2024 German government crisis#Vote of confidence

{{See also|List of participants in the Scholz cabinet coalition negotiations}}File:2021-12-07 Unterzeichnung des Koalitionsvertrages der 20. Wahlperiode des Bundestages by Sandro Halank–086.jpg between the SPD, The Greens, and the FDP was a first in German history.]]

The 2021 German federal election resulted in the SPD emerging as the strongest party in the Bundestag, with 25.71% of the vote (206 seats out of 736). The SPD reached an agreement to form a ruling coalition with The Greens (118 seats) and the FDP (91 seats), with SPD leader Olaf Scholz as federal chancellor. The resulting Scholz cabinet was appointed in December 2021. This marked the first time the governing coalition in the Bundestag was a traffic light coalition (Ampelkoalition), named after the colours associated with the three parties: red (SPD), yellow (FDP) and green (Greens).

With the SPD and The Greens being considered centre-left and the FDP economically liberal, the ideological differences between the three parties led to challenges in the newly formed government from the start.{{cite web |last1=Tanno |first1=Sophie |title=Germany's normally stable government has collapsed. Here's why |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2024/11/07/europe/germany-government-collapse-explainer-intl/index.html |date=7 November 2024 |work=CNN |access-date=7 November 2024}} This showed itself in disagreements in areas such as budget planning, environmentalism or social services, often resulting in gridlocks. Additionally, the country entered an economic crisis while under leadership of the traffic light coalition, leading to falling approval ratings.

In November 2023, Germany's Federal Constitutional Court (Bundesverfassungsgericht) declared parts of the government's budget policy unconstitutional. Scholz's cabinet had reallocated unspent debt proceeds{{snd}}originally designated to mitigate the COVID-19 pandemic{{snd}}to its climate action budget. The court ruling left the budget €60 billion short.{{cite web |last1=Kinkartz |first1=Sabine |title=Germany's coalition government falls apart — how it happened |url=https://www.dw.com/en/germanys-coalition-government-falls-apart-how-it-happened/a-70717066 |date=6 November 2024 |work=Deutsche Welle |access-date=7 November 2024}} The government attempted to cover the resulting shortfall through re-allocating already planned funds, but this resulted in the 2023–2024 German farmers' protests and further decreased the public perception of the already unpopular government.{{Cite news |last=Chazan |first=Guy |date=6 November 2024 |title=German chancellor Olaf Scholz sacks his finance minister |url=https://www.ft.com/content/d19506c2-98f6-4e20-b626-559a22829c9b?shareType=nongift |access-date=6 November 2024 |work=Financial Times}}{{Cite news |last=McGuinness |first=Damien |date=7 November 2024 |title=Germany engulfed by political crisis as Scholz coalition falls apart |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/cd9n79w8p7po |access-date=7 November 2024 |work=BBC}}

In September 2024, three state elections in eastern Germany (Thuringia [1 September], Saxony [1 September] and Brandenburg [22 September]) yielded disastrous results for the parties in the federal traffic light coalition. In Thuringia, the SPD received its worst result in any post-war state election, although it held its vote in Saxony and increased its vote in Brandenburg. The Greens and the FDP performed even worse, losing all their seats in Thuringia and Brandenburg and losing seats in Saxony. In all three states, far-right Alternative for Germany (AfD) and left-populist Sahra Wagenknecht Alliance (BSW) gained large numbers of voters.{{Cite web |title=Germany: Thuringia and Saxony elections propel far-right AfD |date=2 September 2024 |url=https://www.dw.com/en/germany-thuringia-and-saxony-elections-propel-far-right-afd/a-70106147 |access-date=2024-11-12 |work=Deutsche Welle |language=en}}{{Cite web |title=German elections: Far right wins big — results in numbers |date=1 September 2024 |url=https://www.dw.com/en/german-state-elections-who-won-who-lost-results-by-the-numbers/a-70105893 |access-date=2024-11-12 |work=Deutsche Welle |language=en}} The bad state election results for the traffic light coalition parties were seen by many as reflecting dissatisfaction with their performance at the federal level.{{Cite news|date=1 September 2024 |title=Jammer bei der Ampel, Jubel bei AfD, CDU und BSW|url=https://www.tagesschau.de/inland/innenpolitik/wahlen-sachsen-thueringen-reaktionen-100.html|access-date=31 December 2024 |work=Tagesschau}}

