OECD

The OECD is the successor organization to the Organisation for European Economic Co-operation (OEEC), established in April 1948 among the European recipients of Marshall Plan aid for the reconstruction of Europe after World War II.{{cite web |title=The Economic Cooperation Authority |url=http://www.marshallfoundation.org/library/doc_eca.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070217121005/http://www.marshallfoundation.org/library/doc_eca.html |archive-date=17 February 2007 |access-date=30 May 2013 |publisher=Marshallfoundation.org}}{{cite book |last1=Christopher |first1=Warren |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YipOlJqr6msC&pg=PA165 |title=In the stream of history: shaping foreign policy for a new era |publisher=Stanford University Press |year=1998 |isbn=978-0-8047-3468-4 |page=165}}{{Cite journal |last=Lintott |first=H. J. B. |date=1949 |title=Machinery for Rebuilding the European Economy: II. The Organization for European Economic Cooperation |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/international-organization/article/abs/machinery-for-rebuilding-the-european-economy-ii-the-organization-for-european-economic-cooperation/3E2D3AC9252A52D6E504D309687EE1E5 |journal=International Organization |language=en |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=269–277 |doi=10.1017/S0020818300020609 |issn=1531-5088}} Only Western European states were members of the OEEC, whose primary function was the allocation of American aid. Its Secretaries-General{{Cite web |title=Definition of SECRETARY-GENERAL |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/secretary-general |access-date=2022-12-14 |website=Merriam-Webster |language=en}} were the Frenchmen Robert Marjolin (1948–1955) and René Sergent (1955–1960). It was headquartered in the Château de la Muette in Paris.

Following the end of Marshall aid in 1952, the OEEC focused on economic issues. Its coordinating role was challenged after the 1957 Rome Treaties establishing the European Economic Community and Euratom. The OEEC provided a framework for negotiations aimed at setting up a European Free Trade Area, to bring the EEC's Inner Six and other OEEC members together on a multilateral basis. In 1958, a European Nuclear Energy Agency was set up in response to Euratom.

By this time, some leading countries felt that the OEEC had outlived its purpose but could be adapted to fulfil a more global mission, which proved to be a cumbersome task. Following several (occasionally unruly) meetings at the Hotel Majestic in Paris, which began in January 1960, a resolution was reached to create a body that would not only solve European and Atlantic economic issues, but also devise policies that could assist less developed countries. This reconstituted organisation would bring the US and Canada, who were already OEEC observers, on board as full members, and the OEEC would set to work straight away on convincing Japan to join the organisation.{{Cite web |last=OECD |title=OECD 60th anniversary |url=http://p00f5244272.eu.racontr.com/index.html |access-date=2022-12-14 |website=OECD 60th anniversary}}{{cite web |title=What is the OECD? Definition and Meaning |url=http://marketbusinessnews.com/financial-glossary/oecd-definition-meaning/ |access-date=6 December 2017 |website=marketbusinessnews.com}}{{cite news |url=http://www.oecdobserver.org/news/fullstory.php/aid/3492/ |title=A majestic start: How the OECD was won, in OECD Yearbook 2011 |work=OECD Observer |access-date=30 May 2013}}

The Convention on the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development was signed on 14 December 1960, and the OECD officially superseded the OEEC in September 1961, consisting of the European founder countries of the OEEC, with the additions of the United States and Canada. Three countries, (Netherlands, Luxembourg, and Italy)—all OEEC members—ratified the OECD Convention after September 1961, but are nevertheless considered founding members. The official founding members are the following:

{{div col|colwidth=15em}}

• Austria
• Belgium
• Canada
• Denmark
• France
• West Germany
• Greece
• Iceland
• Ireland
• Italy
• Luxembourg
• Netherlands
• Norway
• Portugal
• Spain
• Sweden
• Switzerland
• Turkey
• United Kingdom
• United States

{{div col end}}

Japan became a member in 1964, and over the following decade, Finland, Australia, and New Zealand also joined the organisation. Yugoslavia had observer status in the organisation, starting with the establishment of the OECD, until its dissolution as a country.{{cite book |publisher=Springer Nature |title=The OECD and the International Political Economy Since 1948 |chapter=A Socialist Developing Country in a Western Capitalist Club: Yugoslavia and the OEEC/OECD, 1955–1980 |chapter-url=https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-60243-1_4 |editor-last1=Leimgruber |editor-first1=Matthieu |editor-last2=Schmelzer |editor-first2=Matthias |pages=89–111 |last1=Marković |first1=Andrej |last2=Obadić |first2=Ivan |date=2017 |doi=10.1007/978-3-319-60243-1_4 |isbn=978-3-319-60243-1 }} The OECD also created agencies such as the OECD Development Centre (1961), International Energy Agency (IEA, 1974), and Financial Action Task Force on Money Laundering.

The aims of the OECD are stated in Article 1 of the Convention as:

1. to achieve the highest sustainable economic growth and employment and a rising standard of living in Member countries, while maintaining financial stability
2. to contribute to sound economic expansion in Member as well as non-member countries
3. to contribute to the expansion of world trade

Unlike the United Nations' "Organizations," OECD uses the spelling "Organisation" with an "s" in its name, together with a hyphenated "Co-operation".

Following the Revolutions of 1989, the OECD began assisting countries in Central Europe (especially the Visegrád Group) to prepare market economy reforms. In 1990, the Centre for Co-operation with European Economies in Transition (now succeeded by the Centre for Cooperation with Non-Members) was established, and in 1991, the programme, "Partners in Transition", was launched to offer a partnership to Czechoslovakia, Hungary and Poland, including a membership option for these countries.{{cite web |publisher=Permanent Delegation of the Czech Republic to the OECD |title= The Czech Republic in the OECD |url=http://www.mzv.cz/oecd.paris/en/the_czech_republic_in_the_oecd}} As a result of this, Poland,{{cite web|url=http://www.oecd.org/general/avisionforpolandjoiningtheworldsmostadvanced.htm |title= A vision for Poland: Joining the world's most advanced |publisher= OECD |date=23 November 2006 |access-date=3 August 2013}} Hungary, the Czech Republic and Slovakia, as well as South Korea{{cite news |url=http://chicagotribune.com/1996/10/25/south-korea-joins-oecd-south-korea-was/ |title=South Korea joins OECD | newspaper = Chicago Tribune |date=25 October 1996 |access-date=3 August 2013 |archive-date=April 7, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240407004839/http://www.chicagotribune.com/1996/10/25/south-korea-joins-oecd-south-korea-was/}} and Mexico, became members of the OECD between 1996 and 2000.

