4660 Nereus

{{Infobox planet

|minorplanet = yes

|name = 4660 Nereus

|image = Nereus Goldstone PIA24566 animated.gif

|image_scale =

|caption = Nereus imaged by NASA's Goldstone Solar System Radar on its close approach in 2021

|background = #FFC2E0

|discovery_ref =

|discoverer = Eleanor F. Helin

|discovery_site = 1.22-m Samuel Oschin telescope

|discovered = 28 February 1982

|discovery_method=

|mpc_name = (4660) Nereus

|named_after = Νηρεύς Nēreús

|mp_category = {{mpcat|Apollo}}
PHA

|alt_names =

|pronounced = {{IPAc-en|ˈ|n|ɪər|i|ə|s}} {{respell|NEER|ee|əs}}{{MW|Nereus}}

|orbit_ref =

|epoch = 2021-Jul-01 (JD 2459396.5)

|observation_arc = 14647 days (40.10 yr)

|uncertainty = 0

|moid = {{Convert|0.0031|AU|e3km|abbr=unit}}

|aphelion = {{Convert|2.0250|AU|e6km|abbr=unit|sigfig=3|lk=on}}

|perihelion = {{Convert|0.95287|AU|e6km|abbr=unit|sigfig=3}}

|semimajor = {{Convert|1.4889|AU|e6km|abbr=unit|sigfig=3}}

|eccentricity = 0.36004

|period = 1.82 yr (663.62 d)

|avg_speed =

|inclination = 1.4316°

|asc_node = 314.41°

|mean_anomaly = 256.71°

|arg_peri = 158.12°

|dimensions = {{Ubl

| X {{=}} {{Val|510|20|u=m}}

| Y {{=}} {{Val|330|20|u=m}}

| Z {{=}} {{Val|241|80|10|u=m}}

}}

|sidereal_day = {{Var|15.16|0.04|ul=h}}

|pole_ecliptic_lat = +80°

|pole_ecliptic_lon = +25°

|albedo = {{Val|0.54|0.03|0.09}}

|spectral_type = Xe

|abs_magnitude = {{Val|18.2|0.7}}

|magnitude = 12.6 {{small|(2021 peak)}}
9.8 {{small|(2060 peak)}}

|mean_radius = 0.165 km

|surface_area = {{Val|0.33|0.04|0.01|u=km2}}

|volume = {{Val|0.019|0.003|u=km3}}

|mean_motion = {{Deg2DMS|0.542602917|sup=ms}} / day

|rotation = {{Convert|15.1|h|d|abbr=on|lk=on}}

}}

4660 Nereus (provisional designation 1982 DB) is a small (about {{convert|0.33|km|mi}}) asteroid. It was discovered by Eleanor F. Helin on 28 February 1982, approximately a month after it passed {{Convert|4.1|e6km|LD|abbr=unit|lk=on}} from Earth.

Nereus is potentially an important asteroid with a high albedo. It is an Apollo and Mars-crosser, with an orbit that frequently comes close to Earth, and because of this it is exceptionally accessible to spacecraft. Indeed, because of its small size and close orbit, its delta-V for rendezvous of ~5 km/s is smaller than the Moon's, which is about 6.3 km/s.

Nereus makes seven approaches to Earth of less than 5 million km between 1900 and 2100. The closest will be on 14 February 2060, at 1.2 million km. The most recent closest approach was on 11 December 2021, when it was 3.9 million km away. During the 2021 approach, the asteroid peaked around apparent magnitude 12.6, requiring a telescope with around a 100mm objective lens to be visually seen. Its orbital period of 1.82 yr also puts it somewhat near a 2:1 orbital resonance with Earth, which means that an approximately 4-year mission could depart for and return from the asteroid on relatively near passes to the Earth.{{citation needed|date=December 2021}}

Nereus is classified as a potentially hazardous asteroid (PHA), due to both its absolute magnitude {{nowrap|(H ≤ 22)}} and its minimum orbit intersection distance {{nowrap|(MOID ≤ 0.05 AU)}}.{{cite web |url=http://neo.jpl.nasa.gov/neo/groups.html |title=NEO Groups |series=Near Earth Object Program |publisher=NASA |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161102020040/http://neo.jpl.nasa.gov/neo/groups.html |archivedate=November 2, 2016}}

class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size: 0.9em;" \|+Close approaches ! Date ! JPL SBDB nominal geocentric distance ! uncertainty region (3-sigma)
2021-12-11	{{val\|3934242\|u=km}}	± 3 km
2060-02-14	{{val\|1198007\|u=km}}	± 234 km
2166-02-03	{{val\|2800000\|u=km}}	± 261 thousand km

The asteroid is classified as E-type, so it could be potentially associated with aubrite meteorites (enstatite achondrites).