In October 2024, Robert Habeck, Minister for Economic Affairs and Climate Action and member of The Greens, proposed a debt-financed fund to promote investment by companies in order to fill the gap in the government's budget.{{cite web |last1=Kinkartz |first1=Sabine |title=German government descends into crisis mode |url=https://www.dw.com/en/german-government-descends-into-crisis-mode/a-70686610 |work=Deutsche Welle |date=4 November 2024 |access-date=7 November 2024}} The plan would be irreconcilable with Germany's debt brake (Schuldenbremse), which limits annual structural deficits to 0.35% of GDP.

On 1 November 2024, Lindner issued an 18-page policy paper, calling for a new economic policy for the coalition.{{ill|lt=Medick, Veit|Veit Medick|de|Veit Medick}}, {{Cite web |date=1 November 2024 |title=Lindner konfrontiert Koalition mit neuem Grundsatzpapier |trans-title=Lindner Confronts Coalition with New Policy Paper |author1-first=Jan |author1-last=Rosenkranz |url=https://www.capital.de/wirtschaft-politik/grundsatzpapier--christian-lindner-fordert-die-koalition-heraus-35192730.html |access-date=6 November 2024 |website=Capital |language=de}} Lindner called for halting new regulations, introducing new tax cuts, and cutting public spending, including on action against climate change, in order to solve the country's economic crisis.{{Cite web |trans-title=In Policy Paper, Lindner Calls for U-Turn in Economic Policy |title=Lindner fordert in Grundsatzpapier Kehrtwende in der Wirtschaftspolitik |date=1 November 2024 |url=https://www.tagesschau.de/inland/innenpolitik/lindner-positionspapier-100.html |access-date=6 November 2024 |website=Tagesschau |language=de}} Lindner's paper was deemed a "provocation" by The Greens and the SPD, who considered his positions incompatible with the coalition agreement. This led to crisis talks in the Chancellery over the continued existence of the coalition, which culminated in a session of coalition representatives, including Scholz, Habeck and Lindner meeting on 6 November.

File:2020-02-14 Christian Lindner (Bundestagsprojekt 2020) by Sandro Halank–2.jpg (FDP), former German Minister of Finance and coalition partner of Scholz's cabinet]]

On the night of 6 November, shortly after talks with Lindner and Habeck, Scholz announced he would ask Frank-Walter Steinmeier, the president of Germany, to dismiss Lindner from his position as finance minister. According to the German Constitution, the president has to dismiss federal ministers from their post if this is requested by the chancellor.

In his statement, Scholz said he saw himself forced to this measure to prevent damage to the country and to uphold the government's capacity to act. He stated he had made an offer to Lindner earlier that day as to how the gap in the budget could be filled, which Lindner had failed to accept.{{cite web |last1=Clinch |first1=Matt |title=Germany's ruling coalition collapses as Chancellor Scholz fires finance minister |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2024/11/06/german-chancellor-olaf-scholz-fires-finance-minister-christian-lindner.html |publisher=CNBC |access-date=7 November 2024|date=6 November 2024}}

On 7 November, President Steinmeier officially dismissed Lindner and swore in his successor, Jörg Kukies (SPD), as requested by Scholz. As Kukies was formerly an investment banker at Goldman Sachs, his appointment was criticised by some politicians, including members of Scholz's own Social Democratic Party as well as Sahra Wagenknecht, leader of the left-populist BSW.