East Germany joined on 3 October 1990 through reunification with West Germany. In the 1990s, several European countries, now members of the European Union, expressed their willingness to join the Organisation. In 1995, Cyprus applied for membership, but according to the Cypriot government, it was vetoed by Turkey.{{cite web |url=http://www.mfa.gov.cy/mfa/mfa2006.nsf/All/826CB014C0CDE8DEC22571B100229450?OpenDocument |title=International Organisations – Turkey's attempts to exclude Cyprus' membership |publisher=Cyprus Ministry of Foreign Affairs |date= September 2010|access-date=4 November 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110916130855/http://www.mfa.gov.cy/mfa/mfa2006.nsf/All/826CB014C0CDE8DEC22571B100229450?OpenDocument |archive-date=16 September 2011 }} In 1996, Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania signed a Joint Declaration expressing willingness to become members of the OECD,{{cite web |url=http://www.mfa.gov.lv/en/policy/economic/oecd/Cooperation/ |title=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Latvia: Co-operation between the OECD and Latvia |publisher= Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Latvia |date=19 December 2006 |access-date=4 November 2011}} and Slovenia also applied for membership that same year.{{cite web |url=http://www.oecd.org/document/5/0,3746,en_33873108_38910029_45692357_1_1_1_1,00.html |title=Slovenia and the OECD |publisher=OECD |access-date=31 March 2012}} In 2005, Malta applied to join the Organisation.{{cite news |url=http://www.maltamedia.com/cgi-bin/artman/exec/view.cgi?archive=6&num=7485 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111119085305/http://www.maltamedia.com/cgi-bin/artman/exec/view.cgi?archive=6&num=7485 |url-status=dead |archive-date=19 November 2011 |title=Malta applies to join OECD as full member |publisher=Maltamedia |date=24 September 2005 |access-date=4 November 2011}} The EU is lobbying for the admission of all EU member states.{{cite news|last=Beatty |first=Andrew |url=http://www.europeanvoice.com/article/imported/eu-gives-ground-in-oecd-membership-battle/57146.aspx |title=EU gives ground in OECD membership battle |publisher=European Voice |access-date=30 May 2013}} Romania reaffirmed in 2012 its intention to become a member of the Organisation through the letter addressed by Romanian Prime Minister Victor Ponta to OECD Secretary-General José Ángel Gurría.{{cite press release |url=http://www.mae.ro/en/node/18543 |title=Romania's candidacy for OECD membership |publisher= Romanian Ministry of Foreign Affairs |access-date=30 May 2013}} In September 2012, the government of Bulgaria confirmed it would apply for membership before the OECD Secretariat.{{cite news |url=http://www.novinite.com/view_news.php?id=143565 |title=Bulgarian Govt to Confirm OECD Membership Bid |work=Novinite |date=25 September 2012 |access-date=25 September 2012}}

The OECD established a working group headed by ambassador Seiichiro Noboru to work out a plan for the enlargement with non-members. The working group defined four criteria that must be fulfilled: "like-mindedness", "significant player", "mutual benefit" and "global considerations." The working group's recommendations were presented at the OECD Ministerial Council Meeting on 13 May 2004, and on 16 May 2007, the OECD Ministerial Council decided to open accession discussions with Chile, Estonia, Israel, Russia, and Slovenia, and to strengthen cooperation with Brazil, China, India, Indonesia, and South Africa through a process of enhanced engagement. Chile, Slovenia, Israel, and Estonia all became members in 2010.{{cite web |url=http://www.oecd.org/document/11/0,3343,en_33873108_39418658_45115147_1_1_1_1,00.html |publisher=OECD |title=Chile's accession to the OECD |date=7 May 2010 |access-date=7 May 2010}} In March 2014, the OECD halted membership talks with Russia in response to its role in the 2014 Annexation of Crimea.{{cite press release |url=http://www.oecd.org/newsroom/statement-by-the-oecd-regarding-the-status-of-the-accession-process-with-russia-and-co-operation-with-ukraine.htm|title=Statement by the OECD regarding the status of the accession process with Russia & co-operation with Ukraine | date = 13 March 2014 | publisher = OECD | access-date = 5 July 2018}}{{cite web|url=http://www.ledger-enquirer.com/2014/03/13/2999969/oecd-halts-membership-talks-with.html | date = 13 March 2014 | publisher = Ledger-Enquirer | access-date = 5 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140313155417/http://www.ledger-enquirer.com/2014/03/13/2999969/oecd-halts-membership-talks-with.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=13 March 2014|title=OECD halts membership talks with Russia}}

In 2013, the OECD decided to open membership talks with Colombia and Latvia. In 2015, the Organisation opened talks with Costa Rica and Lithuania.{{cite press release |url=http://www.oecd.org/mcm/global-oecd-boosted-by-decision-to-open-membership-talks-with-colombia-and-latvia-with-more-to-follow.htm |publisher=OECD |title=Global OECD boosted by decision to open membership talks with Colombia and Latvia with more to follow | date=30 May 2013 |access-date=12 July 2013}} Latvia became a member on 1 July 2016, and Lithuania soon followed on 5 July 2018.{{cite news | title = Latvia becomes full-fledged OECD member | url = http://www.leta.lv/eng/home/important/133A0BDE-1CFF-C571-B077-54B3F50A45E6/ | access-date= 4 July 2016 | agency = LETA | date = 1 July 2016}}{{cite news | title = Lietuva tapo 36-ąja EBPO nare | trans-title = Lithuania became the 36th member of the OECD | url = https://www.vz.lt/verslo-aplinka/2018/07/05/lietuva-tapo-36-aja-ebpo-nare | access-date= 5 July 2018 | newspaper = Verslo Žinios | date = 5 July 2018}} Colombia signed the accession agreement on 30 May 2018 and became a member on 28 April 2020.{{cite press release |url=https://www.oecd.org/countries/colombia/global-oecd-welcomes-colombia-as-its-37th-member.htm |title=Global OECD welcomes Colombia as its 37th Member |publisher = OECD |date=28 April 2020 |access-date=28 April 2020}} On 15 May 2020, the OECD decided to extend a formal invitation for Costa Rica to join the OECD,{{cite press release | url = https://www.oecd.org/newsroom/oecd-countries-invite-costa-rica-to-join-as-38th-member.htm | title = OECD countries invite Costa Rica to join as 38th member | publisher = OECD | date = 15 May 2020 | access-date = 16 May 2020}} which joined as a member on 25 May 2021.{{cite press release| url=https://www.oecd.org/newsroom/oecd-welcomes-costa-rica-as-its-38th-member.htm | title=OECD welcomes Costa Rica as its 38th Member | publisher= OECD| date=2021-05-25 | access-date=2021-05-25}}

