Alcohol in the United Kingdom

Evidence of historical consumption of alcohol in the United Kingdom stretches back to possibly 12,000 years ago of alcohol fermentation jugs being found.{{Cite web |date=2018-06-20 |title=Are Alcohol Consumption Trends Changing in the UK - UKCBC News |url=https://www.ukcbc.ac.uk/alcohol-consumption-trends-uk-decline/ |access-date=2022-08-17 |website=UKCBC |language=en-GB}}

By the 8th century the consumption of alcoholic beverages had become a "staple part of the British diet among manual workers".

During the Roman Empire, British pub culture, in tabernae, began, combining the northern European tradition of "extremes of heavy episodic drinking" of "feast drinking", which remained untouched from Roman pressure and social drinking within bars.{{Cite web |date=2005-11-19 |title=2,000 years of binge drinking |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/this-britain/2-000-years-of-binge-drinking-516009.html |access-date=2022-08-22 |website=The Independent |language=en}}

During the eighteenth century, alcohol was regarded as a safe substance; its regular consumption was believed to confer health benefits and was considered vital in the country's social milieu. According to Tim Murphy, although alcohol consumption in the nineteenth century did not increase, its consumption increasingly began to emerge as a societal problem and be perceived as an antecedent to social chaos and moral corruption. The onset of the Industrial Revolution is believed to have played a role in the transmutation of societal perception due to the threat drinking posed on the new economic structure reliant on the masses working in factories. Furthermore, excessive drinking was classified as a disease and became subject to medical research and treatments, whereas previously it had only elicited religious condemnation.{{Cite book |last=Murphy |first=Tim |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9e2KT-zW6bcC&pg=PA8 |title=Rethinking the War on Drugs in Ireland |date=1996 |publisher=Cork University Press |isbn=978-1-85918-070-9 |pages=8 |language=en}}

{{Further|Prohibition#United_Kingdom}}

Although the sale or consumption of commercial alcohol has never been prohibited by law in the United Kingdom, historically, various groups in the UK have campaigned for the prohibition of alcohol; including the Society of Friends (Quakers), The Methodist Church and other non-conformists, as well as temperance movements such as Band of Hope, temperance Chartist movements of the nineteenth century and the United Kingdom Alliance who advocated for a legal ban of alcohol. An attempt was also made during the First World War which was due to consumption of alcohol by the army.Daily Telegraph, Friday 23 March 1917, reprinted in Daily Telegraph, Thursday 23 March 2017, p. 30 Legislation passed which had a prohibitionist agenda was the Sale of Beer Act 1854 which restricted Sunday opening hours however this was repealed following widespread rioting in conjunction, another attempt was made in 1859 with a prototype prohibition bill but this was overwhelmingly defeated in the House of Commons.Nick Brownlee (2002) This is Alcohol: 99–100

In the 1930s, the book 'The Pub and the People' was produced by a group of observers who went to observe life in a normal British pub and to come back and report on the culture and activities in working class life.

In 2004, alcohol consumption peaked at an all time high of 11.6 litres{{Cite web |date=2018 |title=Alcohol consumption |url=https://www.ias.org.uk/uploads/pdf/Factsheets/FS%20consumption%20022018.pdf |website=Institute of Alcohol Studies}} which was around double than in 1954.{{Cite web |last=Giles |first=Chrissie |title=Why do the British drink so much? |url=https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20151102-why-do-the-british-drink-so-much |access-date=2022-08-22 |website=www.bbc.com |language=en}}{{Cite web |date=2008-06-12 |title=BMJ - Health Intelligence |url=https://healthintelligence.bmj.com/hi/do/public-health/topics/content/alcohol-misuse/ipts.html |access-date=2022-08-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080612094918/https://healthintelligence.bmj.com/hi/do/public-health/topics/content/alcohol-misuse/ipts.html |archive-date=2008-06-12 }}

Consumption rates for alcohol in the United Kingdom are high along the general trend of OECD nations.