In response to Lindner's dismissal, the FDP ministers Marco Buschmann and Bettina Stark-Watzinger resigned.{{Cite web |url=https://www.zdf.de/nachrichten/politik/deutschland/fdp-minister-rueckzug-ampel-regierung-100.html |agency=AFP |trans-title=FDP Ministers Withdraw from Coalition |title=FDP-Minister ziehen sich aus Ampel zurück |date=7 November 2024 |website=Zweites Deutsches Fernsehen |access-date=7 November 2024 }} Minister for Transport Volker Wissing announced he would leave the FDP to remain in his post, also taking over Buschmann's position as Minister of Justice in a dual mandate.{{cite news |title=Volker Wissing tritt aus der FDP aus und bleibt Verkehrsminister |url=https://www.spiegel.de/politik/ampel-aus-volker-wissing-tritt-aus-der-fdp-aus-und-bleibt-verkehrsminister-a-7bd7095d-c2f2-4aca-a021-faf4abeafc98 |trans-title=Volker Wissing Resigns from FDP, Remains Transport Minister |access-date=7 November 2024 |work=Der Spiegel |date=7 November 2024 |language=German}} Similarly, Stark-Watzinger's position as Minister of Education and Research was taken over by Cem Özdemir, the Minister for Food and Agriculture. This effectively moved the FDP into the opposition, rendering the current coalition a two-party minority government between the SPD and The Greens.

On 8 November, Wissing's website became victim of a hostile takeover, after which the homepage displayed FDP advertisements.{{cite web |work=politik.watson.de |date=8 November 2024 |access-date=12 November 2024 |url=https://politik.watson.de/politik/deutschland/672672921-fdp-werbung-auf-volker-wissings-website-rache-aktion-der-partei | title=Website gekapert: Rächt sich so die FDP am Verräter Volker Wissing? }}

On 15 November, the newspapers Die Zeit and Süddeutsche Zeitung independently reported that the FDP had been planning a strategy to break the coalition for several weeks.{{cite news |last1=Krach |first1=Wolfgang |last2=Mascolo |first2=Georg |last3=Richter |first3=Nicolas |last4=Roßbach |first4=Henrike |title=Operation "D-Day": FDP-Spitze plante wochenlang den Bruch der Ampelkoalition |trans-title=Operation "D-Day": How the FDP leadership planned the end of the traffic light coalition over several weeks |url=https://www.sueddeutsche.de/politik/fdp-lindner-scholz-ampel-koalition-lux.6WfirtdT6NbfwMKj4a3hkq |work=Süddeutsche.de |date=15 November 2024 |language=de |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241115221437/https://www.sueddeutsche.de/politik/fdp-lindner-scholz-ampel-koalition-lux.6WfirtdT6NbfwMKj4a3hkq |archive-date=2024-11-15 |url-status=live}}{{cite news |last1=Pausch |first1=Robert |title=Das liberale Drehbuch für den Regierungssturz |trans-title=The liberal scripts for the overthrow of the government |url=https://www.zeit.de/politik/deutschland/2024-11/christian-lindner-ampel-aus-fdp-bundesregierung |work=Die Zeit |date=15 November 2024 |language=de |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241115180850/https://www.zeit.de/politik/deutschland/2024-11/christian-lindner-ampel-aus-fdp-bundesregierung |archive-date=2024-11-15 |url-status=live}}[https://www.dw.com/en/germany-fdp-hatched-plan-to-quit-ruling-coalition-reports/a-70801639 Germany: FDP hatched plan to quit ruling coalition — reports] Deutsche Welle

They reported on the existence of a detailed working paper which used controversial militaristic language: the 18-page economic report that resulted in Lindner's firing was called "the torpedo", and the upcoming election campaign was described as "open battle". Most contentious was that the day of the report's publication was referred to as "D-Day"{{snd}}which in German is used exclusively in reference to the Allied invasion of Normandy and has a violent connotation. The use of the language of war to refer to the political process led to heavy criticism.{{cite news |last1=Zimmermann |first1=Jan |title=Wie die "D-Day"-Affäre der FDP schadet |trans-title=How the "D-Day" affair is damaging the FDP |url=https://www.tagesschau.de/inland/innenpolitik/fdp-djir-sarai-ampelaus-dday-100.html |work=tagesschau.de |date=29 November 2024 |language=de |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241130011156/https://www.tagesschau.de/inland/innenpolitik/fdp-djir-sarai-ampelaus-dday-100.html |archive-date=2024-11-30 |url-status=live}}{{cite news |title=Germany's liberals descend into crisis as 'D-Day' paper reveals plot to blow up coalition |url=https://www.politico.eu/article/germany-liberal-fdp-crisis-d-day-paper-reveal-plot-coalition/ |first=Nette|last=Nöstlinger|work=Politico |date=29 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241130172044/https://www.politico.eu/article/germany-liberal-fdp-crisis-d-day-paper-reveal-plot-coalition/ |archive-date=2024-11-30 |url-status=live}}