Other countries that have expressed interest in OECD membership are Argentina, Brazil,{{cite web|url=http://fortune.com/2017/05/30/brazil-oecd-membership-temer/ |title=Brazil Is Seeking to Join the OECD Despite Its Political Crisis |newspaper = Fortune |date=31 May 2017 |access-date=22 January 2018}} Croatia,{{cite web|via=Twitter |url=http://www.jutarnji.hr/vijesti/hrvatska/plenkovic-u-davosu-sastao-se-s-federicom-mogherini-gruzijskim-premijerom-svicarskom-predsjednicom-i-sefom-oecd-a/5528875/ |title=PLENKOVIĆ U DAVOSU Sastao se s Federicom Mogherini, gruzijskim premijerom, švicarskom predsjednicom i šefom OECD-a -Jutarnji List |date=19 January 2017 |publisher=Jutarnji.hr |access-date=20 January 2017}} Malaysia{{cite web|url=http://www.dailyexpress.com.my/news.cfm?NewsID=77776 |title=Malaysia has applied to become a member of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development |newspaper = Daily Express |date=24 April 2011 |access-date=30 May 2013}} and Peru.{{cite web|url=http://www.andina.com.pe/Ingles/noticia-peru-eager-to-become-an-oecd-member-436050.aspx |title=Peru eager to become an OECD member |publisher=Andina.com.pe |date=15 November 2012 |access-date=30 May 2013}}

In January 2022, the OECD reported that membership talks were underway with Argentina, Brazil, Bulgaria, Croatia, Peru and Romania.{{Cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/brazil-oecd-process/update-2-oecd-begins-membership-talks-with-brazil-argentina-peru-and-more-idINL1N2U51TB|date=25 January 2022|title=UPDATE 2-OECD begins membership talks with Brazil, Argentina, Peru and more|website=Reuters|first1=Marcela|last1=Ayres|first2=Lisandra|last2=Paraguassu}}

In March 2022, the OECD suspended the participation of Russia and Belarus due to the ongoing 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine.[https://thehill.com/policy/finance/597443-oecd-suspends-russia-belarus-from-any-participation/ OECD suspends Russia, Belarus from any participation].

In June 2022, during the annual OECD Ministerial Council Meeting, the Roadmaps for the Accession to the OECD Convention for Brazil, Bulgaria, Croatia, Peru and Romania were adopted.[Bulgaria, Croatia, Romania on track to join OECD]. In March 2024, the Roadmaps for the Accession to the OECD were adopted with Argentina{{Cite web |date=2024-05-02 |title=Ministers welcome adoption of Roadmap for accession discussions with Argentina |url=https://www.oecd.org/en/about/news/press-releases/2024/05/ministers-welcome-adoption-of-roadmap-for-accession-discussions-with-argentina-.html |access-date=2024-12-06 |website=OECD |language=en}} and Indonesia,{{Cite web |date=2024-05-02 |title=Ministers welcome Roadmap for accession discussions with Indonesia |url=https://www.oecd.org/en/about/news/press-releases/2024/05/ministers-welcome-roadmap-for-accession-discussions-with-indonesia.html |access-date=2024-12-06 |website=OECD |language=en}} and in July 2024, also with Thailand.{{Cite web |date=2024-10-30 |title=OECD kicks off accession process with Thailand |url=https://www.oecd.org/en/about/news/press-releases/2024/10/oecd-kicks-off-accession-process-with-thailand.html |access-date=2024-12-06 |website=OECD |language=en}}

The OECD sets the rules governing international taxation for multinationals through the OECD Transfer Pricing Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises and Tax Administrations, a Model Tax Convention and country-by-country reporting rules.

File:Payroll and income tax by country.png and income tax by OECD country]]

The OECD publishes and updates a model tax convention that serves as a template for allocating taxation rights between countries. This model is accompanied by a set of commentaries that reflect OECD-level interpretation of the content of the model convention provisions. In general, this model allocates the primary right to tax to the country from which capital investment originates (i.e., the home, or resident country) rather than the country in which the investment is made (the host, or source country). As a result, it is most effective between two countries with reciprocal investment flows (such as among the OECD member countries), but can be unbalanced when one of the signatory countries is economically weaker than the other (such as between OECD and non-OECD pairings). Additionally, the OECD has published and updated the Transfer Pricing Guidelines since 1995. The Transfer Pricing Guidelines serve as a template for the profit allocation of inter-company transactions to countries. The latest version, of July 2017, incorporates the approved Actions developed under the Base Erosion and Profit Shifting (BEPS) project initiated by the G20.{{citation needed|date=April 2022}}

Pillar 1

:An OECD proposal to allocate multinational profits (for taxing purposes) to countries where they do business, by a formula, including to markets which multinationals sell into without a physical presence. This is hoped to eliminate the need for Digital Services Tax implemented by several countries, including France. There are exclusions and minimum thresholds, including banking and extractive industries. The proposal involves allocating only residual profit (i.e., profits above what is established through transfer pricing, thus creating a hybrid mechanism). This is essentially no change to what is currently allowed (routine profits allocated using transfer pricing + residual profits allocated through profit split).

Pillar 2

:On 1 July 2021, finance officials from 130 countries agreed on plans for a new international taxation policy known as the global minimum corporate tax (of 15%). If a country taxes a multinational at a lower rate, the multinational's HQ will receive the difference.

It is not certain when the proposals will be implemented.

All the major economies agreed to pass national laws that would require corporations to pay at least 15% income tax in the countries they operate. This new policy would end the practice of locating world headquarters in small countries with very low taxation rates. Governments hope to recoup some of the lost revenue, estimated at $100 billion to $240 billion each year. The new system was promoted by the Biden Administration in the United States and the OECD. Secretary-General Mathias Cormann of the OECD said, "This historic package will ensure that large multinational companies pay their fair share of tax everywhere."Paul Hannon and Kate Davidson, "U.S. Wins International Backing for Global Minimum Tax." [https://www.wsj.com/articles/u-s-wins-international-backing-for-global-minimum-tax-11625153698?mod=hp_lead_pos1 Wall Street Journal July 1, 2021]

The OECD Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises are a set of legally non-binding guidelines attached as an annex to the OECD Declaration on International Investment and Multinational Enterprises. They are recommendations providing principles and standards for responsible business conduct for multinational corporations operating in or from countries adhering to the Declaration.{{Cite web |title=Guidelines for multinational enterprises – OECD |url=https://www.oecd.org/daf/inv/mne/ |access-date=2023-03-23 |website=OECD}}

The OECD publishes books, reports, statistics, working papers, and reference materials. All titles and databases published since 1998 can be accessed via OECD iLibrary. The OECD Library & Archives collection dates from 1947, including records from the Committee for European Economic Co-operation (CEEC) and the Organisation for European Economic Co-operation (OEEC), predecessors of today's OECD. External researchers can consult OECD publications and archival material on the OECD premises by appointment.