However the disparity between general consumers and people who consume alcohol more than the regular is stark, around 4.4% of drinkers in the entire UK drink around 1/3rd of all alcohol consumed in the country in 2018.{{Cite web |last1=Sumnall |first1=Harry |last2=Hamilton |first2=Ian |title=Britain's drinking habits revealed – new figures |url=http://theconversation.com/britains-drinking-habits-revealed-new-figures-95667 |access-date=2022-08-25 |website=The Conversation |date=May 2018 |language=en}}

File:Alcohol consumption rate in the United Kingdom.svg|Alcohol consumption rate

File:Percentage of people in the UK who drink alcohol atleast once a week.png|Percentage of people in who at-least drank the week being surveyed regionally

File:Alcohol expenditure as share of total UK.svg|Alcohol expenditure as a share of total household income

Heavy binge drinking is well established in Britain and the country consistently ranks highest for binge drinking culture in health reports.

The percentage of people binge drinking varies slightly from constituent country to country, In England in 2019 this was 15%, Wales; 14% and Scotland 18%.{{Cite web |title=Alcohol Consumption UK |url=https://www.drinkaware.co.uk/research/alcohol-facts-and-data/alcohol-consumption-uk |website=Drinkaware}}

Binge drinking costs the UK economy approximately £20 billion a year; 17 million working days are estimated to be lost due to hangovers and drink-related illness each year.{{Cite journal |last=Unit |first=Strategy |date=March 2004 |title=Alcohol Harm Reduction Strategy for England |url=http://www.ave.ee/download/Alcohol%20England.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=Cabinet Office of the United Kingdom |pages=9 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171118173523/http://www.ave.ee/download/Alcohol%20England.pdf |archive-date=2017-11-18 |access-date=2019-04-14}} The cost of binge drinking to employers is estimated to be £6.4 billion and the cost per year of alcohol harm is estimated to cost the National Health Service £2.7 billion.{{Cite journal |last1=Ward |first1=RJ. |last2=Lallemand |first2=F. |last3=de Witte |first3=P. |date=March–April 2009 |title=Biochemical and neurotransmitter changes implicated in alcohol-induced brain damage in chronic or 'binge drinking' alcohol abuse |journal=Alcohol Alcohol |volume=44 |issue=2 |pages=128–35 |doi=10.1093/alcalc/agn100 |pmid=19155229 |doi-access=free|citeseerx=10.1.1.695.779 }} Urgent action has been recommended to understand the binge drinking culture and its aetiology and pathogenesis and urgent action has been called for to educate people with regard to the dangers of binge drinking.

People who do not drink alcohol (teetotal) are a rising percentage of people in the UK, especially amongst younger generations, standing at 20% of the population. This percentage varies through the constituent countries of the UK, in England in 2019, this percentage is 20%, Scotland; 17%, Wales; 20% and Northern Ireland; 19%. In numerical terms, this equates to 10.4 million people.

Deaths due to alcohol consumption have historically risen since the 1990s. In 2020, this has peaked in a 20-year high for England and Wales.{{Cite news |date=2021-05-06 |title=Alcohol deaths highest for 20 years in England and Wales |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/health-57008067 |access-date=2022-08-17}}

File:Share who drank on 5 or more days by income UK.svg|Share who drank on 5 or more days by income

File:Share of drinkers who "binged" on heaviest day of drinking in last week, United Kingdom, OWID.svg|Share of drinkers who "binged" on heaviest day of drinking in last week

File:Rate of premature deaths due to alcohol UK.svg|Rate of premature deaths due to alcohol UK

File:Deaths in age brackets due to alcohol in the UK.svg|Deaths in age brackets

File:Death rates from alcohol use disorders UK.svg|Death rates from alcohol use disorders

File:Share with alcohol use disorders UK.svg|Share of population with alcohol use disorders

File:Alcohol disorders age-standardized rate UK.svg|Alcohol disorders age-standardized rate