This also contradicted Lindner's assertion that the end of the government was a "calculated break" on the part of Scholz. Criticism came from the SPD upon the revelation that their coalition partner had apparently not been acting in good faith for weeks: parliamentary leader Rolf Mützenich described himself as "feeling deceived and disappointed" and "horrified" by the controversial language.{{cite news |title=Berichte über inszenierten Ampelbruch: FDP-Chef Lindner wiegelt Vorwürfe ab |trans-title= |url=https://www.spiegel.de/politik/deutschland/christian-lindner-fdp-chef-wiegelt-vorwurf-des-geplanten-ampel-bruchs-ab-a-d62745c4-3b5b-46ea-a625-cfc216c813ab |work=Der Spiegel |date=17 November 2024 |language=de |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241118014559/https://www.spiegel.de/politik/deutschland/christian-lindner-fdp-chef-wiegelt-vorwurf-des-geplanten-ampel-bruchs-ab-a-d62745c4-3b5b-46ea-a625-cfc216c813ab |archive-date=2024-11-18 |url-status=live}} In an 18 November interview with RTL and n-tv, FDP general secretary Bijan Djir-Sarai flatly denied the use of the term "D-Day" and stated the party's leadership was not aware of the paper. Lindner did not deny the paper's existence but simply replied to reporters "We are in a campaign. Where is the news here?"

Media speculation continued as to what degree the FDP was responsible for the coalition's end. On the morning of 28 November, the online news portal Table.Media published excerpts of an eight-page document alleged to be the working paper; it was indeed titled "D-Day Scenarios and Actions" and laid out a strategy as detailed as the original reporting surmised, including strategies to undermine the coalition, communication tactics, and pre-written quotations for Lindner. SZ confronted party leaders with the excerpts and gave them a 1:30 p.m. deadline to respond to questions. The party did not, but instead officially released the full paper at 6 p.m. with a statement from Djir-Sarai claiming it was "to prevent false impressions ... of the paper" by the media.{{cite news |title=FDP veröffentlicht »D-Day«-Papier |trans-title=FDP publishes "D-Day" paper |url=https://www.spiegel.de/politik/deutschland/ampel-aus-fdp-veroeffentlicht-d-day-papier-a-c7bfe01d-9251-48c0-9a3d-c1fd48913b9b |work=Der Spiegel |date=28 November 2024 |language=de |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241129100829/https://www.spiegel.de/politik/deutschland/ampel-aus-fdp-veroeffentlicht-d-day-papier-a-c7bfe01d-9251-48c0-9a3d-c1fd48913b9b |archive-date=2024-11-29 |url-status=live }}

