019}} In March 2021, to attract more investments and maintain fiscal stability, Duterte signed the Corporate Recovery and Tax Incentives for Enterprises (CREATE) Act, reducing the 30 percent corporate income tax rate to 25 percent for firms with assets above {{Philippine peso|100 million|link=yes}} and to 20 percent for smaller firms.{{Cite news |last=Gita-Carlos |first=Ruth Abbey |date=March 26, 2021 |title=Duterte signs CREATE bill into law |language=en |work=Philippine News Agency |url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1135049 |access-date=March 5, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210622043637/https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1135049 |archive-date=June 22, 2021}} Duterte raised sin taxes on tobacco and vapor products in July 2019, and alcohol beverages and electronic cigarettes in January 2020, to fund the Universal Health Care Act and reduce incidence of deaths and diseases associated with smoking and alcohol consumption.{{Cite news |date=July 25, 2019 |title=Duterte signs bill on higher tobacco sin taxes |work=CNN Philippines |url=https://www.cnnphilippines.com/news/2019/7/25/higher-tobacco-sin-taxes-rodrigo-duterte.html |access-date=March 27, 2022 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210411183424/https://www.cnnphilippines.com/news/2019/7/25/higher-tobacco-sin-taxes-rodrigo-duterte.html |archive-date=April 11, 2021}}{{Cite news |last=Gita-Carlos |first=Ruth Abbey |date=January 23, 2020 |title=Duterte signs law imposing higher taxes on alcohol, e-cigarettes |language=en |work=Philippine News Agency |url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1091709 |access-date=March 27, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200124211257/https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1091709 |archive-date=January 24, 2020}}

Duterte's tax reform program has garnered both support and criticism. Critics have argued that the administration's tax policy would burden the poor.{{Cite news |title='TRAIN' advocates and supporters are insensitive to the cries of the poor |language=en-US |work=Manila Bulletin |url=https://news.mb.com.ph/2017/12/10/train-advocates-and-supporters-are-insensitive-to-the-cries-of-the-poor/ |access-date=July 15, 2018 |archive-date=July 22, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180722041245/https://news.mb.com.ph/2017/12/10/train-advocates-and-supporters-are-insensitive-to-the-cries-of-the-poor/ |url-status=dead }} The implementation of the TRAIN Law triggered protests from various left-wing groups. On January 15, 2018, protesters gathered at various public market sites, calling for the revocation of TRAIN.[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w0s1BkL1Jn8 "Bandila: Kilos-protesta kontra TRAIN, isinagawa"] (in Tagalog). ABS-CBN News – via YouTube. However, proponents of the program cite its appeal to foreign investors and economic benefits as the main reasons behind tax reform.

{{Main|Build! Build! Build!}}

File:Athletic Stadium of the New Clark City sports complex (July 19, 2019).jpg of the New Clark City sports complex, completed on October 12, 2019, 50 days before the opening of the 2019 Southeast Asian Games{{Cite news |last=De La Cruz |first=Gabrielle |date=October 29, 2019 |title=Athletic Stadium 100% complete 50 days before the SEA Games |work=BluPrint |publisher=One Mega Group |url=https://bluprint.onemega.com/athletic-stadium-100-before-sea-games/ |access-date=June 10, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191109132357/https://bluprint.onemega.com/athletic-stadium-100-before-sea-games/ |archive-date=November 9, 2019}}]]

To reduce poverty, encourage economic growth, and reduce congestion in Metro Manila, the Duterte administration launched its comprehensive infrastructure program, Build, Build, Build,{{Cite news |date=April 19, 2017 |title=DuterteNomics unveiled |publisher=Presidential Communications Operations Office |url=http://pcoo.gov.ph/dutertenomics-unveiled/ |access-date=June 28, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170420212221/http://pcoo.gov.ph/dutertenomics-unveiled/ |archive-date=April 20, 2017}} on April 18, 2017.{{Cite news |date=April 24, 2017 |title=Government's Build Build Build program embodied in PDP 2017-2022 – AmBisyon Natin 2040 |work=National Economic and Development Authority |url=https://2040.neda.gov.ph/2017/04/24/governments-build-build-build-program-embodied-in-pdp-2017-2022/ |access-date=August 7, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170709020906/https://2040.neda.gov.ph/2017/04/24/governments-build-build-build-program-embodied-in-pdp-2017-2022/ |archive-date=July 9, 2017 |quote=Build Build Build, the administration's comprehensive infrastructure development program, was launched during the Dutertenomics Forum held last April 18 at The Conrad Hotel, Pasay City.}} The program, which forms part of the administration's socioeconomic policy, aimed to usher in the country's "Golden Age of Infrastructure" by increasing the share of spending on public infrastructure in the country's gross domestic product (GDP) from 5.4 percent in 2017 to 7.4 percent in 2022.{{Cite news |last=Marasigan |first=Lorenz S. |date=May 7, 2017 |title=BBB program gains headway |work=BusinessMirror |url=https://businessmirror.com.ph/2017/05/07/bbb-program-gains-headway/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112044637/https://businessmirror.com.ph/2017/05/07/bbb-program-gains-headway/ |archive-date=November 12, 2020}}{{Cite news |last1=de Vera |first1=Ben O. |last2=Yee |first2=Jovic |last3=Camus |first3=Miguel R. |date=April 19, 2017 |title=Dutertenomics: 'Golden age of infrastructure' |language=en |newspaper=Philippine Daily Inquirer |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/890225/dutertenomics-golden-age-of-infrastructure |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170420184710/https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/890225/dutertenomics-golden-age-of-infrastructure |archive-date=April 20, 2017}} The administration, in 2017, shifted its infrastructure funding policy from public-private partnerships (PPPs) of previous administrations to government revenues and official development assistance (ODA), particularly from Japan and China,{{Cite news |last=Heydarian |first=Richard Javad |date=February 28, 2018 |title=Duterte's Ambitious 'Build, Build, Build' Project To Transform The Philippines Could Become His Legacy |language=en |work=Forbes |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/outofasia/2018/02/28/dutertes-ambitious-build-build-build-project-to-transform-the-philippines-could-become-his-legacy/ |access-date=May 23, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180310132636/https://www.forbes.com/sites/outofasia/2018/02/28/dutertes-ambitious-build-build-build-project-to-transform-the-philippines-could-become-his-legacy/ |archive-date=March 10, 2018}} but has since October 2019 engaged with the private sector for additional funding.{{Cite news |last=Dumlao-Abadilla |first=Doris |date=April 18, 2020 |title=Fitch: PH faces wary private sector in infra policy shift |language=en |newspaper=Philippine Daily Inquirer |url=https://business.inquirer.net/295058/fitch-ph-faces-wary-private-sector-in-infra-policy-shift |access-date=May 23, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200421135948/https://business.inquirer.net/295058/fitch-ph-faces-wary-private-sector-in-infra-policy-shift |archive-date=April 21, 2020}}{{Cite news |last=Rosales |first=Elijah Felice |date=September 18, 2021 |title=Government mulls shift in infrastructure funding tack |work=The Philippine Star |url=https://www.philstar.com/business/2021/09/18/2127861/government-mulls-shift-infrastructure-funding-tack |access-date=May 23, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210919063850/https://www.philstar.com/business/2021/09/18/2127861/government-mulls-shift-infrastructure-funding-tack |archive-date=September 19, 2021}}

The administration revised its list of Infrastructure Flagship Projects (IFPs) under the Build, Build, Build program from 75 to 100 in November 2019,{{Cite news |last=de Guzman |first=Warren |date=November 14, 2019 |title=LIST: 100 projects under revised 'Build, Build, Build' |work=ABS-CBN News |url=https://news.abs-cbn.com/business/11/14/19/list-100-projects-under-revised-build-build-build |access-date=December 3, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191114074307/https://news.abs-cbn.com/business/11/14/19/list-100-projects-under-revised-build-build-build |archive-date=November 14, 2019}}{{Cite web |title=Recommended List of Projects for Inclusion in the Infrastructure Flagship Program |url=https://sa.kapamilya.com/absnews/abscbnnews/media/2019/business/11/15/ifp-list-final.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191203082837/https://sa.kapamilya.com/absnews/abscbnnews/media/2019/business/11/15/ifp-list-final.pdf |archive-date=December 3, 2019 |access-date=December 3, 2019 |work=ABS-CBN News}} then to 104, and finally, to 112 in 2020,{{Cite news |last=Royandoyan |first=Ramon |date=April 27, 2022 |title=Next president to inherit 88 infra projects on 'advanced stage' |work=The Philippine Star |url=https://www.philstar.com/business/2022/04/27/2177178/next-president-inherit-88-infra-projects-advanced-stage |access-date=June 10, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220427100412/https://www.philstar.com/business/2022/04/27/2177178/next-president-inherit-88-infra-projects-advanced-stage |archive-date=April 27, 2022}} expanding its scope to include health, information and communications technology, and water infrastructure projects to support the country's economic growth and recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic. Some major projects include the Subic-Clark Railway,{{Cite news |last=Mawis |first=Sara Mae D. |date=July 28, 2018 |title=Understanding the 'Build, Build, Build' program |newspaper=Philippine Daily Inquirer |url=https://business.inquirer.net/254682/understanding-build-build-build-program#ixzz5Tqyaj8U1 |access-date=October 13, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180727214200/https://business.inquirer.net/254682/understanding-build-build-build-program |archive-date=July 27, 2018}} the North–South Commuter Railway from New Clark City to Calamba, Laguna, the Metro Manila Subway,{{Cite news |last=Camus |first=Miguel R. |date=September 16, 2021 |title=DOTr: Metro Manila Subway now 26% complete |language=en |newspaper=Philippine Daily Inquirer |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1488502/dotr-subway-construction-stuck-at-1-operational-by-2027-yet |access-date=February 20, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210915222142/https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1488502/dotr-subway-construction-stuck-at-1-operational-by-2027-yet |archive-date=September 15, 2021}} the expansion of Clark International Airport the Mindanao Railway (Tagum-Davao-Digos Segment),{{Cite news |last=Bagaforo |first=Nelson C. |date=June 26, 2017 |title=Mindanao railway project gets support |work=SunStar|url=http://www.sunstar.com.ph/davao/business/2017/06/26/mindanao-railway-project-gets-support-549693 |access-date=September 3, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170628234446/http://www.sunstar.com.ph/davao/business/2017/06/26/mindanao-railway-project-gets-support-549693 |archive-date=June 28, 2017}} and the Luzon Spine Expressway Network{{Cite news |last=Lamentillo |first=Anna Mae Yu |date=March 23, 2018 |title=What is 'Build, Build, Build'? |language=en-US |work=Manila Bulletin |url=https://news.mb.com.ph/2018/03/23/what-is-build-build-build/ |access-date=May 30, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180825075856/https://news.mb.com.ph/2018/03/23/what-is-build-build-build/ |archive-date=August 25, 2018}}{{Cite news |date=January 26, 2018 |title=WATCH: Luzon Spine Expressway Network is Duterte's P107-billion traffic decongestion plan |work=The Summit Express |url=https://www.thesummitexpress.com/2018/01/luzon-spine-expressway-duterte-traffic-decongestion-plan.html |access-date=August 25, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180201031808/https://www.thesummitexpress.com/2018/01/luzon-spine-expressway-duterte-traffic-decongestion-plan.html |archive-date=February 1, 2018}} By April 2022, 12 IFPs have been completed by the administration, while 88 IFPs, which were on their "advanced stage", have been passed on to the succeeding administration for completion.

From June 2016 to July 2021, a total of {{convert|29264|km|sp=us}} of roads, 5,950 bridges, 11,340 flood control projects, 222 evacuation centers, and 150,149 elementary and secondary classrooms, and 653 COVID-19 facilities under the Build, Build, Build program had been completed.{{Cite news |last=Patinio |first=Ferdinand |date=July 23, 2021 |title='Build, Build, Build': Paving the way to progress |work=Philippine News Agency |url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1147990 |access-date=February 10, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210723163812/https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1147990 |archive-date=July 23, 2021}}{{Cite news |last=Lamentillo |first=Anna Mae Yu |date=July 21, 2021 |title=What has 'Build, Build, Build' achieved so far? |work=Manila Bulletin |url=https://mb.com.ph/2021/07/21/what-has-build-build-build-achieved-so-far/ |access-date=December 3, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210721070041/https://mb.com.ph/2021/07/21/what-has-build-build-build-achieved-so-far/ |archive-date=July 21, 2021}}

{{Main article|Philippine Drug War}}

File:President Rodrigo Duterte is accompanied by Pampanga Governor Lilia Pineda during an ocular inspection of the seized shabu laboratory in Arayat, Pampanga on September 27.jpg laboratory in Arayat, Pampanga on September 27, 2016.]]

Duterte placed the Philippines' illegal drugs problem at the forefront of his presidential campaign, warning the Philippines was at risk of becoming a narco-state.{{Cite news |last=Alconaba |first=Nico |date=June 28, 2016 |title=Digong defends war on drugs, crime, graft |language=en |newspaper=Philippine Daily Inquirer |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/792773/digong-defends-war-on-drugs-crime-graft |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191205143116/https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/792773/digong-defends-war-on-drugs-crime-graft |archive-date=December 5, 2019}} Upon entering office, Duterte began a nationwide crackdown against illegal drugs. At the forefront of the campaign's operations was Oplan Tokhang, which involved policemen knocking on the doors of suspected drug users and inviting them to surrender.{{Cite news |date=July 9, 2016 |title=PH needs more rehab centers as drug users surrender in droves |work=The Filipino Times |url=https://filipinotimes.net/news/2016/07/09/ph-needs-more-rehab-centers-as-drug-users-surrender-in-droves/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220622095928/https://filipinotimes.net/news/2016/07/09/ph-needs-more-rehab-centers-as-drug-users-surrender-in-droves/ |archive-date=June 22, 2022}} Among Duterte's early actions included naming

three Chinese nationals as alleged drug lords in the Philippines,{{Cite news |last=Andolong |first=Ina |date=July 8, 2016 |title=Duterte names country's topmost drug lords |work=CNN Philippines |url=http://cnnphilippines.com/news/2016/07/08/Duterte-names-topmost-drug-lords.html | url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160708135831/http://cnnphilippines.com/news/2016/07/08/Duterte-names-topmost-drug-lords.html |archive-date=July 8, 2016}} calling for assistance from the New Peoples Army to join the crackdown,{{Cite news |last=Legaspi |first=Amita |date=July 4, 2016 |title=Communists answer Duterte's call to join fight vs. drugs |publisher=GMA News Online |url=http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/572319/news/nation/communists-answer-duterte-s-call-to-join-fight-vs-drugs |access-date=July 9, 2016}} and publicly naming 150 public officials allegedly involved in the drug trade.{{Cite news |date=August 7, 2016 |title=FULL TEXT: Duterte's speech linking government officials to illegal drugs |language=en, fil |work=The Philippine Star |url=https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2016/08/07/1611020/full-text-dutertes-speech-linking-government-officials-illegal-drugs |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160808145212/https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2016/08/07/1611020/full-text-dutertes-speech-linking-government-officials-illegal-drugs |archive-date=August 8, 2016}}

Concerns arose worldwide due to the rising death toll during police operations,{{Cite news |last=Corben |first=Ron |date=August 23, 2016 |title=Philippine War on Drugs Triggers Widespread Criticism, Senate Investigation |language=en |work=VOA |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/philippine-war-on-drugs-triggers-criticism-senate-investigation/3476057.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160824144915/https://www.voanews.com/a/philippine-war-on-drugs-triggers-criticism-senate-investigation/3476057.html |archive-date=August 24, 2016}} and drug suspects reportedly fighting back ("{{lang|fil|nanlaban}}") was a common alibi of several policemen involved.{{cite news |last1=Pacia |first1=Sara Isabelle |title=Story in numbers war on drugs |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/825678/story-in-numbers-war-on-drugs |access-date=August 2, 2024 |newspaper=Philippine Daily Inquirer |date=October 16, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161015191439/https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/825678/story-in-numbers-war-on-drugs |archive-date=October 15, 2016 |language=en}} At the height of the drug crackdown in his early presidency, Duterte urged the policemen to kill drug addicts,{{Cite news |date=July 2, 2016 |title='Go ahead and kill drug addicts': Philippine President Rodrigo Duterte issues fresh call for vigilante violence |language=en |work=South China Morning Post |agency=Agence France-Presse |url=https://www.scmp.com/news/asia/southeast-asia/article/1984193/go-ahead-and-kill-drug-addicts-philippine-president-rodrigo |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160704102748/https://www.scmp.com/news/asia/southeast-asia/article/1984193/go-ahead-and-kill-drug-addicts-philippine-president-rodrigo |archive-date=July 4, 2016}} promising to pardon them for performing their duties;{{Cite news |last1=Mogato |first1=Manuel |last2=Marshall |first2=Andrew R.C. |date=August 24, 2016 |title=In a Powerpoint, Philippine police detail body count in drug war |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-philippines-duterte-idUSKCN10Z1FL |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160825135658/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-philippines-duterte-idUSKCN10Z1FL |archive-date=August 25, 2016}}{{Cite news |last1=Mendez |first1=Christina |last2=Romero |first2=Paolo |last3=Macairan |first3=Evelyn |last4=Punay |first4=Edu |last5=Diaz |first5=Jess |date=July 19, 2016 |title=Duterte to pardon cops in drug killings |work=The Philippine Star |url=https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2016/07/19/1604381/duterte-pardon-cops-drug-killings |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160719145942/https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2016/07/19/1604381/duterte-pardon-cops-drug-killings |archive-date=July 19, 2016}} Duterte's call prompted thousands to surrender, and observers noted this assurance may have emboldened the police to allegedly execute suspects and plant evidence on them.{{cite news |title=Philippine leader tells police to kill only if necessary in war on drugs |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/world/philippine-leader-tells-police-to-kill-only-if-necessary-in-war-on-drugs-idUSKCN1B318L/ |access-date=August 2, 2024 |work=Reuters |date=August 23, 2017}} In August 2016, opposition Senator Leila de Lima launched a probe into extrajudicial killings, focusing on cases that took place during Duterte's tenure as mayor of Davao City. De Lima presented as witness an alleged member of Davao City-based vigilante group Davao Death Squad, Edgar Matobato, who testified that Duterte was involved in extrajudicial killings in the city. Duterte dismissed the claims as a lie,{{Cite news |last=Regalado |first=Edith |date=September 20, 2016 |title=All lies, Duterte says of Matobato testimony |work=The Philippine Star |url=https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2016/09/20/1625543/all-lies-duterte-says-matobato-testimony |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160919215919/https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2016/09/20/1625543/all-lies-duterte-says-matobato-testimony |archive-date=September 19, 2016}} and the Senate probe was terminated on October 13, 2016, for lack of evidence.{{Cite news |last=Suarez |first=KD |date=October 13, 2016 |title=Senate ends probe: Neither Duterte nor state sponsored killings |work=Rappler |url=https://www.rappler.com/nation/149086-senate-ends-extrajudicial-killings-investigation-gordon-duterte/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161014172649/https://www.rappler.com/nation/149086-senate-ends-extrajudicial-killings-investigation-gordon-duterte/ |archive-date=October 14, 2016}} Shortly after, Duterte implicated De Lima in the illegal drug trade during her tenure as Justice Secretary under the Aquino III administration. Though De Lima denied the claims, she was later imprisoned in February 2017 due to the drug charges.{{Cite news |last=Bernal |first=Buena |date=February 23, 2017 |title=Philippines: Duterte critic De Lima arrested on drug-related charges |work=CNN |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2017/02/23/asia/philippines-duterte-critic-de-lima-arrested/index.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170817170149/http://edition.cnn.com/2017/02/23/asia/philippines-duterte-critic-de-lima-arrested/index.html |archive-date=August 17, 2017}} Two months later, Matobato's lawyer, Jude Josue Sabio, filed charges for crimes against humanity with the International Criminal Court against Duterte and 11 other officials.{{Cite news |last=Romero |first=Paolo |date=April 25, 2017 |title=Matobato lawyer files case vs Rody before ICC |work=The Philippine Star |url=https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2017/04/25/1688540/matobato-lawyer-files-case-vs-rody-icc |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180917222547/https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2017/04/25/1688540/matobato-lawyer-files-case-vs-rody-icc |archive-date=September 17, 2018}}

Responding to public clamor, in October 2017, Duterte designated the Philippine Drug Enforcement Agency to lead anti-drug operations and temporarily barred the police from joining the raids.{{Cite news |date=October 11, 2017 |title=Duterte: PDEA now 'sole agency' in charge of drug war |work=The Philippine Star |url=https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2017/10/11/1747741/duterte-pdea-now-sole-agency-charge-drug-war |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190821234544/http://www.philstar.com/headlines/2017/10/11/1747741/duterte-pdea-now-sole-agency-charge-drug-war |archive-date=August 21, 2019}}{{Cite news |last=Romero |first=Alexis |date=December 5, 2017 |title=PNP back in drug war; PDEA still lead agency |work=The Philippine Star |url=https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2017/12/05/1765784/pnp-back-drug-war-pdea-still-lead-agency |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191119173152/http://www.philstar.com/headlines/2017/12/05/1765784/pnp-back-drug-war-pdea-still-lead-agency |archive-date=November 19, 2019}} Through an executive order he issued in October 2018, Duterte instituted a more balanced approach to the drug problem by establishing the Philippine Anti-Illegal Drugs Strategy, which ordered all government departments and state universities and colleges to implement their own strategies in tackling the country's illegal drug trade; the order also urged local government units, non-government organizations, and private institutions to support and implement the Strategy.{{Cite news |last=Musico |first=Jelly |date=October 31, 2018 |title=PRRD institutionalizes PH's anti-illegal drugs strategy |language=en |work=Philippine News Agency |url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1052710 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181109164554/https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1052710 |archive-date=November 9, 2018}}

File:Philippines Drug War Protest 2.jpg gather in front of the Philippine Consulate General in New York City on October 11, 2016.]]

Duterte campaigned to eliminate illegal drugs in the country within three to six months, but later acknowledged he miscalculated the severity of the problem as he based his approach to that of Davao City during his tenure as the city's mayor. Stating it would take him his entire term to eradicate it, he cited the difficulty in border control due to the country's fragmented geography and lamented that several government officials and law enforcers were involved in drug trafficking.{{Cite news |last=Tan |first=Lara |date=August 17, 2017 |title=Duterte: I was wrong to put 6-month deadline on drug war |work=CNN Philippines |url=https://www.cnnphilippines.com/news/2017/08/17/Duterte-war-on-drugs-deadline-Philippines.html |access-date=April 26, 2022 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170818062813/https://www.cnnphilippines.com/news/2017/08/17/Duterte-war-on-drugs-deadline-Philippines.html |archive-date=August 18, 2017}} Before leaving office, he implored president-elect Bongbong Marcos to continue tackling the illegal drug problem,{{Cite news |last=Cervantes |first=Filane Mikee |date=May 26, 2022 |title=PRRD asks Marcos to continue anti-drug campaign his 'own way' |work=Philippine News Agency |url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1175251 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220526171249/https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1175251 |archive-date=May 26, 2022}} but declined an appointment offer as Marcos' drug czar, expressing a desire to retire.{{Cite news |last=Pedrajas |first=Joseph |date=May 30, 2022 |title=Duterte declines Marcos' drug czar offer; 'looking forward to retirement' |work=Manila Bulletin |url=https://mb.com.ph/2022/05/30/duterte-declines-marcos-drug-czar-offer-looking-forward-to-retirement/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220530075845/https://mb.com.ph/2022/05/30/duterte-declines-marcos-drug-czar-offer-looking-forward-to-retirement/ |archive-date=May 30, 2022}} By the end of Duterte's term, the number of drug suspects killed since Duterte took office was officially tallied by the government as 6,252;{{cite news |last1=Sarao |first1=Zacarian |title=6,252 drug suspects killed as of May 31 – PDEA |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1614260/pdea-says-6252-drug-suspects-died-as-of-may-31-in-war-against-drugs |access-date=August 2, 2024 |newspaper=Philippine Daily Inquirer |date=June 22, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220621185230/https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1614260/pdea-says-6252-drug-suspects-died-as-of-may-31-in-war-against-drugs |archive-date=June 21, 2022 |language=en}} human rights groups, however, claim drug casualties reached as high as 12,000 to 30,000.{{cite news |last1=Cabuenas |first1=Jon Viktor D. |title=ICC calls on Philippine gov't to comment on reopening of drug war probe |url=https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/topstories/nation/838463/icc-calls-on-marcos-administration-to-comment-on-reopening-of-drug-war-probe/story/ |access-date=August 2, 2024 |work=GMA News Online |date=July 17, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220717125349/https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/topstories/nation/838463/icc-calls-on-marcos-administration-to-comment-on-reopening-of-drug-war-probe/story/ |archive-date=July 17, 2022 |language=en}}

Various international publications and media companies had claimed that Duterte's anti-drugs campaign was a war against the poor due to the abject poverty of those arrested or killed.{{Cite magazine |last=Iyengar |first=Rishi |title=The Killing Time: Inside Rodrigo Duterte's Drug War |magazine=Time |url=https://time.com/4462352/rodrigo-duterte-drug-war-drugs-philippines-killing/ |access-date=August 18, 2017}}{{Cite web |date=February 4, 2017 |title=Philippines: Duterte's 'war on drugs' is a war on the poor |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2017/02/war-on-drugs-war-on-poor/ |access-date=August 18, 2017 |website=Amnesty International}} On June 19, 2018, 38 United Nations member states released a collective statement through the United Nations Human Rights Council, calling on the Philippines and Duterte to end the killings in the war on drugs and cooperate in investigating human rights abuses.{{Cite news |title=38 nations ask PH: Stop killings, probe abuses |newspaper=Philippine Daily Inquirer |url=https://globalnation.inquirer.net/168095/38-nations-ask-ph-stop-killings-probe-abuses}}{{Cite news |last1=Mateo |first1=Janvic |last2=Mendez |first2=Christina |date=June 24, 2018 |title=Philippines does not need call from 38 states on HR |work=The Philippine Star |url=https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2018/06/24/1827407/philippines-does-not-need-call-38-states-hr |access-date=March 4, 2019}} Though many human rights note that Duterte's war on drugs was a stain on his legacy,{{cite news |title=Is Rodrigo Duterte's war on drugs a stain on his legacy? |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/program/upfront/2022/2/18/is-rodrigo-dutertes-war-on-drugs-a-stain-on-his-legacy |access-date=August 2, 2024 |work=Al Jazeera |date=February 18, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220218085034/https://www.aljazeera.com/program/upfront/2022/2/18/is-rodrigo-dutertes-war-on-drugs-a-stain-on-his-legacy |archive-date=February 18, 2022 |language=en}} the anti-narcotics drive received domestic approval during his term,{{Cite news |last=Santos |first=Eimor P. |date=October 7, 2016 |title=Filipinos satisfied with Duterte's drug war, but want suspects alive - SWS |work=CNN Philippines |url=https://www.cnnphilippines.com/news/2016/10/07/SWS-Duterte-war-on-drugs-survey.html | url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161008163705/https://www.cnnphilippines.com/news/2016/10/07/SWS-Duterte-war-on-drugs-survey.html |archive-date=October 8, 2016}}{{Cite news |last=Petty |first=Martin |date=September 23, 2019 |title=Filipinos give thumbs up to Duterte's 'excellent' drugs war: poll |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-philippines-drugs/filipinos-give-thumbs-up-to-dutertes-excellent-drugs-war-poll-idUSKBN1W803M |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190924050308/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-philippines-drugs/filipinos-give-thumbs-up-to-dutertes-excellent-drugs-war-poll-idUSKBN1W803M |archive-date=September 24, 2019}}{{Cite news |date=June 29, 2022 |title=High expectations for BBM during first 100 days: PUBLiCUS |language=en |work=Philippine News Agency |url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1177870 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220629190647/https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1177870 |archive-date=June 29, 2022}} and 58% of the country's barangays were declared by the government cleared of illegal drugs by February 2022.{{Cite news |last=Maralit |first=Kristina |date=September 26, 2020 |title=Narcos get virus lull |work=Daily Tribune |url=https://tribune.net.ph/index.php/2020/09/26/narcos-get-virus-lull/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201004120058/https://tribune.net.ph/index.php/2020/09/26/narcos-get-virus-lull/ |archive-date=October 4, 2020}}{{#invoke:Cite news| |last=Caliwan |first=Christopher Lloyd |date=March 30, 2022 |title=Over 24K villages 'drug-cleared' as of February: PDEA |language=en |work=Philippine News Agency |url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1171001 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220331184448/https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1171001 |archive-date=March 31, 2022}}

{{Further|International Criminal Court investigation in the Philippines}}

In April 2017, a case was filed by lawyer Jude Sabio before the International Criminal Court (ICC), charging Duterte and 11 other officials with crimes against humanity in relation to the deaths of the controversial war on drugs; in response, outgoing ICC chief prosecutor Fatou Bensouda in early 2018 launched a preliminary examination into the charges against the accused. This prompted Duterte in March 2018 to initiate the withdrawal of the Philippines from the ICC,{{Cite news |last=Cruz |first=Enrico dela |date=March 16, 2018 |title=Philippines' Duterte pulls out of International Criminal Court after it announced it would look into his drug war |work=Business Insider |agency=Reuters |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/philippines-duterte-pulls-out-of-international-criminal-court-2018-3 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180316112736/https://www.businessinsider.com/philippines-duterte-pulls-out-of-international-criminal-court-2018-3 |archive-date=March 16, 2018}} which took effect a year later, on March 17, 2019.{{Cite news |last1=Cabico |first1=Gaea Katreena |last2=Patag |first2=Kristine Joy |date=April 17, 2019 |title=Philippines becomes second country to quit ICC |work=The Philippine Star |url=https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2019/03/17/1901757/philippines-becomes-second-country-quit-icc |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190417101905/https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2019/03/17/1901757/philippines-becomes-second-country-quit-icc |archive-date=April 17, 2019}} Duterte rebuked the idea of allowing foreigners to meddle in the country's justice system and his administration emphasized that cases against him should be filed before the national courts.{{cite news |title=Philippine's Duterte urges nations to abandon ICC |url=https://www.dw.com/en/philippines-rodrigo-duterte-urges-nations-to-abandon-international-criminal-court/a-43028013 |access-date=August 3, 2024 |work=DW News |date=March 18, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180318141159/https://www.dw.com/en/philippines-rodrigo-duterte-urges-nations-to-abandon-international-criminal-court/a-43028013 |archive-date=March 18, 2018 |language=en}} Additionally, he argued that the Rome Statute, which was ratified by the Senate in 2011, was never binding in the Philippines as it was never published in the Official Gazette, a requirement for a law in the country to take effect.{{Cite news |last=Kabiling |first=Genalyn |date=July 29, 2021 |title=Duterte still has no copy of Rome Statute; ICC pullout an 'empty gesture' due to treaty's non-publication |work=Manila Bulletin |url=https://mb.com.ph/2021/07/29/duterte-still-has-no-copy-of-rome-statute-icc-pullout-an-empty-gesture-due-to-non-publication/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210728192423/https://mb.com.ph/2021/07/29/duterte-still-has-no-copy-of-rome-statute-icc-pullout-an-empty-gesture-due-to-non-publication/ |archive-date=July 28, 2021}} For its part, the ICC reiterated that it maintains jurisdiction over crimes which took place before the withdrawal.