File:Reports for sale at the OECD bookshop April 2019.jpg

The OECD releases about 600 books and over 400 papers yearly on topics spanning public policy. The publications are updated to the OECD iLibrary. Most books are published in English and French. The OECD flagship titles include:

• The OECD Economic Outlook, published twice a year. It contains forecast and analysis of the economic situation of the OECD member countries. The OECD exceptionally published the 2020 Economic Outlook on 10 June 2020 to adjust economic forecasts greatly impacted by the Coronavirus since the March Interim Economic Outlook. The June Economic Outlook assesses the economic impact of COVID-19 and provides projections for economic impact if a second outbreak were to occur.{{Cite web|title=OECD Economic Outlook, June 2020|url=http://www.oecd.org/economic-outlook/june-2020|access-date=2020-06-10|website=OECD|language=en}}
• The Main Economic Indicators, published monthly. It contains a large selection of timely statistical indicators.
• The OECD Factbook is published yearly and available online, as an iPhone app, and in print. The Factbook contains more than 100 economic, environmental and social indicators, each presented with a clear definition, tables, and graphs. The Factbook mainly focuses on the statistics of its member countries and sometimes other major additional countries. It is freely accessible online and delivers all the data in Excel format via StatLinks.
• The OECD Communications Outlook and the OECD Internet Economy Outlook (formerly the Information Technology Outlook), which rotate every year. They contain forecasts and analysis of the communications and information technology industries in OECD member countries and non-member economies.
• In 2007 the OECD published Human Capital: How what you know shapes your life, the first book in the OECD Insights series. This series uses OECD analysis and data to introduce important social and economic issues to non-specialist readers. Other books in the series cover sustainable development, international trade and international migration. The series was discontinued in 2017.{{Cite web |title=OECD Insights |url=https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/economics/oecd-insights_19936753 |access-date=2023-03-23 |website=www.oecd-ilibrary.org |language=en}}

All OECD books are available on the OECD iLibrary, the online bookshop or OECD Library & Archives.{{Cite web |title=OECD Archives – OECD |url=https://www.oecd.org/general/oecdarchives.htm |access-date=2023-03-23 |website=OECD}}

OECD Observer, an award-winning magazine,Highly Commended certificate in the annual ALPSP/Charlesworth awards from the Association of Learned and Professional Society Publishers 2002; see article [http://www.oecdobserver.org/news/archivestory.php/aid/825/]. was launched in 1962.{{cite web|url=http://www.oecd.org/general/happybirthdayoecdobserver.htm |title=Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development |publisher=OECD |date=28 November 1962 |access-date=13 January 2014}} The magazine appeared six times a year until 2010, and became quarterly in 2011 with the introduction of the OECD Yearbook, launched for the 50th anniversary of the organisation.{{cite web|url=http://www.oecdobserver.org/news/fullstory.php/aid/3498/OECD_Yearbook_2011.html |title=OECD Yearbook 2011 |work =OECD Observer | publisher = OECD |access-date=13 January 2014}} The online and mobile{{cite web|url=http://m.oecdobserver.org |title=OECD Observer |publisher=M.oecdobserver.org |access-date=13 January 2014}} editions contained news, analysis, reviews, commentaries and data on global economic, social and environmental challenges and listings of the latest OECD books.{{Cite web|url=https://www.oecd.org/en/publications/oecd-observer_15615529.html|title=OECD Observer|website=OECD}} An OECD Observer Crossword was introduced in Q2 2013.{{cite web|url=http://www.oecdobserver.org/news/fullstory.php/aid/4144/OECD_Observer_Crossword.html |title=Crossword No.2 2013 |publisher=OECD Observer |access-date=13 January 2014}} The [https://issuu.com/oecd.publishing/docs/oecd_observer_319_q320 OECD Observer was last issued] in the fourth quarter of 2019, with a double edition looking ahead at artificial intelligence, and a cover leading on why statistical offices should hire a comedian. The OECD Observer website closed in the first quarter of 2021; the archive can be consulted at www.oecd.org.

The OECD's multilateral surveillance was systematically reviewed for the first time in Kumiharu Shigehara, "Multilateral Surveillance: What the OECD can offer?"

(the 1996 Global Finance Lecture, the University of Birmingham, 1996; OECD publication, Paris, 1996) at a time when Shigehara was OECD Chief Economist and Head of Economics Department (1992–1997); he was subsequently OECD Deputy Secretary-General (1997–1999).

It was also discussed in:

• Kumiharu Shigehara, "Surveillance by International Institutions: Lessons from the Global Financial and Economic Crisis" (OECD Working Papers No.860, May 2011, co-authored with Paul Atkinson).{{cite web |url=https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/economics/surveillance-by-international-institutions_5kgchzchkvd2-en |title=Surveillance by International Institutions |series=OECD Economics Department Working Papers |date=17 May 2011 |publisher=OECD |first1=Kumiharu |last1=Shigehara |first2=Paul |last2=Atkinson |doi=10.1787/5kgchzchkvd2-en}}
• Kumiharu Shigehara, "Multilateral Surveillance: the IMF, the OECD and G20" (Ligue Européenne de Coopération Économique, Paris, 2011){{cite web | url=https://www.dailymotion.com/video/xh5xan | title=Dailymotion }}
• Kumiharu Shigehara, "The Limits of Surveillance and Financial Market Failure: Lessons from the Euro-Area Crisis" (Palgrave Macmillan 2014){{cite book | url=https://link.springer.com/book/10.1057/9781137471475 | doi=10.1057/9781137471475 | title=The Limits of Surveillance and Financial Market Failure | date=2014 | isbn=978-1-349-50097-0 | editor-last1=Shigehara | editor-first1=Kumiharu }}

The history of OECD multilateral surveillance from the 1960s to the end of the 1990s was also described in the memoirs titled "the Bank of Japan and the OECD: Recollections and Reflections", written in Japanese by Kumiharu Shigehara and published in December 2019. In his letter of 5 February 2019, Donald Johnston, OECD Secretary-General (1996–2006), noted that Shigehara's "book is very important for the OECD where there is little living institutional memory". The English edition of Shigehara's memoirs titled The Bank of Japan, the OECD, and Beyond was published by Palgrave Macmillan in September 2024.{{cite book | url=https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-981-97-5307-9 | doi=10.1007/978-981-97-5307-9 | title=The Bank of Japan, the OECD, and Beyond | date=2024 | last1=Shigehara | first1=Kumiharu | isbn=978-981-97-5306-2 }}