According to the party, the paper was first prepared by Federal Managing Director Carsten Reymann on 24 October "to deal with the questions surrounding how the exit of the FDP from the government could be communicated", and the "purely technical paper" was not presented to legislators or members of the government.{{cite web |title=Transparenz: Erklärung des Bundesgeschäftsführers der FDP |trans-title=Transparency: Statement by the Federal Executive Director of the FDP |url=https://www.fdp.de/erklaerung-des-bundesgeschaeftsfuehrers-der-fdp |website=www.fdp.de |language=de |date=28 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241128171208/https://www.fdp.de/erklaerung-des-bundesgeschaeftsfuehrers-der-fdp |archive-date=2024-11-28 |url-status=live}} Djir-Sarai and Reymann resigned the next day to take responsibility for the paper's contents. SPD acting general secretary Matthias Miersch described Djir-Sarai as "a transparent scapegoat" to protect Lindner and called it "unimaginable" that the party leader would not know of the paper's existence.{{cite news |title=Reaktionen auf FDP-Beben: »Bijan Djir-Sarais Rücktritt ist ein durchschaubares Bauernopfer« |trans-title=Reactions to FDP earthquake: "Bijan Djir-Sarai's resignation is a transparent pawn sacrifice" |url=https://www.spiegel.de/politik/deutschland/reaktionen-auf-fdp-beben-bijan-djir-sarais-ruecktritt-ist-ein-durchschaubares-bauernopfer-a-a8993084-b6e3-42fe-94d2-daef7fecb3f9 |work=Der Spiegel |date=29 November 2024 |language=de |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241129165300/https://www.spiegel.de/politik/deutschland/reaktionen-auf-fdp-beben-bijan-djir-sarais-ruecktritt-ist-ein-durchschaubares-bauernopfer-a-a8993084-b6e3-42fe-94d2-daef7fecb3f9 |archive-date=2024-11-29 |url-status=live}} In a written statement released that evening, Lindner again denied any knowledge of the paper and stated he would not have approved of it, and that it was only circulated among internal party staffers and not any elected officials.{{cite news |last1=Kulessa |first1=David |last2=Tausche |first2=Nadja |title="D-Day"-Plan der FDP: Lindner distanziert sich von Strategiepapier |trans-title=FDP's "D-Day" plan: Lindner distances himself from strategy paper |url=https://www.sueddeutsche.de/politik/fdp-ruecktritt-d-day-reaktionen-lindner-djir-sarai-spd-miersch-scholz-lux.WStdjWSedGxxMazh8qQ9Tn |work=Süddeutsche.de |date=29 November 2024 |language=de |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241130012135/https://www.sueddeutsche.de/politik/fdp-ruecktritt-d-day-reaktionen-lindner-djir-sarai-spd-miersch-scholz-lux.WStdjWSedGxxMazh8qQ9Tn |archive-date=2024-11-30 |url-status=live}}

Marco Buschmann, who served as justice minister until the traffic light coalition's collapse, was appointed to succeed Djir-Sarai as general secretary of the FDP on 1 December.{{cite news |title=Former justice minister to lead Germany's free-market FDP |url=https://www.yahoo.com/news/former-justice-minister-lead-germanys-131307956.html |work=Yahoo News |agency=DPA |date=1 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241204172218/https://www.yahoo.com/news/former-justice-minister-lead-germanys-131307956.html |archive-date=2024-12-04 |url-status=live}}

On 6 November, after the announcement of Lindner's dismissal, Scholz also announced his intention to call for a vote of confidence in his government on 15 January 2025, potentially enabling an early 2025 federal election.{{Cite web |title=Kanzler Scholz will im Januar Vertrauensfrage stellen |trans-title=Chancellor Scholz Wants Motion of Confidence in January |url=https://www.tagesschau.de/eilmeldung/eilmeldung-8252.html |access-date=6 November 2024 |website=Tagesschau |language=de}} Should the chancellor not win the confidence of the majority of the Bundestag in the vote, he would be able to request the president to dissolve the Bundestag (Article 68 of the constitution). The president would then have 21 days to consider the request; if he agreed to the dissolution, a snap election would be held within 60 days of the dissolution date.

Scholz' plan for a vote of confidence on 15 January 2025 would have required a possible snap federal election in early April at the latest, per the constitution. Several opposition parties called for a vote of confidence in November 2024, much sooner than the date proposed by Scholz. Supporters of this initiative include the Christian Democratic Union (CDU) and the Christian Social Union (CSU) parties (both centre-right), the far-right Alternative for Germany (AfD) and the left-populist Sahra Wagenknecht Alliance (BSW).{{Cite web|trans-title=Germany: The opposition demands a vote of confidence in Chancellor Scholz from the coming week|title=Allemagne: l'opposition réclame un vote de confiance autour du chancelier Scholz dès la semaine prochaine |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/europe/20241107-allemagne-l-opposition-r%C3%A9clame-un-vote-de-confiance-de-scholz-d%C3%A8s-la-semaine-prochaine |access-date=7 November 2024 |website=RFI|date=7 November 2024 |language=fr}} {{Cite web |title=Nach Ampel-Aus: Opposition fordert sofortige Vertrauensfrage |trans-title=After Coalition Collapse: Opposition Demands Immediate Confidence Vote |url=https://www.tagesschau.de/inland/innenpolitik/ampel-bruch-reaktionen-100.html |access-date=2024-11-07 |website=Tagesschau |language=de}} A poll taken by German public broadcaster ARD also found that 65% of those surveyed favoured immediate elections.