Stating that his 2017 case was an orchestrated move by the Liberal Party, notably Senators Antonio Trillanes and Leila de Lima, to discredit Duterte, Sabio retracted his allegations in January 2020 and requested the ICC to dismiss the case.{{cite news |last1=Lagrimas |first1=Nicole-Anne C. |title=Lawyer Jude Sabio withdraws one of ICC cases vs. Duterte |url=https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/topstories/nation/722117/lawyer-jude-sabio-withdraws-one-of-icc-cases-vs-duterte/story/ |access-date=August 3, 2024 |work=GMA News Online |date=January 14, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220123094116/https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/topstories/nation/722117/lawyer-jude-sabio-withdraws-one-of-icc-cases-vs-duterte/story/ |archive-date=January 23, 2022 |language=en}} The ICC rejected Sabio's request and asserted that it "cannot effectively destroy or return information once it is in its possession or control".{{cite news |last1=Yap |first1=D. J. |title=ICC prosecutor: Probe of Duterte can't be stopped |url=https://globalnation.inquirer.net/183168/icc-prosecutor-probe-of-duterte-cant-be-stopped |access-date=August 3, 2024 |newspaper=Philippine Daily Inquirer |date=January 16, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200116084457/https://globalnation.inquirer.net/183168/icc-prosecutor-probe-of-duterte-cant-be-stopped |archive-date=January 16, 2020 |language=en}} Meanwhile, Duterte's ICC withdrawal was challenged before the Supreme Court by three petitions filed by the Philippine Coalition for the ICC, the Integrated Bar of the Philippines, and opposition senators; though the Court in March 2021 ultimately dismissed all three cases on the grounds that the petitioners were unable to establish legal standing to challenge the ICC withdrawal, the Court ruled that the President has no "unbridled authority" to withdraw from treaties.{{Cite news |last=Navallo |first=Mike |date=July 21, 2021 |title=SC: President has no 'unbridled authority' to withdraw from ICC treaty but junks petitions questioning it |work=ABS-CBN News |url=https://news.abs-cbn.com/news/07/21/21/sc-president-has-no-unbridled-authority-to-withdraw-from-icc-treaty-but-junks-petitions-questioning-it |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210721110517/https://news.abs-cbn.com/news/07/21/21/sc-president-has-no-unbridled-authority-to-withdraw-from-icc-treaty-but-junks-petitions-questioning-it |archive-date=July 21, 2021}}

The ICC, on September 16, 2021, eventually authorized a formal investigation into the war on drugs{{Cite news |last=Peralta |first=Janine |date=September 15, 2021 |title=ICC pre-trial chamber authorizes PH drug war probe |work=CNN Philippines |url=https://www.cnnphilippines.com/news/2021/9/15/ICC-drug-war-probe-.html | url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210915153607/https://www.cnnphilippines.com/news/2021/9/15/ICC-drug-war-probe-.html |archive-date=September 15, 2021}} in the Philippines, focusing on crimes committed between 2016 and March 2019.{{Cite news |date=December 15, 2021 |title=ICC finds basis for crimes against humanity in Duterte drug war |work=CNN Philippines |url=https://www.cnnphilippines.com/news/2020/12/15/Duterte-drug-war-ICC-prosecutor-investigation-Philippines.html | url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201215041541/https://www.cnnphilippines.com/news/2020/12/15/Duterte-drug-war-ICC-prosecutor-investigation-Philippines.html |archive-date=December 15, 2020}} In response, the Philippine government in November 2021 requested a deferral of the probe, which was suspended by the ICC to assess the request.{{Cite news |last=Galang |first=Bamba |date=November 19, 2021 |title=ICC temporarily halts PH drug war probe |work=CNN Philippines |url=https://cnnphilippines.com/news/2021/11/19/ICC-temporarily-suspends-probe-on-Duterte-drug-war.html | url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211119164934/https://cnnphilippines.com/news/2021/11/19/ICC-temporarily-suspends-probe-on-Duterte-drug-war.html |archive-date=November 19, 2021}} Four days before Duterte left office, however, ICC prosecutor Karim Ahmad Khan requested the pre-trial chamber of the ICC to immediately resume the investigation after concluding that the deferral request was "not warranted".{{Cite news |last=Peralta-Malonzo |first=Third Anne |date=June 26, 2022 |title=ICC wants resumption of probe on PH's drug war killings |language=English |work=SunStar |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/article/1933114/manila/local-news/icc-wants-resumption-of-probe-on-phs-drug-war-killings |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220626060746/https://www.sunstar.com.ph/article/1933114/manila/local-news/icc-wants-resumption-of-probe-on-phs-drug-war-killings |archive-date=June 26, 2022}} The succeeding Marcos administration initially declined to allow any ICC probe in the country due to sovereignty issues;{{cite news |title=Marcos says ICC probe into Duterte's drug war a 'threat to sovereignty' |url=https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2023/02/18/2245889/marcos-says-icc-probe-dutertes-drug-war-threat-sovereignty |access-date=August 3, 2024 |work=The Philippine Star |date=February 18, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230218043359/https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2023/02/18/2245889/marcos-says-icc-probe-dutertes-drug-war-threat-sovereignty |archive-date=February 18, 2023}} however, due to tensions between the Duterte and Marcos political families, the Marcos administration is seen as increasingly open to cooperating with the ICC. Duterte stated he remained unfazed at the threat of arrest, saying he would rather "die first" before facing a foreign court. Salvador Panelo, who served as Duterte's chief legal counsel, alleged that Duterte's political opponents were using the ICC as a "political and propaganda apparatus".{{cite news |last1=Calupitan |first1=Joeal |last2=Rising |first2=David |title=Philippines' Duterte will 'die first' before facing ICC |url=https://apnews.com/article/elections-crime-courts-netherlands-europe-3e46d9babf81a151233d3e911f00b0f8 |access-date=August 3, 2024 |work=AP News |date=September 16, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210916082325/https://apnews.com/article/elections-crime-courts-netherlands-europe-3e46d9babf81a151233d3e911f00b0f8 |archive-date=September 16, 2021 |language=en}}

{{further|Bangsamoro peace process|Moro conflict}}

File:BOL Presentation to MILF, Duterte.jpg to the MILF at Malacañang Palace on August 6, 2018]]

Duterte has said that Moro dignity is what the MILF and MNLF are struggling for, and that they are not terrorists. He acknowledged that the Moros were subjected to wrongdoing, historical and in territory.{{Cite news |last=Mellejor |first=Lilian C. |title=MILF, MNLF not terrorist groups, simply fighting for Moro dignity – Duterte |work=Philippines News Agency |location=DAVAO CITY |url=http://interaksyon.com/article/90739/milf-mnlf-not-terrorist-groups-simply-fighting-for-moro-dignity---duterte |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118053022/http://interaksyon.com/article/90739/milf-mnlf-not-terrorist-groups-simply-fighting-for-moro-dignity---duterte |archive-date=January 18, 2017}}

Duterte was endorsed in the election by Moro National Liberation Front (MNLF) leader Nur Misuari{{Cite news|date=May 8, 2016 |title=Nur Misuari's bet? Duterte and Marcos, he tells Vice News |work=Coconuts Manila |url=http://manila.coconuts.co/2016/05/08/nur-misuaris-bet-duterte-and-marcos-he-tells-vice-news |access-date=December 25, 2016}} due to his background in Mindanao.{{Cite news |date=May 6, 2016 |title=MNLF Founder Nur Misuari Weighs in on the Philippine Presidential Election |work=Vice News |url=https://news.vice.com/video/mnlf-founder-nur-misuari-weighs-in-on-philippine-presidential-election}} Other Muslims also supported Duterte and denounced Roxas, the Aquino-supported pick.{{Cite news |last=Tayao-Juego |first=Annelle |date=May 8, 2016 |title=Muslim groups back Duterte, ask Aquino for clean polls |newspaper=Philippine Daily Inquirer |location=MANILA, Philippines |url=http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/783952/muslim-groups-back-duterte-ask-aquino-for-clean-polls |access-date=December 25, 2016}}

On November 6, 2016, Duterte signed an executive order to expand the Bangsamoro Transition Commission to 21 members from 15, in which 11 will be decided by the MILF and 10 will be nominated by the government. The commission was formed in December 2013 and is tasked to draft the Bangsamoro Basic Law in accordance with the Framework Agreement on the Bangsamoro.{{Cite news |last=Aben |first=Elena |date=November 7, 2016 |title=Duterte signs EO on Bangsamoro transition commission |work=Manila Bulletin |url=http://news.mb.com.ph/2016/11/07/duterte-signs-eo-on-bangsamoro-transition-commission/ |access-date=November 7, 2016 |archive-date=November 7, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107233218/http://news.mb.com.ph/2016/11/07/duterte-signs-eo-on-bangsamoro-transition-commission/ |url-status=dead }}

Duterte signed the Bangsamoro Organic Law on July 26, 2018,{{Cite news |last=Romero |first=Alexis |date=July 26, 2018 |title=Duterte signs Bangsamoro Organic Law |work=The Philippine Star |url=https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2018/07/26/1837066/duterte-signs-bangsamoro-organic-law |access-date=December 4, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180727112454/http://www.philstar.com/headlines/2018/07/26/1837066/duterte-signs-bangsamoro-organic-law |archive-date=July 27, 2018}}{{Cite news |last=Geducos |first=Argyll Cyrus |date=July 27, 2018 |title=Duterte signs Bangsamoro Law |work=Manila Bulletin |url=https://news.mb.com.ph/2018/07/26/duterte-signs-bangsamoro-law/ |access-date=December 4, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180727032048/https://news.mb.com.ph/2018/07/26/duterte-signs-bangsamoro-law/ |archive-date=July 27, 2018}} which abolished the Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao and provided for the basic structure of government for the Bangsamoro Autonomous Region, following the agreements set forth in the Comprehensive Agreement on the Bangsamoro peace agreement signed between the Government of the Philippines and the Moro Islamic Liberation Front in 2014.{{Cite web |date=September 10, 2014 |title=FAQs about the Bangsamoro Basic Law |url=http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/378530/news/nation/faqs-about-the-bangsamoro-basic-law |access-date=February 16, 2015 |work=GMA News Online |publisher=GMA Network}}

Duterte signed proclamations granting amnesty to members of the Moro National Liberation Front, and the Moro Islamic Liberation Front in February 2021.

File:Rodrigo_Duterte_welcomes_Kjartan_Sekkingstad.jpg captivity.]]

At the start of 2016, experts warned the Philippines was at risk of having the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS) set a foothold in the country.{{cite news |last1=Gloria |first1=Glenda |title=Experts warn PH: Don't underestimate ISIS |url=https://www.rappler.com/philippines/118850-experts-warn-ph-not-to-underestimate-isis/ |access-date=August 2, 2024 |work=Rappler |date=January 13, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240802132356/https://www.rappler.com/philippines/118850-experts-warn-ph-not-to-underestimate-isis/ |archive-date=August 2, 2024}} However, Duterte's predecessor, President Aquino III, dismissed the perpetrators of a March 2016 armed attack against the military as mere "mercenaries" wanting to join the ISIS.{{cite news |last1=Esguerra |first1=Christian V. |title=Aquino downplays ISIS threat in PH |url=https://globalnation.inquirer.net/111463/aquino-downplays-isis-threat-in-ph |access-date=August 2, 2024 |newspaper=Philippine Daily Inquirer |date=September 21, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140922022659/https://globalnation.inquirer.net/111463/aquino-downplays-isis-threat-in-ph |archive-date=September 22, 2014 |language=en}}{{cite news |title=No ISIS in Mindanao – Aquino |url=https://www.manilatimes.net/2016/03/09/news/top-stories/no-isis-in-mindanao-aquino/249460 |access-date=August 2, 2024 |work=The Manila Times |date=March 9, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200918131808/https://www.manilatimes.net/2016/03/09/news/top-stories/no-isis-in-mindanao-aquino/249460 |archive-date=September 18, 2020 |language=en}} The earliest terrorist attacks in Duterte's presidency occurred in September 2016 in Davao City; November 2016 in Butig, Lanao del Sur; and in April to May 2017 in Inabanga, Bohol, where the Abu Sayyaf Group (ASG) attempted to establish a position in the Visayas.{{cite news |last1=Laude |first1=Jaime |title=Troops thwart Abus in Bohol; 9 killed |url=http://www.philstar.com/headlines/2017/04/12/1690062/troops-thwart-abus-bohol-9-killed |access-date=August 2, 2024 |work=The Philippine Star |date=April 12, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170411232257/http://www.philstar.com/headlines/2017/04/12/1690062/troops-thwart-abus-bohol-9-killed |archive-date=April 11, 2017}} Though the military eventually quelled the sieges,{{cite news |last1=Dioquino |first1=Rose-An Jessica |title=In parting message, Maute fighters threaten to behead military, Duterte |url=https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/topstories/regions/590941/in-parting-message-maute-fighters-threaten-to-behead-military-duterte/story/ |access-date=August 2, 2024 |work=GMA News Online |date=December 2, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221209023056/https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/topstories/regions/590941/in-parting-message-maute-fighters-threaten-to-behead-military-duterte/story/ |archive-date=December 9, 2022 |language=en}} the events were only a prelude to what would become Duterte's greatest challenge in combating terrorism.{{cite news |title=Battle for Marawi: Is ISIS building a base in the Philippines? |url=https://graphics.straitstimes.com/STI/STIMEDIA/Interactives/2017/06/battle-for-marawi/index.html |access-date=August 2, 2024 |work=The Straits Times |date=August 19, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170609232855/https://graphics.straitstimes.com/STI/STIMEDIA/Interactives/2017/06/battle-for-marawi/index.html |archive-date=June 9, 2017 |language=en}}

{{listen

| type = speech

| title = Declaration of liberation of Marawi

| filename = Rodrigo Duterte declares Marawi City liberated from terrorist influence-WmOZt28eSsc.oga

| description = Rodrigo Duterte declares Marawi liberated from terrorist influence on October 17, 2017.

}}

On May 23, 2017, Duterte was in his first state visit to Russia, where he met Russian president Vladimir Putin to realign the Philippines's foreign policy away from the United States; among his top priorities in the trip included the acquisition of Russian-made munitions to use against Islamic militants in restive Mindanao.{{cite news |last1=McKirdy |first1=Euan |title=Philippines' Duterte looks to strengthen ties with trip to Moscow |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2017/05/22/asia/duterte-putin-moscow-summit/index.html |access-date=August 2, 2024 |work=CNN |date=May 22, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170522090405/https://edition.cnn.com/2017/05/22/asia/duterte-putin-moscow-summit/index.html |archive-date=May 22, 2017 |language=en}} At that time, the Philippine military was in an operation to capture ASG leader Isnilon Hapilon. Duterte cut short his trip and flew back to the Philippines after the Maute Group, which pledged allegiance to the ISIS, occupied the city of Marawi in Lanao del Sur. Upon returning, Duterte declared Martial law across Mindanao and ordered a major offensive on the city to retake it.{{cite news |last1=Petty |first1=Martin |last2=Mogato |first2=Manuel |title=Philippine leader halts Russia trip, imposes martial law on restive island |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/world/philippine-leader-halts-russia-trip-imposes-martial-law-on-restive-island-idUSKBN18J2AD/ |access-date=August 2, 2024 |work=Reuters |date=May 24, 2017}}{{cite news |last1=Francisco |first1=Katerina |title=FAST FACTS: What you should know about the Maute Group |url=https://www.rappler.com/newsbreak/iq/170772-fast-facts-maute-group/ |access-date=August 2, 2024 |work=Rappler |date=May 24, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170524072042/https://www.rappler.com/newsbreak/iq/170772-fast-facts-maute-group/ |archive-date=May 24, 2017}} The battle, which lasted for five months, became the country's longest urban warfare; the city, particularly the downtown area, was left in ruins,{{cite news |agency=Agence France-Presse |title=Marawi: City destroyed in Philippines' longest urban war |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/939202/marawi-war-maute-terrorism-duterte-isnilon-hapilon-is-islamic-state |access-date=August 2, 2024 |newspaper=Philippine Daily Inquirer |date=October 19, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019090225/https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/939202/marawi-war-maute-terrorism-duterte-isnilon-hapilon-is-islamic-state |archive-date=October 19, 2017 |language=en}} largely due to militant fire and military airstrikes,{{Cite news |last1=McKirdy |first1=Euan |last2=Berlinger |first2=Joshua |date=October 17, 2017 |title=Philippines' Duterte declares liberation of Marawi from ISIS-affiliated militants |work=CNN |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2017/10/17/asia/duterte-marawi-liberation/index.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171017075815/https://edition.cnn.com/2017/10/17/asia/duterte-marawi-liberation/index.html |archive-date=October 17, 2017}}{{Cite news |last=McKirdy |first=Euan |date=July 5, 2017 |title=Satellite imagery shows devastation of ISIS-held Marawi |work=CNN |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2017/07/05/asia/marawi-philippines-isis-satellite-imagery/index.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170705210617/https://edition.cnn.com/2017/07/05/asia/marawi-philippines-isis-satellite-imagery/index.html |archive-date=July 5, 2017}} necessitating rehabilitation.{{Cite news |last=Placido |first=Dharel |date=July 3, 2017 |title=Duterte orders creation of 'Task Force Bangon Marawi' |work=ABS-CBN News |url=https://news.abs-cbn.com/news/07/03/17/duterte-orders-creation-of-task-force-bangon-marawi |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170703094705/https://news.abs-cbn.com/news/07/03/17/duterte-orders-creation-of-task-force-bangon-marawi |archive-date=July 3, 2017}} Hapilon and Omar Maute were eventually killed, and on October 17, Duterte declared the city liberated from terrorist influence.

Citing the danger posed by Islamic terrorists, Congress, upon Duterte's requests, thrice granted the extension of martial law in Mindanao between 2017 and 2019.{{Cite news |last=Luu |first=Chieu |date=July 22, 2017 |title=Philippines extends martial law in Mindanao |work=CNN |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2017/07/22/asia/philippines-mindanao-violence-duterte-extends-martial-law/index.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170724204814/http://edition.cnn.com/2017/07/22/asia/philippines-mindanao-violence-duterte-extends-martial-law/index.html |archive-date=July 24, 2017}}{{Cite news |last=Santos |first=Eimor P. |date=December 14, 2017 |title=Congress grants Duterte request to extend Mindanao martial law until end of 2018 |work=CNN Philippines |url=https://www.cnnphilippines.com/news/2017/12/13/Congress-approves-martial-law-extension-Mindanao-2018.html | url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171214143920/https://cnnphilippines.com/news/2017/12/13/Congress-approves-martial-law-extension-Mindanao-2018.html |archive-date=December 14, 2017}}{{Cite news |last=Cervantes |first=Filane Mikee |date=December 12, 2018 |title=Congress grants martial law extension until end of 2019 |language=en |work=Philippine News Agency |url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1056438 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181216005617/http://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1056438 |archive-date=December 16, 2018}} The moves drew criticism, particularly from rights groups, who claimed that the extensions were part of a campaign on stifling dissent.{{cite news |last1=Beltran |first1=Michael |last2=Tobin |first2=Meaghan |title=Duterte's martial law move renews authoritarianism fears in Philippines |url=https://www.scmp.com/week-asia/politics/article/2177022/dutertes-martial-law-extension-renews-fears-authoritarianism |access-date=August 2, 2024 |work=South China Morning Post |date=December 8, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181208081627/https://www.scmp.com/week-asia/politics/article/2177022/dutertes-martial-law-extension-renews-fears-authoritarianism |archive-date=December 8, 2018 |language=en}} By the end of 2019, martial law in Mindanao lapsed, after which Duterte decided not to have it extended.{{Cite news |last=Cigaral |first=Nicolas |date=January 1, 2020 |title=Martial law in Mindanao ends after 953 days |work=The Philippine Star |url=https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2020/01/01/1981218/martial-law-mindanao-ends-after-953-days |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200105225137/https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2020/01/01/1981218/martial-law-mindanao-ends-after-953-days |archive-date=January 5, 2020}} In July 2020, Duterte signed the Anti-Terrorism Act of 2020,{{Cite news |last=Gita-Carlos |first=Ruth Abbey |date=July 3, 2020 |title=Duterte signs anti-terror bill into law |work=Philippine News Agency |url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1107921 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200704165244/https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1107921 |archive-date=July 4, 2020}} which expanded the powers of the government to address the country's growing security challenges. In its enactment, the law repealed the Human Security Act of 2007, which was described by the 2020 law's proponents as weak and inadequate.{{Cite news |last=Santos |first=Elmor |date=July 3, 2020 |title=Duterte signs into law the controversial anti-terrorism bill |work=CNN Philippines |url=https://cnnphilippines.com/news/2020/7/3/duterte-signs-anti-terrorism-law.html | url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801213314/https://cnnphilippines.com/news/2020/7/3/duterte-signs-anti-terrorism-law.html |archive-date=August 1, 2020}}{{cite journal |last1=Mendoza |first1=Ronald U. |last2=Ong |first2=Rommel Jude G. |last3=Romano |first3=Dion Lorenz L. |last4=Torno |first4=Bernadette Chloe P. |title=Counterterrorism in the Philippines: Review of Key Issues |journal=Perspectives on Terrorism |date=2021 |volume=15 |issue=1 |pages=49–64 |jstor=26984797 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/26984797 |access-date=August 2, 2024 |issn=2334-3745}}{{rp|pages=54–55}} However, the 2020 law received intense criticism, notably from the academia and rights groups, for allegedly being prone to abuse; a total of 37 petitions were filed by several groups asking the Supreme Court to have the law nullified,{{rp|page=60}} making the law the most assailed legislation in Philippine history;{{cite news |last1=Panaligan |first1=Rey G. |title=SC declares Anti-Terrorism Act constitutional except for 2 provisions |url=https://mb.com.ph/2021/12/09/sc-declares-anti-terrorism-act-constitutional-except-for-2-provisions-in-most-contested-law/ |access-date=August 2, 2024 |work=Manila Bulletin |date=December 9, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211209032630/https://mb.com.ph/2021/12/09/sc-declares-anti-terrorism-act-constitutional-except-for-2-provisions-in-most-contested-law/ |archive-date=December 9, 2021 |language=en}} the Court ultimately upheld the validity of the law in December 2021, but struck two of the law's provisions.{{cite news |last1=Patag |first1=Kristine Joy |title=SC leaves Anti-Terrorism Act of 2020 mostly intact |url=https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2021/12/09/2146795/sc-leaves-anti-terrorism-act-2020-mostly-intact |access-date=August 2, 2024 |work=The Philippine Star |date=December 9, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211209031519/https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2021/12/09/2146795/sc-leaves-anti-terrorism-act-2020-mostly-intact |archive-date=December 9, 2021}}

As Duterte's term approached its end, the military intensified its efforts against Islamic terrorists, which continued to carry a series of attacks in Mindanao and Sulu;{{cite news |title=Women linked to Abu Sayyaf suicide bombings arrested in Sulu |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/2/23/nine-suspected-female-suicide-bombers-arrested-in-sulu |access-date=August 2, 2024 |work=Al Jazeera |date=February 23, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210223073115/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/2/23/nine-suspected-female-suicide-bombers-arrested-in-sulu |archive-date=February 23, 2021 |language=en}} notable among these attacks involved suicide bombing, a tactic not commonly used by Filipino terrorists.{{rp|page=55}} In February 2021, Duterte created the National Amnesty Commission, which would process amnesty applications of former rebels and determine their eligibility.{{cite news |last1=Cervantes |first1=Filane Mikee |title=Duterte creates National Amnesty Commission |url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1130029 |access-date=August 2, 2024 |work=Philippine News Agency |date=February 8, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210208115756/https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1130029 |archive-date=February 8, 2021}} Additionally, he expanded his administration's reintegration program to include former violent extremists. From 2016 to 2021, 1,544 ASG members, 971 Bangsamoro Islamic Freedom Fighters members, and 1,427 Dawlah Islamiyah members were reportedly captured, killed, or surrendered.{{Cite news |last=Nepomuceno |first=Priam |date=May 30, 2022 |title=NTF-ELCAC, Anti-Terrorism Act crucial to PH fight vs. insurgency |language=en |work=Philippine News Agency |url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1175394 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220530061830/https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1175394 |archive-date=May 30, 2022}}

Duterte described himself as left-leaning during his presidential campaign.{{cite news |title='BUT NOT AN NPA': Duterte declares he'll be first leftist president |url=https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/topstories/nation/563681/duterte-declares-he-ll-be-first-leftist-president/story/ |access-date=July 31, 2024 |work=GMA News Online |date=April 22, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220316162617/https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/topstories/nation/563681/duterte-declares-he-ll-be-first-leftist-president/story/ |archive-date=March 16, 2022 |language=en}} As he initially had good relations with the left,{{cite news |last1=Mogato |first1=Manuel |title=Duterte readies for Philippine peace talks restart as rebel team arrives |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/world/duterte-readies-for-philippine-peace-talks-restart-as-rebel-team-arrives-idUSKCN0Y819Y/ |access-date=July 31, 2024 |work=Reuters |date=May 17, 2016}} he received campaign support from leftist groups, particularly in Mindanao.{{cite news |last1=Gloria |first1=Glenda |title=Duterte to Left: 4 departments yours |url=https://www.rappler.com/philippines/133230-duterte-left-departments/ |access-date=July 31, 2024 |work=Rappler |date=May 16, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240729115535/https://www.rappler.com/philippines/133230-duterte-left-departments/ |archive-date=July 29, 2024}} Duterte was a student of Communist Party of the Philippines (CPP) founder Jose Maria Sison at Lyceum of the Philippines University, and Sison stated during the election campaign that Duterte was "the best President the Philippines can have since Marcos".{{cite news |last1=Sabillo |first1=Kristine Angeli |title=Joma Sison talks about former student Duterte, other candidates |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/764641/joma-sison-talks-about-former-student-duterte-other-candidates |access-date=July 31, 2024 |newspaper=Philippine Daily Inquirer |date=February 14, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160214085156/https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/764641/joma-sison-talks-about-former-student-duterte-other-candidates |archive-date=February 14, 2016 |language=en}}

Upon Duterte's election into office, prospects of restarting peace talks between the Philippine government and the CPP-NPA-NDF, which stalled in 2011, gained momentum. Duterte temporarily released several communist prisoners, notably couples CPP-NPA chairman Benito and CPP-NPA secretary-general Wilma Tiamzon, to join the peace talks in Oslo.{{Cite news |last=Gavilan |first=Jodesz |date=August 22, 2016 |title=WHO'S WHO: Political prisoners released for Oslo peace talks |work=Rappler |url=https://www.rappler.com/newsbreak/iq/143498-political-prisoners-ndf-consultants-peace-talks/ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220825100823/https://www.rappler.com/newsbreak/iq/143498-political-prisoners-ndf-consultants-peace-talks/ |archive-date=August 25, 2022 |access-date=August 25, 2022 |url-status=live }}{{cite news |last1=Macas |first1=Trisha |title=PHL hopes for peace deal with CPP-NPA-NDF within a year |url=http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/578539/news/nation/phl-hopes-for-peace-deal-with-cpp-npa-ndf-within-a-year |access-date=July 31, 2024 |work=GMA News Online |date=August 22, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160923190622/http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/578539/news/nation/phl-hopes-for-peace-deal-with-cpp-npa-ndf-within-a-year |archive-date=September 23, 2016 |language=en}} In addition, Duterte offered positions for left-leaning activists in his administration, notably in four executive departments: Agrarian Reform, Environment and Natural Resources, Social Welfare and Development, and Labor and Employment. In the months leading to 2017, however, the Duterte administration and the CPP accused each other of not being faithful to the ongoing peace negotiations. The CPP demanded from the administration the release of around 130 political detainees, which—along proposals of the CPP to form a "coalition government"—{{Cite news |last1=Musico |first1=Jelly |title=Duterte says no ceasefire with Reds 'ever again' |url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1124095 |access-date=June 15, 2023 |work=Philippine News Agency |date=December 8, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201208034436/https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1124095 |archive-date=December 8, 2020}}{{cite news |last1=Keck |first1=Madeleine |title=Duterte explains why he terminated foreign-brokered peace talks with country's rebels |url=https://southeastasiaglobe.com/duterte-terminates-communist-peace-talks/ |access-date=June 15, 2023 |work=Southeast Asia Globe |date=November 29, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230615180545/https://southeastasiaglobe.com/duterte-terminates-communist-peace-talks/ |archive-date=June 15, 2023}} Duterte declined.{{cite news |last1=Ranada |first1=Pia |title=Duterte won't release political prisoners: 'They're my ace' |url=https://www.rappler.com/philippines/154954-duterte-left-release-prisoners-ace/ |access-date=July 31, 2024 |work=Rappler |date=December 8, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240731133548/https://www.rappler.com/philippines/154954-duterte-left-release-prisoners-ace/ |archive-date=July 31, 2024}} Additionally, several leftists appointed by Duterte were rejected by the Commission on Appointments, while others resigned or were fired by Duterte amidst the tense relations.{{Cite news |last=Santos |first=Eimor P. |date=October 3, 2018 |title=Duterte fires left-leaning Labor official |work=CNN Philippines |url=http://nine.cnnphilippines.com/news/2018/10/03/Duterte-fires-left-leaning-Labor-official.html |access-date=February 24, 2022 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190411104426/http://nine.cnnphilippines.com/news/2018/10/03/Duterte-fires-left-leaning-Labor-official.html |archive-date=April 11, 2019}}{{Cite news |last=Esguerra |first=Darryl John |date=October 3, 2018 |title=Duterte fires last leftist in government |newspaper=Philippine Daily Inquirer |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1038554/duterte-fires-last-leftist-in-government |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220224212549/https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1038554/duterte-fires-last-leftist-in-government |archive-date=February 24, 2022}} Compounding these were the continued clashes between the military and the NPA and the alternate declaration and lifting of ceasefire amid the ongoing peace talks;{{cite news |last1=Tordesillas |first1=Ellen T. |title=Duterte does a delicate balancing act |url=https://verafiles.org/articles/duterte-does-a-delicate-balancing-act |access-date=July 31, 2024 |work=VERA Files |date=July 31, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231204035202/https://verafiles.org/articles/duterte-does-a-delicate-balancing-act |archive-date=December 4, 2023}}{{cite news |title=Gov't troops, NPA clash in Mindoro as Duterte suspends peace talks |url=https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/topstories/regions/598383/gov-t-troops-npa-clash-in-mindoro-as-duterte-suspends-peace-talks/story/ |access-date=July 31, 2024 |work=GMA News Online |date=February 5, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240731142531/https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/topstories/regions/598383/gov-t-troops-npa-clash-in-mindoro-as-duterte-suspends-peace-talks/story/ |archive-date=July 31, 2024 |language=en}}

File:President Rodrigo Roa Duterte presides over a meeting with the National Task Force to End Local Communist Armed Conflict (NTF-ELCAC) at the Malacañan Palace on April 15, 2019.jpg at the Malacañang Palace on April 15, 2019.]]