The OECD is known as a statistical agency, as it publishes comparable statistics on numerous subjects. In July 2014, the OECD publicly released its main statistical databases through the OECD Data Portal, an online platform that allows visitors to create custom charts based on official OECD indicators.{{Cite news|url=http://oecdinsights.org/2015/01/26/over-500-free-databases-from-the-oecd/|title=Find, compare and share OECD data|date=2015-01-26|work=OECD Insights Blog|access-date=2018-10-02|language=en-US}}{{Cite news|url=https://molily.de/oecd-data-portal/|title=New data visualization project: OECD Data Portal · molily|access-date=2018-10-02|language=en}}

OECD statistics are available in several forms:

• as interactive charts on the OECD Data Portal,
• as interactive databases on iLibrary together with key comparative and country tables,
• as static files or dynamic database views on the OECD Statistics portal,
• as StatLinks (in most OECD books, there is a URL that links to the underlying data).

In July 2024, the OECD announced that it "has transitioned to [an] open-access information model" and that Creative Commons CC‑BY‑4.0 attribution licenses will be used on all data and publications.

{{cite web

| author = OECD

| title = OECD data, publications and analysis become freely accessible — Press release

| date = 4 July 2024

| work = Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)

| location = Paris, France

| url = https://www.oecd.org/en/about/news/press-releases/2024/07/oecd-data-publications-and-analysis-become-freely-accessible.html

| access-date = 2024-07-10

}}

There are 15 working papers series published by the various directorates of the OECD Secretariat. They are available on iLibrary, as well as on many specialised portals.

The OECD is responsible for the OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, a continuously updated document that is a de facto standard (i.e., soft law).{{Cite web |title=OECD Test Guidelines for Chemicals – OECD |url=https://www.oecd.org/chemicalsafety/testing/oecdguidelinesforthetestingofchemicals.htm |access-date=2023-03-23 |website=OECD}}

It published the OECD Environmental Outlook to 2030 in March 2008, which argues that tackling key environmental problems—including climate change, biodiversity loss, water scarcity, and the health impacts of pollution—is both achievable and affordable.{{Cite web |title=OECD Environmental Outlook to 2030 – OECD |url=https://www.oecd.org/env/indicators-modelling-outlooks/oecd-environmental-outlook-to-2030.htm |access-date=2023-03-23 |website=OECD}}

In 2020, the inaugural University Press Redux Sustainability Award was given to OECD by the Association of Learned and Professional Society Publishers (ALPSP) and Cambridge University Press.{{cite news |last1=Irfanullah |first1=Haseeb |title=How are Publishing Associations Leading the Way to Meet the SDGs? |url=https://scholarlykitchen.sspnet.org/2023/02/20/how-are-publishing-associations-leading-the-way-to-meet-the-sdgs/ |work=The Scholarly Kitchen |date=20 February 2023}} The award recognized the development of the SDG Pathfinder, an open-access digital discovery tool for finding content and data relating to the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).{{cite web |title=OECD Wins Inaugural University Press Redux Sustainability Award |url=https://www.alpsp.org/news/oecd-wins-inaugural-university-press-redux-sustainability-award-july-2020/258626 |website=Association of Learned and Professional Society Publishers |date=27 July 2020}}{{cite web |title=SDG Pathfinder |url=https://sdg-pathfinder.org/#/ |website=sdg-pathfinder.org}}

The OECD's structure consists of three main elements:{{Cite web |title=Organisational structure |url=https://www.oecd.org/about/structure/ |access-date=2023-03-23 |website=OECD |language=en}}

• The OECD member countries, each represented by a delegation led by an ambassador. Together, they form the OECD Council. Member countries act collectively through the council (and its standing committees) to provide direction and guidance to the work of the organisation.
• The OECD substantive committees, one for each work area of the OECD, plus their various subsidiary bodies. Committee members are typically subject-matter experts from member and non-member governments. The committees oversee all the work on each theme (publications, task forces, conferences, and so on). Committee members then relay the conclusions to their capitals.
• The OECD Secretariat, led by the Secretary-General (currently Mathias Cormann), provides support to standing and substantive committees. It is organised into directorates, which include about {{nowrap|2,500 staff}}.

File:Entrance to the OECD Conference Centre April 2014.jpg

Delegates from the member countries attend committee and other meetings. Former Deputy Secretary-General {{Interlanguage link|Pierre Vinde|sv}} estimated in 1997 that the cost borne by the member countries, such as sending their officials to OECD meetings and maintaining permanent delegations, is equivalent to the cost of running the secretariat.{{cite web |url=http://www.idrc.ca/en/ev-114358-201-1-DO_TOPIC.html |year=2007 |title=The Power of Peer-Learning, chapter 3: OECD's Basic Rules of Conduct – A Sociology of its Institutional Culture |publisher=IRDC |access-date=31 July 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080602214358/http://www.idrc.ca/en/ev-114358-201-1-DO_TOPIC.html |archive-date=2 June 2008}} This ratio is unique among inter-governmental organisations.{{Citation needed|date=September 2013}} In other words, the OECD is more a persistent forum or network of officials and experts than an administration.

The OECD regularly holds minister-level meetings and forums as platforms for a discussion on a broad spectrum of thematic issues relevant to the OECD charter, member countries, and non-member countries.{{cite web|title=OECD Global Forums|url=https://www.oecd.org/globalrelations/globalforums/|publisher=OECD|access-date = 29 October 2017}}

{{more citations needed section|date=April 2022}}

Noteworthy meetings include:

• The yearly Ministerial Council Meeting, with the Ministers of Economy of all member countries and the candidates for enhanced engagement among the countries.
• The annual OECD Forum, which brings together leaders from business, government, labour, civil society and international organisations. Held every year since June 2000, the OECD Forum takes the form of conferences and discussions, is open to public participation and is held in conjunction with the MCM.
• Thematic Ministerial Meetings, held among ministers of a given domain (i.e., all Ministers of Labour, all Ministers of Environment, etc.).
• The bi-annual World Forum on Statistics, Knowledge and Policies, which does not usually take place in the OECD. This series of meetings has the ambition to measure and foster progress in societies.
• The Forum for Harmful Tax Practices
• The Committee on Fiscal Affairs{{citation needed|date=April 2022}}
• OECD Eurasia Week, which includes several high-level policy dialogue discussions to share best practices and experiences in addressing common development and economic challenges in Eurasia.{{cite web|title=OECD Eurasia Week|url=https://www.oecd.org/eurasia-week/|publisher=OECD|access-date = 29 October 2017}}

File:Château de la Muette, Paris 20 March 2019 004.jpg

Exchanges between OECD governments benefit from the information, analysis, and preparation of the OECD Secretariat. The secretariat collects data, monitors trends, and analyses and forecasts economic developments. Under the direction and guidance of member governments, it also researches social changes or evolving patterns in trade, environment, education, agriculture, technology, taxation and other areas.

