Aburizal Bakrie

Aburizal Bakrie was born on 15 November 1946 in Jakarta. His father, Achmad Bakrie, was the founder of Bakrie & Brothers and the Bakrie Group, while his mother was Roosniah Nasution. Bakrie is the eldest of four siblings, with two brothers, Nirwan Bakrie and Indra Usmansyah Bakrie, and a sister, Roosniah Odi Bakrie.{{cite web|last=VIVA|first=PT VIVA MEDIA BARU-|date=2016-11-07|title=Profil Aburizal Bakrie - VIVA|url=https://www.viva.co.id/siapa/read/145-aburizal-bakrie|access-date=2020-07-14|website=viva.co.id|language=id|archive-date=14 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200714191045/https://www.viva.co.id/siapa/read/145-aburizal-bakrie|url-status=live}} He attended the Bandung Institute of Technology, where he earned a degree in electrical engineering in 1973.[http://www.thejakartapost.com/directory/whos_whol Who's Who]{{dead link|date=October 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} The Jakarta Post. Retrieved 19 February 2011.

In 1972, Aburizal Bakrie joined PT Bakrie & Brothers Tbk, now known as the Bakrie Group, a conglomerate founded by his late father, {{Interlanguage link multi|Achmad Bakrie|id}}. The company thrived alongside Indonesia's economy during the Soeharto presidency.{{cite news|url=http://www.smh.com.au/news/world/mud-flung-at-minister-in-wake-of-java-disaster/2006/06/22/1150845316233.html|author=Mark Forbes|title=Mud flung at minister in wake of Java disaster|date=23 June 2006|work=The Sydney Morning Herald|access-date=16 March 2007|archive-date=6 November 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121106054306/http://www.smh.com.au/news/world/mud-flung-at-minister-in-wake-of-java-disaster/2006/06/22/1150845316233.html|url-status=live}} The Bakrie Group operates in various sectors, including agriculture, real estate, trade, shipping, banking, insurance, media, manufacturing, construction, and mining.

As the eldest of four siblings, Bakrie served as the chairman of the family enterprise from 1999 to 2004. During the Asian economic crisis of 1998, he faced significant challenges in maintaining control of the conglomerate but successfully emerged victorious after a refinancing process in 2000.{{cite web |url=http://articles.ibonweb.com/webarticle.asp?num=525 |title=Bakrie's Restructuring of Debts Completed|work=IBonWeb.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060518001056/http://articles.ibonweb.com/webarticle.asp?num=525|archive-date=18 May 2006 |date=30 November 2000}}

From 1991 to 1995, Aburizal Bakrie served two consecutive terms as the President of the ASEAN Business Forum. Additionally, from 1994 to 2004, he held two consecutive terms as the President of the Indonesian Chamber of Commerce and Industry (KADIN). As a member of the Golkar Party, Bakrie also pursued a bid to become Golkar's presidential candidate in 2004.

In 2004, Aburizal Bakrie retired from PT Bakrie & Brothers Tbk before being appointed Coordinating Minister for the Economy by President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono.{{cite web|url=http://www.cacci.org.tw/CACCI%20Profile/2004%20Nov/Bakrie.pdf |title=Mr. Aburizal Bakrie now economic minister of Indonesia |author=CACCI Profile, 2004 |access-date=15 October 2006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051227200709/http://www.cacci.org.tw/CACCI%20Profile/2004%20Nov/Bakrie.pdf |archive-date=27 December 2005}} His appointment was initially met with some reservations.{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/3756870.stm |work=BBC News |date=20 October 2004 |title=Indonesian leader sets out goals |access-date=16 March 2007 |archive-date=28 May 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060528151039/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/3756870.stm |url-status=live }} Shortly after joining Yudhoyono's cabinet, Bakrie introduced a new government policy aimed at reducing the poverty rate in Indonesia by 3%. This policy involved reducing fuel subsidies and redirecting financial support to approximately 6 million people.{{cite news|title=Government to Maintain Increased Fuel Prices |url=http://www.tempo.co.id/hg/nasional/2005/03/16/brk,20050316-03,uk.html |access-date=17 April 2012 |newspaper=- TEMPO Interactive |date=16 March 2005 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130324022704/http://www.tempo.co.id/hg/nasional/2005/03/16/brk%2C20050316-03%2Cuk.html |archive-date=24 March 2013}}