On February 6, 2017, Duterte, citing continued attacks by the NPA on the military, formally terminated peace negotiations with the CPP-NPA-NDF, designated them as a terrorist organization{{Cite news |last=Tordecilla |first=Karmela |date=February 6, 2017 |title=Duterte: CPP-NPA-NDF a terrorist group |work=CNN Philippines |url=http://cnnphilippines.com/news/2017/02/06/duterte-says-npa-ndf-cpp-terrorist-group.html | url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170206053157/http://cnnphilippines.com/news/2017/02/06/duterte-says-npa-ndf-cpp-terrorist-group.html |archive-date=February 6, 2017}} and ordered the arrest of all NDF negotiators.{{Cite news |last=Jerusalem |first=Jigger |date=February 6, 2017 |title=Duterte orders arrest of NDFP negotiators |newspaper=Philippine Daily Inquirer |url=http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/868473/duterte-orders-arrest-of-ndfp-negotiators |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205174147/http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/868473/duterte-orders-arrest-of-ndfp-negotiators |archive-date=February 5, 2017}} Through an executive order he issued in December 2018, Duterte established the National Task Force to End Local Communist Armed Conflict (NTF-ELCAC), an inter-agency body that involved a whole-of-nation approach—from the national to local level—{{cite web |title=Joint Memorandum Circular No. 01 series of 2019 |url=https://authdocs.deped.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/JMC-No.-01-s.-2019-wrp13.pdf |website=Department of Education |publisher=National Task Force to End Local Communist Armed Conflict |access-date=September 23, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230923092227/https://authdocs.deped.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/JMC-No.-01-s.-2019-wrp13.pdf |archive-date=September 23, 2023 |pages=2–8}} in addressing the root causes of communism.{{Cite news |date=December 12, 2018 |title=Duterte: Gov't shifts to 'civilian-led approach' in fight vs. communists |work=CNN Philippines |url=http://cnnphilippines.com/news/2018/12/11/duterte-executive-order-70-whole-of-nation.html | url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181220153000/http://cnnphilippines.com/news/2018/12/11/duterte-executive-order-70-whole-of-nation.html |archive-date=December 20, 2018}} The NTF-ELCAC worked in close coordination with the military and focused on developing far-flung localities infiltrated by the NPA.{{cite news |last1=Chavez |first1=Chito |title=Defunding NTF-ELCAC exposes 822 cleared barangays to communist insurgency anew- Año |url=https://mb.com.ph/2021/5/5/defunding-ntf-elcac-exposes-822-cleared-barangays-to-communist-insurgency-anew-ano |access-date=February 22, 2024 |work=Manila Bulletin |date=May 5, 2021}} Duterte also granted amnesty to former communist rebels{{Cite news |last=Gita-Carlos |first=Ruth Abbey |date=February 16, 2021 |title=Duterte grants amnesty to communist, Moro rebels |work=Philippine News Agency |url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1130859 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210216114511/https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1130859 |archive-date=February 16, 2021}} and launched reintegration programs to support them and their families.{{Cite news |last=Geducos |first=Argyll Cyrus |date=April 5, 2018 |title=Duterte creates task force for the reintegration of former rebels |work=Manila Bulletin |url=https://news.mb.com.ph/2018/04/04/duterte-creates-task-force-for-the-reintegration-of-former-rebels/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191129014345/https://news.mb.com.ph/2018/04/04/duterte-creates-task-force-for-the-reintegration-of-former-rebels/ |archive-date=November 29, 2019}}{{cite news |last1=Gita-Carlos |first1=Ruth Abbey |title=Ex-violent extremists now covered by E-CLIP |url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1097198 |access-date=July 31, 2024 |work=Philippine News Agency |date=March 19, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200408035337/https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1097198 |archive-date=April 8, 2020}} Ultimately, in March 2019, he permanently terminated peace negotiations with the CPP-NPA-NDF, facilitating localized peace talks with the rebels.{{Cite news |last=Roque |first=EJ |date=March 21, 2019 |title=Duterte permanently ends peace talks with Reds |work=Philippine News Agency |url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1065301 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190323122414/http://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1065301 |archive-date=March 23, 2019}}{{Cite news |last=Romero |first=Alexis |date=March 21, 2019 |title=Duterte declares permanent termination of talks with Reds |work=The Philippine Star |url=https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2019/03/21/1903483/duterte-declares-permanent-termination-talks-reds |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327220251/https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2019/03/21/1903483/duterte-declares-permanent-termination-talks-reds |archive-date=March 27, 2019}}

Duterte left office with the number of NPA guerrilla fronts in the country reduced from 89 to 23,{{Cite news |last=Nepomuceno |first=Priam |date=July 7, 2022 |title=Duterte admin made significant gains vs. NPA: AFP |language=en |work=Philippine News Agency |url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1178431 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220707084355/https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1178431 |archive-date=July 7, 2022}} and about 20,579 communist rebels reportedly surrendered from 2016 to 2021.{{Cite news |date=November 29, 2021 |title=Over 20K rebels abandoned CPP-NPA-NDF since 2016: NTF-ELCAC |work=Philippine News Agency |url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1161322 |access-date=February 27, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211129133549/https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1161322 |archive-date=November 29, 2021}} Despite its success in reducing communist insurgency in the country, Duterte's administration was marred by numerous allegations of red-tagging, notably the left-leaning Makabayan Bloc; Duterte and the military dismissed the red-tagging accusations and argued the government was merely "identifying" them as communist fronts.{{Cite news |last=Mercado |first=Neil Arwin |date=November 30, 2020 |title=Duterte tells leftwing groups: 'We are not red-tagging you, we are identifying you as communist fronts' |language=en |newspaper=Philippine Daily Inquirer |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1366569/duterte-tells-makabayan-bloc-legal-communist-fronts-we-are-not-red-tagging-you |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201130133115/https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1366569/duterte-tells-makabayan-bloc-legal-communist-fronts-we-are-not-red-tagging-you |archive-date=November 30, 2020}} Duterte also received criticism after he threatened to order the military in mid-2017 to bomb Lumad schools, which he and the military suspected to shelter rebels and teach subversion.{{Cite news |date=July 24, 2017 |title=Duterte threatens to bomb Lumad schools |work=GMA News Online |url=https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/topstories/nation/619324/duterte-warns-lumads-i-ll-bomb-your-schools/story/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220302190028/https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/topstories/nation/619324/duterte-warns-lumads-i-ll-bomb-your-schools/story/ |archive-date=March 2, 2022}} Additionally, the military and the NTF-ELCAC were denounced after they cited clandestine recruitment activities by the communist rebels within university campuses nationwide, notably in both state-run University of the Philippines and Polytechnic University of the Philippines.{{cite news |title=Top universities denounce red-tagging of schools |url=https://www.rappler.com/philippines/top-philippine-universities-denounce-red-tagging-schools/ |access-date=July 31, 2024 |work=Rappler |date=January 24, 2021}}{{cite news |title=PUP students decry red-tagging, to continue pro-rights campaign |url=https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/topstories/nation/707785/pup-students-decry-red-tagging-to-continue-pro-rights-campaign/story/ |access-date=July 31, 2024 |work=GMA News Online |date=September 12, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240731151731/https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/topstories/nation/707785/pup-students-decry-red-tagging-to-continue-pro-rights-campaign/story/ |archive-date=July 31, 2024}}

Several human rights organizations called on the succeeding Bongbong Marcos administration to abolish the NTF-ELCAC due to continued red-tagging allegations; the calls, however, were rejected by Marcos.{{cite news |last1=Romero |first1=Alexis |title=NTF-ELCAC won't be abolished, says Marcos |url=https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2024/05/17/2355714/ntf-elcac-wont-be-abolished-says-marcos |access-date=July 31, 2024 |work=The Philippine Star |date=May 17, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240517113552/https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2024/05/17/2355714/ntf-elcac-wont-be-abolished-says-marcos |archive-date=May 17, 2024}}

{{Main|COVID-19 pandemic in the Philippines|Philippine government response to the COVID-19 pandemic}}

{{Further|COVID-19 community quarantines in the Philippines|COVID-19 vaccination in the Philippines}}

When news about the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) spread around the world, Duterte initially understated the threat of the disease and urged the public to refrain from inciting anti-Chinese sentiment, which at that time saw a global rise.{{cite news |last1=Lema |first1=Karen |editor-last1=King |editor-first1=Larry |title=Philippines' Duterte says xenophobia against Chinese must stop |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-health-philippines/philippines-duterte-says-xenophobia-against-chinese-must-stop-idUSKBN1ZX21L/ |access-date=August 6, 2024 |work=Reuters |date=February 3, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200205014757/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-health-philippines/philippines-duterte-says-xenophobia-against-chinese-must-stop-idUSKBN1ZX21L/ |archive-date=February 5, 2020}} The first reported COVID-19 case in the Philippines was on January 30, 2020,{{cite news |last1=Casilao |first1=Joahna Lei |title=Philippines confirms first novel coronavirus case |url=https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/topstories/nation/724166/doh-confirms-first-ncov-case-in-philippines/story/ |access-date=August 6, 2024 |work=GMA News Online |date=January 30, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220517003932/https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/topstories/nation/724166/doh-confirms-first-ncov-case-in-philippines/story/ |archive-date=May 17, 2022 |language=en}} prompting Duterte to issue bans on the entry of Chinese nationals from China{{Cite news |last=Esguerra |first=Darryl John |date=January 31, 2020 |title=Duterte orders travel ban from Hubei |language=en |newspaper=Philippine Daily Inquirer |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1222176/duterte-imposes-travel-ban-on-travelers-from-hubei-other-ncov-hit-areas-in-china |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200131123932/https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1222176/duterte-imposes-travel-ban-on-travelers-from-hubei-other-ncov-hit-areas-in-china |archive-date=January 31, 2020}}{{Cite news |last1=Jalea |first1=Glee |last2=Gregorio |first2=Xave |date=February 2, 2020 |title=Duterte widens travel ban on mainland China, Hong Kong, Macau |work=CNN Philippines |url=https://www.cnnphilippines.com/news/2020/2/2/Duterte-travel-ban-mainland-China-Hong-Kong-Macau.html?fbclid | url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200215171347/https://www.cnnphilippines.com/news/2020/2/2/Duterte-travel-ban-mainland-China-Hong-Kong-Macau.html?fbclid |archive-date=February 15, 2020}} and calling for calm.{{cite news |last1=Jaymalin |first1=Mayen |title=Duterte calls for calm on COVID |url=https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2020/02/14/1993010/duterte-calls-calm-covid |access-date=August 6, 2024 |work=The Philippine Star |date=February 14, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200214152512/https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2020/02/14/1993010/duterte-calls-calm-covid |archive-date=February 14, 2020}} Duterte changed his tune in March, during which he placed the Philippines under a State of National Calamity{{Cite news |last=Gita-Carlos |first=Ruth Abbey |date=March 17, 2020 |title=PH placed under state of calamity due to Covid-19 |language=en |work=Philippine News Agency |url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1096951 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200504170723/https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1096951 |archive-date=May 4, 2020}} and ordered a lockdown in Luzon.{{Cite news |last=Parrocha |first=Azer |date=March 16, 2020 |title=Duterte places entire Luzon under 'enhanced community quarantine' |language=en |work=Philippine News Agency |url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1096801 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200403232233/https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1096801 |archive-date=April 3, 2020}} His administration opted to use what it described as "draconian measures" to control the contagion,{{cite news |last1=Merez |first1=Arianne |title='Draconian measures': Philippines rolls out pandemic fighting plan |url=https://news.abs-cbn.com/news/03/25/20/draconian-measures-philippines-rolls-out-pandemic-fighting-plan-coronavirus |access-date=August 6, 2024 |work=ABS-CBN News |date=March 25, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200326030313/https://news.abs-cbn.com/news/03/25/20/draconian-measures-philippines-rolls-out-pandemic-fighting-plan-coronavirus |archive-date=March 26, 2020}} and Duterte employed the military and police to enforce the public's strict adherence to quarantine and health protocols.{{Cite news |last=Luna |first=Franco |date=April 16, 2020 |title=Duterte asks public for 'discipline' in following quarantine rules |work=The Philippine Star |url=https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2020/04/16/2007845/duterte-asks-public-discipline-following-quarantine-rules |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200416155312/https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2020/04/16/2007845/duterte-asks-public-discipline-following-quarantine-rules |archive-date=April 16, 2020}}{{Cite news |title='Shoot them dead': Duterte says won't tolerate lockdown violators |work=Interaksyon |url=https://www.interaksyon.com/politics-issues/2020/04/02/165579/shoot-them-dead-duterte-says-wont-tolerate-lockdown-violators/ |access-date=April 30, 2020}}

As countries were scrambling in securing COVID-19 vaccines for their own citizens, Duterte called for patience amid criticism. To expedite vaccine procurement, Duterte rejected creating a committee and designated Carlito Galvez Jr. as "vaccine czar", who had the gargantuan task of acquiring vaccines from other countries.{{cite news |last1=Aguilar |first1=Krissy |title=Duterte designates Galvez as COVID vaccine czar |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1355580/duterte-designates-galvez-as-vaccine-czar |access-date=August 6, 2024 |newspaper=Philippine Daily Inquirer |date=November 2, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201102113514/https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1355580/duterte-designates-galvez-as-vaccine-czar |archive-date=November 2, 2020 |language=en}} Additionally, Duterte personally requested vaccines from world leaders, notably Chinese president Xi Jinping and Russian President Vladimir Putin.{{cite news |last1=Mandhana |first1=Niharika |title=Philippines's Duterte Asks China for Access to Successful Coronavirus Vaccine |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/philippines-duterte-asks-china-for-access-to-successful-coronavirus-vaccine-11595858296 |access-date=August 6, 2024 |work=The Wall Street Journal |date=July 27, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727174537/https://www.wsj.com/articles/philippines-duterte-asks-china-for-access-to-successful-coronavirus-vaccine-11595858296 |archive-date=July 27, 2020}}{{cite news |last1=Salaverria |first1=Leila B. |title=Duterte, Putin talk vaccines; PH orders 20 million Sputnik V shots |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1418731/duterte-putin-talk-vaccines-ph-orders-20m-sputnik-v-shots |access-date=August 6, 2024 |newspaper=Philippine Daily Inquirer |date=April 14, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413225121/https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1418731/duterte-putin-talk-vaccines-ph-orders-20m-sputnik-v-shots |archive-date=April 13, 2021}} China and Russia responded favorably,{{cite news |title=Russia offers to supply Philippines with Covid-19 vaccine |url=https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/se-asia/russia-offers-to-supply-philippines-with-covid-19-vaccine |access-date=August 6, 2024 |work=The Straits Times |date=August 7, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807121304/https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/se-asia/russia-offers-to-supply-philippines-with-covid-19-vaccine |archive-date=August 7, 2020 |language=en}} and the Duterte administration started its vaccination program on March 1, 2021, a day after receiving 600,000 CoronaVac vaccines sent by the Chinese government.{{cite news |last1=Venzon |first1=Cliff |title=Philippines starts COVID vaccinations, courtesy of China |url=https://asia.nikkei.com/Spotlight/Coronavirus/COVID-vaccines/Philippines-starts-COVID-vaccinations-courtesy-of-China |access-date=August 6, 2024 |work=Nikkei Asia |date=March 1, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210316170325/https://asia.nikkei.com/Spotlight/Coronavirus/COVID-vaccines/Philippines-starts-COVID-vaccinations-courtesy-of-China |archive-date=March 16, 2021}} Duterte also used the US-Philippines Visiting Forces Agreement as leverage in securing vaccines from the United States, threatening to scrap the military pact.{{Cite news |last=Venzon |first=Cliff |date=December 27, 2020 |title=Duterte threatens to end US military pact if no vaccines |work=Nikkei Asia |url=https://asia.nikkei.com/Politics/International-relations/Duterte-threatens-to-end-US-military-pact-if-no-vaccines |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201227092859/https://asia.nikkei.com/Politics/International-relations/Duterte-threatens-to-end-US-military-pact-if-no-vaccines |archive-date=December 27, 2020}} In addition, in an apparent effort to help the Philippines gain access to US-developed vaccines, Duterte granted absolute pardon to US soldier Joseph Scott Pemberton, who was serving prison for killing transgender Jennifer Laude in 2014.{{cite news |last1=Cabico |first1=Gaea Katreena |last2=Patag |first2=Kristine Joy |title=Roque believes Pemberton pardon linked to Duterte's desire to get COVID-19 vaccine access |url=https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2020/09/10/2041479/roque-believes-pemberton-pardon-linked-dutertes-desire-get-covid-19-vaccine-access |access-date=August 6, 2024 |work=The Philippine Star |date=September 10, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201127205138/https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2020/09/10/2041479/roque-believes-pemberton-pardon-linked-dutertes-desire-get-covid-19-vaccine-access |archive-date=November 27, 2020}}

File:RODRIGUEZ 03042021-17.jpg-developed COVID-19 vaccine vial following a ceremonial turnover in Pasay City on March 4, 2021.]]

At the height of the pandemic in mid-2021, the Philippines was a COVID-19 hotspot in Asia; vaccine hesitancy was a problem, and many citizens opted to wait for Western vaccines to arrive. In exasperation, Duterte urged the public to undergo vaccination, threatening to arrest unvaccinated individuals and order local leaders to compile a list of defiant residents.{{cite news |title=Duterte threatens to arrest Filipinos who refuse vaccination |url=https://apnews.com/article/coronavirus-pandemic-arrests-health-feeb885f996b2a6f0f425a315c6c5ed9 |access-date=August 6, 2024 |work=AP News |date=June 22, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210622101605/https://apnews.com/article/coronavirus-pandemic-arrests-health-feeb885f996b2a6f0f425a315c6c5ed9 |archive-date=June 22, 2021 |language=en}} In May 2021, to encourage the public that vaccines were safe, Duterte—acting on the advice of his doctor—publicly took the Sinopharm BIBP vaccine before it was approved for use by the Philippine Food and Drug Administration;{{cite news |title=Philippines' Duterte receives first dose of Sinopharm's COVID-19 vaccine |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/philippines-duterte-receives-first-dose-sinopharms-covid-19-vaccine-2021-05-03/#:~:text=MANILA%2C%20May%203%20(Reuters),virus%2C%20his%20closest%20aide%20said. |access-date=August 6, 2024 |work=Reuters |date=May 3, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210503155340/https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/philippines-duterte-receives-first-dose-sinopharms-covid-19-vaccine-2021-05-03/ |archive-date=May 3, 2021}} his move, however, drew criticism since the general public had access to CoronaVac vaccines, which the public majority perceived to have lower efficacy. The backlash prompted Duterte to apologize, acknowledge the possibility of the Sinopharm vaccine's multiple side effects, and decide to pull out the vaccines.{{cite news |title=Philippines' Duterte apologises for taking unapproved China jab |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-57004924 |access-date=August 6, 2024 |work=BBC News |date=May 6, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506050236/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-57004924 |archive-date=May 6, 2021}} The public's prejudice against China's CoronaVac was later revealed in a Reuters 2024 report as the outcome of a US government-launched covert propaganda and disinformation campaign that aimed to erode the public's trust in China-developed vaccines.{{cite news|title=Pentagon ran secret anti-vax campaign to undermine China during pandemic |url=https://www.reuters.com/investigates/special-report/usa-covid-propaganda/ |website=Reuters |last1=Bing |first1=Chris |last2=Schectman |first2=Joel |date=June 14, 2024 |access-date=June 17, 2024 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240614110549/https://www.reuters.com/investigates/special-report/usa-covid-propaganda/ |archive-date=June 14, 2024}}

Duterte gradually relaxed quarantine restrictions to revive the economy.{{Cite news |last=Calonzo |first=Andreo |date=May 13, 2021 |title=Philippines Eases Virus Curbs as Economy Stays in Recession |language=en |work=Bloomberg News |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-05-13/philippines-eases-virus-curbs-as-economy-remains-in-recession |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514020755/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-05-13/philippines-eases-virus-curbs-as-economy-remains-in-recession |archive-date=May 14, 2021}} Upon leaving office, Duterte's administration secured 245 million vaccine doses; about 70.5 million individuals had been fully vaccinated.{{Cite news |date=June 30, 2022 |title=Vergeire to push redefining fully vaccinated under Marcos admin |work=CNN Philippines |url=https://www.cnnphilippines.com/news/2022/6/30/Vergeire-redefine-fully-vaccinated-Marcos-admin.html | url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220629170147/https://www.cnnphilippines.com/news/2022/6/30/Vergeire-redefine-fully-vaccinated-Marcos-admin.html |archive-date=June 29, 2022}} Over 3.7 million COVID-19 cases were recorded since the onset of the pandemic, 3.69 million people had recovered from the disease, while 8,706 active cases remained.{{Cite news |date=July 1, 2022 |title=DOH: 88% of provinces, cities in PH seeing increase in COVID-19 cases |work=CNN Philippines |url=https://www.cnnphilippines.com/news/2022/7/1/OCTA-higher-positivity-rate-Metro-Manila-9-others.html | url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220701074100/https://www.cnnphilippines.com/news/2022/7/1/OCTA-higher-positivity-rate-Metro-Manila-9-others.html |archive-date=July 1, 2022}} Though his administration successfully reached its target of vaccinating 70% of the Philippine population,{{Cite news |last=Villa |first=Kathleen de |date=April 14, 2022 |title=Amid push for boosters, many in PH still fear 'side effects' |language=en |newspaper=Philippine Daily Inquirer |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1582779/amid-push-for-boosters-many-in-ph-still-fearing-side-effects |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220413232052/https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1582779/amid-push-for-boosters-many-in-ph-still-fearing-side-effects |archive-date=April 13, 2022}}{{Cite news |last1=de Villa |first1=Kathleen |last2=Corrales |first2=Nestor |date=April 22, 2022 |title=Vaccine czar lowers target as jab rate slows down |language=en |newspaper=Philippine Daily Inquirer |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1586356/vaccine-czar-lowers-target-as-jab-rate-slows-down |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220421222141/https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1586356/vaccine-czar-lowers-target-as-jab-rate-slows-down |archive-date=April 21, 2022}} Duterte, along with Health Secretary Francisco Duque III, was implicated in a scandal involving allegedly overpriced medical supplies and equipment. Critics highlighted that Duterte's administration purchased pandemic supplies from Pharmally Pharmaceutical, a company linked to Duterte's former economic adviser, Michael Yang. Duterte rejected the corruption allegations and emphasized that the supplies at the time of purchase were in high demand, hence, the high prices.{{cite news |last1=Flores |first1=Helen |title=Duterte defends anew COVID-19 supply deals |url=https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2021/09/09/2125837/duterte-defends-anew-covid-19-supply-deals |access-date=August 6, 2024 |work=The Philippine Star |date=September 9, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210909060610/https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2021/09/09/2125837/duterte-defends-anew-covid-19-supply-deals |archive-date=September 9, 2021}} A Senate probe, headed by Senate Blue Ribbon Committee chairman Richard Gordon, was initiated in August 2021 for alleged irregularities in the use of COVID-19 response funds amounting to {{Philippine peso}}67 billion.{{cite news |last1=Peralta-Malonzo |first1=Third Anne |title=Duterte hits senators over Covid-19 response funds probe |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/manila/local-news/in-a-recorded-public-address-aired-on-tuesday-august-31-2021 |access-date=August 6, 2024 |work=SunStar |date=August 31, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240806160814/https://www.sunstar.com.ph/manila/local-news/in-a-recorded-public-address-aired-on-tuesday-august-31-2021 |archive-date=August 6, 2024 |language=en}} A month before Duterte left office, Gordon released a draft report on the probe, which claimed that Duterte "betrayed public trust" for appointing Yang as economic adviser in 2018, prohibited his Cabinet and other officials from attending the hearings, and allegedly discredited the Senate and Commission on Audit.{{cite news |last1=Yang |first1=Angelica Y. |title=Zubiri says he'll sign Pharmally probe report if allegations vs Duterte are removed |url=https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2022/06/01/2185311/zubiri-says-hell-sign-pharmally-probe-report-if-allegations-vs-duterte-are-removed |access-date=August 6, 2024 |work=The Philippine Star |date=June 1, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220601093440/https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2022/06/01/2185311/zubiri-says-hell-sign-pharmally-probe-report-if-allegations-vs-duterte-are-removed |archive-date=June 1, 2022}} The report, however, failed to reach the Senate plenary for deliberation after it was signed by nine senators out of the 11 required signatures.{{Cite news |last=Yang |first=Angelica Y. |date=June 1, 2022 |title=Zubiri says he'll sign Pharmally probe report if allegations vs Duterte are removed |work=The Philippine Star |url=https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2022/06/01/2185311/zubiri-says-hell-sign-pharmally-probe-report-if-allegations-vs-duterte-are-removed |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220601093440/https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2022/06/01/2185311/zubiri-says-hell-sign-pharmally-probe-report-if-allegations-vs-duterte-are-removed |archive-date=June 1, 2022}}{{Cite news |last=Magsambol |first=Bonz |date=June 6, 2022 |title=Senators refuse to sign Pharmally probe report due to inclusion of Duterte |work=Rappler |url=https://www.rappler.com/nation/senators-refuse-sign-pharmally-probe-report-due-inclusion-of-duterte/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220606112208/https://www.rappler.com/nation/senators-refuse-sign-pharmally-probe-report-due-inclusion-of-duterte/ |archive-date=June 6, 2022}}

The Duterte administration initially adopted a "technology neutral" policy in energy generation.{{Cite news |last=Lim |first=Yvonne |date=July 12, 2017 |title=The Philippines is aiming for an energy boom with Duterte's latest reform |language=en |work=CNBC |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2017/07/12/the-philippines-is-aiming-for-an-energy-boom-with-dutertes-latest-reform.html |access-date=March 4, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170712073720/https://www.cnbc.com/2017/07/12/the-philippines-is-aiming-for-an-energy-boom-with-dutertes-latest-reform.html |archive-date=July 12, 2017}} Earlier in his term, Duterte stressed that coal remains the most viable source of energy if the Philippines is to accelerate industrialization,{{Cite news |last1=Dela Cruz |first1=Enrico |last2=Elona |first2=Julian |date=July 4, 2016 |title=New Philippine Energy Minister Says Can't Afford to Ditch Coal |work=Jakarta Globe |url=https://jakartaglobe.id/business/new-philippine-energy-minister-says-cant-afford-ditch-coal/ |access-date=March 4, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201020202354/https://jakartaglobe.id/business/new-philippine-energy-minister-says-cant-afford-ditch-coal/ |archive-date=October 20, 2020}} and questioned the sanctions imposed by the United States and European Union on smaller countries including the Philippines when the country's carbon footprint is not significant compared to the superpowers.{{Cite news |date=December 9, 2016 |title=Duterte: Green energy is good but we need coal |language=English |work=SunStar|url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/article/114723/duterte-green-energy-is-good-but-we-need-coal- |access-date=March 4, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220304091550/https://www.sunstar.com.ph/article/114723/duterte-green-energy-is-good-but-we-need-coal- |archive-date=March 4, 2022}}

The administration shifted its energy policy to prefer renewable sources of energy later in Duterte's term.{{Cite news |last=Crismundo |first=Kris |date=July 21, 2021 |title=DOE pushes shift to renewables during Duterte's term |language=en |work=Philippine News Agency |url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1147896 |access-date=March 4, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210722091244/https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1147896 |archive-date=July 22, 2021}} At his fourth State of the Nation address in July 2019, Duterte issued an order to cut coal dependence and hasten a transition to renewable energy.{{Cite news |last1=dela Cruz |first1=Enrico |last2=Warrier |first2=Gopakumar |date=July 25, 2019 |title=Philippines readies new renewable energy policies to curb coal dependence |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-philippines-renewables-coal-idUSKCN1UK1CN |access-date=March 4, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190725131802/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-philippines-renewables-coal-idUSKCN1UK1CN |archive-date=July 25, 2019}}{{Cite news |date=July 29, 2019 |title=Duterte signals need for Philippines to cut coal dependence and fast-track renewables |language=en |work=Eco-Business |url=https://www.eco-business.com/news/duterte-signals-need-for-philippines-to-cut-coal-dependence-and-fast-track-renewables/ |access-date=March 4, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190731045259/https://www.eco-business.com/news/duterte-signals-need-for-philippines-to-cut-coal-dependence-and-fast-track-renewables/ |archive-date=July 31, 2019}} In October 2020, the energy department issued a moratorium on the construction of new coal power plants and favored renewable energy sources.{{Cite news |last=Magtulis |first=Prinz |date=October 27, 2020 |title=Government ends energy neutrality, favors renewables ahead of boom |work=The Philippine Star |url=https://www.philstar.com/business/2020/10/27/2052681/government-ends-energy-neutrality-favors-renewables-ahead-boom |access-date=April 20, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201031055018/https://www.philstar.com/business/2020/10/27/2052681/government-ends-energy-neutrality-favors-renewables-ahead-boom |archive-date=October 31, 2020}} On February 28, 2022, Duterte issued an executive order approving the inclusion of nuclear power in the country's energy mix.{{Cite news |last=Crismundo |first=Kris |date=March 3, 2022 |title=Duterte approves inclusion of nuclear power in PH energy mix |language=en |work=Philippine News Agency |url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1168931 |access-date=March 4, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220304105921/https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1168931 |archive-date=March 4, 2022}}{{Cite news |date=March 3, 2022 |title=Duterte signs EO outlining national policy on nuclear energy |work=CNN Philippines |url=https://www.cnnphilippines.com/business/2022/3/3/Duterte-EO-164-nuclear-energy-program.html |access-date=March 4, 2022 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220304110337/https://www.cnnphilippines.com/business/2022/3/3/Duterte-EO-164-nuclear-energy-program.html |archive-date=March 4, 2022}}

To hasten the expansion of the nation's power capacity, Duterte established the inter-agency Energy Investment Coordinating Council tasked with simplifying and streamlining the approval process of big-ticket projects. On January 21, 2022, he signed a law promoting the use of microgrid systems in unserved and underserved areas to accelerate total electrification of the country.{{Cite news |last=Atienza |first=K.A.T. |date=January 24, 2022 |title=Duterte signs law to accelerate Philippines' total electrification |work=BusinessWorld |url=https://www.bworldonline.com/duterte-signs-law-to-accelerate-philippines-total-electrification/ |access-date=March 4, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220124182031/https://www.bworldonline.com/duterte-signs-law-to-accelerate-philippines-total-electrification/ |archive-date=January 24, 2022}} The administration made initiatives to liberalize the energy sector,{{Cite news |last=Petty |first=Martin |date=November 23, 2016 |title=Philippines president vows to free economy 'from clutches' of oligarchs |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-philippines-duterte-idUSKBN13I241 |access-date=March 4, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161123184136/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-philippines-duterte-idUSKBN13I241 |archive-date=November 23, 2016 |quote=The outspoken, populist leader said it was high time to change regulations and liberalize sectors like energy, power and telecoms to make the country more competitive, and give Filipinos better services and a share of the wealth.}} allowing 100% foreign ownership in large-scale geothermal projects starting October 2020.{{Cite news |last=Cordero |first=Ted |date=November 1, 2020 |title=Philippines allows 100% foreign ownership in large-scale geothermal projects —Cusi |language=en |work=GMA News Online |url=https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/money/companies/761648/philippines-allows-100-foreign-ownership-in-large-scale-geothermal-projects-cusi/story/ |access-date=March 4, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201101103201/https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/money/companies/761648/philippines-allows-100-foreign-ownership-in-large-scale-geothermal-projects-cusi/story/ |archive-date=November 1, 2020}}{{Cite news |last=Cordero |first=Ted |date=October 31, 2020 |title=Right to develop Philippines' geothermal resources to be given thru open, competitive process —DOE |language=en |work=GMA News Online |url=https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/money/content/762186/right-to-develop-philippines-geothermal-resources-to-be-given-thru-open-competitive-process-doe/story/ |access-date=March 4, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201101130238/https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/money/content/762186/right-to-develop-philippines-geothermal-resources-to-be-given-thru-open-competitive-process-doe/story/ |archive-date=November 1, 2020}}

Duterte signed the Paris Agreement on Climate Change in March 2017, after initially having misgivings about the deal which he says might limit the country's industrialization.{{Cite news |last=Salaverria |first=Leila B. |date=March 2, 2017 |title=Duterte finally signs Paris Agreement on climate change |language=en |newspaper=Philippine Daily Inquirer |url=https://globalnation.inquirer.net/153030/duterte-finallly-signs-paris-agrement-climate-change |access-date=April 19, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170301184506/https://globalnation.inquirer.net/153030/duterte-finallly-signs-paris-agrement-climate-change |archive-date=March 1, 2017}} The Agreement was ratified by the Senate on March 15, 2017.{{Cite news |last=Quismundo |first=Tarra |date=March 15, 2017 |title=Senate votes to ratify Paris climate pact |language=en |newspaper=Philippine Daily Inquirer |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/880813/senate-votes-to-ratify-paris-climate-pact |access-date=April 19, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170322173237/https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/880813/senate-votes-to-ratify-paris-climate-pact |archive-date=March 22, 2017}} Duterte said that rich countries producing the most carbon emissions must pay smaller countries for damage caused by climate change.{{Cite news |last=Galvez |first=Daphne |date=April 19, 2022 |title=Rich countries must pay for climate change damage – Duterte |language=en |newspaper=Philippine Daily Inquirer |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1584618/rich-countries-must-pay-for-climate-change-damage-duterte |access-date=April 25, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220418185825/https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1584618/rich-countries-must-pay-for-climate-change-damage-duterte |archive-date=April 18, 2022}}

File:President Rodrigo R. Duterte signs the Freedom of Information (FOI) Executive Order in Davao (Ph2-072416-JALL1747-1).jpg in Davao City on July 24, 2016.]]

