2nd millennium

File:2nd millennium montage.png|From top left, clockwise: in 1492, Christopher Columbus reaches the New World, opening the European colonization of the Americas; the American Revolution, one of the late 1700s Enlightenment-inspired Atlantic Revolutions; the Ottoman conquest of Constantinople; the Atomic Bomb from World War II; an alternate source of light, the light bulb; for the first time, a human being sets foot on the Moon in 1969 during the Apollo 11 Moon mission; airplanes enable widespread air travel; Napoleon Bonaparte, in the early 19th century, affects France and Europe with expansionism, modernization, and nationalism; Alexander Graham Bell's telephone; in 1348, the Black Death kills in just two years over 100 million people worldwide, and over half of Europe. (Background: An excerpt from the Gutenberg Bible, the first major book printed in the West using movable type, in the 1450s)|400px|thumb

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rect 445 4 559 159 Islamic conquest of Constantinople

rect 260 129 438 249 Black Death

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rect 446 165 560 296 World War II

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rect 1 1 566 394 Gutenberg Bible

The second millennium of the Anno Domini or Common Era was a millennium spanning the years 1001 to 2000. It began on January 1, 1001 (MI) and ended on December 31, 2000 (MM), (11th to 20th centuries; in astronomy: JD {{val|2086667.5|fmt=gaps}} – {{val|2451909.5|fmt=gaps}}{{Cite web|url=https://keisan.casio.com/exec/system/1227779487|title=Julian Day Number from Date Calculator|website=High accuracy calculation for life or science.}}).

It encompassed the High and Late Middle Ages of the Old World, the Islamic Golden Age and the period of Renaissance, followed by the early modern period, characterized by the European wars of religion, the Age of Enlightenment, the Age of Discovery and the colonial period. Its final two centuries coincide with modern history, characterized by industrialization, the rise of nation states, the rapid development of science, widespread education, and universal health care and vaccinations in the developed world. The 20th century saw increasing globalization, most notably the two World Wars and the subsequent formation of the United Nations. 20th-century technology includes powered flight, television and semiconductor technology, including integrated circuits. The term "Great Divergence" was coined to refer the unprecedented cultural and political ascent of the Western world in the second half of the millennium, emerging by the 18th century as the most powerful and wealthy world civilization, having eclipsed Qing China, Edo Japan, the Islamic world and India. This allowed the colonization by European countries of much of the world during this millennium, including the Americas, Africa, Oceania, and South and Southeast Asia.

World population grew without precedent over the millennium, from about 310 million in 1001 to about 6 billion in 2000. The population growth rate increased dramatically during this time; world population approximately doubled to 600 million by 1700, and doubled more than three more times by 2000, ultimately reaching about 1.8% per year in the second half of the 20th century.

Political history

{{cleanup section|reason=sort, arrange, comment|date=September 2018}}

=Middle Ages=

{{further|List of states during the Middle Ages|List of political entities in the 11th century}}

==Europe==

Western/Central Europe
Kingdom of Scotland (843–1707): see Medieval Scotland
Kingdom of England (927–1707): see Medieval England
Holy Roman Empire (962–1806): see Medieval Germany
Kingdom of France (987–1789): see Medieval France
Kingdom of Hungary (1000–1526)
Kingdom of Portugal (1139–1910)
Kingdom of Poland (1025–1385): see Medieval Poland
Old Swiss Confederacy (from {{Circa|1300}}): see Medieval Switzerland
Medieval Italy
Kingdom of Italy
Papal States
Maritime republics
Kingdom of Sicily
Medieval Spain: see also Reconquista
Caliphate of Córdoba (929–1031)
Crown of Aragon (1035–1479)
Crown of Castile (1030–1479)
Emirate of Granada (1230–1492)
Medieval Scandinavia: see also Viking Age
Kingdom of Denmark ({{Circa|936}}–1397)
Kingdom of Sweden ({{Circa|970}}–1397)
Kingdom of Norway ({{circa|1015}}–1397)
Kalmar Union (1397–1523)
Eastern/Southeastern Europe
Byzantine Empire (330–1453)
Kievan Rus (880–1150)
Kingdom of Croatia (925–1102), Croatia in union with Hungary (1102–1526)
Kingdom of Bosnia (1154–1463)
Second Bulgarian Empire (1185–1396)
Kingdom of Serbia (1217–1346)
Serbian Empire (1346–1371)
Grand Duchy of Lithuania ({{circa|1236}}–1795)
Golden Horde (1240s–1502), see also: Tatar yoke
Grand Duchy of Moscow (1283–1547)

==Near East==

: see also Crusades, Mongol invasions

Byzantine Empire (330–1453)
Abbasid Caliphate (750–1517)
Bagratid Armenia (880s–1045)
Fatimid Caliphate (910–1171)
Kingdom of Georgia (1008–1493)
Seljuk Empire (1037–1194)
Khwarazmian dynasty (1077–1231)
Crusader states
County of Edessa (1098–1144)
Principality of Antioch (1098–1268)
Kingdom of Jerusalem (1099–1291)
County of Tripoli (1102–1289)
Latin Empire (1204–1261)
Ayyubids (1171–1260)
Sultanate of Rum (1194–1308)
Mamluk Sultanate (1250–1517)
Ilkhanate (1256–1353)
Ottoman Empire (1299–1924)
Timurid Empire (1370–1507)

==North Africa==

Mamluk Egypt (1250–1517)
Almoravid dynasty (1040–1147)
Almohad dynasty (1121–1269)
Marinid dynasty (1244–1465)
Hafsid dynasty (1229–1574)
Kingdom of Tlemcen (1235–1554)