Bakrie advocated for a gradual increase in fuel prices to prevent the subsidies from overwhelming the national budget and to align domestic fuel costs with international levels.{{cite news |title=Indonesia Min: New Fuel Prices To Remain Below International Prices |url=http://newsgroups.derkeiler.com/Archive/Soc/soc.culture.cambodia/2005-09/msg00205.html |access-date=17 April 2012 |newspaper=Dow Jones |date=29 September 2005 |archive-date=28 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191128101829/http://newsgroups.derkeiler.com/Archive/Soc/soc.culture.cambodia/2005-09/msg00205.html |url-status=dead}} By October 2005, after two price hikes, fuel prices had risen by 126%.{{cite news |title=Indonesia raises fuel prices by 126% |url=http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/103aebc0-3219-11da-9c7f-00000e2511c8.html |access-date=17 April 2012 |newspaper=Financial Times |date=1 October 2005}} The move was positively received by Standard & Poor's, which regarded it as a significant step toward alleviating immediate fiscal pressures and improving Indonesia's external balance.{{cite news |title=Indonesia's donors support latest fuel price hike, Bakrie |url=http://www.finanznachrichten.de/nachrichten-2005-10/1964829-indonesia-s-donors-support-latest-fuel-price-hike-bakrie-020.htm |access-date=17 April 2012 |newspaper=AFX News |date=3 October 2005 |archive-date=24 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924013057/http://www.finanznachrichten.de/nachrichten-2005-10/1964829-indonesia-s-donors-support-latest-fuel-price-hike-bakrie-020.htm |url-status=live}}

To address Indonesia's declining crude oil output, Aburizal Bakrie intervened{{cite news|title=Exxon Claims Right To Run Cepu Oil|url=http://www.shana.ir/newsprint.aspx?lang=en&newsid=71985|access-date=17 April 2012|newspaper=Shana News|date=17 November 2005|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924102330/http://www.shana.ir/newsprint.aspx?lang=en&newsid=71985|archive-date=24 September 2015|url-status=dead}} to resolve a longstanding standoff between ExxonMobil Corporation and PT Pertamina.{{cite news|title=Indonesia: ExxonMobil Cepu oil field to begin full production|url=http://www.energy-pedia.com/news/indonesia/exxonmobil-cepu-oil-field-to-begin-full-production|access-date=17 April 2012|newspaper=energy-pedia news|date=29 July 2009|archive-date=24 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924000629/http://www.energy-pedia.com/news/indonesia/exxonmobil-cepu-oil-field-to-begin-full-production|url-status=live}} The two companies had been at odds for years over operational and profit-sharing issues related to the Cepu Block oil fields project,{{cite web|title=Cepu Block|url=http://cepublock.com/about/eng/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110501004057/http://cepublock.com/about/eng/|archive-date=1 May 2011 |access-date=17 April 2012}} which marked one of Indonesia's largest oil discoveries on Java in decades.