Name

Although the discoverer is given the opportunity to name the asteroid, Helin donated naming rights to the Planetary Society which organized a naming contest.Helin, Eleanor F. (Jan/Feb 1991), "Eureka! The Recovery of 1982DB," pp. 12–16, Planetary Report, Planetary Society, Pasadena, CA. The winner, Robert M. Cutler, then an employee of NASA contractor The MITRE Corporation, named the asteroid after the ancient Greek proto-god Nereus who had characteristics later attributed to Apollo (prophecy) and Poseidon (a sea god similar to Nereus but with legs rather than a fish tail).

Physical characteristics

File:Nereus Goldstone radar Nov30.gif

Nereus has been imaged by radar, revealing a slightly elongated shape which would allow for stable orbits around it. Earlier optical measurements had given an estimated diameter of about {{Val|330|50}} meters.{{Cite journal | title = Keck observations of near-Earth asteroids in the thermal infrared | last = Delbo | first = Marco | date = November 2003 | journal = Icarus | volume = 166 | issue = 1 | pages = 116–130 | doi = 10.1016/j.icarus.2003.07.002 | bibcode=2003Icar..166..116D|display-authors=etal}} More recent work on the analysis of the radar data gives a much more detailed shape for Nereus as well as a fairly detailed terrain map of the surface.

Nereus has a generally ellipsoidal shape with dimensions of {{Val|510|x|330|x|241|u=m}}. On the ends of its longest axis, one end appears narrower and rounder than the other, larger end, making it more of an egg shape. The larger end also appears to have a flatter region on one side of it. Nereus rotates about an axis roughly perpendicular to its longest axis much like a silver spoon spinning on a table.

Exploration

File:Nereus.jpg radar in 2002]]

Nereus was proposed for visitation by both the private Near Earth Asteroid Prospector (NEAP) probe, and the Japanese sample return mission Hayabusa. However, the NEAP probe was not realized, and the Hayabusa's launch was delayed by 10 months and the probe had to be redirected to 25143 Itokawa.

4660 Nereus was considered as a flyby target of the NEAR robotic spacecraft mission.[http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1993STIA...9581370F Extended-mission opportunities for a Discovery-class asteroid rendezvous mission] NEAR was eventually launched, but visited 253 Mathilde and 433 Eros.

References

{{Reflist|refs=

{{Cite journal

|title=The discovery of 1982 DB, the most accessible asteroid known

|last=Helin |first=Eleanor F. |author2=Hulkower, Neal D.|author3=Bender, David F.

|date=January 1984

|journal=Icarus

|volume=57 |issue=1 |pages=42–47

|doi=10.1016/0019-1035(84)90005-8 |bibcode=1984Icar...57...42H }}

{{Cite journal

|title=Radar observations and a physical model of Asteroid 4660 Nereus, a prime space mission target

|last=Brozovic |first=Marina |display-authors=etal

|date=May 2009

|journal=Icarus

|volume=201 |issue=1 |pages=153–156

|doi=10.1016/j.icarus.2008.12.029 |bibcode=2009Icar..201..153B

|url=http://echo.jpl.nasa.gov/asteroids/4660_Nereus/brozovic.etal.2009.nereus.pdf }}

{{Cite web

|title=NEA delta_v for spacecraft rendezvous missions

|url=http://echo.jpl.nasa.gov/~lance/delta_v/delta_v.rendezvous.html

|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010603042837/http://echo.jpl.nasa.gov/~lance/delta_v/delta_v.rendezvous.html

|url-status=dead| archive-date=2001-06-03}}

{{cite web

|title=NEODys (4660) Nereus

|publisher=Department of Mathematics, University of Pisa, ITALY

|url=https://newton.spacedys.com/neodys/index.php?pc=1.1.8&n=Nereus

|access-date=2009-05-04}}

{{cite web

|type=Under Close Approach Data select km for distance units

|title=JPL Small-Body Database Browser: 4660 Nereus (1982 DB)

|url=https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/tools/sbdb_lookup.html#/?sstr=4660&view=OPC

|publisher=Jet Propulsion Laboratory }}

{{cite web

|title=Horizons Batch for 2166-Feb-03 09:09 UT

|publisher=JPL Horizons

|url=https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/horizons_batch.cgi?batch=1&COMMAND=%274660%27&START_TIME=%272166-Feb-03%2009:09%27&STOP_TIME=%272166-Feb-04%27&STEP_SIZE=%271+day%27&QUANTITIES=%2720,39%27

|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211108143543/https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/horizons_batch.cgi?batch=1&COMMAND=%274660%27&START_TIME=%272166-Feb-05+08%3A36%27&STOP_TIME=%272166-Feb-06%27&STEP_SIZE=%271+day%27&QUANTITIES=%2720%2C39%27

|archive-date=2021-11-08

|url-status=live

|accessdate=2021-11-08}}

}}