The secretariat is organised in directorates:{{Cite web |title=List of departments and special bodies |url=https://www.oecd.org/about/document/list-of-departments-and-special-bodies.htm |access-date=2023-03-23 |website=OECD}}

• Centre for Entrepreneurship, SMEs, Regions and Cities
• Centre for Tax Policy and Administration
• Development Co-operation Directorate
• Directorate for Education and Skills
• Directorate for Employment, Labour, and Social Affairs
• Directorate for Financial and Enterprise Affairs
• Directorate for Science, Technology, and Innovation
• Economics Department
• Environment Directorate
• Public Governance Directorate
• Statistics Directorate
• Trade and Agriculture Directorate
• General Secretariat
• Executive Directorate
• Public Affairs and Communication Directorate

The head of the OECD Secretariat and chair of the OECD Council is the Secretary-General. Secretary-General selections are made by consensus, meaning all member states must agree on a candidate.{{Cite web|title=Selection of the Secretary-General of the OECD|url=http://www.oecd.org/about/secretary-general/selection-process/|access-date=2021-02-27|website=OECD }}

{|class="wikitable" style="clear:right; text-align:center"

|+ Secretary-General of the OEEC

! No.

! Secretary-General

! Time served

! Country of origin

|-

| 1

| Robert Marjolin

| 1948 – 1955

| {{flagicon|France}} France

|-

| 2

| René Sergent

| 1955 – 1960

| {{flagicon|France}} France

|-

| 3

| Thorkil Kristensen

| 1960 – 30 September 1961

| {{flagicon|Denmark}} Denmark

|}

{|class="wikitable" style="clear:right; text-align:center"

|+ Secretary-General of the OECD{{cite web| url=https://www.oecd.org/about/secretary-general/listofoecdsecretaries-generalanddeputiessince1961.htm| title=List of OECD Secretaries-General and Deputies since 1961| website=OECD | access-date=17 August 2020}}

! No.

! Secretary-General

! Time served

! Country of origin

! Notes

|-

| 1

| align="left"|Thorkil Kristensen

| 30 September 1961 – 30 September 1969

| align="left"|{{flagicon|Denmark}} Denmark

|

|-

| 2

| align="left"|Emiel van Lennep

| 1 October 1969 – 30 September 1984

| align="left"| {{flagicon|Netherlands}} Netherlands

|

|-

|3

| align="left"|Jean-Claude Paye

|1 October 1984 – 30 September 1994

| align="left"| {{flagicon|France}} France

|

|-

| —

| align="left"|Staffan Sohlman (interim)

| 1 October 1994 – November 1994

| align="left"| {{flagicon|Sweden}} Sweden

|{{cite web|url=http://www.joc.com/after-battle-oecd-settles-swede-be-interim-leader_19941002.html |title=After A Battle, Oecd Settles On Swede To Be Interim Leader |work=Journal of Commerce |first1=Tara |last1=Patel |url-access=subscription |date=Oct 2, 1994 |access-date=27 August 2018 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240404210902/https://www.joc.com/article/after-battle-oecd-settles-swede-be-interim-leader_19941002.html |archive-date= 4 April 2024 }}{{cite news |last=Friedman |first=Alan |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1994/10/29/business/worldbusiness/29iht-oecd_1.html |url-access=subscription |title=U.S. Rejects Extending Paye's Term : Rift Over OECD Leader |work=The New York Times |date=29 October 1994 |access-date=27 August 2018}}

|-

|3

| align="left"|Jean-Claude Paye

|November 1994 – 31 May 1996

| align="left"|{{flagicon|France}} France

|{{Cite web |last=Friedman |first=Alan |date=November 26, 1994 |title=U.S. Gives Up on Forcing Out OECD Chief |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1994/11/26/news/26iht-oecd_0.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171018121354/http://www.nytimes.com/1994/11/26/news/26iht-oecd_0.html |archive-date=Oct 18, 2017 |website=The New York Times}}

|-

| 4

| align="left"|Donald Johnston

| 1 June 1996 – 31 May 2006

| align="left"|{{flagicon|Canada}} Canada

|

|-

| 5

| align="left"|José Ángel Gurría

| 1 June 2006 – 31 May 2021

| align="left"| {{flagicon|Mexico}} Mexico

|{{cite web|title=Members renew Angel Gurría's mandate at the helm of the OECD|url=http://www.oecd.org/newsroom/members-renew-angel-gurrias-mandate-at-the-helm-of-the-oecd.htm|website=OECD |date=May 26, 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230416205708/https://www.oecd.org/newsroom/members-renew-angel-gurrias-mandate-at-the-helm-of-the-oecd.htm |archive-date= Apr 16, 2023 }}

|-

|6

| align="left"|Mathias Cormann

| 1 June 2021 – present

| align="left"| {{flagicon|Australia}} Australia

|{{cite news|title=Mathias Cormann elected next secretary-general of OECD |url=https://www.news.com.au/world/europe/mathias-cormann-elected-next-secretarygeneral-of-oecd/news-story/80db764f7c49055ea6de2f8688776d0a |date=13 March 2021 |website=News.com.au |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210331092707/https://www.news.com.au/world/europe/mathias-cormann-elected-next-secretarygeneral-of-oecd/news-story/80db764f7c49055ea6de2f8688776d0a |archive-date= Mar 31, 2021 }}

|}

File:Chateau de la muette, grand Salon.JPG

Representatives of member and observer countries meet in specialised committees on specific policy areas, such as economics, trade, science, employment, education, development assistance or financial markets. There are about 200 committees, working groups and expert groups. Committees discuss policies and review progress in the given policy area.{{cite web |url=http://www2.oecd.org/OECDGROUPS2/Bodies/ListByNameView.aspx?book=true |title=On-Line Guide to OECD Intergovernmental Activity |publisher= OECD |access-date=4 November 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130415115915/http://webnet.oecd.org/oecdgroups/Bodies/ListByNameView.aspx |archive-date= 15 April 2013}}