The previous year, Bakrie had pledged that the new government was committed to resolving the Cepu dispute and other conflicts involving international companies. This move aimed to demonstrate the government's dedication to improving Indonesia's investment climate.{{cite news|title=Jakarta plans to resolve dispute over giant oilfield|url=http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/ff341a28-36aa-11d9-b856-00000e2511c8.html|access-date=17 April 2012|newspaper=Financial Times|date=15 November 2004}}

Following a cabinet reshuffle in 2005, Aburizal Bakrie was appointed Coordinating Minister for People's Welfare. In May 2008, he announced a direct cash relief program worth $1.52 billion, which aimed to support nearly 19 million low-income households{{cite news|url=http://www.balidiscovery.com/messages/printmessage.asp?Id=4528|title=Fuel prices to increase after May 23. Date and details of coming fuel hike await president's approval of fuel subsidy program.|access-date=29 May 2013|newspaper=Bali Post|date=18 May 2008|archive-date=14 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131014174015/http://www.balidiscovery.com/messages/printmessage.asp?Id=4528|url-status=live}} and mitigate the impact of rising fuel prices.{{cite news|title=Indonesia to cut fuel subsidies|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/05/23/business/worldbusiness/23iht-23indofuel.13168758.html|access-date=17 April 2012|newspaper=The New York Times|date=23 May 2008|archive-date=28 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180628044403/https://www.nytimes.com/2008/05/23/business/worldbusiness/23iht-23indofuel.13168758.html|url-status=live}}

In 2009, Aburizal Bakrie was elected Chairman of the Golkar Party during the Golkar Party Congress held in Pekanbaru, Riau, Indonesia, defeating Surya Paloh, Yuddy Chrisnandi, and Hutomo Mandala Putra. In May 2010, he successfully established a majority parliamentary coalition with President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono's party and was elected its leader.

Aburizal Bakrie's name has been associated with the Sidoarjo mudflow, which erupted on 29 May 2006 in Sidoarjo, East Java, causing severe environmental devastation and loss of life.{{cite news |title=Catastrophic Mud Eruption Had Natural Causes |author=Charles Choi |url=http://news.discovery.com/earth/weather-extreme-events/mud-eruption-caused-by-earthquake-130722.htm |newspaper=Discovery News |date=22 July 2013 |access-date=23 July 2013 |archive-date=11 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140411065504/http://news.discovery.com/earth/weather-extreme-events/mud-eruption-caused-by-earthquake-130722.htm |url-status=dead }} Scientists remain divided on the cause of the disaster.{{cite news |title=Mud Eruption in Indonesia: Was Disaster Blamed on Drilling Activity Actually Caused By Quake? |author=LiveScience |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/07/22/mud-eruption-indonesia-disaster-drilling-quake_n_3634361.html |newspaper=HuffPost |date=22 July 2013 |access-date=23 July 2013 |archive-date=26 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130726182407/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/07/22/mud-eruption-indonesia-disaster-drilling-quake_n_3634361.html |url-status=live }} One group attributes it to a natural occurrence, citing a 6.3-magnitude earthquake that struck near Yogyakarta two days earlier.{{cite news |title=Study starts debate over Indonesia volcano |url=http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/breaking-news/study-starts-debate-over-indonesia-volcano/story-fn3dxix6-1226683627179 |newspaper=The Australian |date=23 July 2013 |access-date=23 July 2013}} However, another group, along with the government, has confirmed that the drilling practices of PT Lapindo Brantas, a company in which Bakrie's family held a controlling stake, were responsible for triggering the mudflow. Media coverage of the event has been mixed.{{cite news |title=Indonesia's Teflon tycoon |author=Staff writer |author-link=Staff writer |url=http://www.economist.com/node/15278524 |newspaper=The Economist |date=14 January 2010 |access-date=20 February 2012 |archive-date=1 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140801172641/http://www.economist.com/node/15278524 |url-status=live }}