Duterte introduced reforms to eliminate red tape in the government,{{Cite news |last=Gita-Carlos |first=Ruth Abbey |date=December 21, 2019 |title=Duterte wants completion of gov't transactions in hours |language=en |work=Philippine News Agency |url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1089276 |access-date=April 7, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191223070903/https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1089276 |archive-date=December 23, 2019}} and ordered government agencies to remove all processes which are "redundant or burdensome" to the public.{{Cite news |last=Aguilar |first=Krissy |date=February 27, 2020 |title=Duterte streamlines gov't processes, removes redundant functions |language=en |newspaper=Philippine Daily Inquirer |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1234079/duterte-orders-elimination-of-overregulation-to-hasten-govt-processes |access-date=March 29, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200227151539/https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1234079/duterte-orders-elimination-of-overregulation-to-hasten-govt-processes |archive-date=February 27, 2020}} Three weeks after assuming office, he issued his second executive order establishing Freedom of Information, allowing citizens to obtain documents and records from public offices under the executive branch to promote transparency in the government.{{Cite news |date=July 24, 2016 |title=Duterte signs historic EO on Freedom of Information |work=The Philippine Star |url=https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2016/07/24/1606146/duterte-signs-historic-eo-freedom-information |access-date=April 25, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160725165636/https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2016/07/24/1606146/duterte-signs-historic-eo-freedom-information |archive-date=July 25, 2016}}{{Cite news |last=Cervantes |first=Filane Mikee |date=February 12, 2020 |title=PCOO eyes 80% success rate in eFOI requests by 2022 |language=en |work=Philippine News Agency |url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1093649 |access-date=October 28, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200720004035/https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1093649 |archive-date=July 20, 2020}}

In May 2018, Duterte signed the Ease of Doing Business Act which aims to create a better business environment by reducing processing time, cutting bureaucratic red tape, and eliminating corrupt practices in all government agencies.{{Cite news |last=Musico |first=Jelly |date=May 28, 2018 |title=Duterte signs Ease of Doing Business law |language=en |work=Philippine News Agency |url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1036736 |access-date=March 19, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180528180252/https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1036736 |archive-date=May 28, 2018}}{{Cite news |title=The ease of doing business under RA 11032 |language=en |work=Philippine Information Agency |url=https://pia.gov.ph/features/articles/1013993 |access-date=October 28, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201028180451/https://pia.gov.ph/features/articles/1013993 |archive-date=October 28, 2020}} In December 2020, he enacted a law authorizing the President to expedite the processing and issuance of national and local permits, licenses, and certifications, by suspending its requirements, in times of national emergency.{{Cite news |last=Parrocha |first=Azer |date=January 5, 2021 |title=Law allowing President to rush permits in nat'l emergency OK'd |work=Philippine News Agency |url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1141697 |access-date=April 7, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210105100949/https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1126444 |archive-date=January 5, 2021}}

Duterte institutionalized the 8888 Citizens' Complaint Hotline in October 2016, allowing the public to report complaints on poor government front-line services and corrupt practices in all government agencies.{{Cite news |last=Ranada |first=Pia |date=October 26, 2016 |title=Duterte signs EO for 8888 citizen complaint center |work=Rappler |url=https://www.rappler.com/nation/150383-duterte-executive-order-8888-hotline-citizen-complaint-center/ |access-date=April 2, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161027150407/https://www.rappler.com/nation/150383-duterte-executive-order-8888-hotline-citizen-complaint-center/ |archive-date=October 27, 2016}}

Duterte vowed to improve the health care system,{{Cite news |last=Bajo |first=Anna Felicia |date=July 19, 2018 |title=Duterte vows to improve PHL's healthcare system |language=en |work=GMA News Online |url=https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/topstories/nation/661124/duterte-vows-to-improve-phl-s-healthcare-system/story/ |access-date=April 25, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220425070158/https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/topstories/nation/661124/duterte-vows-to-improve-phl-s-healthcare-system/story/ |archive-date=April 25, 2022}}{{Cite news |last=Aguilar |first=Krissy |date=June 24, 2021 |title=Duterte vows to provide equitable healthcare service as he signs hospital bills |language=en |newspaper=Philippine Daily Inquirer |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1450841/duterte-vows-to-provide-equitable-healthcare-service-as-he-signs-hospital-bills |access-date=April 25, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624124925/https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1450841/duterte-vows-to-provide-equitable-healthcare-service-as-he-signs-hospital-bills |archive-date=June 24, 2021}} certifying the Universal Healthcare Bill as an urgent measure as early as July 2018.{{Cite news |last=Corrales |first=Nestor |date=July 10, 2018 |title=Duterte certifies as urgent the Universal Health Care Bill |language=en |newspaper=Philippine Daily Inquirer |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1008752/duterte-certifies-as-urgent-the-universal-health-care-bill |access-date=April 25, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180713190357/http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1008752/duterte-certifies-as-urgent-the-universal-health-care-bill |archive-date=July 13, 2018}} In February 2019, he signed the Universal Health Care Act, which automatically enrolls all Filipinos under the government's health insurance program.{{Cite news |last=Parrocha |first=Azer |date=February 20, 2019 |title=PRRD signs Universal Healthcare Care law |work=Philippine News Agency |url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1062520 |access-date=March 18, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190222141957/https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1062520 |archive-date=February 22, 2019}} He also enacted the National Integrated Cancer Control Act which establishes a "national integrated" program to control and prevent cancer by making treatment more accessible and affordable,{{Cite news |last=Roque |first=EJ |date=February 19, 2019 |title=Duterte signs Integrated Cancer Control law |language=en |work=Philippine News Agency |url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1062372 |access-date=March 18, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190224003117/https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1062372 |archive-date=February 24, 2019}}{{Cite news |last=Placido |first=Dharel |date=February 19, 2019 |title=Duterte signs national integrated cancer control act |work=ABS-CBN News |url=https://news.abs-cbn.com/news/02/19/19/duterte-signs-national-integrated-cancer-control-act |access-date=April 25, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190219183335/https://news.abs-cbn.com/news/02/19/19/duterte-signs-national-integrated-cancer-control-act |archive-date=February 19, 2019}} and the Philippine Mental Health Law, which provides free mental health services down to the barangay level while requiring hospitals to provide psychiatric, psychosocial and neurologic services.{{Cite news |last=Musico |first=Jelly |date=June 21, 2018 |title=Duterte signs Mental Health Law |language=en |work=Philippine News Agency |url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1039023 |access-date=March 18, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180621124826/https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1039023 |archive-date=June 21, 2018}}{{Cite news |last=Auto |first=Hermes |date=June 21, 2018 |title=Duterte signs law providing free healthcare to Filipinos suffering from mental illnesses |language=en |work=The Straits Times |url=https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/se-asia/duterte-signs-law-providing-free-healthcare-to-filipinos-suffering-from-mental |access-date=April 25, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180911144826/https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/se-asia/duterte-signs-law-providing-free-healthcare-to-filipinos-suffering-from-mental |archive-date=September 11, 2018}}

In December 2019, Duterte signed a law institutionalizing Malasakit Centers in all hospitals run by the Department of Health, allowing indigent patients to efficiently access financial medical assistance from various government agencies.{{Cite news |last=Parrocha |first=Azer |date=December 3, 2019 |title=PRRD signs Malasakit Center law |language=en |work=Philippine News Agency |url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1087835 |access-date=March 18, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191204125400/https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1087835 |archive-date=December 4, 2019}}

Duterte ordered the full implementation of the Reproductive Health Law,{{Cite news |last=Viray |first=Patricia Lourdes |date=January 17, 2017 |title=Duterte signs EO to implement RH Law |work=The Philippine Star |url=https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2017/01/11/1661456/duterte-signs-eo-implement-rh-law |access-date=February 27, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180913192359/https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2017/01/11/1661456/duterte-signs-eo-implement-rh-law |archive-date=September 13, 2018}} banned smoking in public places nationwide,{{Cite news |last=Salaverria |first=Leila B. |date=May 19, 2017 |title=Duterte signs EO banning smoking nationwide |language=en |newspaper=Philippine Daily Inquirer |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/897714/duterte-signs-eo-banning-smoking-nationwide |access-date=March 18, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170518210756/https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/897714/duterte-signs-eo-banning-smoking-nationwide |archive-date=May 18, 2017}} and set a price cap on select medicines.{{Cite news |last=Parrocha |first=Azer |date=February 17, 2020 |title=Duterte signs EO on medicine price cap |language=en |work=Philippine News Agency |url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1094070 |access-date=March 20, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200218165004/https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1094070 |archive-date=February 18, 2020}}

Duterte signed the Universal Access to Quality Tertiary Education Act in August 2017, providing free college education in all state universities and colleges nationwide.{{Cite news |last=Corrales |first=Nestor |date=August 4, 2017 |title=Duterte signs into law bill granting free tuition in SUCs |language=en |newspaper=Philippine Daily Inquirer |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/920306/breaking-duterte-signs-law-granting-free-tuition-in-sucs |access-date=February 28, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170804035732/https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/920306/breaking-duterte-signs-law-granting-free-tuition-in-sucs |archive-date=August 4, 2017}} He signed a law establishing transnational higher education in the country, allowing foreign universities to offer degree programs in the Philippines in an effort to bring international quality standards and expertise into the country.{{Cite news |last=Parrocha |first=Azer |date=September 25, 2019 |title=Duterte signs Transnational Higher Education Act into law |language=en |work=Philippine News Agency |url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1081474 |access-date=February 28, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220228120410/https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1081474 |archive-date=February 28, 2022}}{{Cite news |last=Balinbin |first=Arjay L. |date=September 25, 2019 |title=Duterte signs law allowing foreign universities to offer degree programs in Philippines |work=BusinessWorld |publisher=BusinessWorld Publishing |url=https://www.bworldonline.com/duterte-signs-law-allowing-foreign-universities-to-offer-degree-programs-in-philippines/ |access-date=February 28, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190926231840/https://www.bworldonline.com/duterte-signs-law-allowing-foreign-universities-to-offer-degree-programs-in-philippines/ |archive-date=September 26, 2019}} He also signed medical scholarships for deserving students in state universities and colleges or partner private higher education institutions through the Doktor Para sa Bayan Act on December 23, 2020.{{Cite news |last=Parrocha |first=Azer |date=January 5, 2021 |title=Duterte signs Doktor Para sa Bayan Act |language=en |work=Philippine News Agency |url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1126403 |access-date=March 17, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210105083230/https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1126403 |archive-date=January 5, 2021}}

Duterte approved in January 2021 a law institutionalizing the alternative learning system (ALS), providing free education to those out of school.{{Cite news |date=January 5, 2021 |title=Duterte OKs Alternative Learning System Act |work=ABS-CBN News |url=https://news.abs-cbn.com/news/01/05/21/duterte-oks-alternative-learning-system-act |access-date=February 28, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122191137/https://news.abs-cbn.com/news/01/05/21/duterte-oks-alternative-learning-system-act |archive-date=January 22, 2021}}{{Cite news |last=Cervantes |first=Filane Mikee |date=January 5, 2021 |title=Alternative learning system law 'a win for marginalized learners' |language=en |work=Philippine News Agency |url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1126452 |access-date=February 28, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210105113033/https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1126452 |archive-date=January 5, 2021}} In March 2022, he enacted a law granting inclusive education for learners with disabilities.{{Cite news |last=Gita-Carlos |first=Ruth Abbey |date=March 15, 2022 |title=PRRD OKs inclusive education for learners with disabilities |work=Philippine News Agency |url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1169807 |access-date=March 16, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220315122508/https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1169807 |archive-date=March 15, 2022}}

On June 9, 2020, Duterte signed a law establishing the country's first National Academy of Sports in New Clark City, Capas, Tarlac.{{Cite news |last=Rola |first=Alyssa |date=June 10, 2020 |title=Duterte signs law establishing National Academy of Sports |work=CNN Philippines |url=https://www.cnnphilippines.com/sports/2020/6/10/Duterte-signs-National-Academy-of-Sports-Act.html |access-date=February 28, 2022 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109224229/https://www.cnnphilippines.com/sports/2020/6/10/Duterte-signs-National-Academy-of-Sports-Act.html |archive-date=November 9, 2020}}

{{see also|List of international presidential trips made by Rodrigo Duterte}}

File:Meeting of Vladimir Putin with the President of the Philippines Rodrigo Duterte.jpg in Moscow, May 2017]]

File:The Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi meeting the President of Philippines, Mr. Rodrigo Duterte, in Manila, Philippines on November 13, 2017.jpg in Pasay, November 2017]]

The Duterte administration has vowed to pursue what it describes as an "independent foreign policy" that would reject any meddling by foreign governments, reiterating Article II, Section 7 of the 1987 Constitution which states: "The State shall pursue an independent foreign policy. In its relations with other states the paramount consideration shall be national sovereignty, territorial integrity, national interest, and the right to self-determination." In September 2016, Duterte said: "We will observe and must insist on the time-honored principle of sovereignty, sovereign equality, non-interference and the commitment of peaceful settlements of dispute that will serve our people and protect the interests of our country."

Duterte made his first international trips as president to Vientiane, Laos and Jakarta, Indonesia on September 5–9, 2016.{{Cite news |last=Nicolas |first=Fiona |date=September 5, 2016 |title=Duterte heads to Laos for ASEAN summit |work=CNN Philippines |url=http://cnnphilippines.com/news/2016/09/05/Duterte-heads-to-Laos-Asean-summit.html |access-date=September 10, 2016 |archive-date=November 19, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181119104735/http://cnnphilippines.com/news/2016/09/05/Duterte-heads-to-Laos-Asean-summit.html |url-status=dead }}

Duterte pursued improved relations with China and Russia,{{Cite journal |last=Storey |first=Ian |date=June 12, 2017 |title=Duterte's Moscow Visit Advances Philippine and Russian Foreign Policy Goals |url=https://www.iseas.edu.sg/images/pdf/ISEAS_Perspective_2017_40.pdf |journal=Perspective |location=Singapore |publisher=ISEAS - Yusof Ishak Institute |issue=2017 |pages=1–2 |issn=2335-6677 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211011104601/https://www.iseas.edu.sg/images/pdf/ISEAS_Perspective_2017_40.pdf |archive-date=October 11, 2021 |access-date=April 25, 2022}} and lessened the country's dependence on its traditional ally – the United States.{{Cite news |last=Galang |first=Mico A. |date=April 6, 2017 |title=US, China, and Duterte's 'Independent Foreign Policy' |work=The Diplomat |url=https://thediplomat.com/2017/04/us-china-and-dutertes-independent-foreign-policy/ |access-date=June 1, 2021}}{{Cite journal |last=Hendler |first=Bruno |date=September 3, 2018 |title=Duterte's Pivot to China, and Prospects for Settling the South China Sea Disputes |url=https://www.scielo.br/j/cint/a/7HM7FmzZ7qVBrCWyFRkzXdK/?format=pdf&lang=en |journal=Contexto Internacional |volume=40 |issue=2 |page=326 |doi=10.1590/S0102-8529.2018400200005 |s2cid=149738997 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220425053045/https://www.scielo.br/j/cint/a/7HM7FmzZ7qVBrCWyFRkzXdK/?format=pdf&lang=en |archive-date=April 25, 2022 |access-date=April 25, 2022 |doi-access=free}} He has adopted a cautious, pragmatic, and conciliatory stance towards China compared to his predecessor,{{Cite book |last1=Liu |first1=Fu-Kuo |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=py5qDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA101 |title=South China Sea Lawfare: Post-Arbitration Policy Options and Future Prospects |last2=Zou |first2=Keyuan |last3=Wu |first3=Shicun |last4=Spangler |first4=Jonathan |date=April 20, 2017 |publisher=South China Sea Think Tank |isbn=978-986-92828-3-3 |page=101 |language=en |access-date=March 17, 2022}} and has set aside the previous administration's confrontational policy of asserting the Philippines' claims over the South China Sea and its islands.{{Cite journal |last1=Shoji |first1=Tomotaka |last2=Tomikawa |first2=Hideo |title=Chapter 5; Southeast Asia: Duterte Takes Office, South China Sea in Flux |url=http://www.nids.mod.go.jp/english/publication/east-asian/pdf/2017/east-asian_e2017_05.pdf |journal=East Asian Strategic Review |language=English |publisher=National Institute for Defense Studies |issue=2017 |page=4 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170822162448/http://www.nids.mod.go.jp/english/publication/east-asian/pdf/2017/east-asian_e2017_05.pdf |archive-date=August 22, 2017 |access-date=April 25, 2022}}

Militant groups decry the ties between President Duterte and China over the Chinese occupation of contested waters and the reported harassment of the fishermen amidst the territorial disputes in the South China Sea.{{Cite news |title=Pagdami ng Chinese workers, isa sa isyu sa Bonifacio Day |date=November 30, 2018 |publisher=ABS-CBN News |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wSfQwu4EBn0 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211219/wSfQwu4EBn0 |archive-date=December 19, 2021 |via=YouTube}}{{cbignore}}{{Cite news |title=Activists mark 'Day of Valor' with anti-China protests {{!}} ANC |date=April 9, 2019 |publisher=ABS-CBN News |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nmsXzBmslvI |via=YouTube}} Also, while the United States is one of the countries critical to Philippine drug war campaign,{{Cite news |date=September 5, 2016 |title=Obama cancels meeting with 'colorful' Philippine president, who now expresses regret… |newspaper=The Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/post-politics/wp/2016/09/05/philippine-president-threatens-to-curse-out-obama-obama-calls-him-a-colorful-guy/}}{{Cite news |date=September 5, 2016 |title=After cursing Obama, Duterte expresses regret… |publisher=CNN |url=http://edition.cnn.com/2016/09/05/politics/philippines-president-rodrigo-duterte-barack-obama/}}See the following citations:

{{bulleted list|[http://news.abs-cbn.com/news/12/24/16/dutertes-drug-war-a-campaign-of-mass-atrocities-us-senators "Duterte's drug war a 'campaign of mass atrocities': US senators"].|[http://www.philstar.com/headlines/2016/12/28/1657489/us-senators-want-tracking-funds-philippines-amid-drug-war "US senators want tracking of funds in Philippines amid drug war"].}} most of the militant groups{{Cite news |last=Ayalin |first=Adrian |date=November 14, 2017 |title=ASEAN protests end with burning of US flag in Mendiola |work=ABS-CBN News |url=https://news.abs-cbn.com/news/11/14/17/asean-protests-end-with-burning-of-us-flag-in-mendiola |access-date=April 26, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171114131159/https://news.abs-cbn.com/news/11/14/17/asean-protests-end-with-burning-of-us-flag-in-mendiola |archive-date=November 14, 2017}} – particularly left-wing groups{{Cite news |date=March 9, 2017 |title=Women's group in Manila burns US flag with Trump's face |language=en |work=Millennium Post |url=http://www.millenniumpost.in/world/womens-group-in-manila-burns-us-flag-with-trumps-face-218996 |access-date=April 26, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220426072654/http://www.millenniumpost.in/world/womens-group-in-manila-burns-us-flag-with-trumps-face-218996 |archive-date=April 26, 2022}} – also criticize Philippine-US relations due to the United States' "imperialism"(from 0:24) Damay din ang pati watawat ng Amerika, dahil imperyalista rin daw sila.

[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GM92sKqAYr0 Bandila: Ilang estudyante, nagsunog ng watawat ng China sa pagtatapos ng bisita ni Xi Jinping] and neoliberal policies.{{Cite web |title=Militants protest Trump visit |url=https://news.mb.com.ph/2017/11/13/militants-protest-trump-visit |access-date=January 13, 2019 |work=Manila Bulletin |language=en-US |archive-date=March 29, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190329172600/https://news.mb.com.ph/2017/11/13/militants-protest-trump-visit/ |url-status=dead }}

{{Main|List of administration members in the presidency of Rodrigo Duterte}}

{{excerpt|Presidency of Rodrigo Duterte|Administration and cabinet|only=paragraph}}

{{Further|Ronald dela Rosa and Bong Go 2022 presidential campaigns}}

File:Senator Bong Go files his COC for VP with President Duterte.jpg, who filed his certificate of candidacy for vice president on October 2, 2021.]]

Initially stating that he "sees nobody deserving" to replace him as the next president,{{Cite news |date=June 9, 2021 |title=Duterte 'sees nobody deserving' as next Philippine President, says he is ready to retire |language=en |work=The Straits Times |url=https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/se-asia/duterte-sees-nobody-deserving-as-next-philippine-president-says-he-is-ready-to-retire |access-date=October 9, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210609130947/https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/se-asia/duterte-sees-nobody-deserving-as-next-philippine-president-says-he-is-ready-to-retire |archive-date=June 9, 2021 |issn=0585-3923}} Duterte in August 2021 announced he would run for vice president in the upcoming 2022 national elections,{{Cite news |last1=Yap |first1=Cecilia |last2=Calonzo |first2=Andreo |date=June 16, 2021 |title=Duterte Says Running for Vice President is a 'Good Idea' |work=Bloomberg |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-06-16/duterte-says-running-for-philippine-vice-president-a-good-idea |url-status=live |access-date=June 21, 2021 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220808130835/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-06-16/duterte-says-running-for-philippine-vice-president-a-good-idea |archive-date=August 8, 2022}} drawing suspicions from critics that he would extend his term.{{Cite news |date=August 24, 2021 |title=Philippines' Duterte Raises Rivals' Suspicions by Seeking Vice Presidency in 2022 |work=U.S. News & World Report |agency=Reuters |url=https://www.usnews.com/news/world/articles/2021-08-24/philippines-duterte-accepts-endorsement-to-run-as-vice-president-in-2022 |access-date=April 26, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220426082930/https://www.usnews.com/news/world/articles/2021-08-24/philippines-duterte-accepts-endorsement-to-run-as-vice-president-in-2022 |archive-date=April 26, 2022}}{{Cite web |date=August 25, 2021 |title=Duterte confirms he'll run for Philippines VP next year |url=https://apnews.com/article/health-coronavirus-pandemic-philippines-a2baadec81c6a7042c0d829b15630696 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210825073536/https://apnews.com/article/health-coronavirus-pandemic-philippines-a2baadec81c6a7042c0d829b15630696 |archive-date=August 25, 2021 |access-date=August 25, 2021 |publisher=Associated Press}} Duterte's political party, the PDP–Laban Cusi faction, named its standard bearer: former Philippine National Police chief and Senator Ronald dela Rosa,{{Cite news |last=Galvez |first=Daphne |date=October 8, 2021 |title='Bato' dela Rosa is Cusi wing PDP-Laban's standard-bearer for 2022 polls |language=en |newspaper=Philippine Daily Inquirer |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1499224/bato-is-cusi-wing-pdp-labans-standard-bearer-for-2022-polls |access-date=April 26, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211008093010/https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1499224/bato-is-cusi-wing-pdp-labans-standard-bearer-for-2022-polls |archive-date=October 8, 2021}} who was widely suspected to be a placeholder for Duterte's daughter, Davao City mayor Sara.{{Cite news |last=Galvez |first=Daphne |date=October 19, 2021 |title=Bato, suspected to be a placeholder, agrees to amend substitution rule |language=en |newspaper=Philippine Daily Inquirer |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1503654/bato-dela-rosa-suspected-to-be-a-placeholder-agrees-to-amend-substitution-rule |access-date=April 26, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211019014553/https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1503654/bato-dela-rosa-suspected-to-be-a-placeholder-agrees-to-amend-substitution-rule |archive-date=October 19, 2021}} Duterte later withdrew his candidacy, announced his retirement from politics, and had his long-time aide, Senator Bong Go, substitute him.{{Cite news |last=Yumol |first=David Tristan |date=October 2, 2021 |title=Duterte announces retirement from politics |language=en |work=CNN Philippines |url=https://www.cnnphilippines.com/news/2021/10/2/Duterte-retirement-politics.html |access-date=October 2, 2021 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211002083502/https://www.cnnphilippines.com/news/2021/10/2/Duterte-retirement-politics.html |archive-date=October 2, 2021}}

Despite polls showing she was the preferred candidate for presidency, Sara decided to settle for the vice presidential race. This prompted dela Rosa to withdraw his candidacy, which Go would later fill in.{{Cite news |last=Yumol |first=David Tristan |date=November 13, 2021 |title=Bato Dela Rosa withdraws from 2022 presidential race |work=CNN Philippines |url=https://www.cnnphilippines.com/news/2021/11/13/bato-dela-rosa-withdraws-2022-presidential-race.html |access-date=April 26, 2022 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211113084143/https://www.cnnphilippines.com/news/2021/11/13/bato-dela-rosa-withdraws-2022-presidential-race.html |archive-date=November 13, 2021}} Sara's move had Duterte dismayed and he initially retracted his planned retirement, announcing he would run for vice president.{{Cite news |last=Fernandez |first=Daniza |date=November 14, 2021 |title=Duterte's possible VP run a show of dismay for Sara Duterte's candidacy |language=en |newspaper=Philippine Daily Inquirer |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1514702/dutertes-possible-vp-run-a-show-of-dismay-for-sara-dutertes-candidacy |access-date=April 26, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211114062807/https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1514702/dutertes-possible-vp-run-a-show-of-dismay-for-sara-dutertes-candidacy |archive-date=November 14, 2021}} Ultimately, he decided not to face his daughter, endorsed a Go–Sara tandem, and declared his intent on running as Senator.{{Cite news |last=Galvez |first=Daphne |date=November 15, 2021 |title=Duterte to run for senator in 2022 – Bong Go |language=en |newspaper=Philippine Daily Inquirer |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1515218/duterte-to-run-for-senator-in-2022-bong-go |access-date=April 26, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211115083416/https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1515218/duterte-to-run-for-senator-in-2022-bong-go |archive-date=November 15, 2021}}{{Cite news |last=Galvez |first=Daphne |date=November 17, 2021 |title=Duterte endorses Bong Go-Inday Sara tandem in meeting with lawmakers |language=en |newspaper=Philippine Daily Inquirer |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1516272/duterte-endorses-bong-go-sara-duterte-tandem-in-meeting-with-lawmakers |access-date=April 26, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211117060724/https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1516272/duterte-endorses-bong-go-sara-duterte-tandem-in-meeting-with-lawmakers |archive-date=November 17, 2021}} However, Sara decided to run in tandem with Bongbong Marcos, who announced his presidential candidacy.{{Cite news |last=Mercado |first=Neil Arwin |date=November 16, 2021 |title=It's official: Bongbong Marcos, Sara Duterte running in tandem in 2022 elections |language=en |newspaper=Philippine Daily Inquirer |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1515954/breaking-its-official-bongbong-inday-sara-running-as-tandem-for-2022 |access-date=April 26, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211116153120/https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1515954/breaking-its-official-bongbong-inday-sara-running-as-tandem-for-2022 |archive-date=November 16, 2021}} Stating his heart and mind contradicted his actions, Go later withdrew his presidential candidacy;{{Cite news |last=Torregoza |first=Hannah |date=November 30, 2021 |title=Bong Go backs out of May 2022 presidential race |work=Manila Bulletin |url=https://mb.com.ph/2021/11/30/bong-go-backs-out-of-may-2022-presidential-race/ |access-date=April 26, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211130045646/https://mb.com.ph/2021/11/30/bong-go-backs-out-of-may-2022-presidential-race/ |archive-date=November 30, 2021}} shortly after, Duterte officially withdrew his senate bid.{{Cite news |date=December 14, 2021 |title=Duterte withdraws from 2022 Senate race |work=CNN Philippines |url=https://www.cnnphilippines.com/news/2021/12/14/Duterte-withdraws-Senate-2022-bid.html |access-date=April 26, 2022 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211214084232/https://www.cnnphilippines.com/news/2021/12/14/Duterte-withdraws-Senate-2022-bid.html |archive-date=December 14, 2021}}

File:President Rodrigo Duterte in November 2021 describes presidential candidate Bongbong Marcos as a cocaine user and weak leader.webm as a cocaine user and "very weak leader".{{cite news |title=Vera Files Fact Check: Duterte walks back on declaring Marcos Jr. a 'capable' successor |url=https://verafiles.org/articles/vera-files-fact-check-duterte-walks-back-declaring-marcos-jr |access-date=November 2, 2024 |work=VERA Files |date=December 2, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211202123253/https://verafiles.org/articles/vera-files-fact-check-duterte-walks-back-declaring-marcos-jr |archive-date=December 2, 2021}}]]

Due to his high popularity, Duterte remained influential before the national elections as several presidential candidates were open to his endorsement.{{Cite news |last=Manahan |first=Job |date=March 22, 2022 |title=Palace: Presidential bets still seeking Duterte's endorsement |work=ABS-CBN News |url=https://news.abs-cbn.com/news/03/22/22/palace-presidential-bets-still-seeking-dutertes-endorsement |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221017011757/https://news.abs-cbn.com/news/03/22/22/palace-presidential-bets-still-seeking-dutertes-endorsement |url-status=dead |archive-date=October 17, 2022 |access-date=April 26, 2022 }}{{Cite news |last=Mendoza |first=John Eric |date=March 23, 2022 |title=Isko still hopeful of Duterte's endorsement despite PDP-Laban backing of Marcos Jr. |language=en |newspaper=Philippine Daily Inquirer |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1572649/isko-moreno-still-hopeful-of-dutertes-endorsement-despite-pdp-laban-backing-of-marcos-jr |access-date=April 26, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220323112348/https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1572649/isko-moreno-still-hopeful-of-dutertes-endorsement-despite-pdp-laban-backing-of-marcos-jr |archive-date=March 23, 2022}}{{Cite news |date=March 16, 2022 |title=VP spox: Robredo to welcome Duterte endorsement provided 'it's not transactional' |work=CNN Philippines |url=https://www.cnnphilippines.com/news/2022/3/16/Robredo-Duterte-endorsement-not-transactional.html |access-date=April 26, 2022 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220317102159/https://www.cnnphilippines.com/news/2022/3/16/Robredo-Duterte-endorsement-not-transactional.html |archive-date=March 17, 2022}} As the Cusi faction was left without a standard bearer following Go's withdrawal, allies of Duterte endorsed different candidates. The Cusi faction eventually endorsed presidential candidate Marcos and some officials called for Duterte to do the same.{{Cite news |last=Fernandez |first=Daniza |date=March 31, 2022 |title=After PDP-Laban endorsement of Marcos Jr., Duterte insists neutrality |language=en |newspaper=Philippine Daily Inquirer |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1576494/after-pdp-laban-endorsement-of-marcos-jr-duterte-insists-neutrality-in-next-elections |access-date=April 26, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220331134935/https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1576494/after-pdp-laban-endorsement-of-marcos-jr-duterte-insists-neutrality-in-next-elections |archive-date=March 31, 2022}}{{Cite news |last=Galvez |first=Daphne |date=March 23, 2022 |title=Adviser urges Duterte: Endorse Marcos, he is the best to protect you |language=en |newspaper=Philippine Daily Inquirer |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1572438/adviser-urges-duterte-endorse-marcos-he-is-the-best-to-protect-you |access-date=April 26, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220323052339/https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1572438/adviser-urges-duterte-endorse-marcos-he-is-the-best-to-protect-you |archive-date=March 23, 2022}} Stressing he would remain neutral, Duterte refused to heed their calls and insisted on endorsing only Sara as vice president and 17 senatorial candidates.{{Cite news |last=Geducos |first=Argyll Cyrus |date=April 2, 2022 |title=Duterte endorses Sara's VP candidacy |work=Manila Bulletin |url=https://mb.com.ph/2022/04/02/duterte-endorses-saras-vp-candidacy/ |access-date=April 26, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220402015603/https://mb.com.ph/2022/04/02/duterte-endorses-saras-vp-candidacy/ |archive-date=April 2, 2022}}{{Cite news |last=Israel |first=Dale G. |date=April 2, 2022 |title=Duterte endorses 17 senatorial bets |language=en |newspaper=Philippine Daily Inquirer |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1576947/duterte-endorses-17-senatorial-bets |access-date=April 26, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220402001917/https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1576947/duterte-endorses-17-senatorial-bets |archive-date=April 2, 2022}} Additionally, in an effort to protect their integrity, Duterte barred his Cabinet members from campaigning for any candidate.{{Cite news |last=Geducos |first=Argyll Cyrus |date=February 26, 2022 |title=Duterte: Cabinet members, except Cusi, banned from campaigning |work=Manila Bulletin |url=https://mb.com.ph/2022/02/26/duterte-cabinet-members-except-cusi-banned-from-campaigning/ |access-date=May 11, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220310065154/https://mb.com.ph/2022/02/26/duterte-cabinet-members-except-cusi-banned-from-campaigning/ |archive-date=March 10, 2022}}{{Cite news |last=Valente |first=Catherine S. |date=April 7, 2022 |title=Duterte will not endorse presidential bet |language=en |work=The Manila Times |url=https://www.manilatimes.net/2022/04/07/news/national/duterte-will-not-endorse-presidential-bet/1839151 |access-date=April 26, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220406161025/https://www.manilatimes.net/2022/04/07/news/national/duterte-will-not-endorse-presidential-bet/1839151 |archive-date=April 6, 2022}} Despite non-endorsement, Duterte hinted on the next president's preferred qualities: decisive, compassionate, a good judge of a person, and preferably, a lawyer; this led a PDP-Laban official to believe Duterte gave a "virtual endorsement" for Vice President Leni Robredo, who was Marcos' chief rival in the presidential race.{{cite news |last1=Galvez |first1=Daphne |title=Evardone's endorsement of Robredo has Duterte's blessing |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1569159/evardones-endorsement-of-robredo-has-dutertes-blessing |access-date=July 28, 2024 |newspaper=Philippine Daily Inquirer |date=March 16, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220316051051/https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1569159/evardones-endorsement-of-robredo-has-dutertes-blessing |archive-date=March 16, 2022 |language=en}} In March 2022, Go said Duterte briefly met with Marcos and gave him advice on the presidency, but could not say whether Duterte gave Marcos an endorsement.{{Cite news |last=Felipe |first=Cecille Suerte |date=March 25, 2022 |title=Duterte, Marcos Talk, But No Endorsement – Go |work=One News |url=https://www.onenews.ph/articles/duterte-marcos-talk-but-no-endorsement-go |access-date=April 26, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220327141847/https://www.onenews.ph/articles/duterte-marcos-talk-but-no-endorsement-go |archive-date=March 27, 2022}}

File:Sara Duterte oath taking 6.19.22 (5).jpg's oath of office as vice president in Davao City on June 19, 2022.]]