OECD has a number of specialised bodies:{{cite web |url=http://www.oecd.org/about/list-of-departments-and-special-bodies.htm |title=List of departments and special bodies |publisher= OECD|access-date=11 January 2018}}

• Africa Partnership Forum
• Blue Dot Network
• Business and Industry Advisory Committee (BIAC)
• Development Assistance Committee
• OECD Development Centre
• International Transport Forum (ITF) (formerly known as the European Conference of Ministers of Transport)
• International Energy Agency
• Nuclear Energy Agency
• Multilateral Organisation Performance Assessment Network (MOPAN)
• Partnership for Democratic Governance (PDG)
• Sahel and West Africa Club
• Trade Union Advisory Committee (TUAC)

OECD decisions are made through voting, which requires unanimity among all of those voting. Each member country has one vote.{{Cite web|url=https://www.oecd.org/about/document/oecd-convention.htm|access-date=2024-05-04|title=Convention on the OECD|publisher=OECD}} However, dissenting members which do not wish to block a decision but merely to signal their disapproval can abstain from voting.{{cite book|author1=Peter Carroll|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WSaeDo9FvkAC&pg=PA78|title=The OECD: A Study of Organisational Adaptation|author2=Aynsley Kellow|date=1 January 2011|publisher=Edward Elgar Publishing|isbn=978-0-85793-989-0|pages=78–}} 22 of the OECD member countries are also EU member states.{{Cite web |title=Relations with the EU: Relations with OECD and UNESCO |url=https://www.eeas.europa.eu/paris-oecd-unesco/relations-oecd-and-unesco_en |access-date=4 May 2024 |publisher=EU|date=7 September 2021}}

{{As of|May 2021}} there are 38 members of the OECD:

{{mw-datatable}}{{sticky header}}{{sort under}}{{static row numbers}}

{| class="wikitable sortable mw-datatable sticky-header sort-under static-row-numbers"

|-

! Country !! Application !! Negotiations !! Invitation !! Membership{{cite web | url = https://www.oecd.org/about/document/ratification-oecd-convention.htm | title = List of OECD Member countries – Ratification of the Convention on the OECD | publisher = OECD | access-date=9 June 2018}} !! Geographic location !! class=unsortable|Notes

|-

| {{flag|Australia}} || || || || {{dts|nowrap=off|7 June 1971}} || Oceania ||

|-

| {{flag|Austria}} || || || || {{dts|nowrap=off|29 September 1961}} || Europe || OEEC member{{cite web|url= http://www.oecd.org/general/organisationforeuropeaneconomicco-operation.htm |title=Organisation for European Economic Co-operation |publisher= OECD |access-date=29 November 2011}}

|-

| {{flag|Belgium}} || || || || {{dts|nowrap=off|13 September 1961}} || Europe || OEEC member

|-

| {{flag|Canada}} || || || || {{dts|nowrap=off|10 April 1961}} || {{nowrap|North America}} ||

|-

| {{flag|Chile}} || {{dts|nowrap=off|November 2003}}{{cite web|url=http://diario.elmercurio.com/detalle/index.asp?id=%7Be52a0c43-c837-4e8d-846d-7e01f0791009%7D |title=Países industrializados alaban avances económicos de Chile |publisher=El Mercurio |date= 18 June 2004 |access-date=31 May 2013|language=es |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303205346/http://diario.elmercurio.com/detalle/index.asp?id=%7Be52a0c43-c837-4e8d-846d-7e01f0791009%7D |archive-date= Mar 3, 2016 }}{{cite web|url=http://diario.elmercurio.com/detalle/index.asp?id=%7B1588a4bc-9022-40b7-8449-46d8f6a2d725%7D |title=Chile está entre los mejores aspirantes para entrar a la OCDE |publisher=El Mercurio |date= 16 June 2004 |access-date=31 May 2013|language=es |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160303225349/http://diario.elmercurio.com/detalle/index.asp?id=%7B1588a4bc-9022-40b7-8449-46d8f6a2d725%7D |archive-date= Mar 3, 2016 }} || {{dts|nowrap=off|16 May 2007}}{{cite web|url=http://www.oecd.org/brazil/oecdcouncilresolutiononenlargementandenhancedengagement.htm |title=OECD Council Resolution on Enlargement and Enhanced Engagement |publisher= OECD |date= 16 May 2007|access-date=31 May 2013}} || {{dts|nowrap=off|15 December 2009}}{{cite web|url=http://www.oecd.org/general/chileinvitedtobecomeamemberoftheoecd.htm |title=Chile invited to become a member of the OECD |publisher=Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development |date=15 December 2009 |access-date=31 May 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131110192311/http://www.oecd.org/general/chileinvitedtobecomeamemberoftheoecd.htm |archive-date= Nov 10, 2013 }} || {{dts|nowrap=off|7 May 2010}} || {{nowrap|South America}} ||

|-

| {{flag|Colombia}} || {{dts|nowrap=off|24 January 2011}}{{cite web|url=https://colombiareports.com/colombia-seeks-membership-to-oecd/ |first1=Hannah |last1=Aronowitz |title=Colombia applies for OECD membership|publisher=Colombia Reports|date=2011-01-24|access-date=2020-04-28}} || {{dts|nowrap=off|30 May 2013}} || {{dts|nowrap=off|25 May 2018}}{{cite press release | url = http://www.oecd.org/countries/colombia/oecd-countries-agree-to-invite-colombia-as-37th-member.htm | title = OECD countries agree to invite Colombia as 37th member | publisher = OECD | date = 25 May 2018 | access-date = 3 June 2018 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180628230754/http://www.oecd.org/countries/colombia/oecd-countries-agree-to-invite-colombia-as-37th-member.htm |archive-date= Jun 28, 2018 }} || {{dts|nowrap=off|28 April 2020}} || South America ||

|-

| {{flag|Costa Rica}} || {{dts|nowrap=off|9 April 2015}} || || {{dts|nowrap=off|15 May 2020}} || {{dts|nowrap=off|25 May 2021}} || {{nowrap|Central America}} ||

