Albert Makashov#1991 presidential campaign

Makashov was born in Levaya Rossosh, Voronezh Oblast. He graduated from the Tashkent Higher Combined Arms Command School, finished the M. V. Frunze Military Academy (with the gold medal), and the General Staff Academy (with the gold medal) during the 1960s. He became major general of the Red Army in 1979, serving in the Caucasus region.

In 1989, Makashov was elected to the Supreme Soviet. He ran in the 1991 presidential election as an "independent nationalist", obtaining 3.74%. He then supported the Soviet coup d'état attempt that took place later in the same year. During the October crisis of 1993 he was in charge of the defense of the White House. He organized a people army which, on 3 October, stormed the police cordons, seized the Moscow Mayor's office and attempted to seize the Ostankino Tower.

After the rebellion was suppressed, Makashov and a number of other opposition figures were arrested. After the imprisonment and amnesty in 1994, he was elected a deputy to the State Duma as a member of the Communist Party of the Russian Federation (since 1995).

Makashov ran in the 1991 Russian presidential election. His running mate was Alexey Sergeyev (who had originally been running for president himself).{{cite web |url=http://friends-partners.org/friends/news/omri/1991/04/910422.html(opt,text,unix,english,,new) |title="COMMUNISTS OF RUSSIA" CONFERENCE |last=Mann |first=Dawn |date=April 22, 1991 |website=www.friends-parters.org |publisher=Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty |access-date=September 17, 2018 }}

Having made a name for himself after strongly attacking perestroika at the 1990 RSFSR

Party Congress, calls for Mashakov to run for president arose in mid-May.{{cite web |url=http://friends-partners.org/friends/news/omri/1991/05/910513.html(opt,text,unix,english,,new) |title=GENERAL MAKASHOV PROPOSED FOR RUSSIAN PRESIDENCY |last=Rahr |first=Alexander |date=May 13, 1991 |website=www.friends-partners.org |publisher=Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty |access-date=September 19, 2018 |archive-date=September 20, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180920045359/http://friends-partners.org/friends/news/omri/1991/05/910513.html(opt,text,unix,english,,new) |url-status=dead }}{{cite web |url=http://friends-partners.org/friends/news/omri/1991/05/910515.html(opt,text,unix,english,,new) |title=MAKASHOV AGREES TO RUN FOR RUSSIAN PRESIDENCY |last=Rahr |first=Alexander |date=May 15, 1991 |website=www.friends-partners.org |publisher=Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty |access-date=September 19, 2018 |archive-date=September 20, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180920011353/http://friends-partners.org/friends/news/omri/1991/05/910515.html(opt,text,unix,english,,new) |url-status=dead }} Demonstrators at a May 10, 1991 pro-Stalin demonstration in Moscow organized by the conservative movement Yedinstvo were reported by the media to have called for Mashakov to run. Several military units in Central Russia endorsed him as a candidate.

On May 14, 1991, Makashov announced that he would run for president.

Makashov declared his goal as president would be to preserve Russia as a power by insuring that it be strong and wealthy. He promised that would fight for the preservation of a strong Soviet Union and its armed forces. He also promised that to restore law and order to Russian society.{{cite web |url=http://friends-partners.org/friends/news/omri/1991/06/910604.html(opt,text,unix,english,,new) |title=MAKASHOV CAMPAIGNING |last=Rahr |first=Alexander |date=June 4, 1991 |website=www.friends-partners.org |publisher=Radio Free Europe/ Radio Liberty |access-date=September 20, 2018 |archive-date=September 20, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180920234648/http://friends-partners.org/friends/news/omri/1991/06/910604.html(opt,text,unix,english,,new) |url-status=dead }} He opposed the privatization of Russian industries, arguing that enterprises should instead be placed under the control of worker collectives. He additionally proposed changing the RSFSR's political system so that its parliament and its local soviets would be elected by workers' collectives rather than through popular elections.