Although environmental groups urged the Indonesian government to revoke PT Lapindo Brantas' drilling license due to environmental mismanagement,{{cite news|title=Shut Lapindo well, arrest management, government told |author=Arie Rukmantara |url=http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2006/06/14/shut-lapindo-well-arrest-management-government-told.html |newspaper=The Jakarta Post |date=14 June 2006 |access-date=20 February 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121010150605/http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2006/06/14/shut-lapindo-well-arrest-management-government-told.html |archive-date=10 October 2012}} a three-year police investigation into the incident ended with the case being dropped. According to the Jakarta Globe, Satya Widya Yudha, a Golkar legislator, and Effendi Simbolon, a deputy chairman of the House of Representatives Commission VII from the PDI-P, largely supported Bakrie's family, characterizing the event as a natural disaster and expressing satisfaction with the compensation process. They also denounced the "politicization" of the issue. In contrast, Eva Kusuma Sundari, a PDI-P legislator whose property was affected by the disaster, accused Lapindo and the government of failing to meet their obligations in compensating the victims, calling them "insensitive and unresponsive."{{cite news|title=Politicians Defend Bakrie, Say Sidoarjo Victims Are Better Off |author=Fidelis E Satriastanti, Ezra Sihite & Markus Junianto Sihaloho |url=http://www.thejakartaglobe.com/nvironment/politicians-defend-bakrie-say-sidoarjo-victims-are-better-off/520981 |newspaper=Jakarta Globe |date=30 May 2012 |access-date=30 May 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120601232820/http://www.thejakartaglobe.com/nvironment/politicians-defend-bakrie-say-sidoarjo-victims-are-better-off/520981 |archive-date=1 June 2012}}

A 2013 report indicated that for nearly seven years, the mudflow had been devastating the livelihoods of Porong residents in particular and the Sidoarjo economy as a whole. The mudflow had also submerged more than 6,000 hectares of land, displaced 39,700 people, and inundated three subdistricts, 12 villages, 11,241 buildings, and 362 hectares of rice fields.{{cite news |title=Mudflow Erupting After Seven Years |author=Hans David Tampubolong |url=http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2013/03/05/mudflow-erupting-after-7-years.html |date=5 March 2013 |access-date=27 February 2014 |archive-date=1 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150101213232/http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2013/03/05/mudflow-erupting-after-7-years.html |url-status=live }}

In the fall of 2010, media coverage began to suggest that Aburizal Bakrie was aiming to become the Golkar Party's presidential candidate in Indonesia's 2014 presidential election.{{cite news|url=http://www.thejakartaglobe.com/home/aburizal-in-2014-if-the-polls-are-right/398615 |author=Markus Junianto Sihaloho |title=Aburizal in 2014, if the Polls Are Right |date=29 September 2010 |work=Jakarta Globe |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120922151120/http://www.thejakartaglobe.com/home/aburizal-in-2014-if-the-polls-are-right/398615 |archive-date=22 September 2012}}{{cite news|url=http://www.straitstimes.com/BreakingNews/SEAsia/Story/STIStory_712180.html|agency=Agence France-Presse|title=Indonesian tycoon Aburizal Bakrie to run for president|date=12 September 2011|work=The Straits Times|access-date=17 January 2012|archive-date=24 June 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120624012628/http://www.straitstimes.com/BreakingNews/SEAsia/Story/STIStory_712180.html|url-status=dead}} Since then, Bakrie has repeatedly expressed his desire to be nominated as Golkar's candidate.{{cite news|url=http://www.thejakartaglobe.com/politics/im-ready-for-2014-bakrie/499072 |author=JG |title=I'm Ready For 2014 |date=19 February 2012 |work=Jakarta Globe |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120221055332/http://www.thejakartaglobe.com/politics/im-ready-for-2014-bakrie/499072 |archive-date=21 February 2012}} Media reports also indicated that the Golkar Party had already started searching for a running mate to join Bakrie,{{cite news|url=http://www.antaranews.com/en/news/78744/golkar-seeking-running-mate-for-aburizal-as-presidential-candidate|author=ANTARA|title=Golkar seeking running mate for Aburizal as presidential candidate|date=28 December 2011|work=Antara|access-date=17 January 2012|archive-date=16 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016003457/http://www.antaranews.com/en/news/78744/golkar-seeking-running-mate-for-aburizal-as-presidential-candidate|url-status=live}} with names such as Sri Sultan Hamengkubuwana X, the current Governor of Yogyakarta,{{cite news|title=Golkar Party Yogyakarta branches declare Sultan as VP candidate |author=Slamet Susanto |url=http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2012/06/24/golkar-party-yogyakarta-branches-declare-sultan-vp-candidate.html |newspaper=The Jakarta Post |date=24 June 2012 |access-date=4 July 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120627061759/http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2012/06/24/golkar-party-yogyakarta-branches-declare-sultan-vp-candidate.html |archive-date=27 June 2012}} Pramono Anung, the Secretary General of the Indonesian Democratic Party and Deputy House Speaker, Dahlan Iskan, the Minister of State Enterprises, and Edhie Baskoro Yudhoyono, the youngest son of Indonesia's President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono, being mentioned.{{cite news|title=Bakrie Considers Unlikely Pairing with SBY's Son |author=Ezra Sihite |url=http://www.thejakartaglobe.com/politics/bakrie-considers-unlikely-pairing-with-sbys-son/525725 |newspaper=Jakarta Globe |date=21 June 2012 |access-date=4 July 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120625143723/http://www.thejakartaglobe.com/politics/bakrie-considers-unlikely-pairing-with-sbys-son/525725 |archive-date=25 June 2012}}