By May 5, 2022, Duterte created a transition committee led by Executive Secretary Salvador Medialdea to oversee the transition of power to the next administration.{{Cite news |last=Corrales |first=Nestor |date=May 5, 2022 |title=Duterte creates Palace transition team |language=en |newspaper=Philippine Daily Inquirer |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1592547/duterte-creates-palace-transition-team |access-date=May 11, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220504222554/https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1592547/duterte-creates-palace-transition-team |archive-date=May 4, 2022}} Several analysts believe Duterte had his popularity "inherited" by Marcos and Sara, who both won landslides in the election.{{Cite news |last=Manahan |first=Job |date=May 10, 2022 |title=Duterte's popularity, regionalism crystalized votes for Marcos Jr., Sara Duterte: analysts |work=ABS-CBN News |url=https://news.abs-cbn.com/spotlight/05/10/22/solid-north-solid-south-solidified-votes-for-marcos-jr-sara-duterte |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220512182350/https://news.abs-cbn.com/spotlight/05/10/22/solid-north-solid-south-solidified-votes-for-marcos-jr-sara-duterte |archive-date=May 12, 2022}}

{{Main|Efforts to impeach Rodrigo Duterte}}

{{excerpt|Presidency of Rodrigo Duterte|Impeachment attempt}}

At the end of his presidency, Duterte returned to Davao City and kept a low profile.{{cite news |last1=Valente |first1=Catherine S. |title=Citizen Duterte flies home to Davao City |url=https://www.manilatimes.net/2022/07/01/news/national/citizen-duterte-flies-home-to-davao-city/1849380 |access-date=May 17, 2023 |work=The Manila Times |date=July 1, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220630173153/https://www.manilatimes.net/2022/07/01/news/national/citizen-duterte-flies-home-to-davao-city/1849380 |archive-date=June 30, 2022 |language=en}} Former President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo, a political ally of Duterte, convinced him in September 2023 to actively participate in the Philippine political landscape.{{cite news |last1=Bordey |first1=Hana |title=Gloria Arroyo confirms urging ex-President Duterte to be active again in politics |url=https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/topstories/nation/881884/gloria-arroyo-confirms-urging-ex-president-rodrigo-duterte-to-be-active-again-in-politics/story/ |access-date=November 9, 2023 |work=GMA News Online |date=September 12, 2023 |language=en}} In January 2023, Duterte resumed hosting his weekly show, {{lang|ceb|Gikan sa Masa, Para sa Masa}} (From the Masses, For The Masses), on SMNI; co-hosted by Duterte's friend and spiritual adviser Pastor Apollo Quiboloy, Duterte would speak about current political issues besetting the country.{{cite news |last1=Llemit |first1=Ralph Lawrence G. |title=Ex-Pres. Duterte's 'Gikan sa Masa, Para sa Masa' returns |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/article/1950794/davao/local-news/ex-pres-dutertes-gikan-sa-masa-para-sa-masa-returns |access-date=May 17, 2023 |work=SunStar |date=January 14, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230116030628/https://www.sunstar.com.ph/article/1950794/davao/local-news/ex-pres-dutertes-gikan-sa-masa-para-sa-masa-returns |archive-date=January 16, 2023 |language=en}} Some of Duterte's strong statements in the show, such as his opposition to the expansion of the Enhanced Defense Cooperation Agreement (EDCA) sites in the Philippines, attracted attention and were covered by the media.{{cite news |last1=Colina |first1=Antonio IV |title=Ex-President Duterte says Chinese envoy told him PH will be 'target' if it aids US in attacking China |url=https://mb.com.ph/2023/6/28/ex-president-duterte-says-chinese-envoy-told-him-ph-will-be-target-if-it-aids-us-in-attacking-china |access-date=July 26, 2024 |work=Manila Bulletin |date=June 28, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230629114631/https://mb.com.ph/2023/6/28/ex-president-duterte-says-chinese-envoy-told-him-ph-will-be-target-if-it-aids-us-in-attacking-china |archive-date=June 29, 2023 |language=en}}{{cite news |last1=Llemit |first1=Ralph Lawrence G. |title=Ex-pres Duterte: ICC's drug war probe an insult to PH |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/davao/local-news/ex-pres-duterte-iccs-drug-war-probe-an-insult-to-ph |access-date=July 26, 2024 |work=SunStar |publisher=SunStar Publishing Inc. |date=February 1, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240726153831/https://www.sunstar.com.ph/davao/local-news/ex-pres-duterte-iccs-drug-war-probe-an-insult-to-ph |archive-date=July 26, 2024 |language=en}}{{cite news |last1=Colina |first1=Antonio IV |title=Ex-President Duterte Warns Implication Of US Access To PHL Military Bases |url=https://mindanews.com/top-stories/2023/06/ex-president-duterte-warns-implication-of-us-access-to-phl-military-bases/#gsc.tab=0 |access-date=July 26, 2024 |work=MindaNews |date=June 13, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230613150841/https://mindanews.com/top-stories/2023/06/ex-president-duterte-warns-implication-of-us-access-to-phl-military-bases/#gsc.tab=0 |archive-date=June 13, 2023}}

File:President Bongbong Marcos meets former President Rodrigo Duterte in Malacañang on August 2, 2023.jpg on August 2, 2023.]]

In July 2023, amid escalating tensions in the South China Sea, Chinese President Xi Jinping invited Duterte to Beijing. During the meeting, Xi asked Duterte to "play an important role" in improving Philippine-China relations, which were rapidly deteriorating under the Marcos administration that sought to gravitate towards the United States by expanding the number of bases American troops can access under the EDCA.{{cite news |last1=Sim |first1=Dewey |title=Xi's surprise meeting with Duterte the latest bid to improve ties with Manila |url=https://www.scmp.com/news/china/diplomacy/article/3228126/xis-surprise-meeting-duterte-latest-bid-improve-ties-manila |access-date=July 19, 2023 |work=South China Morning Post |date=July 18, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230719160457/https://www.scmp.com/news/china/diplomacy/article/3228126/xis-surprise-meeting-duterte-latest-bid-improve-ties-manila |archive-date=July 19, 2023 |language=en}} As the meeting did not involve the Marcos administration, the event gained much attention, and the administration wanted details of the Xi-Duterte discussion.{{cite news |last1=Sadongdong |first1=Martin |title=Gibo hopes Duterte pushed for PH interests in meeting with Xi |url=https://mb.com.ph/2023/7/21/gibo-hopes-duterte-pushed-for-ph-interests-in-meeting-with-xi |access-date=July 26, 2024 |work=Manila Bulletin |date=July 21, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230722134929/https://mb.com.ph/2023/7/21/gibo-hopes-duterte-pushed-for-ph-interests-in-meeting-with-xi |archive-date=July 22, 2023 |language=en}}{{cite news |last1=Lazaro |first1=Jacob |last2=Corrales |first2=Nestor |title=Marcos hopes Duterte, Xi talked about China's actions in WPS |url=https://globalnation.inquirer.net/216699/marcos-hopes-duterte-xi-talked-about-chinas-actions-in-wps |access-date=July 26, 2024 |newspaper=Philippine Daily Inquirer |date=July 19, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230719025056/https://globalnation.inquirer.net/216699/marcos-hopes-duterte-xi-talked-about-chinas-actions-in-wps |archive-date=July 19, 2023 |language=en}} Duterte visited Malacanang Palace later and, in a closed-door session, discussed the matter with Marcos, though no further details were provided to the media.{{cite news |title=PBBM meets former President Duterte in Malacañang |url=https://mirror.pco.gov.ph/news_releases/pbbm-meets-former-president-duterte-in-malacanang/ |access-date=August 3, 2023 |work=Presidential Communications Office |date=August 3, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230803200548/https://mirror.pco.gov.ph/news_releases/pbbm-meets-former-president-duterte-in-malacanang/ |archive-date=August 3, 2023}}

A rift between the Duterte and Marcos families had begun under House Speaker Martin Romualdez' leadership.{{cite news |last1=Morella |first1=Cecil |title=Marcos, Duterte supporters rally in Philippines as family rift deepens |url=https://news.abs-cbn.com/news/01/28/24/marcos-duterte-supporters-rally-in-philippines-as-family-rift-deepens |access-date=January 29, 2024 |work=ABS-CBN News |agency=Agence France-Presse |date=January 28, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240128063406/https://news.abs-cbn.com/news/01/28/24/marcos-duterte-supporters-rally-in-philippines-as-family-rift-deepens |archive-date=January 28, 2024 |language=en}} In the House of Representatives, unconfirmed reports of Deputy House Speaker Gloria-Macapagal Arroyo allegedly attempting to unseat Romualdez as House Speaker circulated. Despite Arroyo dismissing the accusations, Arroyo was later demoted by the House from her senior deputy Speaker position.{{cite news |last1=Peralta-Malonzo |first1=Third Anne |title=Arroyo denies 'coup plot' against Romualdez |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/manila/local-news/arroyo-denies-coup-plot-against-romualdez |access-date=July 26, 2024 |work=SunStar |date=May 19, 2023 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20240726120705/https://www.sunstar.com.ph/manila/local-news/arroyo-denies-coup-plot-against-romualdez |archive-date=July 26, 2024 |language=en |url-status=live }}{{cite news |last1=Andrade |first1=Jeannette I. |title=Sudden demotion: Pampanga Rep. Gloria Arroyo loses 'senior' House rank |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1771200/sudden-demotion-pampanga-rep-gloria-arroyo-loses-senior-house-rank |access-date=July 26, 2024 |newspaper=Philippine Daily Inquirer |date=May 19, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230519003903/https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1771200/sudden-demotion-pampanga-rep-gloria-arroyo-loses-senior-house-rank |archive-date=May 19, 2023 |language=en}}

Duterte's daughter, Vice President and Education Secretary Sara, subsequently resigned from the Romualdez-led Lakas-CMD{{cite news |last1=Sevillano |first1=Stephanie |title=VP Sara resigns as Lakas-CMD member |url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1201803 |access-date=July 26, 2024 |work=Philippine News Agency |date=May 19, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230519055118/https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1201803 |archive-date=May 19, 2023}} and, in a veiled reference to Romualdez, called him a "tambaloslos"{{cite news |title=Sara Duterte explains tambaloslos remark |url=https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/topstories/nation/872763/sara-duterte-explains-tambaloslos-remark/story/ |access-date=July 26, 2024 |work=GMA News Online |date=June 12, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230612145415/https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/topstories/nation/872763/sara-duterte-explains-tambaloslos-remark/story/ |archive-date=June 12, 2023 |language=en}} (A term that can be interpreted as a joke or as an insult, depending on context). In October 2023, Sara requested Congress for the allocation of confidential funds for the office of the vice president (OVP) and the education department which can be used for the Reserve Officers' Training Corps program. Her requests came under intense scrutiny by the Senate and also the House, which was dominated by Romualdez' allies. Congress ultimately rejected her appeals while swiftly approving the confidential funds of the Office of the President;{{cite news |last1=Cruz |first1=RG |title=House panel OKs Marcos office's budget with no questions asked; surveillance funds intact |url=https://news.abs-cbn.com/news/09/05/23/house-panel-oks-marcos-offices-budget-with-no-questions-asked |access-date=November 5, 2023 |work=ABS-CBN News |date=September 5, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230905060228/https://news.abs-cbn.com/news/09/05/23/house-panel-oks-marcos-offices-budget-with-no-questions-asked |archive-date=September 5, 2023}} Sara eventually dropped her requests, reasoning that the move was being "divisive".{{Cite news |last=Gascon |first=Melvin |date=November 10, 2023 |title=VP Duterte gives up seeking P650M in secret funds |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1857675/sara-gives-up-seeking-p650m-in-secret-funds |access-date=January 31, 2024 |newspaper=Philippine Daily Inquirer}}

In the aftermath of events, Duterte criticized the House{{cite news |last1=Banzuelo |first1=Neil |title=Duterte hits House after OVP is stripped of confidential funds |url=https://www.bworldonline.com/the-nation/2023/10/11/551142/duterte-hits-house-after-ovp-is-stripped-of-confidential-funds/ |access-date=November 9, 2023 |work=BusinessWorld |date=October 11, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231012024353/https://www.bworldonline.com/the-nation/2023/10/11/551142/duterte-hits-house-after-ovp-is-stripped-of-confidential-funds/ |archive-date=October 12, 2023}} for denying his daughter's confidential funds; alleging a collusion between Romualdez and the left-wing Makabayan bloc,{{cite news |last1=Regalado |first1=Edith |title=Duterte defends Sara on confidential funds |url=https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2023/10/12/2303080/duterte-defends-sara-confidential-funds |access-date=October 25, 2023 |work=The Philippine Star |date=October 12, 2023}} he demanded an audit of the House under Romualdez.{{cite news |last1=Quismorio |first1=Ellson |title=Lakas-CMD membership in House continues to grow at the expense of PDP-Laban |url=https://mb.com.ph/2023/11/13/lakas-cmd-membership-in-house-continues-to-grow-at-the-expense-of-pdp-laban |access-date=November 24, 2023 |work=Manila Bulletin |date=November 14, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231124093008/https://mb.com.ph/2023/11/13/lakas-cmd-membership-in-house-continues-to-grow-at-the-expense-of-pdp-laban |archive-date=November 24, 2023 |language=en}} Duterte's comments offended some House members including Romualdez,{{cite news |last1=LLanesca T. |first1=Panti |title=Speaker vows fight vs. those who malign House; deputy tags Duterte |url=https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/topstories/nation/887447/romualdez-vows-to-fight-those-who-will-malign-dictate-upon-house/story/ |access-date=November 24, 2023 |work=GMA News Online |date=November 6, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231107030135/https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/topstories/nation/887447/romualdez-vows-to-fight-those-who-will-malign-dictate-upon-house/story/ |archive-date=November 7, 2023 |language=en}} prompting the House to issue a loyalty check resolution in support of Romualdez; Duterte's political allies, Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo and Congressman Isidro Ungab, were later expelled by the House from their Deputy House Speaker positions for failing to sign the House resolution.{{cite news |last1=Galang |first1=Bamba |title=Political analyst: More 'tectonic shifts' seen in House as 2025 polls approach |url=http://www.cnnphilippines.com/news/2023/11/9/analyst-house-of-representatives-changes-2025-elections.html |access-date=November 9, 2023 |work=CNN Philippines |date=November 9, 2023 |archive-date=November 9, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231109174124/http://www.cnnphilippines.com/news/2023/11/9/analyst-house-of-representatives-changes-2025-elections.html |url-status=dead }} Several House members also pledged support for Romualdez, including a majority of members of Duterte's political party, PDP-Laban, who switched parties mostly to the Romualdez-led Lakas-CMD.{{cite news |last1=Panti |first1=Llanesca T. |title=7 lawmakers from Duterte-chaired PDP-Laban defect to Romualdez-led Lakas CMD |url=https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/topstories/nation/888304/7-lawmakers-from-duterte-chaired-pfp-laban-defect-to-romualdez-led-lakas-cmd/story/ |access-date=November 25, 2023 |work=GMA News Online |date=November 14, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231115195416/https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/topstories/nation/888304/7-lawmakers-from-duterte-chaired-pfp-laban-defect-to-romualdez-led-lakas-cmd/story/ |archive-date=November 15, 2023 |language=en}}{{cite news |last1=Quismorio |first1=Ellson |title=Duterte party down to 15 House members; solon says number will drop further |url=https://mb.com.ph/2023/11/14/duterte-party-down-to-15-house-members-solon-says-number-will-drop-further |access-date=November 24, 2023 |work=Manila Bulletin |date=November 14, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231116152208/https://mb.com.ph/2023/11/14/duterte-party-down-to-15-house-members-solon-says-number-will-drop-further |archive-date=November 16, 2023 |language=en}} After ACT Teachers Representative France Castro of the Makabayan Bloc pushed to remove the OVP and education department's confidential funds, Duterte urged Sara to reveal the use of such funds, which included the supposed killing of communists such as Castro.{{cite news |last1=Lalu |first1=Gabriel Pabico |title=House reps find Duterte's tirades offensive, a serious attack – secretary general |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1846755/house-secgen-says-lawmakers-offended-considers-dutertes-tirades-a-serious-attack |access-date=November 9, 2023 |newspaper=Philippine Daily Inquirer |date=October 16, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231016205137/https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1846755/house-secgen-says-lawmakers-offended-considers-dutertes-tirades-a-serious-attack |archive-date=October 16, 2023 |language=en}} In response, Castro filed a legal case against Duterte for labeling her as a communist rebel and allegedly threatening her life;{{cite news |last1=Torres-Tupas |first1=Tetch |title=Rep. Castro files complaint vs ex-president Duterte over death threat |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1850139/criminal-complaint-vs-ex-pres-duterte#ixzz8H1GuUijt |access-date=October 25, 2023 |newspaper=Philippine Daily Inquirer |date=October 24, 2023 |language=en}} Castro's legal case was later denied by the Quezon City Prosecutor's Office due to insufficient evidence.{{cite news |title=Castro's grave threats complaint vs. Duterte junked |url=https://www.cnnphilippines.com/news/2024/1/12/castro-grave-threats-complaint-vs-duterte-junked.html |access-date=January 13, 2024 |work=CNN Philippines |date=January 12, 2024 |archive-date=January 12, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240112113947/http://www.cnnphilippines.com/news/2024/1/12/castro-grave-threats-complaint-vs-duterte-junked.html |url-status=dead }}

Despite sustained domestic popularity, Duterte found himself increasingly politically isolated. SMNI, which hosted his talk show Gikan sa Masa, Para sa Masa, was later suspended (first for 30 days,{{cite news |last1=Cariaso |first1=Bella |title=NTC makes 30-day SMNI suspension indefinite |url=https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2024/01/23/2327810/ntc-makes-30-day-smni-suspension-indefinite |access-date=January 31, 2024 |work=The Philippine Star |date=January 23, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240123052813/https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2024/01/23/2327810/ntc-makes-30-day-smni-suspension-indefinite |archive-date=January 23, 2024}} and later indefinitely){{cite news |last1=Bautista |first1=Jane |title=SMNI asks Supreme Court to stop indefinite suspension |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1896725/smni-asks-sc-to-stop-indefinite-suspension |access-date=January 31, 2024 |newspaper=Philippine Daily Inquirer |date=January 31, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240131151201/https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1896725/smni-asks-sc-to-stop-indefinite-suspension |archive-date=January 31, 2024 |language=en}} by the National Telecommunications Commission on grounds of alleged dissemination of fake information.{{cite news |last1=Sarao |first1=Zacarian |title=NTC suspends SMNI operations for 30 days |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1878035/ntc-suspends-smni-operations-for-30-days |access-date=December 21, 2023 |newspaper=Philippine Daily Inquirer |date=December 21, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231221151115/https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1878035/ntc-suspends-smni-operations-for-30-days |archive-date=December 21, 2023 |language=en}} Gikan was also suspended after ACT Teachers Representative France Castro filed a complaint against Duterte for allegedly threatening her life during one of the shows.{{cite news |last1=Subingsubing |first1=Krixia |last2=Cruz |first2=Marinel |title=2 SMNI shows suspended, Duterte's 'Gikan' included |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1877501/2-smni-shows-suspended-dutertes-gikan-included |access-date=December 21, 2023 |newspaper=Philippine Daily Inquirer |date=December 20, 2023 |archive-date=December 19, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231219233810/https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1877501/2-smni-shows-suspended-dutertes-gikan-included |language=en}} Duterte initially intended to speak to Marcos about the SMNI suspension issue as it has affected his talk show,{{cite news |last1=Fernandez |first1=Rhoel |title=Ex-President Duterte wishes to talk to President Marcos Jr 'indirectly' over SMNI probe |url=https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/topstories/nation/893349/ex-president-duterte-wishes-to-talk-to-president-marcos-jr-indirectly-over-smni-probe/story/ |access-date=January 31, 2024 |work=GMA News Online |date=January 7, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240108011037/https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/topstories/nation/893349/ex-president-duterte-wishes-to-talk-to-president-marcos-jr-indirectly-over-smni-probe/story/ |archive-date=January 8, 2024 |language=en}} decrying the suspension as censorship.{{cite web |title=Pagsuspinde sa 'Gikan sa Masa, Para sa Masa', matinding paglabag sa constitutional rights −FPRRD |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ju_5WtMolQ4 |website=YouTube |publisher=DZAR 1026 |access-date=December 21, 2023 |language=fil, en |at=1:50–2:16}} Additionally, the Liberal Party, who opposed Marcos' 2022 presidential campaign, were increasingly silent in criticizing the Marcos administration, instead, directing criticism at Duterte and his daughter, Vice President Sara.{{cite news |last1=Bautista |first1=Nillicent |title=De Lima: Marcos administration 'breathing room' from Duterte's 'authoritarian regime' |url=https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2024/02/24/2335789/de-lima-marcos-administration-breathing-room-dutertes-authoritarian-regime |access-date=July 26, 2024 |work=The Philippine Star |date=February 24, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240726140104/https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2024/02/24/2335789/de-lima-marcos-administration-breathing-room-dutertes-authoritarian-regime |archive-date=July 26, 2024}} Duterte and his former aide, Senator Bong Go, also faced alleged plunder charges initiated in July 2024 by Duterte's staunch critic, former Senator Antonio Trillanes.{{cite news |last1= Torres-Tupas|first1=Tech |title=Trillanes files plunder, graft raps vs ex-President Duterte, Bong Go|url= https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1958217/trillanes-on-duterte|accessdate=July 5, 2024 |newspaper= Philippine Daily Inquirer|date=July 5, 2024}}

The Marcos administration also was seen as altering its stance, albeit discreetly, on controversial issues hounding Duterte. Despite Marcos' early assurance of the Philippines' non-cooperation on the looming International Criminal Court (ICC) investigation on Duterte's war on drugs, conflicting statements and moves by House Speaker Romualdez,{{cite news |last1=Cervantes |first1=Filane Mikee |title=House tackling ICC resolution just 'a matter of course' |url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1214266 |access-date=November 24, 2023 |work=Philippine News Agency |date=November 23, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231123141816/https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1214266 |archive-date=November 23, 2023}} the House,{{cite news |last1=Lalu |first1=Gabriel Pabico |title=Lagman on reso urging PH cooperation with ICC: We're not putting anyone on trial |url=https://globalnation.inquirer.net/223182/lagman-on-reso-urging-ph-cooperation-with-icc-were-not-putting-anyone-on-trial |access-date=November 24, 2023 |newspaper=Philippine Daily Inquirer |date=November 22, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231124090323/https://globalnation.inquirer.net/223182/lagman-on-reso-urging-ph-cooperation-with-icc-were-not-putting-anyone-on-trial |archive-date=November 24, 2023 |language=en}} Marcos' Justice Secretary Crispin Remulla and Solicitor General Menardo Guevarra muddled the administration's official stance.{{cite news |last1=Bolledo |first1=Jairo |title=Remulla says Marcos gov't to discuss rejoining ICC |url=https://www.rappler.com/philippines/remulla-says-marcos-government-discuss-rejoining-icc/ |access-date=July 26, 2024 |work=Rappler |date=November 23, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231123141638/https://www.rappler.com/philippines/remulla-says-marcos-government-discuss-rejoining-icc/ |archive-date=November 23, 2023}}{{cite news |last1=Galvez |first1=Daphne |title=Remulla To Ask Palace If Phl Is Rejoining ICC |url=https://www.onenews.ph/articles/remulla-to-ask-palace-if-phl-is-rejoining-icc |access-date=July 26, 2024 |work=One News |date=November 24, 2023}} In addition, Marcos limited his position on the matter through oral statements and avoided issuing an executive order formalizing his stance.{{cite news |title=Walang isang salita! Harry Roque slams Marcos' flip-flopping but wants help vs ICC |url=https://politiko.com.ph/2024/02/17/walang-isang-salita-harry-roque-slams-marcos-flip-flopping-but-wants-help-vs-icc/daily-feed/ |access-date=July 26, 2024 |work=Politiko |date=February 17, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240726142455/https://politiko.com.ph/2024/02/17/walang-isang-salita-harry-roque-slams-marcos-flip-flopping-but-wants-help-vs-icc/daily-feed/ |archive-date=July 26, 2024 |language=en, fil}} There were also unconfirmed reports, including by former Senator Antonio Trillanes, stating that ICC members had already entered the Philippines and were already secretly conducting the investigation.{{cite news |last1=Torres-Tupas |first1=Tetch |title=Trillanes: ICC expected to issue arrest warrant vs Duterte by June or July |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1937985/trillanes-icc-expected-to-issue-warrant-vs-duterte-by-june-or-july#:~:text=Trillanes%3A%20ICC%20expected%20to%20issue,Duterte%20by%20June%20or%20July&text=MANILA%20CITY%2C%20Philippines%20%E2%80%94%20The%20International,Antonio%20Trillanes%20IV%20said%20Tuesday. |access-date=July 26, 2024 |newspaper=Philippine Daily Inquirer |date=May 7, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240507150625/https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1937985/trillanes-icc-expected-to-issue-warrant-vs-duterte-by-june-or-july |archive-date=May 7, 2024 |language=en}} A House probe initiated in April 2024 by Romualdez into a "status quo" agreement in the South China Sea Duterte made during his presidency with Chinese president Xi Jinping was also seen as a "political payback" to Duterte's verbal attacks on Marcos and diminish Duterte's political influence ahead of the 2025 midterm elections.{{cite news |last1=Robles |first1=Alan |title=South China Sea: probe into Duterte-Xi pact sparks rumours of political payback |url=https://www.scmp.com/week-asia/politics/article/3260980/probe-duterte-over-south-china-sea-pact-xi-jinping-seen-possible-political-payback |access-date=May 1, 2024 |work=South China Morning Post |date=May 1, 2024 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240501024548/https://www.scmp.com/week-asia/politics/article/3260980/probe-duterte-over-south-china-sea-pact-xi-jinping-seen-possible-political-payback |archive-date=May 1, 2024 |language=en}} Amidst growing isolation, Duterte found allies who were previously loyal to Marcos. Among them were Marcos' longtime lawyer, Vic Rodriguez, who served as executive secretary in Marcos' first 79 days before resigning;{{cite news |title=Marcos' ex-ES Vic Rodriguez in Cebu for Rody Duterte-led prayer rally |url=https://politiko.com.ph/2024/02/25/marcos-ex-es-vic-rodriguez-in-cebu-for-rody-duterte-led-prayer-rally/politiko-lokal/ |access-date=July 26, 2024 |work=Politiko |date=February 25, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240726142947/https://politiko.com.ph/2024/02/25/marcos-ex-es-vic-rodriguez-in-cebu-for-rody-duterte-led-prayer-rally/politiko-lokal/ |archive-date=July 26, 2024}} and Marcos' sister, Senator Imee Marcos.{{cite news |last1=Abarca |first1=Charie |title=Imee Marcos to back Rodrigo Duterte '…even if I'm the only one left' |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1856783/imee-marcos-to-back-rodrigo-duterte-even-if-im-the-only-one-left |access-date=July 26, 2024 |newspaper=Philippine Daily Inquirer |date=November 8, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231108074738/https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1856783/imee-marcos-to-back-rodrigo-duterte-even-if-im-the-only-one-left |archive-date=November 8, 2023 |language=en}}