Considered to be a hard-liner, during his campaign Makashov publicly exchanged heated debate with reformers such as Aleksandr Yakovlev.{{cite web |url=http://friends-partners.org/friends/news/omri/1991/05/910528.html(opt,text,unix,english,,new) |title=YAKOVLEV CLASHES WITH MAKASHOV |last=Wishnevsky |first=Julia |date=May 28, 1991 |website=www.friends-partners.org |publisher=Radio Free Europe/ Radio Liberty |access-date=September 16, 2018 |archive-date=September 17, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180917071432/http://friends-partners.org/friends/news/omri/1991/05/910528.html(opt,text,unix,english,,new) |url-status=dead }} He also attacked liberal media, accusing them of distributing anti-military propaganda. Makashov's campaign politics were characterized as neo-Stalinist.{{cite book |last=Nichols |first=Thomas M. |title=The Russian Presidency: Society and Politics in the Second Russian Republic }} He was considered to be a military zealot.{{cite web |url=http://www.worldaffairsjournal.org/blog/vladimir-kara-murza/russia%E2%80%99s-first-presidential-election-twenty-years |title=Russia's First Presidential Election, Twenty Years On |last=Kara-Murza |first=Vladimir |date=June 16, 2011 |website=www.worldaffairsjournal.org |publisher=World Affairs Journal |access-date=September 30, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180930121232/http://www.worldaffairsjournal.org/blog/vladimir-kara-murza/russia%E2%80%99s-first-presidential-election-twenty-years |archive-date=September 30, 2018 |url-status=usurped |df=mdy-all }}

Mashakov's campaign appealed to a core base of neo-Stalinists.{{cite book |last1=Solovyov |first1=Vladimir |last2=Klepikova |first2=Elena |date=June 1995 |title=Zhirinovsky |url=https://archive.org/details/zhirinovskyrussi00solo|url-access=registration |publisher=Addison-Wesley Publishing Company |pages=[https://archive.org/details/zhirinovskyrussi00solo/page/17 17–18] |isbn=9780201409482 }} His candidacy received the backing of neo-Stalinist Nina Andreyeva.

Two of the groups which Makashov intended to focus on getting the votes of were military personnel and "patriotic" Russians.{{cite journal |last=Urban |first=Michael E. |year=1992 |title=Boris El'tsin, Democratic Russia and the Campaign for the Russian Presidency |journal=Soviet Studies |volume=44 |issue=2 |pages=187–207 |doi= 10.1080/09668139208412008|jstor=152022 }} A third group he intended to focus on were members of the workforce who were worried by Yeltsin's economic proposals. In order to appeal to this third group, Makashov's campaign repeatedly referenced "social defense" in the transition to a market economy.

Jewish associations and a number of commentators have accused Makashov of being antisemitic. According to a report produced by the Anti-Defamation League and the National Conference on Soviet Jewry, Makashov "has become infamous worldwide for his anti-Semitic outbursts blaming Jews for the country's economic problems, and advocating the establishment of a quota on the number of Jews allowed in Russia."{{cite book|author1=Anti-Defamation League|author2=National Conference on Soviet Jewry|author2-link=National Conference on Soviet Jewry|author-link1=Anti-Defamation League|title=The Reemergence of Political Anti-Semitism in Russia|date=2001|chapter-url=http://archive.adl.org/russia/russian_political_antisemitism_3.html|access-date=20 February 2016|ref=ADL|chapter=Growing Anti-Semitism in Russia|archive-date=22 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140922000800/http://archive.adl.org/russia/russian_political_antisemitism_3.html|url-status=dead}} The Jewish Week stated that Makashov "has long revelled in unabashed anti-Jewish rhetoric".{{cite news|last1=Ruby|first1=Walter|title=The Great Hate Debate|url=http://www.thejewishweek.com/news/international/great_hate_debate|access-date=19 February 2016|work=The Jewish Week|date=10 February 2005|archive-date=2 July 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120702114442/http://www.thejewishweek.com/news/international/great_hate_debate|url-status=dead}}

Makashov was accused of appearing on TV to "advocate the extinction of the 'Zhyds', and he promised to take at least 10 Zhyds with him into the next world." According to Alexander Saley, a communist deputy from Tatarstan and ally of Makashov, "He was misquoted. [He] was quite specific in addressing specific people but the media put it in a more general way. Among Makashov's closest friends are quite a few Jews."{{cite news|title=A history of hate|url=https://www.theguardian.com/theguardian/1999/aug/16/features11.g2|access-date=20 February 2016|work=The Guardian|date=15 August 1999}} After the general's call for expulsion of all Jews at a public meeting in 1999, there were attempts to prosecute him for hate speech; the newspaper Kommersant ran an article about him named "Makashov — Zoological Antisemite".{{cite news|title=Макашов — зоологический антисемит|url=http://www.kommersant.ru/doc/213732|access-date=19 February 2016|work=Kommersant|issue=28|date=25 February 1999|page=2|language=ru}} David Duke, who visited Moscow in 1999, met Makashov and expressed his support for the General.{{cite news|title='МЫ С ВАМИ, БРАТЬЯ ПО БОРЬБЕ!' ('We are with you, BROTHERS TO COMBAT!')|url=http://www.zavtra.ru/cgi/veil/data/zavtra/99/306/82.html|access-date=19 February 2016|work=Zavtra|issue=306|date=10 December 1999|volume=41|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050221081153/http://zavtra.ru/cgi/veil/data/zavtra/99/306/82.html|archive-date=21 February 2005|language=ru}}