Bakrie's early nomination was met with significant criticism, as some party members favored holding a caucus to first determine the process for selecting the party's candidate.{{cite news|title=Golkar Party Members Try To Make Up |author=Staff writer |author-link=Staff writer |url=http://www.thejakartaglobe.com/news/golkar-party-members-try-to-make-up/516790 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120917124733/http://www.thejakartaglobe.com/news/golkar-party-members-try-to-make-up/516790 |url-status=dead |archive-date=17 September 2012 |newspaper=Jakarta Globe |date=10 May 2012 |access-date=30 May 2012 }}{{cite news|title=Aburizal Bakrie Named as Golkar's Presidential Candidate |author=Staff writer |author-link=Staff writer |url=http://www.thejakartaglobe.com/news/aburizal-bakrie-named-as-golkars-presidential-candidate/527708 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130204072547/http://www.thejakartaglobe.com/news/aburizal-bakrie-named-as-golkars-presidential-candidate/527708 |url-status=dead |archive-date=4 February 2013 |newspaper=Jakarta Globe |date=1 July 2012 |access-date=4 July 2012 }} The head of the Golkar Party advisory board, Akbar Tanjung, criticized the decision in October 2011, when the party congress chose Bakrie as the preferred candidate without allowing other potential nominees. Tanjung called the process "undemocratic" and argued that it denied other members the right to pursue the nomination. This criticism was echoed by other members, including some at the regional level.

Bakrie responded by dismissing the criticism as "political attacks," with The Jakarta Post describing him as "shrugging off" the objections.{{cite news |title=Philosophic Ical shrugs off intra-Golkar {{sic|ata|cks|nolink=y}} |author=Staff writer |author-link=Staff writer |url=http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2012/05/01/philosophic-ical-shrugs-intra-golkar-atacks.html |newspaper=The Jakarta Post |date=1 May 2012 |access-date=30 May 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304232520/http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2012/05/01/philosophic-ical-shrugs-intra-golkar-atacks.html |archive-date=4 March 2016}} However, others pointed out the importance of settling on a presidential candidate well ahead of the 2014 election, given Indonesia's vast geographic size, its sprawling provinces, and a population expected to reach 248 million that year.{{Citation needed|date=July 2015}}