{{Multiple image

| total_width = 350

| image1 = Alcohol consumption by type of alcoholic beverage in the United Kingdom from 1890 to 2014.svg

| caption1 = Alcohol consumption by type of alcoholic beverage

| image2 = Beer consumption per person in the UK.svg

| caption2 = Beer consumption

| image3 = Wine consumption per person in the UK.svg

| caption3 = Wine consumption

| image4 = Spirits consumption per person in the UK.svg

| caption4 = Spirits consumption

| direction = vertical

| caption_align = center

| background color =

| header = Consumption of different types of alcohol per person

| image_gap = 10

}}

The United Kingdom has historically been a beer consuming country{{cite journal |last1=Karlsson |first1=Thomas |last2=Simpura |first2=Jussi |year=2001 |title=Changes in living conditions and their links to alcohol consumption and drinking patterns in 16 European countries, 1950 to 2000 |url=http://www.nordicwelfare.org/PageFiles/9407/Changes%20in%20living%20conditions%20and%20their%20links%20to%20alcohol%20consumption%20and%20drinking%20patterns%20in%2016%20European%20countries%2C%201950%20to%202000.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=Nordic Studies on Alcohol and Drugs |volume=18 |issue=1 |pages=82–99 |doi=10.1177/145507250101801S03 |issn=1455-0725 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170808065151/http://www.nordicwelfare.org/PageFiles/9407/Changes%20in%20living%20conditions%20and%20their%20links%20to%20alcohol%20consumption%20and%20drinking%20patterns%20in%2016%20European%20countries,%201950%20to%202000.pdf |archive-date=8 August 2017 |access-date=8 July 2017 |s2cid=73002019}}{{cite book |last1=Shield |first1=Kevin D. |title=Alcohol in the European Union: Consumption, harm and policy approaches |last2=Kehoe |first2=Tara |last3=Gmel |first3=Gerrit |last4=Rehm |first4=Maximilien X. |last5=Rehm |first5=Jürgen |publisher=WHO Regional Office for Europe |year=2012 |isbn=978-92-890-0264-6 |editor1-last=Anderson |editor1-first=Peter |location=Copenhagen |pages=10–28 |chapter=Societal burden of alcohol |access-date=8 July 2017 |editor2-last=Møller |editor2-first=Lars |editor3-last=Galea |editor3-first=Gauden |chapter-url=http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0003/160680/e96457.pdf}} however from the 1960's onwards wine has increased in prevalence of consumption. This increase in consumption has largely come from women, According to the Institute of Alcohol Studies, 7 out of 10 wine bottles bought in supermarkets are bought by women.

{{Main|Beer in the United Kingdom}}

Historically, beer has been the most popular choice of drink in Britain, but since the 1960s and more prominently the 1980s wine consumption has mostly taken up beer's previous market domination within the UK.

In 2018, beer consumption once again became the most consumed type of alcohol within the UK with 8.5 billion pints sold in the year while wine had a total of 7.4 billion 175ml glasses worth sold and cider selling 1.2 billion pints.{{Cite web |date=2019-10-04 |title=Beer confirmed as Britain's most popular alcoholic drink after 8.5 billion pints were sold in 2018 |url=https://beerandpub.com/2019/10/04/beer-confirmed-as-britains-most-popular-alcoholic-drink-after-8-5-billion-pints-were-sold-in-2018/ |access-date=2022-08-26 |website=British Beer and Pub Association |language=en-GB}}

{{Main|Cider in the United Kingdom}}

Cider is also a popular drink within the United Kingdom with the country being the biggest producer of cider within Europe. The UK also is the world's biggest consumer of cider brands. In 2018, a total of 1.2 billion pints worth of cider was sold in the UK. Traditionally, the drink was made from apples, but is not uncommon for several other fruits to be used in cider production, including but not limited to; pears, kiwifruit,

strawberries, raspberries, blueberries, pineapples and passion fruit.

{{Main|Wine from the United Kingdom}}

Wine within the United Kingdom has become a more popular choice of beverage within recent decades.

Production of wine with the United Kingdom compared with recent consumption is quite low but has increased since steadfast since the 1990s. In 2008, production of wine was around 1.34 million bottles which doubled to 3.17 million the following year in 2009.{{Cite web |title=English wine production doubles to 3 million bottles |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/foodanddrink/wine/7672388/English-wine-production-doubles-to-3-million-bottles.html |access-date=2022-08-25 |website=www.telegraph.co.uk|date=3 May 2010 }} In 2018, a record number had been reached of 15.6m bottles being produced in England and Wales.{{Cite web |date=2019-02-01 |title=Record 15.6m bottles of wine produced in England and Wales last year |url=https://www.thedrinksbusiness.com/2019/02/record-15-6m-bottles-of-wine-produced-in-england-and-wales-last-year/ |access-date=2022-08-25 |website=The Drinks Business |language=en-US}}

Wine had a total of 7.4 billion 175ml glasses worth sold in 2018.