On 8 November, Ruth Brand, the Federal Returning Officer responsible for organising the election, raised concerns about an election date in January, deeming it administratively difficult to organise the election by then, because of the Christmas break. The left-wing opposition party Die Linke also supported the chancellor in his push for a later election date.{{Cite tweet |user=phoenix_de |number=1854867071886127440|title=#AmpelAus {{!}} 'Die Neuwahl muss geordnet ablaufen, und das wissen auch die Schreihälse von AfD, Union und FDP', so @HeidiReichinnek Co-Vorsitzende @dielinkebt. Die Parteien versuchten, aus dem Chaos Kapital zu schlagen. |date=8 November 2024 |access-date=12 November 2024 }}

On 10 November, Scholz showed himself open to moving his vote of confidence to before the Christmas break, declaring he would orient himself to a schedule by SPD parliamentary group leader Rolf Mützenich and opposition leader Friedrich Merz (CDU).{{cite web |last1=Völkner |first1=Paula |title=Scholz bei Miosga zum Ampel-Aus: Vertrauensfrage "vor Weihnachten" möglich – Neuwahlen rücken näher |url=https://www.fr.de/politik/ampel-aus-scholz-miosga-kanzler-neuwahlen-trump-us-wahl-live-fragen-93404118.html |website=FR.de |publisher=Frankfurter Rundschau |access-date=11 November 2024 |date=11 November 2024}} On 12 November, a compromise was reached between the SPD and the CDU/CSU for the vote of confidence to occur on 16 December 2024 and the election to be held on 23 February 2025.{{Cite news |title=Einigung auf Neuwahl des Bundestags am 23. Februar |trans-title=Agreement on New Parliamentary Elections on 23 February |date=12 November 2024 |url=https://www.tagesschau.de/inland/neuwahlen-termin-einigung-100.html |access-date=2024-11-12 |website=Tagesschau |language=de}}

File:Germany Bundestag ConfidenceVoteScholzGov.svg

On 16 December, Scholz lost the confidence vote, paving the way for elections to be held in February 2025.{{cite web | url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/ckg36pp6dpyo | title=German Chancellor Olaf Scholz loses confidence vote | date=16 December 2024 |work=BBC}}

Opposition leader Friedrich Merz (CDU) met with President Steinmeier on 7 November to discuss the situation. {{Cite web |title=German opposition wants confidence vote now |date=7 November 2024 |url=https://www.dw.com/en/german-opposition-wants-confidence-vote-now/live-70719444 |access-date=2024-11-08 |website=Deutsche Welle |language=en}} Scholz announced that he would ask Merz for support in passing the budget and boosting military spending.{{cite web |title=Germany faces snap election as Scholz's coalition crumbles |website=Reuters |first1=Sarah |last1=Marsh |first2=Andreas |last2=Rinke |date=7 November 2024 |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/germanys-awkward-coalition-faces-make-or-break-moment-2024-11-06/ |access-date=7 November 2024}}

As expected, President Steinmeier formally dissolved the Bundestag on 27 December 2024, and announced new elections for 23 February 2025.{{cite news |title=Steinmeier löst Bundestag auf: Weg frei für Neuwahlen|website=Deutsche Welle |first1=Ralf |last1=Bosen |date=27 December 2024 |url=https://www.dw.com/de/steinmeier-aufloesung-bundestag-neuwahlen-wegen-koalitions-krise-in-deutschland/a-70453303 |access-date=31 December 2024}}

• 2024–2025 Canadian political crisis
• 2024 Thuringian state election
• 2024 Saxony state election
• 2024 Brandenburg state election
• 2025 German federal election

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