Makashov was among the signatories of the "Letter of 5000", which was described as "an appeal to the prosecutor general urging him to review the activity of all Jewish organizations in Russia due to their alleged extremism" against non-Jews. The open letter was published in January 2005 in Rus Pravoslavnaya, a Russian Orthodox newspaper. Amongst the 500 signatures, Makashov was among 19 members of the State Duma (five from the Communist Party, and 14 from the Rodina Party).{{cite web|author1=IRB – Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada|author-link1=Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada|title=Anti-Semitism and response by the government (2005 - March 2007)|url=https://www.ecoi.net/local_link/103913/200496_en.html|access-date=20 February 2016|date=12 March 2007}} Makashov defended the letter in an appearance on a televised debate show hosted by Vladimir Solovyov on 3 February 2005; 53 percent of the more than 100,000 viewers who called the station maintained that Makashov got the better of his debate opponent— Alexei Leonov— who denounced Makashov for ethnic incitement.

{{Reflist}}

• {{cite book|last1=Barylski|first1=Robert V.|title=The Soldier in Russian Politics 1988-1996: Duty, Dictatorship, and Democracy Under Gorbachev and Yeltsin|date=1 January 1998|publisher=Transaction Publishers|isbn=978-1412839075|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P86TpQywbKEC&q=albert+makashov&pg=PA99|access-date=20 February 2016}}
• {{cite book|last1=Jeffries|first1=Ian|title=The New Russia: A Handbook of Economic and Political Developments|date=2013|publisher=Taylor and Francis|location=Hoboken|isbn=978-1136870651|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=COtkAgAAQBAJ&q=albert+makashov&pg=PA234|access-date=20 February 2016}}
• Ostrovsky, Alexander (2014). [https://my-files.su/otgo2w Расстрел «Белого дома». Чёрный октябрь 1993 (The shooting of the "White House". Black October 1993)] — М.: «Книжный мир», 2014. — 640 с. ISBN 978-5-8041-0637-0
• {{cite book|editor1-last=Smith|editor1-first=Christopher H.|editor1-link=Christopher H. Smith|title=Whither Human Rights in Russia: Hearing Before the Commission on Security and Cooperation in Europe, U.S. Congress|date=1 March 1999|publisher=DIANE Publishing|isbn=978-0788189180|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GWMeelaFji4C&q=albert+makashov&pg=PA48|access-date=20 February 2016}}

• [http://www.ourcampaigns.com/CandidateDetail.html?CandidateID=14747 Candidate: Albert Makashov] at Our Campaigns
• [http://www.lebedev.com/persona/?p=makashov Biography] on Lebedev.com (in Russian)
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20071123172045/http://www.duma.gov.ru/index.jsp?t=history%2F2%2F99103832.html Parliamentary page](State Duma website)

{{Candidates in the Russian presidential election, 1991}}

{{Authority control}}

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Category:1938 births

Category:Living people

Category:People from Voronezh Oblast

Category:Communist Party of the Soviet Union members

Category:Communist Party of the Russian Federation members

Category:Members of the Congress of People's Deputies of the Soviet Union

Category:Second convocation members of the State Duma (Russian Federation)

Category:Fourth convocation members of the State Duma (Russian Federation)

Category:Russian nationalists

Category:Soviet colonel generals

Category:People of the 1991 Soviet coup d'état attempt

Makashov

Category:Defenders of the White House (1993)

Category:Antisemitism in Russia

Category:Frunze Military Academy alumni

Category:Military Academy of the General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Soviet Union alumni

Category:Neo-Stalinists

Category:Tashkent Higher All-Arms Command School alumni

Category:Deputy defence ministers of Russia