On 30 June 2012, at Golkar's Leadership Meeting in Bogor, Bakrie was declared the party's presidential candidate for the 2014 election.{{cite news|title=Golkar to Declare Presidential Candidate |author=Dian Widiyanarko |url=http://en.vivanews.com/print_detail/printing/331129-golkar-to-declare-presidential-candidate |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130209000439/http://en.vivanews.com/print_detail/printing/331129-golkar-to-declare-presidential-candidate |url-status=dead |archive-date=9 February 2013 |newspaper=:id:VIVAnews |date=29 June 2012 |access-date=4 July 2012 }}{{cite news |title=Bakrie Nomination Starts Indonesia's Presidential Race |author=Ahmad Pathoni |url=https://blogs.wsj.com/searealtime/2012/07/03/bakrie-nomination-starts-indonesias-presidential-race/ |newspaper=Wall Street Journal Online Blog |date=3 July 2012 |access-date=4 July 2012 |archive-date=6 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120706012739/http://blogs.wsj.com/searealtime/2012/07/03/bakrie-nomination-starts-indonesias-presidential-race/ |url-status=live}} In his acceptance speech, Bakrie said, "Pleading for guidance from God Almighty, the faith to build a more developed Indonesia, a strong will, and support from all of you, with humility I officially and openly accept this nomination."{{cite news|title=Mining tycoon secures Golkar nomination |agency=Reuters |url=http://gulftoday.ae/portal/6e2cba49-4ceb-4bc8-9dab-fdfeb84e4d8d.aspx |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130114171550/http://gulftoday.ae/portal/6e2cba49-4ceb-4bc8-9dab-fdfeb84e4d8d.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-date=14 January 2013 |newspaper=Gulf Today |date=1 July 2012 |access-date=4 July 2012 }}

To end speculation about a possible running mate for Bakrie,{{cite news|title=Golkar's Aburizal Bakrie Names 5 Potential VP Candidates |author=Suara Pembaruan |url=http://www.thejakartaglobe.com/politics/golkars-aburizal-bakrie-names-5-potential-vp-candidates/527379 |newspaper=Jakarta Globe |date=29 June 2012 |access-date=4 July 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120705042558/http://www.thejakartaglobe.com/politics/golkars-aburizal-bakrie-names-5-potential-vp-candidates/527379 |archive-date=5 July 2012}} Golkar's Deputy Chairman Agung Laksono announced that the selection of a vice-presidential candidate would be postponed until 2013.{{cite news|title=Golkar to decide VP candidate in 2013 |author=Staff writer |author-link=Staff writer |url=http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2012/07/03/golkar-decide-vp-candidate-2013.html |newspaper=The Jakarta Post |date=3 July 2012 |access-date=4 July 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120704212852/http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2012/07/03/golkar-decide-vp-candidate-2013.html |archive-date=4 July 2012}}

Recent opinion polls show Bakrie trailing behind other presidential hopefuls,{{cite news |title=Prabowo Most Popular Presidential Candidate |author=Ahmad Fuad Yahya |url=http://www.bernama.com.my/bernama/v6/newsgeneral.php?id=671293 |newspaper=BERNAMA Malaysian National News Agency |date=7 June 2012 |access-date=4 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131014171711/http://www.bernama.com.my/bernama/v6/newsgeneral.php?id=671293 |archive-date=14 October 2013 |url-status=dead}} including former general Prabowo Subianto, Chief Patron of the Great Indonesia Movement Party, and former President Megawati Sukarnoputri, the daughter of Indonesia's first President, Sukarno.{{cite news|title=Golkar Eyes 30% of Votes in 2014 |author=Ezra Sihite |url=http://www.thejakartaglobe.com/news/golkar-eyes-30-of-votes-in-2014/526505 |newspaper=Jakarta Globe |date=26 June 2012 |access-date=4 July 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141028132437/http://www.thejakartaglobe.com/news/golkar-eyes-30-of-votes-in-2014/526505 |archive-date=28 October 2014}}

• United Indonesia Cabinet

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• [http://www.bakrie-brothers.com/ Bakrie & Brothers homepage]

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Category:1946 births

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Category:Golkar politicians

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