On March 11, 2025, Duterte was arrested upon his arrival at Ninoy Aquino International Airport by the Filipino police, which enforced an arrest warrant issued by the International Criminal Court.{{cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/arrest-warrant-served-philippines-ex-president-duterte-government-says-2025-03-11/|title=Philippines' ex-President Rodrigo Duterte arrested at ICC's request over 'drugs war' killings|author=Karen Lema|date=March 11, 2025|website=Reuters}}

On March 9, 2024, Duterte's longtime friend and Kingdom of Jesus Christ leader, Pastor Apollo Quiboloy, was ordered arrested by the United States Federal Bureau of Investigation after his conviction by a US District Court for alleged cases of sex trafficking, rape, fraud, and cash smuggling.{{cite news |last1=Suelto |first1=Diana Lhyd |title=Duterte named Quiboloy group property administrator |url=https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2024/03/09/2339252/duterte-named-quiboloy-group-property-administrator |access-date=March 9, 2024 |work=The Philippine Star |date=March 9, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240308203656/https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2024/03/09/2339252/duterte-named-quiboloy-group-property-administrator |archive-date=March 8, 2024}} No extradition request was received by the Marcos administration for Quiboloy's arrest,{{cite news |last1=Pulta |first1=Benjamin |title=No extradition request yet for Quiboloy – DOJ |url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1220374 |access-date=July 26, 2024 |work=Philippine News Agency |date=March 8, 2024 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20240726140728/https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1220374 |archive-date=July 26, 2024 |url-status=live }} although a probe in the Senate was previously initiated on January 23 by Liberal Party ally, Senator Risa Hontiveros, who invited Quiboloy to attend the hearings.{{cite news |last1=Abarca |first1=Charie |title=Senate probes Quiboloy, church offenses |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1892769/senate-starts-probe-on-alleged-offenses-of-quiboloy-church |access-date=July 27, 2024 |newspaper=Philippine Daily Inquirer |date=January 23, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240123045109/https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1892769/senate-starts-probe-on-alleged-offenses-of-quiboloy-church |archive-date=January 23, 2024 |language=en}} Quiboloy demanded a fair trial as a requirement to attend,{{cite news |last1=Garner |first1=Jom |last2=Oliquino |first2=Edjen |last3=Alcober |first3=Neil |title=Quiboloy didn't make demands, lawyer says |url=https://tribune.net.ph/2024/03/12/quiboloy-didnt-make-demands-lawyer-says |access-date=July 27, 2024 |work=Daily Tribune |date=March 13, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240727103830/https://tribune.net.ph/2024/03/12/quiboloy-didnt-make-demands-lawyer-says |archive-date=July 27, 2024 |language=en}} though this was rebuked by Hontiveros and Marcos.{{cite news |last1=Abarca |first1=Charie |title=Hontiveros finds 'Quiboloy conditions' absurd |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1917002/hontiveros-on-quiboloy-conditions |access-date=July 27, 2024 |newspaper=Philippine Daily Inquirer |date=March 11, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240727104630/https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1917002/hontiveros-on-quiboloy-conditions |archive-date=July 27, 2024 |language=en}}{{cite news |last1=Gascon |first1=Melvin |title=Marcos sneers at fugitive Quiboloy's demands |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1927763/marcos-sneers-at-fugitive-quiboloys-demands |access-date=July 27, 2024 |newspaper=Philippine Daily Inquirer |date=April 9, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240409104547/https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1927763/marcos-sneers-at-fugitive-quiboloys-demands |archive-date=April 9, 2024 |language=en}} Claiming his life was under threat through what he described as a connivance between Marcos and the US government,{{cite news |last1=Rosauro |first1=Ryan D. |title=Quiboloy admits he is in hiding amid kill plot |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1907695/quiboloy-admits-he-is-in-hiding-alleges-kill-plot-vs-him |access-date=July 27, 2024 |newspaper=Philippine Daily Inquirer |date=February 21, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240609044305/https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1907695/quiboloy-admits-he-is-in-hiding-alleges-kill-plot-vs-him |archive-date=June 9, 2024 |language=en}} Quiboloy went into hiding and designated Duterte as administrator of his ministry's properties. After Quiboloy refused to attend the hearings, Hontiveros cited him in contempt and recommended the Senate President to order his arrest.{{cite news |last1=Peralta-Malonzo |first1=Third Anne |title=Senate panel cites Quiboloy in contempt |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/manila/senate-panel-cites-quiboloy-in-contempt |access-date=March 7, 2024 |work=SunStar |date=March 5, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240305065804/https://www.sunstar.com.ph/manila/senate-panel-cites-quiboloy-in-contempt |archive-date=March 5, 2024 |language=en}} Arrest orders for Quiboloy were issued by the Pasig Regional Trial Court despite the efforts of Senators Robin Padilla, Cynthia Villar, and Bong Go to oppose the move.{{cite news|last=Torres-Tupas|first=Tetch|title=Quiboloy arrest ordered, this time for qualified human smuggling|url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1928832/quiboloy-arrest-ordered-for-qualified-human-trafficking|accessdate=April 11, 2024|newspaper=Philippine Daily Inquirer|date=April 11, 2024}}{{cite news |last1=Peralta-Malonzo |first1=Third Anne |title=Ejercito withdraws signature from letter opposing Quiboloy's arrest |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/manila/ejercito-withdraws-signature-from-letter-opposing-quiboloys-arrest |access-date=March 7, 2024 |work=SunStar |date=March 7, 2024 |language=en}} Four separate raids were eventually held in Quiboloy's properties in Davao City;{{cite news |last1= Lacorte |first1= Germelina |title=Arresting cops visit 3 Quiboloy properties but can't find him|url= https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1950039/polices-latest-attempt-to-arrest-quiboloy-in-3-of-his-properties-fails|accessdate=June 10, 2024 |newspaper=Philippine Daily Inquirer|date=June 10, 2024}} though Quiboloy was not found,{{cite news|last=Baroña|first=Franco Jose|title=Police serve arrest warrant vs Quiboloy|url=https://www.manilatimes.net/2024/06/10/news/police-serve-arrest-warrant-vs-quiboloy/1950789|accessdate=June 10, 2024|publisher=The Manila Times|date=June 10, 2024}} the raids were criticized by Duterte and his allies for its "excessive [and] unnecessary force" involving several units of police and military personnel "in full battle gear".{{cite news |last1=Porras |first1=Karl Bryan |title=Police raids fail to arrest Pastor Quiboloy at KOJC compounds |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/davao/police-raids-fail-to-arrest-pastor-quibology-at-kojc-compounds |access-date=June 11, 2024 |work=SunStar |date=June 10, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240610070612/https://www.sunstar.com.ph/davao/police-raids-fail-to-arrest-pastor-quibology-at-kojc-compounds |archive-date=June 10, 2024 |language=en}}{{cite news |last1=Argosino |first1=Faith |title='Excessive, unnecessary force' used in bid to get Quiboloy – Ex-Pres. Duterte |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1950502/excessive-unnecessary-force-used-in-bid-to-get-quiboloy-ex-pres-duterte#ixzz8cpbITUUt |access-date=June 11, 2024 |newspaper=Philippine Daily Inquirer |date=June 11, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240611141026/https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1950502/excessive-unnecessary-force-used-in-bid-to-get-quiboloy-ex-pres-duterte |archive-date=June 11, 2024 |language=en}}{{cite news |last1=Bordey |first1=Hana |title=Senate probe on PNP's 'excessive use of force' in serving warrants vs. Quiboloy sought |url=https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/topstories/nation/910402/quiboloy-pnp-search-senate-probe/story/ |access-date=June 19, 2024 |work=GMA News Online |date=June 18, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240619013749/https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/topstories/nation/910402/quiboloy-pnp-search-senate-probe/story/ |archive-date=June 19, 2024 |language=en}} KOJC members gathered in a rally in Liwasang Bonifacio calling for justice for Quiboloy.{{cite news |last1=Santos |first1=Pat C. |title=KJC demands justice for leader at Liwasang Bonifacio prayer rally |url=https://tribune.net.ph/2024/03/04/kjc-demands-justice-for-leader-at-liwasang-bonifacio-prayer-rally |access-date=July 26, 2024 |work=Daily Tribune |date=March 4, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240726150419/https://tribune.net.ph/2024/03/04/kjc-demands-justice-for-leader-at-liwasang-bonifacio-prayer-rally |archive-date=July 26, 2024 |language=en}}

Additional nationwide protests, called Hakbang ng Maisug (brave) prayer rallies, were held in Dumaguete,{{cite news |last1=Gomez |first1=Carla |title=Former president Duterte attends Dumaguete prayer, peace rally |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1938087/former-president-duterte-attends-dumaguete-prayer-peace-rally |access-date=July 2, 2024 |newspaper=Philippine Daily Inquirer |date=May 7, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240507184805/https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1938087/former-president-duterte-attends-dumaguete-prayer-peace-rally |archive-date=May 7, 2024 |language=en}} Tagum,{{cite news |last1=Francisquete |first1=David Ezra M. |title=Thousands attend Maisug prayer rally in Tagum |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/davao/thousands-attend-maisug-prayer-rally-in-tagum |access-date=July 2, 2024 |work=SunStar |date=April 16, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240416065528/https://www.sunstar.com.ph/davao/thousands-attend-maisug-prayer-rally-in-tagum |archive-date=April 16, 2024 |language=en}} and Angeles{{cite news |last1=Chagas |first1=Bombo Angie Villones |title=FPRRD giklaro nga di pagguba sa gobyerno ang rason sa pagpahigayon og Hakbang ng Maisug Rally |url=https://davao.bomboradyo.com/fprrd-giklaro-nga-di-pagguba-sa-gobyerno-ang-rason-sa-pagpahigayon-og-hakbang-ng-maisug-rally/ |access-date=July 2, 2024 |work=Bombo Radyo Davao |date=June 20, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240702134402/https://davao.bomboradyo.com/fprrd-giklaro-nga-di-pagguba-sa-gobyerno-ang-rason-sa-pagpahigayon-og-hakbang-ng-maisug-rally/ |archive-date=July 2, 2024 |language=ceb}} by Duterte and Quiboloy's supporters, who voiced their grievances against the Marcos administration. Particularly among these grievances included their opposition to proposed constitutional amendments and to the increased US military presence in the country,{{cite news |last1=Lalu |first1=Gabriel Pabico |title=Alvarez says Marcos support withdrawal call is not seditious |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1930256/alvarez-says-marcos-support-withdrawal-call-is-not-seditious |access-date=July 26, 2024 |newspaper=Philippine Daily Inquirer |date=April 16, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240417015409/https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1930256/alvarez-says-marcos-support-withdrawal-call-is-not-seditious |archive-date=April 17, 2024 |language=en}} as well as denouncement of perceived censorship under the administration. In one of the rallies, Duterte notably accused Marcos of plotting to extend his term beyond the current term limit of the Constitution and of being a drug addict, to which Marcos responded by alleging Duterte's previous use of fentanyl as painkiller impaired his judgment;{{cite news |last1=De Leon |first1=Dwight |title=Tit for tat: Marcos blames Duterte's use of fentanyl for foul-mouthed tirade |url=https://www.rappler.com/philippines/marcos-blames-duterte-fentanyl-use-tirades-accusations/ |access-date=January 31, 2024 |work=Rappler |date=January 29, 2024}} Duterte later dared Marcos to undergo a drug test with him at Luneta Park.

Frustrated on the administration's use of taxpayers' money,{{cite news |last1=Alivio |first1=Cristina E. |title=FPRRD eyes to revive 'Mindanao initiative' |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/davao/fprrd-eyes-to-revive-mindanao-initiative |access-date=February 2, 2024 |work=SunStar |date=February 2, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240202093721/https://www.sunstar.com.ph/davao/fprrd-eyes-to-revive-mindanao-initiative |archive-date=February 2, 2024 |language=en}} Duterte initially revived calls advocated by former House Speaker Pantaleon Alvarez for Mindanao to secede from the Philippines;{{cite news |title=Duterte bares signature-based plan for separate Mindanao |url=https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/topstories/nation/895927/duterte-bares-signature-based-plan-for-separate-mindanao/story/ |access-date=January 31, 2024 |work=GMA News Online |date=January 31, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240131024535/https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/topstories/nation/895927/duterte-bares-signature-based-plan-for-separate-mindanao/story/ |archive-date=January 31, 2024 |language=en}}{{cite news |last1=Torres |first1=Sherrie Ann |last2=Cruz |first2=RG |title=Senators frown at Duterte's 'plan' to 'secede' Mindanao from PH |url=https://news.abs-cbn.com/news/2024/1/31/senators-frown-at-duterte-s-plan-to-secede-mindanao-from-ph-1312 |access-date=January 31, 2024 |work=ABS-CBN |date=January 31, 2024}} his calls drew disapproval from several lawmakers and former Muslim rebels,{{Cite news |last1=Rosauro |first1=Ryan D. |last2=Aning |first2=Jerome |date=February 2, 2024 |title=Lawmakers, ex-Muslim rebels reject Duterte call for secession |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1898045/lawmakers-ex-muslim-rebels-reject-duterte-call-for-secession |access-date=February 3, 2024 |newspaper=Philippine Daily Inquirer |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240203194934/https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1898045/lawmakers-ex-muslim-rebels-reject-duterte-call-for-secession |archive-date=February 3, 2024}} prompting Duterte to later retract his calls, saying he only wanted "a better deal for Mindanao".{{cite news |title=Mindanao independence: Duterte's 'joke' that just didn't fly |url=https://www.rappler.com/nation/mindanao/duterte-joke-independence/ |access-date=March 1, 2024 |work=Rappler |date=February 28, 2024 |language=en }} Despite success in holding some rallies, a few suffered setbacks and cancellations after the rally venues were allegedly blocked by the Marcos administration,{{cite news |last1=Francisquete |first1=David Ezra M. |title=Mayor Baste dismayed over Maisug rally cancellation in Bulacan |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/davao/mayor-baste-dismayed-over-maisug-rally-cancellation-in-bulacan |access-date=July 2, 2024 |work=SunStar |date=April 30, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240430064424/https://www.sunstar.com.ph/davao/mayor-baste-dismayed-over-maisug-rally-cancellation-in-bulacan |archive-date=April 30, 2024 |language=en}} drawing condemnation from Duterte and his allies.{{cite news |last1=Gabieta |first1= Joey|title=Duterte slams 'deliberate' efforts to stop 'Maisug' rally in Tacloban|url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1945128/duterte-slams-deliberate-efforts-to-stop-maisug-rally-in-tacloban |accessdate=July 2, 2024 |newspaper=Philippine Daily Inquirer |date=May 27, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240526212307/https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1945128/duterte-slams-deliberate-efforts-to-stop-maisug-rally-in-tacloban |archive-date=May 26, 2024}}{{cite news |last1= Tejano|first1= Ivy|title=Duterte: Gov't limited freedom of speech in Maisug prayer-rallies|url=https://mb.com.ph/2024/7/2/duterte-gov-t-limited-freedom-of-speech-in-maisug-prayer-rallies |accessdate=July 2, 2024 |work=Manila Bulletin|date=July 2, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240702135137/https://mb.com.ph/2024/7/2/duterte-gov-t-limited-freedom-of-speech-in-maisug-prayer-rallies |archive-date=July 2, 2024}} Despite his criticisms against Marcos, Duterte clarified the prayer rallies were not meant to overthrow the administration but warned Marcos of extending his six-year term, reminding Marcos of his father's fate.{{cite news |last1=Llemit |first1=Ralph Lawrence G. |title=FPRRD tells PBBM: Be happy and satisfied with your 6-year term |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/davao/fprrd-tells-pbbm-be-happy-and-satisfied-with-your-6-year-term |access-date=July 26, 2024 |work=SunStar |date=April 16, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240416200751/https://www.sunstar.com.ph/davao/fprrd-tells-pbbm-be-happy-and-satisfied-with-your-6-year-term |archive-date=April 16, 2024 |language=en}}

On October 5, 2024, Duterte announced that he will run for mayor of Davao City, with his son, incumbent Mayor Sebastian Duterte, as his running mate for vice mayor in 2025. He also rejected calls for him to run for senator, citing his old age.{{cite news|url=https://news.abs-cbn.com/news/2024/10/5/former-president-duterte-to-run-for-davao-city-mayor-anew-2223|title=Former president Duterte to run for Davao City mayor anew|date=October 5, 2024|accessdate=October 7, 2024|work=ABS-CBN News}} Duterte officially filed his candidacy on October 7;{{cite news|url=https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/topstories/regions/922853/rodrigo-duterte-files-coc-for-mayor-of-davao-city/story/|title=Rodrigo Duterte files COC for mayor of Davao City|date=October 7, 2024|accessdate=October 7, 2024|publisher=GMA Integrated News}} however, on November 7, he welcomed the candidacy of his former cabinet secretary, former Civil Service Commission chairperson Karlo Nograles as Davao City mayor, adding he is retired and wishes to give the position to the next generation.{{cite news |last1=Tocmo |first1=Hernel |title=Despite running for Davao City mayor, ex-pres. Duterte says he is 'retired' |url=https://news.abs-cbn.com/regions/2024/11/10/despite-running-for-davao-city-mayor-ex-pres-duterte-says-he-is-retired-1656 |access-date=November 13, 2024 |work=ABS-CBN News |date=November 10, 2024 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20241113171319/https://news.abs-cbn.com/regions/2024/11/10/despite-running-for-davao-city-mayor-ex-pres-duterte-says-he-is-retired-1656 |archive-date=November 13, 2024}}

File:Excerpt of former president Rodrigo Duterte's opening statement during the hearing of the Subcommittee on the Philippine War on Illegal Drugs on October 28, 2024.webm hearing on October 28, 2024.{{cite news |last1=Ombay |first1=Giselle |title=Ex-Pres. Duterte: I take full, legal responsibility for drug war |url=https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/topstories/nation/925144/duterte-responsibility-drug-war/story/ |access-date=October 29, 2024 |work=GMA News Online |date=October 28, 2024 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20241029121053/https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/topstories/nation/925144/duterte-responsibility-drug-war/story/ |archive-date=October 29, 2024 |language=en |url-status=live }}]]

File:Former Philippines President Duterte threatens to slap, hit Former Senator Trillanes with the microphone at drug war probe in the House of Representatives 19th Congress - 13 November 2024.webm

In October 2024, the House quad committee led an investigation into the supposed use of intelligence funds to fund an alleged "reward system" for police involved in drug-related extrajudicial killings that occurred during Duterte's presidency. Among the witnesses in the House probe was former Philippine Charity Sweepstakes Office general manager and retired Police Colonel Royina Garma, who accused Duterte of wanting to apply his Davao model approach of the war on drugs on a national scale. Senators Ronald dela Rosa and Bong Go, dismissing the reward money claims as baseless accusations and hearsay, launched a parallel probe in the Senate to "find out the truth".{{cite news |last1=Felipe |first1=Cecille Suerte |title=Bato sets Senate inquiry; Duterte to be invited |url=https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2024/10/17/2393133/bato-sets-senate-inquiry-duterte-be-invited |access-date=October 29, 2024 |work=The Philippine Star |date=October 17, 2024 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20241029131057/https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2024/10/17/2393133/bato-sets-senate-inquiry-duterte-be-invited |archive-date=October 29, 2024 |url-status=live }}{{cite news |last1=Bordey |first1=Hana |title=Bong Go eyes parallel Senate probe into war on drugs |url=https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/topstories/nation/923634/bong-go-senate-probe-war-on-drugs/story/ |access-date=October 29, 2024 |work=GMA News Online |date=October 14, 2024 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20241029131002/https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/topstories/nation/923634/bong-go-senate-probe-war-on-drugs/story/ |archive-date=October 29, 2024 |language=en |url-status=live }} Responding to the Senate invitation, Duterte attended the Senate probe into his campaign against illegal drugs. During the session, Duterte admitted to using a "death squad" to combat crime as Davao mayor, but denied directing extrajudicial killings in his national drug war, now being examined by the ICC. He further noted the resumption of activities of drug dealers and criminals after he stepped down from presidency, telling them "If I'm given another chance, I'll wipe all of you".{{Cite news |date=October 28, 2024|title=Philippine ex-President Duterte says he kept a 'death squad' as mayor to kill criminals|newspaper=Washington Times|url=https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2024/oct/28/philippine-ex-president-rodrigo-duterte-says-kept-/ |access-date=October 29, 2024}}

{{blockquote|My mandate as president of the republic was to protect the country and the Filipino people. Do not question my policies because I offer no apologies, no excuses. I did what I had to do.|Duterte, October 28, 2024{{cite news |title='I did what I had to do': Duterte tells Senate committee probing his war on drugs |url=https://efe.com/en/latest-news/2024-10-28/i-did-what-i-had-to-do-duterte-tells-senate-committee-probing-his-war-on-drugs/ |access-date=October 29, 2024 |work=EFE Noticias |date=October 29, 2024 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20241029131020/https://efe.com/en/latest-news/2024-10-28/i-did-what-i-had-to-do-duterte-tells-senate-committee-probing-his-war-on-drugs/ |archive-date=October 29, 2024 |url-status=live }}}}

Duterte accepted an invitation to the House quad committee hearing on November 13. During the hearing, he reiterated the tough but necessary decisions he took in his anti-drug campaign. He further said he was not scared of the ICC and expressed impatience for the ICC's investigation, saying "I am already old, I might die soon. You might miss the pleasure of seeing me standing before the court hearing the judgement whatever it is". In a significant reversal of position, Marcos' executive secretary Lucas Bersamin later stated the Marcos administration "will feel obliged to consider" a red notice from the Interpol for Duterte should it be issued.{{cite news |last1=Lema |first1=Karen |title=Philippines says obliged to comply if Interpol seeks ex-president Duterte's arrest |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/ex-philippine-president-duterte-says-icc-should-hurry-up-drug-war-investigation-2024-11-13/ |access-date=November 13, 2024 |work=Reuters |date=November 13, 2024}}

In December 2024, Duterte offered to join the defense team of his daughter, Vice President Sara Duterte, against her impeachment.{{Cite news|last=Servallos|first=Neil Jayson|date=December 26, 2024|title=Duterte to join Sara's legal team vs impeachment|url=https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2024/12/26/2409893/duterte-join-saras-legal-team-vs-impeachment|access-date=February 5, 2025|work=Philstar.com}} On February 18, 2025, two weeks after the vice president was impeached by the House of Representatives, Duterte was listed as the legal counsel of his daughter in her Supreme Court petition to stop the impeachment from proceeding to trial.{{cite news|last=Ombay|first=Giselle|title=Rodrigo Duterte among VP Sara's lawyers in SC petition|url=https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/topstories/nation/936705/rodrigo-duterte-among-vp-sara-s-lawyers-in-sc-petition/story/|access-date=March 9, 2025|work=GMA News Online|publisher=GMA Network Inc.|date=February 19, 2025}}

{{Main|Arrest of Rodrigo Duterte}}

On March 7, 2025, Duterte left for Hong Kong alongside Honeylet Avanceña, his daughter Veronica and his entourage.{{cite news|last=Limbu|first=Prashan|title=(Exclusive) Ex-Philippines President Duterte spotted in Causeway Bay amid ICC Warrant rumour: sources|url=https://www.thestandard.com.hk/breaking-news/section/4/229459/(Exclusive)-Ex-Philippines-President-Duterte-spotted-in-Causeway-Bay-amid-ICC-Warrant-rumour:-sources|access-date=March 9, 2025|work=The Standard|publisher=The Standard Newspapers Publishing|date=March 8, 2025|quote=Sources have told The Standard that Duterte was spotted around 2 pm at Lee Theatre Plaza in Causeway Bay, accompanied by approximately 10 people including bodyguards. He was seen using an escalator leading to the area's restaurants.}} Although his lawyer Salvador Panelo said that his purpose of travel was to attend a KOJC-organized campaign sortie for Partido Demokratiko Pilipino among overseas Filipino workers, his departure coincided with reports that the release of an arrest warrant for Duterte from the International Criminal Court (ICC) was imminent.{{cite news|last=Hofileña|first=Chay F.|title=ICC arrest warrant for Duterte out?|url=https://www.rappler.com/newsbreak/inside-track/international-criminal-court-icc-arrest-warrant-rodrigo-duterte/|access-date=March 9, 2025|work=Rappler|date=March 8, 2025|quote=Two weeks ago, there had been word that a warrant was forthcoming and that the Philippine National Police (PNP) had to put in place an arrest plan. That information had apparently been leaked to the Duterte camp — whether deliberately or not is unclear.}} Others who attended the event include Duterte's daughter, Vice President Sara Duterte, Senators Ronald dela Rosa and Bong Go, and senatorial candidates Rodante Marcoleta and Vic Rodriguez.{{cite news|last=Magsambol|first=Bonz|title=At HK event, Sara hints at 2028 presidential bid as impeachment trial looms|url=https://www.rappler.com/newsbreak/inside-track/hong-kong-sara-duterte-hints-2028-presidential-bid-impeachment-trial-looms/|access-date=March 9, 2025|work=Rappler|publisher=Rappler Inc.|date=March 9, 2025|quote=The Duterte campaign team confirmed to Rappler that reelectionist Senators Bong Go and Bato dela Rosa are also in Hong Kong. Both senators were key players in the former president's drug war campaign.}}

On March 11, 2025, upon his return from Hong Kong on a commercial flight, Duterte was arrested at Ninoy Aquino International Airport for crimes against humanity of murder, torture, and rape.{{Cite web |last=Hilotin |first=Jay |date=March 11, 2025 |title=Philippines: Duterte 'arrested', taken to police camp |url=https://gulfnews.com/world/asia/philippines/philippines-duterte-arrested-taken-to-police-camp-1.500057207 |access-date=March 11, 2025 |website=Gulf News |language=en}}{{Cite web |title=Public redacted version of "Prosecution's urgent application under article 58 for a warrant of arrest against Rodrigo Roa DUTERTE", 10 February 2025, ICC-01/21-80-US-Exp {{!}} International Criminal Court |url=https://www.icc-cpi.int/court-record/icc-01/21-80-red |access-date=2025-03-14 |website=www.icc-cpi.int |language=en}} The warrant was issued by the ICC, but coursed through Interpol. A top official of the Marcos administration earlier said that the government would honor its commitments to Interpol if an arrest warrant was issued, despite its policy of not cooperating with the ICC.{{Cite web |last=Bolledo |first=Jairo |date=March 11, 2025 |title=Ex-president Rodrigo Duterte arrested over crimes against humanity |url=https://www.rappler.com/philippines/rodrigo-duterte-arrested-crimes-against-humanity-icc/ |access-date=March 11, 2025 |website=Rappler |language=en-US}} Duterte questioned the warrant's legitimacy, asserting that the arrest did not follow standard procedures and that any prosecution should occur within the Philippines. His supporters rallied in major cities condemning the arrest, while activists hailed the arrest as a pivotal moment for justice.{{Cite web |date=March 11, 2025 |title=Rodrigo Duterte: Philippines ex-leader Duterte arrested on ICC warrant over drug killings |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cp9ykn85401o |access-date=March 11, 2025 |website=www.bbc.com |language=en-GB}} He was soon surrendered to the ICC in The Hague, Netherlands, where he is currently being held.{{cite web|url=https://www.npr.org/2025/03/11/g-s1-53104/philippines-rodrigo-duterte-arrested-icc|title=Ex-Philippine leader Duterte was 'forcibly taken' to The Hague, his daughter says|first=Adam|last=Hancock|publisher=NPR|date=March 11, 2025|accessdate=March 11, 2025}}

File:President Rodrigo Duterte meets with Filipino community in Indonesia during his working visit in the country on September 9 (3).jpg in Jakarta, September 9, 2016.]]

Ardent supporters of Duterte have been labeled as "Diehard Duterte Supporters", alternatively known as "Digong Duterte Supporters", which shares the acronym with the Davao Death Squad (DDS).{{Cite news |last=Luyag |first=Margaret Claire |date=October 28, 2017 |title='Hello, mga ka-DDS': Steven Seagal lauds Duterte's fight vs. terrorism, drugs |work=GMA News Online |url=http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/showbiz/chikaminute/631207/hello-mga-ka-dds-steven-seagal-lauds-duterte-s-fight-vs-terrorism-drugs/story/ |access-date=November 12, 2017}} This label has been applied to the 16 million people who voted for him in the 2016 presidential election.{{Cite news |last=Bayoran |first=Gilbert |date=September 17, 2016 |title=Alvarez a 'DDS' – Diehard Duterte Supporter |work=The Philippine Star |url=http://www.philstar.com/headlines/2016/09/17/1624574/alvarez-dds-diehard-duterte-supporter |access-date=November 12, 2017}}

Duterte developed a reputation as a "protector" and "savior" in his hometown of Davao City as mayor of the city for more than two decades. This is despite reports of death squads in the city.{{Cite news |last=Santos |first=Ana |date=May 1, 2017 |title=Rodrigo Duterte's drug war has killed thousands. Trump just invited him to the White House. |work=Vox |url=https://www.vox.com/world/2017/2/28/14727614/rodrigo-duterte-philippines-drug-dealer-obama-trump-catholic-church |access-date=November 29, 2017}}

File:Donald Trump and Rodrigo Duterte in Manila.jpg in Pasay, Metro Manila, November 2017]]

Duterte has been described as a populist, with his foul-mouthed remarks against the country's elite which positioned him as a "man of the people" and was critical to his victory in the 2016 presidential election.{{Cite news |date=November 10, 2017 |title=Duterte, Trump, 'Brexit': Populist surge worldwide |work=ABS-CBN News |agency=Agence France-Presse |url=http://news.abs-cbn.com/overseas/11/10/16/duterte-trump-brexit-populist-surge-worldwide |access-date=November 29, 2017}} He has also been compared to U.S. President Donald Trump for his rhetorical style.