Spirits have historically since the nineteenth century, been roughly consumed at the same rate over time in the UK.

In 2017, drinkers were roughly spending £1,500 on mostly premium spirits.{{Cite web |date=2017-07-19 |title=UK drinkers spend more on premium spirits, study finds |url=https://www.thespiritsbusiness.com/2017/07/uk-drinkers-spend-more-on-premium-spirits/ |access-date=2022-08-26 |website=The Spirits Business |language=en-US}}

Popular brands of alcohol in the United Kingdom include;

File:Affordability of alcohol index on a per capita basis from 1987.svg

The price of alcohol has gradually become more affordable overtime on a per capita basis.{{Cite web |last=Easton |first=Mark |title=BBC - Mark Easton's UK: Map of the week: Booze, cost and consumption |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/blogs/thereporters/markeaston/2008/11/map_of_the_week.html |access-date=2022-08-24 |website=www.bbc.co.uk |language=en}} This price varies from location in the UK, in London the average price of a pint is £5.20 while across the UK as a whole it is £3.50.{{Cite web |date=2018-08-05 |title=Camra: more than half of UK adults struggle to afford to drink in pubs |url=http://www.theguardian.com/money/2018/aug/06/camra-more-than-half-of-uk-adults-struggle-to-afford-to-drink-in-pubs-price-of-pint |access-date=2022-08-26 |website=the Guardian |language=en}}

Alcohol sales fell in 2020 due to the closure of pubs during the COVID-19 pandemic.{{Cite web |date=2020-12-19 |title=UK alcohol sales fall despite rise in home drinking |url=http://www.theguardian.com/business/2020/dec/19/uk-alcohol-sales-fall-despite-rise-in-home-drinking |access-date=2022-08-17 |website=the Guardian |language=en}}

The average spend on alcohol per person per week in 2020 was £7.43 across the entire UK, which was 10% higher than in 2017.

{{Main|Alcohol licensing laws of the United Kingdom}}

Alcohol licensing laws have changed over time and vary between constituent countries of the UK but generally remain consistent. {{quote box

| quote = If you’re under 18, it’s against the law:

• for someone to sell you alcohol
• to buy or try to buy alcohol
• for an adult to buy or try to buy alcohol for you
• to drink alcohol in licensed premises (such as a pub or restaurant)

However, if you’re 16 or 17 and accompanied by an adult, you can drink (but not buy) beer, wine or cider with a meal.

If you’re 16 or under, you may be able to go to a pub (or premises primarily used to sell alcohol) if you’re accompanied by an adult. However, this isn’t always the case. It can also depend on the specific conditions for that premises.

It’s illegal to give alcohol to children under 5.

| source = GOV.UK [https://www.gov.uk/alcohol-young-people-law]

| align = right

| width = 30em

}}

Alcohol has had a societal impact on the UK culturally and economically {{Citation needed|date=June 2024}}.

Heavy binge drinking is well established in Britain and the country consistently ranks highest for binge drinking culture in health reports.[1][2]

{{Main|Economy of the United Kingdom}}

The UK alcohol industry makes up around 2.5% of the country's total GDP to national income which equates to a contribution of £46 billion a year, in employment, the industry is responsible for 770,000 jobs which is 2.5% of all employment in the country.{{Cite web |date=February 2017 |title=SPLITTING THE BILL: ALCOHOL'S IMPACT ON THE ECONOMY |url=https://www.ias.org.uk/uploads/pdf/IAS%20reports/rp23022017.pdf |website=Institute of Alcohol Studies}}

• List of countries by alcohol consumption per capita

{{reflist}}

{{Alcohol by countries}}

{{Europe topic|Alcohol in}}

Category:Health in the United Kingdom