==East Asia==

Goryeo (918–1392)
Hoysala Empire (1026–1343)
Jin dynasty (1115–1234)
Joseon dynasty (1392–1897)
Khmer Empire (802–1431)
Liao dynasty (907–1125)
Mongol Empire (1206–1368)
Ming dynasty (1368–1644)
Pagan Kingdom (849–1287)
Song dynasty (960–1279)
Western Xia (1038–1227)
Yuan (Mongol) dynasty (1271–1368)

==India==

{{further|Medieval India|Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent|Decline of Buddhism in the Indian subcontinent}}

Eastern Chalukyas (7th to 12th centuries)
Pala Empire (8th to 12th centuries)
Chola Empire (9th century to 13th centuries)
Western Chalukya Empire (10th to 12th centuries)
Kalachuri dynasty (10th to 12th centuries)
Eastern Ganga dynasty (11th to 15th centuries)
Hoysala Empire (10th to 14th centuries)
Kakatiya Kingdom (1083–1323)
Sena dynasty (11th to 12th centuries)
Delhi Sultanate (1206–1526)
Bengal Sultanate (1352–1576)
Ahom Kingdom (from 1228)
Reddy Kingdom (1325–1448)
Seuna (Yadava) dynasty (1190–1315)
Vijayanagara Empire (1375–1591)

==Sahel / Sudan and Sub-Saharan Africa==

{{further|Islamization of the Sudan region|List of kingdoms in pre-colonial Africa}}

Gao Empire, Sahel ({{circa|9th}} to 15th centuries)
Benin Empire, West Africa (from {{circa|1180}})
Sultanate of Ifat, Horn of Africa (1285–1415)

Mali Empire, Sahel ({{circa|1230}}–1600)
Songhai Empire, Sahel ({{circa|1464}}–1591)
Ife Empire, West Africa ({{circa|1200}}–1420)
Oyo Empire, West Africa (from {{Circa|1300}})
Kongo Empire, West Africa (from {{Circa|1390}})
Kingdom of Nri, West Africa (from {{Circa|1200}}?)

==Pre-Columbian Americas==

=Early Modern period=

{{further|Age of Discovery|European Colonization of the Americas|Great Divergence|label2=Colonial Era}}

{{further|List of sovereign states in 1528|List of sovereign states in 1648|List of sovereign states in 1660|List of sovereign states in 1777}}

==Europe==

{{further|European wars of religion|French Revolution|Napoleonic wars|Monarchies_in_Europe#Early_Modern_Europe}}

Kingdom of Poland
Holy Roman Empire (see German Renaissance, early modern Germany )
Kingdom of France, (see early modern France )
Kingdom of England (before 1707)
Kingdom of Scotland (before 1707)
Kingdom of Great Britain (1707–1801)
Habsburg Empire (1526–1867)

==[[Colonial empires]]==

Spanish Empire (1492–1976)
Portuguese Empire (1415–2002)
Dutch Empire (1602–1975)
British Empire (1583–1997)
French Empire (1534–1980)
American Empire (1898–1994)
Belgian Empire (1908–1962)

==Asia==

Ottoman Empire (1299–1922)
Safavid Persia (1501–1736)
Portuguese Macau (1557–1999)
Zand dynasty (1750–1794)
Edo shogunate (1603–1868)
Qing Dynasty (1644–1912)
Afsharid dynasty (1736–1796)
Mughal Empire (1526–1858)
Sikh Empire (1799–1849)

==Sub-Saharan Africa==

=Modern history=

{{further|Timeline of the 19th century|Timeline of the 20th century|World Wars}}

{{further|List of political entities in the 19th century|List of sovereign states in the 1900s|List of sovereign states in the 1950s|List of sovereign states in the 1990s}}

==Europe==

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland (1801–1922)
British rule in Ireland (1801–1922)
French First Empire (1804–1814; 1815)
Russian Empire (1721–1917)
Austro-Hungarian Empire (1867–1918)
Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946)
French Second Empire (1852–1870)
German Empire (1871–1918)
French Third Republic (1870–1940)
Fascist Italy (1922–1943)
Nazi Germany (1933–1945)
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (since 1922)
Soviet Union (1922–1991)
East Germany (1949–1990)
West Germany (1949–1990)
Federal Republic of Germany (since 1990)

==Asia==

Kingdom of Thailand (since 1939)
Republic of Singapore (since 1965)
Qing dynasty (1644–1912)
Democratic People's Republic of Korea (from 1948)
Republic of Korea (since 1948)
Qajar dynasty (1794–1925)
British Hong Kong (1841–1997)
British Raj (1858–1947)
Empire of Japan (1868–1947)
Democratic Kampuchea (1975–1982)
Republic of China (1912–1949)
People's Republic of China (from 1949)
Socialist Republic of Vietnam (from 1976)
Partition of India (1947)
Decline and modernization of the Ottoman Empire (1828–1908)
Russian conquest of Central Asia (1839–1895)
First Philippine Republic (1898–1901)

==Middle East==

Syria
United Arab Emirates (since 1971)
Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya

==Africa==

==Americas==

United States of America (from 1776)
Empire of Haiti (1804–1806)
Mexican Empire (1821–1823)
Empire of Brazil (1822–1889)
Federal Republic of Central America (1823–1841)
Gran Colombia (1819–1831)
Canadian Confederation (1867)

{{further|United Nations geoscheme for the Americas|South_America#Countries_and_territories|Northern_America#Countries_and_dependent_territories}}

Cultural and technological history

{{further|East–West Schism|Renaissance of the 12th century|Neo-Confucianism|Bhakti movement|Reformation|Spiritualism (movement)|Great Awakening}}

{{further|Renaissance|Scientific Revolution|Age of Enlightenment|Modernity|Industrial Revolution|European miracle}}

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exploration

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