Duterte and his administration have been criticized for his anti-drug campaign, foreign policies, human rights record, extrajudicial killings during his term, political views, and controversial comments.{{Cite news |last=Aurelio |first=Julie M. |title=Bishop signs online petition seeking int'l court probe |url=http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/842031/bishop-signs-online-petition-seeking-intl-court-probe |access-date=August 22, 2017}}{{Cite news |title=Roque defends Duterte's rape remark: 'It's more liberal in the South' |work=CNN Philippines |url=http://cnnphilippines.com/news/2018/08/31/Roque-liberal-sense-of-humor.html |access-date=September 1, 2018 |archive-date=September 1, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180901113220/http://cnnphilippines.com/news/2018/08/31/Roque-liberal-sense-of-humor.html |url-status=dead }} Despite the criticisms on his administration, throughout his career, Duterte's remained hugely popular, attributed to his man-of-the-people style and a perception of strong leadership and success in fighting crime and corruption, while opponents reproach him for his authoritarian style and low tolerance of dissent.{{Cite news |date=October 5, 2020 |title=Philippines' Duterte scores record high rating, despite virus crisis |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-philippines-duterte-idUSKBN26Q0YK |access-date=January 10, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201010143337/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-philippines-duterte-idUSKBN26Q0YK |archive-date=October 10, 2020}} Analysts attribute his continued popularity to his emotional connection to the public, citing his charisma and humor, tough-talking manner, his image as a father figure as {{lang|fil|Tatay Digong}} (Father Digong), and Filipinos' general interest in strong leaders.{{Cite news |last=Francisco |first=Katerina |date=July 24, 2017 |title='Tatay Digong' brand, charisma behind Duterte's survey numbers – analysts |work=Rappler |url=https://www.rappler.com/nation/176555-sona-2017-philippines-duterte-ratings-charisma/ |access-date=May 3, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170724113901/https://www.rappler.com/nation/176555-sona-2017-philippines-duterte-ratings-charisma/ |archive-date=July 24, 2017}}{{Cite news |last=Aquino |first=Norman P. |date=July 21, 2019 |title='Tatay Digong' thrives on pathos to keep rock-star status |work=BusinessWorld |url=https://www.bworldonline.com/editors-picks/2019/07/22/243481/tatay-digong-thrives-on-pathos-to-keep-rock-star-status/ |access-date=May 3, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220408222053/https://www.bworldonline.com/editors-picks/2019/07/22/243481/tatay-digong-thrives-on-pathos-to-keep-rock-star-status/ |archive-date=April 8, 2022}}

A Social Weather Stations study concluded that there are multiple reasons for Duterte's high satisfaction ratings in surveys; these include his strong base support, satisfaction with the administration's overall governance (pamamalakad) and with some policy issues which include helping the poor and the drug war, and his character. Poll respondents who relate to or are attracted to some aspects of his character, such as his perceived decisiveness and diligence tend to be satisfied. On the other hand, those who feel he is vulgar (bastos) tend to be less satisfied.{{Cite news |date=September 24, 2021 |title=Special report on Satisfaction Rating of the President: Pres. Duterte's Net Satisfaction at +79 in November 2020, +65 in May 2021, and +62 in June 2021 |work=Social Weather Stations |url=https://www.sws.org.ph/downloads/media_release/pr20210924%20-%20SWR2021-II%20Special%20Report%20on%20Satisfaction%20with%20the%20President%20%28special%20report%29.pdf |access-date=March 2, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210926092412/https://www.sws.org.ph/downloads/media_release/pr20210924%20-%20SWR2021-II%20Special%20Report%20on%20Satisfaction%20with%20the%20President%20%28special%20report%29.pdf |archive-date=September 26, 2021}}

Despite keeping a low profile during his post-presidency, Duterte retained his popularity, topping four consecutive surveys conducted separately in March,{{cite web |title=Duterte Tops Voters' Mind – Pahayag |url=https://www.publicusasia.com/duterte-tops-voters-mind-pahayag/ |website=PUBLiCUS Asia |access-date=April 6, 2023 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230406170940/https://www.publicusasia.com/duterte-tops-voters-mind-pahayag/ |archive-date=April 6, 2023 |date=March 25, 2023}} June,{{cite news |last1=Mendoza |first1=Red |title=Duterte tops 2025 Senate bets survey |url=https://www.manilatimes.net/2023/06/22/news/national/duterte-tops-2025-senate-bets-survey/1897142 |access-date=July 16, 2023 |work=The Manila Times |date=June 22, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230623013221/https://www.manilatimes.net/2023/06/22/news/national/duterte-tops-2025-senate-bets-survey/1897142 |archive-date=June 23, 2023 |language=en}} September,{{cite news |last1=Espinosa |first1=Ian Carl |title=Rody Duterte still leading candidate for midterm polls |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/davao/local-news/rody-duterte-still-leading-candidate-for-midterm-polls |access-date=December 27, 2023 |work=SunStar |date=September 26, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231227131905/https://www.sunstar.com.ph/davao/local-news/rody-duterte-still-leading-candidate-for-midterm-polls |archive-date=December 27, 2023 |language=en}} and December 2023 by PUBLiCUS Asia on the voting disposition for 2025 Philippine Senate election.{{cite news |title=PRRD maintains as top-of-mind Senatorial Candidate - PAHAYAG Survey |url=https://www.publicusasia.com/posts/press%20release/prrd-maintains-as-top-of-mind-senatorial-candidate-pahayag-survey |access-date=December 27, 2023 |work=PUBLiCUS Asia |date=December 27, 2023 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20231227125926/https://www.publicusasia.com/posts/press%20release/prrd-maintains-as-top-of-mind-senatorial-candidate-pahayag-survey |archive-date=December 27, 2023 |language=en}}

{{see also|Protests against Rodrigo Duterte}}

Duterte's record on human rights and his long history of comments that have widely been considered to be offensive, provocative, threatening, and undiplomatic have received sharp international criticism. He has been portrayed by his critics in the media as having a "dirty mouth".{{Cite news |title=The 'son of a whore' story is about so much more than Duterte's dirty mouth |newspaper=The Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2016/09/06/the-son-of-whore-story-is-about-so-much-more-than-dutertes-dirty-mouth/ |access-date=September 17, 2016}} He had, however, promised to behave in a "prim and proper" manner on the national and international stage once he was to be inaugurated as president, to the point that, "almost, I would become holy."{{Cite news |last1=Bencito, J. P. |last2=Araneta, S. |last3=Araja, R. N. |date=May 11, 2016 |title=Duterte starts searching for Cabinet men |work=The Standard |url=http://www.thestandard.com.ph/news/-main-stories/top-stories/205335/duterte-starts-searching-for-cabinet-men.html |url-status=dead |access-date=May 11, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160510182933/http://thestandard.com.ph/news/-main-stories/top-stories/205335/duterte-starts-searching-for-cabinet-men.html |archive-date=May 10, 2016}}

Throughout his presidency, Duterte has made controversial comments about rape,{{Cite news |title=Malacañang on Duterte rape remark: The masses get him |work=Rappler |url=http://www.rappler.com/nation/175838-malacanang-duterte-rape-remark-masses-get-him |access-date=August 14, 2017}}{{Cite news |author1=Joe Sterling |author2=Buena Bernal |title=Duterte jokes about rape while rallying troops to fight militants |publisher=CNN |url=http://www.cnn.com/2017/05/26/asia/philippines-duterte-speech/index.html |access-date=August 14, 2017}}{{Cite news |title=Duterte makes rape 'joke' for martial law troops |work=Al Jazeera |url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/05/duterte-rape-joke-martial-law-troops-170527082049812.html |access-date=August 14, 2017}} human rights, his views on media killings,{{Cite news |date=June 2, 2016 |title=Philippines' Duterte denounced for defending killing of some journalists |publisher=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-philippines-politics-journalists/philippines-duterte-denounced-for-defending-killing-of-some-journalists-idUSKCN0YN3TK |access-date=June 5, 2020}} and has used slurs;{{Cite web |last=Croucher |first=Shane |date=May 31, 2019 |title=Philippines President Duterte says he was once gay "but I cured myself" |url=https://www.newsweek.com/philippines-duterte-gay-cured-homosexuality-comments-1440433 |website=Newsweek}}{{Cite news |date=September 6, 2016 |title=Barack Obama scraps planned talks with Rodrigo Duterte over 'son of whore' slur |work=ABC News |url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-09-06/obama-calls-off-planned-talks-with-duterte/7817454 |access-date=September 6, 2016}} he has also made controversial statements to international leaders and institutions.{{Cite news |date=July 9, 2016 |title=Philippine president accuses U.S. of "importing" terrorism to Middle East |work=Xinhua |url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2016-07/09/c_135500521.htm |access-date=September 14, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160710150334/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2016-07/09/c_135500521.htm |archive-date=July 10, 2016}}{{Cite news |title=Duterte tells Obama to 'go to hell,' explains frustration with U.S. |work=CNN Philippines |url=http://cnnphilippines.com/news/2016/10/05/duterte-tells-obama-go-to-hell.html |access-date=November 16, 2016 |archive-date=November 8, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161108222039/http://cnnphilippines.com/news/2016/10/05/duterte-tells-obama-go-to-hell.html |url-status=dead }} He has also repeatedly criticized the Catholic Church which has expressed alarm over deaths linked to the war on drugs.{{Cite news |last=Romero |first=Alexis |title=Duterte vows more attacks on Catholic Church |work=The Philippine Star |url=https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2018/12/31/1881167/duterte-vows-more-attacks-catholic-church |access-date=February 27, 2020}}{{Cite news |last=Corrales |first=Nestor |date=May 22, 2016 |title=Duterte defies Catholic Church's belief on family planning |newspaper=Philippine Daily Inquirer |url=http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/786977/duterte-defies-catholic-churchs-belief-on-family-planning |access-date=July 13, 2016}}{{Cite news |date=May 24, 2016 |title=Philippines' Duterte launches vulgar attacks on Church |work=PRI |url=http://www.pri.org/stories/2016-05-24/philippines-duterte-launches-vulgar-attacks-church |access-date=October 18, 2016}}{{Cite news |title=Sedition charges against four bishops and three priests are 'beyond belief' |work=AsiaNews |url=http://www.asianews.it/news-en/Sedition-charges-against-four-bishops-and-three-priests-are-beyond-belief-47589.html |access-date=February 27, 2020}}

Human Rights Watch (HRW) called the first year of Duterte in office a "human rights calamity". HRW estimates that there has been 7,000 deaths from the day Duterte first took office to January 2017.{{Cite news |date=June 28, 2017 |title=Philippines: Duterte's First Year a Human Rights Calamity |work=Human Rights Watch |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2017/06/28/philippines-dutertes-first-year-human-rights-calamity |access-date=August 18, 2017}} The Duterte administration suspended the drug war in February 2017 in an effort to cleanse the police ranks of supposed corruption, also halting the disclosure of figures on deaths related to drug arrests and raids.{{Cite news |date=January 30, 2017 |title=Philippine President Rodrigo Duterte is suspending his war on drugs to go after "corrupt" police |work=Newsweek |url=http://www.newsweek.com/philippines-suspends-drugs-war-cleanse-corrupt-police-549938 |access-date=August 18, 2017}} In March 2017, HRW released a special investigation and report on the state of police related shooting, titled "License To Kill".{{Cite news |date=March 2, 2017 |title=License to Kill |work=Human Rights Watch |url=https://www.hrw.org/report/2017/03/02/license-kill/philippine-police-killings-dutertes-war-drugs |access-date=August 18, 2017}} The New York Times had also released a video documentary "When A President Says I'll Kill You", which depicts Duterte's war on drugs through a local photographer's eyes.{{Cite news |last1=Glazer |first1=Andrew |last2=Rocklin |first2=Jeremy |date=March 26, 2017 |title=When a President Says, 'I'll Kill You' |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/video/world/asia/100000004819836/duterte-philippines-when-a-president-says-ill-kill-you.html |access-date=August 18, 2017 |issn=0362-4331}} On August 17, 2017, HRW called Duterte a threat to the human rights community after he made threats against human rights activists.{{Cite news |date=August 17, 2017 |title=Philippines: Duterte Threatens Human Rights Community |work=Human Rights Watch |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2017/08/17/philippines-duterte-threatens-human-rights-community |access-date=August 18, 2017}}

{{see also|Mocha Uson Blog|Thinking Pinoy}}

Several other Facebook groups with the acronym "DDS" supported Duterte as early as 2011. Among these groups is the Duterte Defense Squad, which was created on July 5, 2011. Other examples include Digong Duterte Supporters-Registered Nurses Group, Duterte's Destiny is to Serve the Country, Digong Duterte Swerte ({{Lit|Digong Duterte is (Good) Luck}}), and Davsur Duterte Supporters. In 2015, members of the various groups urged Duterte to run for president.{{Cite news |last=Nawal |first=Allan |date=May 27, 2015 |title=Facebook groups add meaning to DDS |newspaper=Philippine Daily Inquirer |url=http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/693793/facebook-groups-add-meaning-to-dds |access-date=November 12, 2017}}

{{Main|Opinion polling on the Rodrigo Duterte presidency}}

{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" align="right" style="margin:auto 1em;"

|+ SWS Net satisfaction ratings of {{nowrap|Rodrigo Duterte}} {{nowrap|(September 2016–}}{{nowrap|June 2022)}}

|-

! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Date{{Cite web |date=September 24, 2021 |title=Net Satisfaction Ratings of Presidents: Philippines (Page 2 of 2) |url=https://www.sws.org.ph/visuals/2021/pr20210924/pr20210924_vis03.JPG |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211019144223im_/https://www.sws.org.ph/visuals/2021/pr20210924/pr20210924_vis03.JPG |archive-date=October 19, 2021 |access-date=March 2, 2022 |website=Social Weather Stations}}

! scope="col" | Rating

|-

! scope="row" | Sep 2016

| +64

|-

! scope="row" | Dec 2016

| +63

|-

! scope="row" | Mar 2017

| +63

|-

! scope="row" | Jun 2017

| +66

|-

! scope="row" | Sep 2017

| +48

|-

! scope="row" | Dec 2017

| +58

|-

! scope="row" | Mar 2018

| +56

|-

! scope="row" | Jun 2018

| +45

|-

! scope="row" | Sep 2018

| +54

|-

! scope="row" | Dec 2018

| +60

|-

! scope="row" | Mar 2019

| +66

|-

! scope="row" | Jun 2019

| +68

|-

! scope="row" | Sep 2019

| +65

|-

! scope="row" | Dec 2019

| +72

|-

! scope="row" | Nov 2020

| +79

|-

! scope="row" | May 2021

| +65

|-

! scope="row" | Jun 2021

| +62

|-

! scope="row" | Sep 2021

| +52

|-

! scope="row" | Dec 2021{{Cite news |last=De Vera-Ruiz |first=Ellalyn |date=February 8, 2022 |title=75% of Filipinos satisfied with Duterte – SWS survey |work=Manila Bulletin |url=https://mb.com.ph/2022/02/08/75-of-filipinos-satisfied-with-duterte-sws-survey/ |access-date=March 2, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220211021721/https://mb.com.ph/2022/02/08/75-of-filipinos-satisfied-with-duterte-sws-survey/ |archive-date=February 11, 2022}}

| +60

|-

! scope="row" | Apr 2022{{Cite news |last=De Vera-Ruiz |first=Ellalyn |date=July 13, 2022 |title=Former President Duterte's net satisfaction rating rises to +65 in April SWS survey |work=Manila Bulletin |url=https://mb.com.ph/2022/07/13/former-president-dutertes-satisfaction-rating-rises-to-65-in-april-sws-survey/ |access-date=September 25, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220713132219/https://mb.com.ph/2022/07/13/former-president-dutertes-satisfaction-rating-rises-to-65-in-april-sws-survey/ |archive-date=July 13, 2022}}

| +65

|-

! scope="row" | Jun 2022{{Cite news |date=September 23, 2022 |title=Second Quarter 2022 Social Weather Survey: Pres. Rodrigo Duterte's final net satisfaction rating at +81 |work=Social Weather Stations |url=https://www.sws.org.ph/downloads/media_release/pr20220923%20-%20SWR2022-II%20Satisfaction%20with%20the%20President%20%28media%20release%29.pdf |access-date=September 25, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220925065815/https://www.sws.org.ph/downloads/media_release/pr20220923%20-%20SWR2022-II%20Satisfaction%20with%20the%20President%20%28media%20release%29.pdf |archive-date=September 25, 2022}}

| +81

|}

Despite criticism and international opposition to his controversial anti-narcotics drive, Duterte's domestic approval rating remained relatively high throughout his presidency. Duterte began his presidency with a high trust rating of 79% and 91% (the highest of any Philippine official since 1999), from pollsters Social Weather Stations (SWS) and Pulse Asia, respectively.{{Cite news |last=Estopace |first=F. G. |date=July 13, 2016 |title=Duterte rides on 'excellent' trust rating |work=BusinessWorld |url=http://www.bworldonline.com/content.php?section=TopStory&title=duterte-rides-on-excellent-trust-rating&id=130331 |access-date=July 21, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170820115214/http://www.bworldonline.com/content.php?section=TopStory&title=duterte-rides-on-excellent-trust-rating&id=130331 |archive-date=August 20, 2017}}{{Cite news |last=Hegina |first=Aries Joseph |date=July 20, 2016 |title=Duterte becomes PH's most trusted official |newspaper=Philippine Daily Inquirer |url=http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/797447/duterte-becomes-phs-most-trusted-official |access-date=July 21, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161126014809/http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/797447/duterte-becomes-phs-most-trusted-official |archive-date=November 26, 2016}} His net satisfaction rating reached its lowest at 45% in July 2018, attributed to inflation during the period as well as Duterte calling God "stupid" for the concept of original sin in the Bible;{{cite news |last1=Nicolas |first1=Jino |title=Satisfaction with Duterte drops to record-low +45 |url=https://www.bworldonline.com/editors-picks/2018/07/10/171891/satisfaction-with-duterte-drops-to-record-low-45/ |access-date=July 29, 2024 |work=BusinessWorld |date=July 10, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220627062141/https://www.bworldonline.com/editors-picks/2018/07/10/171891/satisfaction-with-duterte-drops-to-record-low-45/ |archive-date=June 27, 2022}} eventually, his satisfaction rating rose to 60% by the end of the year.{{Cite news |last=Merez |first=Arianne |date=December 28, 2018 |title=Duterte closes 2018 with 'very good' satisfaction rating- SWS |work=ABS-CBN News |url=https://news.abs-cbn.com/news/12/28/18/duterte-closes-2018-with-very-good-satisfaction-rating-sws |access-date=March 2, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181228115914/https://news.abs-cbn.com/news/12/28/18/duterte-closes-2018-with-very-good-satisfaction-rating-sws |archive-date=December 28, 2018}}

Halfway through his term, Duterte's approval rating reached 79%, the highest among his predecessors at this stage in their presidencies.{{Cite web |last=Heydarian |first=Richard Javad |date=May 2, 2019 |title=Philippine midterms could extend Duterte's rule |url=https://asiatimes.com/2019/05/philippine-midterms-could-extend-dutertes-rule/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200910001716/https://asiatimes.com/2019/05/philippine-midterms-could-extend-dutertes-rule/ |archive-date=September 10, 2020 |website=Asia Times}} It rose to 87% by the end of 2019 due to the successful hosting of the 2019 Southeast Asian Games as well as the administration's poverty reduction programs.{{Cite news |last=de Vera |first=Ben O. |date=December 20, 2019 |title=Duterte approval rating of 87 percent in December attributed to poverty reduction, SEA Games 'high' |newspaper=Philippine Daily Inquirer |url=https://business.inquirer.net/285855/economic-team-dutertes-pulse-asia-approval-rating-jumped-to-87-in-december |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191220101024/https://business.inquirer.net/285855/economic-team-dutertes-pulse-asia-approval-rating-jumped-to-87-in-december |archive-date=December 20, 2019}} Amid the COVID-19 pandemic, Pulse Asia reported in September 2020 that 84% of Filipinos approved of the administration's efforts to contain the virus and provide assistance to those who lost their jobs; 92% of the poll respondents also agreed Duterte had "done well" in preventing the contagion in the country.{{Cite news |last=Parrocha |first=Azer |date=October 8, 2020 |title=8 in 10 Pinoys approve Duterte admin's Covid-19 response |language=en |work=Philippine News Agency |url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1117910 |access-date=November 1, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201101184347/https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1117910 |archive-date=November 1, 2020}}{{Cite news |last=Malindog-Uy |first=Anna |date=October 11, 2020 |title=In Duterte We Trust |language=en |work=The ASEAN Post |url=https://theaseanpost.com/article/duterte-we-trust |access-date=November 1, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201012045434/https://theaseanpost.com/article/duterte-we-trust |archive-date=October 12, 2020}} Duterte ended 2021 with an approval rating of 60%, wherein higher net satisfaction was observed among those who have been or are willing to get vaccinated.

Duterte maintained his high approval and trust ratings as he approached the end of his term.{{Cite news |last=Cruz |first=Kaithreen |date=April 12, 2022 |title=Duterte bowing out with high ratings |language=en |work=The Manila Times |url=https://www.manilatimes.net/2022/04/11/news/dutertes-approval-trust-rating-remain-high-publicus/1839667 |access-date=May 13, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220411053427/https://www.manilatimes.net/2022/04/11/news/dutertes-approval-trust-rating-remain-high-publicus/1839667 |archive-date=April 11, 2022}} A 2021 poll by WR Numero Research revealed that 54.59% of voters want soft continuity of Duterte's policies, 29.57% want full continuity, while only 15.84% preferred change.{{Cite news |last=De Vera-Ruiz |first=Ellalyn |date=March 22, 2022 |title=More than half of Pinoy voters support 'partial continuity' of Duterte's policies — survey |work=Manila Bulletin |url=https://mb.com.ph/2022/03/22/more-than-half-of-pinoy-voters-support-partial-continuity-of-dutertes-policies-survey/ |access-date=May 13, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220322105459/https://mb.com.ph/2022/03/22/more-than-half-of-pinoy-voters-support-partial-continuity-of-dutertes-policies-survey/ |archive-date=March 22, 2022}} Duterte left office with a net satisfaction rating of 81%, his highest in SWS polling. Additionally, polling firm PUBLiCUS Asia reported in Duterte's last month in office that Duterte received a 75% approval for his entire six-year tenure, making him the most popular post-EDSA president.{{Cite news |last=De Vera-Ruiz |first=Ellalyn |date=June 27, 2022 |title=PUBLiCUS survey: Duterte is most popular post-EDSA 1 president |work=Manila Bulletin |url=https://mb.com.ph/2022/06/27/publicus-survey-duterte-is-most-popular-post-edsa-1-president/ |access-date=June 28, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220627043643/https://mb.com.ph/2022/06/27/publicus-survey-duterte-is-most-popular-post-edsa-1-president/ |archive-date=June 27, 2022}}{{Cite news |last=Cruz |first=Kaithreen |date=June 27, 2022 |title=Duterte most popular post-EDSA president - Publicus |language=en |work=The Manila Times |url=https://www.manilatimes.net/2022/06/27/news/duterte-most-popular-post-edsa-president-publicus/1848860 |access-date=June 28, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220627031050/https://www.manilatimes.net/2022/06/27/news/duterte-most-popular-post-edsa-president-publicus/1848860 |archive-date=June 27, 2022}}

{{Main|Political positions of Rodrigo Duterte}}

Duterte described himself as left-leaning during his campaign and presidency, but has stressed that he is for democracy and is not a communist.{{Cite news |date=April 22, 2016 |title='BUT NOT AN NPA': Duterte declares he'll be first leftist president |language=en |work=GMA News Online |url=https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/topstories/nation/563681/duterte-declares-he-ll-be-first-leftist-president/story/ |access-date=March 16, 2022 }}{{Cite news |last=Palatino |first=Mong |title=Is the Philippines' Duterte Really a Leftist? |language=en-US |work=The Diplomat |url=https://thediplomat.com/2017/05/is-the-philippines-duterte-really-a-leftist/ |access-date=November 23, 2018}} Some in the mainstream news media have labeled Duterte as a right-wing populist and authoritarian.{{cite web |title=Duterte sacks 3 left-leaning DSWD undersecretaries |url=http://cnnphilippines.com/news/2018/11/18/rodrigo-duterte-fires-dswd-undersecretaries.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181123200825/http://cnnphilippines.com/news/2018/11/18/rodrigo-duterte-fires-dswd-undersecretaries.html |archive-date=November 23, 2018 |access-date=November 23, 2018 |work=cnn |language=en}}{{cite web |title=Duterte appoints new heads to anti-poverty bodies |url=http://cnnphilippines.com/news/2018/11/06/Duterte-National-Anti-Poverty-Commission-Presidential-Commission-for-the-Urban-Poor.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181111102341/http://cnnphilippines.com/news/2018/11/06/Duterte-National-Anti-Poverty-Commission-Presidential-Commission-for-the-Urban-Poor.html |archive-date=November 11, 2018 |access-date=March 30, 2025 |work=cnn |language=en}}{{cite web |date=June 29, 2016 |title=Why Duterte is not – and is unlikely to be – a socialist |url=https://www.rappler.com/thought-leaders/137804-duterte-not-socialist |access-date=November 23, 2018 |work=Rappler |language=en}}{{cite web |last=Erlich |first=Reese |date=October 5, 2018 |title=Foreign Correspondent: The Legacy of Philippine Opposition Leader Ninoy Aquino |url=https://progressive.org/dispatches/oreign-correspondent-the-legacy-of-Ninoy-Aquino-Jr.-181005/ |access-date=November 23, 2018 |work=Progressive.org |language=en-us}}{{cite web |title=Analysis {{!}} So is the wave of populist nationalism finished? Hardly. |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/monkey-cage/wp/2017/05/17/so-is-the-wave-of-populist-nationalism-finished-hardly/ |access-date=November 23, 2018 |language=en |newspaper=Washington Post}} He has been likened to other nationalist figures in the 2010s including Donald Trump and Jair Bolsonaro.{{cite web |title=Brazil Just Elected Right-Wing Jair Bolsonaro as President. What That Means for the Rest of the World |url=http://fortune.com/2018/10/29/brazil-president-jair-bolsonaro-elections/ |access-date=November 23, 2018 |work=Fortune |language=en}}

Duterte was a member of the leftist Kabataang Makabayan during the 1970s{{Cite news |title='BUT NOT AN NPA': Duterte declares he'll be first leftist president |language=en-US |work=GMA News Online |url=http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/news/nation/563681/duterte-declares-he-ll-be-first-leftist-president/story/ |access-date=November 23, 2018}} and was a student of prominent Philippine leftist figure and founder of the Communist Party of the Philippines, Jose Maria Sison.{{Cite news |last=Mallari |first=Delfin T. Jr. |title=Joma Sison wishes 'best of health' for ex-student Duterte |newspaper=Philippine Daily Inquirer |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/884438/joma-sison-wishes-best-of-health-for-ex-student-duterte}}{{Cite news |last=Sabillo |first=Kristine Angeli |title=Joma Sison talks about former student Duterte, other candidates |newspaper=Philippine Daily Inquirer |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/764641/joma-sison-talks-about-former-student-duterte-other-candidates}} In a 1980s interview, Duterte expressed his frustration on seeing suspected criminals being acquitted despite evidence against them, further adding he admired the NPA's "brand of rendering swift justice".

His relationship with the communists deteriorated during his presidency due to continued rebel attacks on soldiers despite the peace talks. The collapse of the peace talks with the CPP, New People's Army (NPA) and NDF led to the falling-out between Duterte and the CPP. The dismissal of cabinet members, most of whom were dropped by the Commission on Appointments or by Duterte himself, led to his erstwhile progressive allies disowning him. The fallout between Duterte and the CPP has also been followed by the expansion of a historical and religiously informed cultural hostility toward left-wing politics in the Philippines, which had been previously reserved for the CPP but which has now spread to the social democratic, democratic socialist and national democratic organizations, such as the Makabayan bloc.{{cite web |last=Diplomat |first=Mong Palatino, The |title=Is the Philippines' Duterte Really a Leftist? |url=https://thediplomat.com/2017/05/is-the-philippines-duterte-really-a-leftist/ |access-date=November 23, 2018 |work=The Diplomat |language=en-US}}{{cite web |date=January 19, 2021 |title=UP students poke fun at DND's claims campuses are communist recruitment centers |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1385865/up-students-poke-fun-at-dnds-claims-that-campuses-are-communist-recruitment-grounds}}{{cite web |date=October 24, 2020 |title=Trump and the diehard Duterte supporters |url=https://www.manilatimes.net/2020/10/24/opinion/columnists/topanalysis/trump-and-the-diehard-duterte-supporters/784975/ |access-date=October 25, 2020 |website=The Manila Times |language=en-US}} Some national democrats and others who identify with the left have refuted Duterte's self-proclaimed socialist credentials given his inability to concretely and seriously tackle the economic aspects of liberalism.{{Cite web |last=Sentinel |first=Asia |title=Unpacking Dutertism |url=https://www.asiasentinel.com/p/unpacking-dutertism-rodrigo-duterte |access-date=2024-03-15 |website=www.asiasentinel.com |language=en}}{{cite web |date=August 26, 2017 |title=Why Duterte has to be ousted, and why even that won't be enough to defend ourselves |url=https://www.rappler.com/voices/thought-leaders/why-duterte-has-to-be-ousted}}{{Cite web |last= |date=2018-01-01 |title=Filipinas: ¿Un "gobierno revolucionario" de Duterte? |url=https://www.sinpermiso.info/textos/filipinas-un-gobierno-revolucionario-de-duterte |access-date=2024-10-17 |website=www.sinpermiso.info |language=es}}{{Cite web |author=Ethan Chua |date=August 29, 2020 |title=The end of liberal democracy in the Philippines. Duterte’s right wing populism stems from decades of liberal democracy that failed to address the economic needs of the Filipino people |url=https://lausancollective.com/2020/the-end-of-liberal-democracy-in-the-philippines/ |access-date=2025-03-31 |website=Lausan Collective}}{{Cite web |title=Towards an Anarchism in the Philippine Archipelago {{!}} Southeast Asian Anarchist Library |url=https://sea.theanarchistlibrary.org/library/simoun-magsalin-towards-an-anarchism-in-the-philippine-archipelago-en |access-date=2024-10-17 |website=sea.theanarchistlibrary.org}}

Duterte is known for being an avid fan of large-displacement cruiser motorcycles,{{efn|Known in local vernacular as "big bikes".{{Cite news |last=Regalado |first=Christina Mendez |title=Duterte slightly hurt in big bike spill |url=https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2019/10/18/1961213/duterte-slightly-hurt-big-bike-spill |access-date=March 12, 2025 |work=Philippine Star}}{{Cite news |last=Mendez |first=Christina |title=Duterte: I'd rather die than stop riding big bike |url=https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2019/12/14/1976874/duterte-id-rather-die-stop-riding-big-bike |access-date=March 12, 2025 |work=Philippine Star}}}} but detests luxury cars. He owns a Harley-Davidson Street{{Cite news |date=December 4, 2016 |title=Duterte has a new Harley Davidson but he's hatin' on the iconic bike. Find out why - POLITIKO |url=https://politiko.com.ph/2016/12/04/duterte-new-harley-davidson-hes-hatin-iconic-bike-find/features/ |access-date=March 12, 2025 |work=Politiko |language=en-US}} and a Can-Am Spyder.{{Cite news |date=May 28, 2022 |title=President Rodrigo Roa Duterte's Motorcycle Ride {{!}} RTVM |url=https://rtvm.gov.ph/president-rodrigo-roa-dutertes-motorcycle-ride/ |access-date=March 12, 2025 |language=en-US}} He was once a habitual smoker, but he eventually quit after a doctor's suggestion due to health concerns. Duterte is an avid reader of Robert Ludlum and Sidney Sheldon novels.{{Cite news |last1=Ranada |first1=Pia |last2=Caduaya |first2=Editha |date=September 18, 2015 |title=22 things to know about 'Duterte Harry' |work=Rappler |url=http://www.rappler.com/newsbreak/iq/105955-things-know-trivia-rodrigo-duterte |access-date=July 6, 2016}} Duterte is also known for his straightforward and vocal attitude in public, especially in interviews, showing no hesitation in profusely using profanity live on-screen on numerous occasions despite formal requests by media groups and schools beforehand to abstain.{{Cite news |last=Regalado |first=Edith |date=March 3, 2001 |title=Davao City Mayoral Race; Duterte siblings slugging it out |work=Philstar |url=http://www.philstar.com/nation/104586/davao-city-mayoral-race-duterte-siblings-slugging-it-out |access-date=July 6, 2016}}

Duterte has his own local show in Davao City called Gikan sa Masa, para sa Masa ("From the Masses, For the Masses"), which formerly aired as a blocktimer on ABS-CBN Davao, and currently broadcast on SMNI News Channel since 2023.{{Cite news |last=Sy Cua |first=Aric John |date=January 13, 2023 |title=Ex-president Duterte's program returns on SMNI |work=The Manila Times |url=https://www.manilatimes.net/2023/01/13/news/ex-president-dutertes-program-returns-on-smni/1874113 |access-date=January 31, 2023}} He is also a member of Lex Talionis Fraternitas, a fraternity based in the San Beda College of Law and the Ateneo de Davao University.{{Cite news |last=Monforte |first=Cha |date=April 15, 2015 |title=2 Duterte aides hurt in accident |work=BusinessMirror |url=http://www.businessmirror.com.ph/2-duterte-aides-hurt-in-accident |access-date=July 6, 2016}}

Aside from his native Cebuano, Duterte is also fluent in Filipino and English.{{Cite news |last=Apostol |first=Gina |date=May 29, 2017 |title=Speaking in Fascism's Tongues |work=New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/05/19/opinion/sunday/philippines-rodrigo-duterte-fascism.html |access-date=February 25, 2018}}

While criticizing political opponent Antonio Trillanes in a 2019 speech, Duterte claimed that he was once gay but had "cured himself" before meeting his wife Elizabeth Zimmerman.

Since being the mayor of Davao City, Duterte has held an annual tradition of visiting children with cancer in the city and giving them Christmas gifts.{{Cite news |last=Palicte |first=Che |date=December 21, 2022 |title=Ex-President Duterte gifts kids with cancer |work=Philippine News Agency |url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1191202 |access-date=December 22, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221222120900/https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1191202 |archive-date=December 22, 2022}}

File:President Rodrigo Roa Duterte poses for a photo with the first family after delivering his 3rd SONA.jpg

File:Rodrigo Duterte and Cielito Avanceña family portrait.jpg for his inauguration and start of his presidency ]]

Duterte's father, Vicente, died in 1968 while his mother, Soledad, died on February 4, 2012, at the age of 95.{{Cite news |last=Lacorte |first=Germelina |date=February 5, 2012 |title=Duterte matriarch dies at 95 |newspaper=Philippine Daily Inquirer |url=http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/140077/duterte-matriarch-dies-at-95 |access-date=July 6, 2016}}

In 1973, Duterte married Elizabeth Zimmerman, a flight attendant of German American descent{{Cite news |last=Andolong |first=Ina |date=June 24, 2016 |title=Elizabeth Zimmerman: Digong still takes care of me |work=CNN Philippines |url=https://www.cnnphilippines.com/news/2016/06/24/Duterte-Elizabeth-Zimmerman-Honeylet-Avancena.html |access-date=May 11, 2022 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160627055954/https://www.cnnphilippines.com/news/2016/06/24/Duterte-Elizabeth-Zimmerman-Honeylet-Avancena.html |archive-date=June 27, 2016}}{{Cite news |last=Ranada |first=Pia |date=October 4, 2016 |title=Jewish community applauds Duterte after apology |work=Rappler |url=https://www.rappler.com/nation/148217-philippines-president-rodrigo-duterte-apology-jewish-community/ |access-date=May 11, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161005124333/https://www.rappler.com/nation/148217-philippines-president-rodrigo-duterte-apology-jewish-community/ |archive-date=October 5, 2016}} who traces her roots in Tuburan, Cebu.{{Cite news |last=Macasero |first=Ryan |date=April 13, 2016 |title=Duterte's ex-wife: It's not true he kills innocent people |work=Rappler |url=https://www.rappler.com/nation/elections/129329-duterte-ex-wife-elizabeth-zimmerman-campaign/ |access-date=May 11, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220511112742/https://www.rappler.com/nation/elections/129329-duterte-ex-wife-elizabeth-zimmerman-campaign/ |archive-date=May 11, 2022}} They have three children (from eldest to youngest): Paolo ("Pulong"), Sara ("Inday Sara") and Sebastian ("Baste"). In the 1990s, his son Paolo left the family for more than five years after having a son (Omar Vincent) with Lovelie Sangkola in 1994, which Duterte acknowledged to be "[o]ne of my sad events in my life".{{cite news|last1=Ranada|first1=Pia|last2=Elemia|first2=Camille|title=Paolo Duterte's ex-wife Lovelie among President's guests in Malacañang|url=https://www.rappler.com/newsbreak/inside-track/181786-lovelie-sangkola-sumera-guest-malacanang-duterte/|access-date=March 17, 2025|work=Rappler|publisher=Rappler Inc.|date=September 11, 2017}} Sara and Paolo both entered politics in 2007 and 2008 respectively, while Baste, with no interest in politics, initially concentrated on business and surfing but eventually ran and won as vice mayor of Davao City in 2019.{{Cite news |date=March 14, 2016 |title=Duterte son answers call of campaign |language=en |newspaper=Philippine Daily Inquirer |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/773343/duterte-son-answers-call-of-campaign |access-date=May 11, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160314141937/https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/773343/duterte-son-answers-call-of-campaign |archive-date=March 14, 2016}}{{Cite news |last=Cabico |first=Gaea Katreena |date=May 14, 2019 |title=Dutertes cement grip on Davao City politics after a widely expected victory |work=The Philippine Star |url=https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2019/05/14/1917770/dutertes-cement-grip-davao-city-politics-after-widely-expected-victory |access-date=May 11, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190514150705/https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2019/05/14/1917770/dutertes-cement-grip-davao-city-politics-after-widely-expected-victory |archive-date=May 14, 2019}} Sara was elected as Vice President in 2022.

Duterte has been publicly open about his infidelity while married to Zimmerman and cited it as the reason for his failed marriage. According to newspaper columnist Ramon Tulfo, Duterte's various partners included "a then agriculture undersecretary, a governor of a province, a local TV newscaster and a policewoman".{{cite web|last=Tulfo|first=Ramon|author-link=Ramon Tulfo|title=We are the best of friends.|url=https://www.facebook.com/isumbongmo.kaytulfo.5/posts/pfbid0N3JYHkakke17nQNM5CMpRoHnFi3a7qqBY9AwXni3Q7fF17gChiCnHmkfFYDHK91Al |website=Facebook|publisher=Meta Platforms, Inc.|access-date=March 27, 2025|date=March 28, 2025}} In 1998, Zimmerman filed a petition in the Regional Trial Court of Pasig to nullify her marriage. Duterte never appeared in court and did not contest Zimmerman's petition. Two years later, the court decided in her favor, ending the 27-year marriage of Duterte and Zimmerman. Duterte and Zimmerman have been on good terms in recent years,{{Cite news |title=Duterte's ex-wife skips cancer treatments to launch campaign caravan |work=GMA News Online |url=https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/561578/news/nation/duterte-s-ex-wife-skips-cancer-treatments-to-launch-campaign-caravan/}} with Zimmerman stating: "Yes, [Rodrigo] is really a very good leader. That is all he is. But when it comes to family, he is not capable of taking care of it."{{cite news |last1=Hofilena |first1=Chay |title='Philandering' Rodrigo Duterte cause of marriage annulment |url=https://www.rappler.com/newsbreak/inside-track/100729-philandering-rodrigo-duterte-marriage-annulment/ |access-date=November 16, 2024 |work=Rappler |date=July 28, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150729035551/https://www.rappler.com/newsbreak/inside-track/100729-philandering-rodrigo-duterte-marriage-annulment/ |archive-date=July 29, 2015}}

Prior to his arrest, Duterte had been living with his common-law wife Cielito "Honeylet" Avanceña, a businesswoman and former nurse, with whom he has one daughter named Veronica ("Kitty"), an American by birth.{{cite news|author=Politiko|title=Mahihirapang maging politiko! Duterte reveals Kitty an American citizen|trans-title=Will be difficult to become a politician!|url=https://politiko.com.ph/2017/03/20/mahihirapang-maging-politiko-duterte-reveals-kitty-american-citizen/features/|access-date=March 27, 2025|work=Politiko|publisher=MCD Multimedia Corporation|date=March 20, 2017|language=English, Filipino|quote=In a speech before the Filipino community in Myanmar Sunday (March 19), Duterte revealed that Kitty is an American citizen.}} Duterte has eleven grandchildren, half of whom are Muslims and the other half Christian,{{Cite news |date=January 13, 2015 |title=Duterte wants conflict with Muslims settled |work=Bohol News Today |url=http://boholnewstoday.com/201501/duterte-wants-conflict-with-muslims-settled.html |access-date=September 14, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160603155536/http://boholnewstoday.com/201501/duterte-wants-conflict-with-muslims-settled.html |archive-date=June 3, 2016}} and two great-grandchildren.{{Cite news |last=Mercado |first=Neil Arwin |date=June 9, 2019 |title=Meet Rodrigo III, the President's first great-grandson |newspaper=Philippine Daily Inquirer |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1128293/meet-rodrigo-iii-the-presidents-first-great-grandson |access-date=June 11, 2019}} Since 2022, a child named Mira ("Mimi", born 2019) is seen being raised by Duterte and Avanceña alongside Veronica, though there are conflicting reports on whether she is a child or a grandchild of Duterte.{{cite news|author=Politiko.com.ph|title=Kitty Duterte shares new selfie with Mimi|url=https://mindanao.politiko.com.ph/kitty-duterte-shares-new-selfie-with-mimi/|access-date=February 24, 2025|work=Politiko Mindanao|publisher=MCD Multimedia Corporation|date=September 1, 2022|quote=Former President Duterte's daughter Veronica 'Kitty' Duterte recently shared to the world another photo with her family member, Mimi.}}{{cite news|author=Politiko.com.ph|title=Kitty Duterte offers glimpses into moments with Mira and mom Honeylet|url=https://mindanao.politiko.com.ph/kitty-duterte-offers-glimpses-into-moments-with-mira-and-mom-honeylet/|access-date=February 24, 2025|work=Politiko|publisher=MCD Multimedia Corporation|date=July 27, 2023|quote=Kitty Duterte, the daughter of former President Duterte, recently took to social media to share endearing snapshots of cherished moments spent with her sister Mira and mother Honeylet within the comfort of their home.}}{{cite web|author=Edge Davao|title=Former President Rodrigo Duterte's great granddaughter, Mira...|url=https://www.facebook.com/EdgeDavao/posts/pfbid0ajaZT2VxiizqgkCDw4pn5hbWA37ofqgUGD8WmFjdGHJ1LfPpcXAdFLDq2oursiVEl|website=Facebook|publisher=Meta Platforms, Inc.|access-date=February 24, 2025|date=December 8, 2024}}{{cite news|author=Politiko.com.ph|title='55 and thriving': Honeylet Avanceña gets birthday love from Rody Duterte, family|url=https://politiko.com.ph/2025/02/17/55-and-thriving-honeylet-avancena-gets-birthday-love-from-rody-duterte-family/snitch-network/|access-date=February 24, 2025|work=Politiko Mindanao|publisher=MCD Multimedia Corporation|date=February 17, 2025|quote=It was a picture-perfect day for the birthday girl as she was flanked by the former leader, Kitty and little Mimi.}}{{cite web|last1=Siongco|first1=Ronald|author2=Global Daily Mirror|title="Maligayang kaarawan, Ma'am Honeylet!"|url=https://www.facebook.com/globaldailymirror/posts/pfbid035HK87gn28vM9EaspgTtQRUP21copQQnTicgH7Vjha7nVsVC3LJAy11h9Wjh8XKuWl|website=Facebook|publisher=Meta Platforms, Inc.|access-date=February 24, 2025|date=February 17, 2025|quote=[...]says [Bong] Go as he shares snapshots with the former First Couple, their daughter social media personality Kitty Duterte and granddaughter Mira.}} Veronica attributes her rose tattoo to Mira.{{cite news|author=Politiko.com.ph|title=Kitty Duterte shows off tattoos on latest modeling stint|url=https://mindanao.politiko.com.ph/kitty-duterte-shows-off-tattoos-on-latest-modeling-stint/|access-date=February 24, 2025|work=Politiko Mindanao|publisher=MCD Multimedia Corporation|date=February 8, 2022|quote=Fifteen year old Veronica 'Kitty' Duterte was recently seen sporting clear skin and newly lifted lashes, along with a brand new ink, during her shoot for Lutz Dental Clinic.}}{{cite web|last=Duterte|first=Veronica|title=living for your squeaky morning giggles and obnoxious yelling[...]|url=https://www.instagram.com/p/CqmGyh3h7rz/?hl=en|website=Instagram|publisher=Meta Platforms, Inc.|access-date=February 24, 2025|date=April 4, 2023|quote=[H]appy 4th birthday to my aries twin, my favorite person in the whole world and the meaning of my infamous rose tattoo 🤣[...]}}

On his paternal side, Duterte shares familial ties with some of the prominent families of the Visayas, particularly the Almendrases and Duranos of Danao, Cebu.{{efn|name="duterte-durano-almendras"|Brothers Facundo & Severo Duterte both married women from Danao; Severo's daughter Beatriz married post-War business magnate Ramon M. Durano, Sr. Their descendants constitute the modern-day political family of the Duranos of Danao, Cebu. Ramon M. Durano, Sr.'s sister Elisea married Paulo Almendras, and their descendants constitute the modern-day Almendrases of Cebu. One of their descendants, Jose Rene Almendras is a former Secretary of the Department of Foreign Affairs (acting).{{Cite news |last=Figueroa |first=Antonio V. |date=December 5, 2015 |title=The Duterte Bloodline |work=EDGE Davao |url=http://www.edgedavao.net/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=23920:the-duterte-bloodline&catid=51:on-the-cover&Itemid=265 |access-date=September 14, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160914162402/http://www.edgedavao.net/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=23920:the-duterte-bloodline&catid=51:on-the-cover&Itemid=265 |archive-date=September 14, 2016}}}} His distant uncle, former Senator Alejandro Almendras, was one of his original supporters when he first ran for mayor of Davao City in 1988.

File:President Rodrigo Duterte and his Cabinet members pray before the start of the 6th Cabinet Meeting.jpg

Despite being raised as a communicant of the Catholic Church, on January 19, 2016, Duterte clarified that he had not attended Mass for quite some time already since he deemed it incompatible with his mayoral responsibilities: "If I listened to the Ten Commandments or to the priests," said Duterte, "I would not be able to do anything as a mayor."{{Cite news |last=Romero |first=Alexis |date=May 20, 2016 |title=Duterte says he believes in God but not in religion |work=The Philippine Star |url=http://www.philstar.com/headlines/2016/05/20/1585212/duterte-says-he-believes-god-not-religion |access-date=September 2, 2016}} Duterte has described himself as Christian in 2016{{Cite news |date=May 23, 2016 |title=Duterte slams Church as hypocritical institution |newspaper=Philippine Daily Inquirer |url=http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/787033/duterte-slams-church-as-hypocritical-institution |access-date=November 6, 2016}}{{Cite news |author=Torres, Hazel |date=June 29, 2016 |title=Duterte vows to promote birth control in the Philippines, says he's a Christian but believes 'in one god Allah' |work=Christian Today |url=http://www.christiantoday.com/article/duterte.vows.to.promote.birth.control.in.the.philippines.says.hes.a.christian.but.believes.in.one.god.allah/89535.htm |access-date=November 6, 2016}} and "spiritual" in 2018, expressing that he "can't accept" Catholicism or organized religion but also that he is neither an atheist nor an agnostic.{{Cite news |date=July 8, 2018 |title=Rodrigo Duterte doubles down on attack on God, asks for proof |work=Newshub |url=https://www.newshub.co.nz/home/world/2018/07/rodrigo-duterte-doubles-down-on-attack-on-god-asks-for-proof.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180708062249/https://www.newshub.co.nz/home/world/2018/07/rodrigo-duterte-doubles-down-on-attack-on-god-asks-for-proof.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=July 8, 2018}} He has referred to God as Allah and has been quoted as saying: "a part of me which is Islam".{{Cite news |last=Esguerra |first=Darryl John |title=Duterte: Part of me is Islam |newspaper=Philippine Daily Inquirer |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1074758/duterte-part-of-me-is-islam}}

During his presidency, Duterte and the Catholic Church in the Philippines exchanged frequent criticisms. In response to the rising death toll in Duterte's war on drugs, the Catholic Bishops' Conference of the Philippines (CBCP) in February 2017 issued a strongly-worded pastoral letter which was read in church services; the letter highlighted that "[killing] is considered as normal", and "to consent and keep silent in front of evil is to be an accomplice to it".{{cite news |last1=Patag |first1=Kristine Joy |title=Barbs and the Bible: The continuing clashes between Duterte and Bishop David |url=https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2018/11/27/1872186/barbs-and-bible-continuing-clashes-between-duterte-and-bishop-david |access-date=July 31, 2024 |work=The Philippine Star |date=November 27, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181213171126/https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2018/11/27/1872186/barbs-and-bible-continuing-clashes-between-duterte-and-bishop-david |archive-date=December 13, 2018}} Duterte later lambasted Catholic bishops, telling them "not use the pulpit", reviling them as "sons of bitches", remarking that some of them are gay, and urging street bums to rob and kill them.{{cite news |last1=Aurelio |first1=Julie M. |last2=Corrales |first2=Nestor |title=Duterte renews attack on Church, dares gay bishops to come out |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1072259/duterte-renews-attack-on-church-dares-gay-bishops-to-come-out |access-date=July 31, 2024 |newspaper=Philippine Daily Inquirer |date=January 12, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190112012010/https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1072259/duterte-renews-attack-on-church-dares-gay-bishops-to-come-out |archive-date=January 12, 2019 |language=en}} Notable among the bishops Duterte criticized was Caloocan Bishop Pablo Virgilio David, a vocal critic of the Duterte administration's war on drugs. Duterte accused David of being involved in illegal drugs and stealing church donations, after which the CBCP came to David's defense and vouched for his integrity.{{cite news |last1=Santos |first1=Tina G. |title=Bishops defend David from Duterte allegations |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1058595/bishops-defend-david-from-duterte-allegations |access-date=July 31, 2024 |newspaper=Philippine Daily Inquirer |date=November 30, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181207034528/https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1058595/bishops-defend-david-from-duterte-allegations |archive-date=December 7, 2018 |language=en}} Citing continued criticism from Catholic bishops, Duterte's verbal attacks on the Catholic Church escalated in mid-2018 to early 2019, during which he challenged the Catholic Church to show evidence of the existence of God, while expressing his belief in "one Supreme God" and "a universal mind somewhere which controls the universe".{{Cite news |date=July 7, 2018 |title=Duterte: I'm not agnostic, not atheist |work=Philippine News Agency |url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1040733}} In one of his harshest vitriol in June 2018, he remarked that God was "stupid" for permitting the serpent to tempt Eve in the creation story in the Bible; though the controversial statement was later clarified by his spokesperson as Duterte's "personal opinion",{{Cite news |last=Regencia |first=Ted |date=June 25, 2018 |title=Duterte's 'stupid God' quip is his 'personal opinion' – spokesman |work=Al Jazeera |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2018/06/duterte-stupid-god-quip-personal-opinion-spokesman-180625082730103.html |access-date=June 5, 2020}} it contributed to Duterte's quarterly approval rating dipping to its lowest at 45%. Efforts by the Church to rally public support against the administration's war on drugs, however, were less effective due to Duterte's domestic popularity and high trust ratings.{{cite news |last1=Maresca |first1=Thomas |title=Duterte's bloody drug war draws potent foe: Catholic church |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2017/04/25/duterte-roman-catholic-church-philippines/100461312/ |access-date=July 31, 2024 |work=USA Today |date=April 25, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170425200227/https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2017/04/25/duterte-roman-catholic-church-philippines/100461312/ |archive-date=April 25, 2017}}

File:Duterte and Quiboloy Give Us This Day 2019.jpg's (center) SMNI show, Give Us This Day, in 2019.]]

Duterte considers his close friend, pastor Apollo Quiboloy of the Kingdom of Jesus Christ (KJC), as his spiritual adviser.{{cite news |last1=Mercado |first1=Neil Arwin |title=Duterte to say if Quiboloy will remain as spiritual adviser — Palace |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1517306/duterte-to-say-if-quiboloy-will-remain-as-spiritual-adviser-palace |access-date=July 16, 2023 |newspaper=Philippine Daily Inquirer |date=November 19, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211119070956/https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1517306/duterte-to-say-if-quiboloy-will-remain-as-spiritual-adviser-palace |archive-date=November 19, 2021 |language=en}}{{cite news |last1=Tan |first1=Alyssa Nicole O. |title=Palace: Duterte's spiritual adviser can defend himself |url=https://www.bworldonline.com/the-nation/2022/04/04/440152/palace-dutertes-spiritual-adviser-can-defend-himself/ |access-date=July 16, 2023 |work=BusinessWorld |date=April 4, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220524142339/https://www.bworldonline.com/the-nation/2022/04/04/440152/palace-dutertes-spiritual-adviser-can-defend-himself/ |archive-date=May 24, 2022}} Duterte would become estate administrator of the properties KJC in March 2024, following Senate inquiries launched against the church and Quiboloy.

In his post-presidency in January 2024, Duterte visited the wake of CBCP president Fernando Capalla in Davao Cathedral, during which he stated he attends Masses thrice every Sunday; he further added "I am a very holy man. I'm a whole human being now".{{cite news |last1=Tocmo |first1=Hernel |title=Church critic Duterte claims he now attends 3 Masses on Sundays |url=https://news.abs-cbn.com/news/01/07/24/duterte-claims-he-now-attends-3-masses-on-sundays |access-date=October 14, 2024 |work=ABS-CBN News |date=January 7, 2024 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20241014040007/https://news.abs-cbn.com/news/01/07/24/duterte-claims-he-now-attends-3-masses-on-sundays |archive-date=October 14, 2024}}

File:Rodrigo Duterte and Laotian President Bounnhang Vorachith.jpg in Vientiane, Laos on September 7, 2016]]

Duterte has Buerger's disease, an inflammation of blood vessels, mostly in the limbs, and Barrett's esophagus, wherein esophageal cells are gradually replaced by gastrointestinal cells. He has denied rumors of throat cancer.{{Cite news |last=Frialde |first=Mike |date=December 10, 2015 |title=Duterte: I may not last 6 years in office |work=The Philippine Star |url=http://www.philstar.com/headlines/2015/12/10/1531028/duterte-i-may-not-last-6-years-office |access-date=December 17, 2015}}

Duterte admitted in December 2016 that he had been a user of the addictive opioid drug Fentanyl. He said that a doctor prescribed the drug to alleviate back pain and headaches, but that he would take more than he was prescribed.{{Cite news |date=December 14, 2016 |title=Philippines President Duterte admits killing suspects |work=CNN |url=http://edition.cnn.com/2016/12/14/asia/duterte-philippines-davao-killings/ |access-date=December 17, 2016}} Duterte later denied that he was a drug addict, and a spokesman stated that he was not affected by side-effects of the drug, which include confusion, anxiety, and hallucinations.{{Cite news |date=December 16, 2016 |title=Philippines: Duterte confirms he personally killed three men |work=BBC |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-38337746 |access-date=December 17, 2016}}

Duterte has boasted about his use of Viagra: "When I was young, I could do overnight, which is more expensive. When I got old, I could do short time only because I have such a short time left. After one erection, that's it. No more. Without Viagra, it's even more difficult."{{Cite news |date=May 6, 2016 |title=Duterte's shocking, shrewd shot at the Philippine presidency |work=Channel NewsAsia |url=http://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/asiapacific/duterte-s-shocking-shrewd/2761902.html |url-status=dead |access-date=October 5, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161005202611/http://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/asiapacific/duterte-s-shocking-shrewd/2761902.html |archive-date=October 5, 2016}}{{Cite news |last=Ranada |first=Pia |date=November 30, 2015 |title=Rodrigo Duterte: Yes, I'm a womanizer |work=Rappler |url=http://www.rappler.com/nation/politics/elections/2016/114416-rodrigo-duterte-womanizer |access-date=July 6, 2016}}

A psychological assessment of Duterte was commissioned by a doctor named Natividad Dayan during Duterte's marriage annulment to Elizabeth Zimmerman in July 1998. The result was that Duterte (then Davao City mayor) was found to have "antisocial narcissistic personality disorder", exemplified by "gross indifference, insensitivity and self-centeredness", and a "grandiose sense of self-entitlement and manipulative behaviours". According to the assessment, he had a "pervasive tendency to demean, humiliate others and violate their rights and feelings", and was "unable to reflect on the consequences of his actions."{{Cite news |last=Samuels |first=Gabriel |title=Philippines president Rodrigo Duterte mental health assessment reveals tendency to 'violate rights and feelings' |work=The Independent |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/philippines-president-rodrigo-duterte-mental-health-psychological-condition-a7355891.html |access-date=June 1, 2019}}

In a speech to the Filipino community in Russia, Duterte revealed that he has myasthenia gravis, a neuromuscular disease, which makes his eye droop.{{Cite news |date=October 6, 2019 |title=Philippine President Duterte says he has muscle disease that causes eyelid to droop |work=The Straits Times |url=https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/se-asia/philippine-president-duterte-says-he-has-muscle-disease-that-causes-eyelid-to-droop |access-date=October 6, 2019}}{{Cite news |last=Gregorio |first=Xave |date=October 6, 2019 |title=Duterte reveals he has a neuromuscular disease |work=CNN Philippines |url=https://cnnphilippines.com/news/2019/10/6/Rodrigo-Duterte-health-myasthenia-gravis.html |access-date=October 6, 2019 |archive-date=October 6, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191006081624/https://www.cnnphilippines.com/news/2019/10/6/Rodrigo-Duterte-health-myasthenia-gravis.html |url-status=dead }}

Duterte declined an honorary doctor of laws degree offered by the University of the Philippines amid opposition from members of the university.{{cite news |last1=Mateo |first1=Janvic |title=Duterte declines UP honorary doctorate |url=https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2017/04/20/1687534/duterte-declines-honorary-doctorate |access-date=May 25, 2023 |work=The Philippine Star |date=April 20, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180915201238/https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2017/04/20/1687534/duterte-declines-honorary-doctorate |archive-date=September 15, 2018}} Duterte was conferred an honorary doctorate degree for international relations or foreign diplomacy{{Cite news |date=October 6, 2019 |title=PRRD receives honorary doctorate from top Russian school |work=PTVNews |url=https://ptvnews.ph/pangulong-duterte-ginawaran-ng-honorary-doctorate-degree-sa-moscow/ |access-date=March 14, 2022}} from the Moscow State Institute of International Relations on October 5, 2019.{{Cite news |last=Mendez |first=Christina |date=October 8, 2019 |title=With Russian honorary doctorate, Duterte preaches about climate change |work=The Philippine Star |url=https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2019/10/08/1958366/russian-honorary-doctorate-duterte-preaches-about-climate-change |access-date=March 14, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191008130305/https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2019/10/08/1958366/russian-honorary-doctorate-duterte-preaches-about-climate-change |archive-date=October 8, 2019}} Duterte received an honorary Juris Doctor degree from his alma mater, San Beda College of Law in November 2023.{{cite news |title=51 years later: San Beda honors Rody Duterte with Juris Doctor degree |url=https://politics.com.ph/2023/11/29/51-years-later-san-beda-honors-rody-duterte-with-juris-doctor-degree/snitch-network/ |access-date=December 3, 2023 |work=Politiko |date=November 29, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231203085043/https://politics.com.ph/2023/11/29/51-years-later-san-beda-honors-rody-duterte-with-juris-doctor-degree/snitch-network/ |archive-date=December 3, 2023}}

On March 28, 2023, the Davao City Council passed a resolution declaring every March 28—Duterte's birthday—as "Duterte Day" in recognition for the "great and continuing contribution" of Duterte to the city and the Philippines.{{cite news |last1=Colina |first1=Antonio IV |title=Davao City Council declares March 28 as Duterte Day |url=https://mb.com.ph/2023/3/28/davao-city-council-declares-march-28-as-duterte-day |access-date=March 30, 2023 |work=Manila Bulletin |date=March 28, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230328153952/https://mb.com.ph/2023/3/28/davao-city-council-declares-march-28-as-duterte-day |archive-date=March 28, 2023}}

• Knight Grand Cross of Rizal (KGCR) – (2017){{Cite news |last=Nawal |first=Allan |title=Duterte conferred with highest Knights of Rizal award |url=http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/874729/duterte-conferred-with-highest-knights-of-rizal-award |access-date=February 24, 2017 |newspaper=Philippine Daily Inquirer}}
• Awards for Promoting Philippines-China Understanding (APPCU), Hall of Fame – (2023){{cite news |last1=Manahan |first1=Job |title=Ex-President Duterte skips awards promoting 'PH-China understanding' |url=https://news.abs-cbn.com/news/06/08/23/duterte-skips-awards-promoting-ph-china-understanding |access-date=June 8, 2023 |work=ABS-CBN News |date=June 8, 2023 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230608231949/https://news.abs-cbn.com/news/06/08/23/duterte-skips-awards-promoting-ph-china-understanding |archive-date=June 8, 2023}}

• {{flagicon|Malaysia}} Malaysia
• {{flagicon|Johor}} Johor: Grand Knight of The Most Esteemed Order of Sultan Ibrahim of Johor, 1st Class (SMIJ) – Dato' (2019){{Cite news |title=It's Datuk Duterte now after Johor Sultan, Philippine leader meet-up |work=The Star Online |url=https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2019/07/11/its-datuk-duterte-now-after-johor-sultan-philippine-leader-meetup/ |access-date=July 11, 2019}}
• {{flagicon|Brunei}} Brunei
• Sultan of Brunei Golden Jubilee Medal – (2017)

• List of presidents of the Philippines
• List of presidents of the Philippines by previous executive experience
• Political positions of Rodrigo Duterte

{{Notelist}}

{{Reflist|30em}}

• {{Cite journal |last=Juego |first=Bonn |date=2017 |title=The Philippines 2017: Duterte-led authoritarian populism and its liberal-democratic roots |url=https://www.asiamaior.org/files/Philippines-Juego_AM-2017.pdf |journal=Asia Maior; the Journal of the Italian Think Tank on Asia Founded by Giorgio Borsa in 1989 |publisher=Viella s.r.l. & Associazione Asia Maior |volume=XXVIII |pages=129–163 |issn=2385-2526 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221201172711/https://www.asiamaior.org/files/Philippines-Juego_AM-2017.pdf |archive-date=December 1, 2022 |access-date=December 1, 2022}}
• {{Cite web |title=The Punisher |url=http://eyeforaneye.vice.com/editorial/the-punisher |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160310043457/http://eyeforaneye.vice.com/editorial/the-punisher |archive-date=March 10, 2016 |access-date=September 14, 2016 |website=Eye for an Eye |publisher=(Vice) Bethesda Softworks LLC}}

• [https://wikileaks.org/plusd/cables/05MANILA312_a.html MORE VIGILANTE-STYLE KILLINGS REPORTED IN DAVAO CITY] Leaked US cable, January 20, 2005
• [https://search.wikileaks.org/plusd/cables/09MANILA1002_a.html DAVAO OFFICIALS DENY VIGILANTE KILLINGS, BUT HUMAN RIGHTS COMMISSION BLAMES MAYOR] Leaked cable to US Secretary of State, May 8, 2009
• [http://president.gov.ph/ 100 Days of Change: President Rodrigo Duterte] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120705235049/http://president.gov.ph/ |date=July 5, 2012 }}

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{{s-bef|before=Cornelio Maskariño}}

{{s-ttl|title=Vice Mayor of Davao City
Officer in Charge|years=1986–1987}}

{{s-aft|after=Gilbert Abellera}}

{{s-bef|before=Jacinto Rubillar}}

{{s-ttl|title=Mayor of Davao City|years=1988–1998}}

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{{s-ttl|title=Mayor of Davao City|years=2001–2010}}

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{{s-ttl|title=Mayor of Davao City|years=2013–2016}}

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{{s-ttl|title=President of the Philippines|years=2016–2022}}

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{{s-ttl|title=Member of the Philippine House of Representatives
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{{s-ttl|title=Chairman of Partido Demokratiko Pilipino|years=2016–present}}

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