|-

| {{flag|Czech Republic}} || {{dts|nowrap=off|January 1994}}{{Cite web |title=Czech Republic to be 26th OECD Member |work=CAROLINA |date=December 1, 1995 |publisher= Faculty of Social Science of Charles University |first1=Jaromir |last1=Vicari |first2=Andrea |last2=Snyder |url=http://carolina.cuni.cz/archive-en/Carolina-E-No-181.txt |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010235651/http://carolina.cuni.cz/archive-en/Carolina-E-No-181.txt |archive-date=10 October 2017 |access-date=31 May 2013 |df=dmy-all}} || {{dts|nowrap=off|8 June 1994}}{{cite news|url=https://apnews.com/5480338d652a397f6cb0ce2f73d96549 |title=Christopher pitches for new role for former communist countries with PM-France-OECD |work=Associated Press News |date=8 June 1994 |access-date=2 June 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180705233413/https://apnews.com/5480338d652a397f6cb0ce2f73d96549 |archive-date= Jul 5, 2018 }} || {{dts|nowrap=off|24 November 1995}} || {{dts|nowrap=off|21 December 1995}} || Europe ||

|-

| {{flag|Denmark}} || || || || {{dts|nowrap=off|30 May 1961}} || Europe || OEEC member

|-

| {{flag|Estonia}} || || {{dts|nowrap=off|16 May 2007}} || {{dts|nowrap=off|10 May 2010}}{{cite web|url=http://www.oecd.org/general/accessionestoniaisraelandsloveniainvitedtojoinoecd.htm |title=Accession : Estonia, Israel and Slovenia invited to join OECD |publisher= OECD |date=10 May 2010 |access-date=31 May 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130705211236/http://www.oecd.org/general/accessionestoniaisraelandsloveniainvitedtojoinoecd.htm |archive-date= Jul 5, 2013 }} || {{dts|nowrap=off|9 December 2010}} || Europe ||

|-

| {{flag|Finland}} || || || || {{dts|nowrap=off|28 January 1969}} || Europe ||

|-

| {{flag|France}} || || || || {{dts|nowrap=off|7 August 1961}} || Europe || OEEC member

|-

| {{flag|Germany}} || || || || {{dts|nowrap=off|27 September 1961}} || Europe || Joined OEEC in 1949 (West Germany).Adenauer und die Hohen Kommissare, Munich 1989, p. 465. [https://books.google.com/books?id=DnlZ17YYwNUC&dq=Deutschland+OEEC&pg=PA465 Available here.]
Previously represented by the Trizone.

|-

| {{flag|Greece}} || || || || {{dts|nowrap=off|27 September 1961}} || Europe || OEEC member

|-

| {{flag|Hungary}} || {{dts|nowrap=off|December 1993}}{{cite web|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/wp/2005/wp05213.pdf|title=Capital Account Liberalization, Capital Flow Patterns, and Policy Responses in the EU's New Member States|publisher=International Monetary Fund|author=Zsófia Árvai|work=IMF Working Paper|date=November 2005}} || {{dts|nowrap=off|8 June 1994}} || || {{dts|nowrap=on|7 May 1996}} || Europe ||

|-

| {{flag|Iceland}} || || || || {{dts|nowrap=off|5 June 1961}} || Europe || OEEC member

|-

| {{flag|Ireland}} || || || || {{dts|nowrap=off|17 August 1961}} || Europe || OEEC member

|-

| {{flag|Israel}} || {{dts|nowrap=off|15 March 2004}}{{cite web|url=http://www.moital.gov.il/NR/rdonlyres/12E6283F-5E9E-48E3-B0B3-5803EB2BAD70/0/IsraelReadyfortheOECDMarkLuban.pdf|title=Israel: Ready for the OECD|publisher=Israel Ministry of Finance|date=March 2006}} || {{dts|nowrap=off|16 May 2007}} || {{dts|nowrap=off|10 May 2010}} || {{dts|nowrap=off|7 September 2010}} || Middle East ||

|-

| {{flag|Italy}} || || || || {{dts|nowrap=off|29 March 1962}} || Europe || OEEC member

|-

| {{flag|Japan}} || {{dts|nowrap=off|November 1962}}{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9qqdRRfwj-EC&pg=PA88|title=Japan's Foreign Policy|author=F. C. Langdon|isbn=978-0-7748-4354-6|date=1 November 2011|publisher=UBC Press }} || || {{dts|nowrap=off|July 1963}} || {{dts|nowrap=off|28 April 1964}} || Asia ||

|-

| {{flag|Latvia}} || || {{dts|nowrap=off|29 May 2013}}{{cite web|url=http://www.oecd.org/latvia/remarks-at-signing-of-accession-agreement-with-latvia.htm |first1=Angel |last1=Gurría |date=2 June 2016 |title=Remarks at the signing of the Accession Agreement with the Republic of Latvia | publisher = OECD |access-date=14 April 2018 |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180414234547/http://www.oecd.org/latvia/remarks-at-signing-of-accession-agreement-with-latvia.htm |archive-date= 14 April 2018 }} || {{dts|nowrap=off|11 May 2016}}{{cite news|url=http://www.oecd.org/latvia/accession-latvia-invited-to-join-oecd.htm|title=Accession: Latvia invited to join OECD |website=OECD|date=11 May 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230101201546/https://www.oecd.org/latvia/accession-latvia-invited-to-join-oecd.htm |archive-date= Jan 1, 2023 }} || {{dts|nowrap=off|1 July 2016}}{{cite web |url=http://www.oecd.org/countries/latvia/latvia-accession-to-the-oecd.htm |publisher=OECD|title=Latvia's accession to the OECD|date=1 July 2016|access-date=6 July 2018}} || Europe ||

|-

| {{flag|Lithuania}} || || {{dts|nowrap=off|9 April 2015}} || {{dts|nowrap=off|31 May 2018}} || {{dts|nowrap=off|5 July 2018}}{{cite web|url=http://www.oecd.org/countries/lithuania/lithuania-accession-to-the-oecd.htm |publisher=OECD|title=Lithuania's accession to the OECD|date=5 July 2018|access-date=6 July 2018}} || Europe ||

|-

| {{flag|Luxembourg}} || || || || {{dts|nowrap=off|7 December 1961}} || Europe || OEEC member

|-

| {{flag|Mexico}} || || || {{dts|nowrap=off|14 April 1994}}{{cite news|url=https://apnews.com/5c32c538b21ed50047612bcd16725a5c|title=Mexico formally invited to join OECD as 25th member|work=Associated Press News|date=14 April 1994 |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230416205559/https://apnews.com/article/5c32c538b21ed50047612bcd16725a5c |archive-date= Apr 16, 2023 }}|| {{dts|nowrap=off|18 May 1994}} || North America ||

|-

| {{flag|Netherlands}} || || || || {{dts|nowrap=off|13 November 1961}} || Europe || OEEC member

|-

| {{flag|New Zealand}} || || || || {{dts|nowrap=off|29 May 1973}} || Oceania ||

|-

| {{flag|Norway}} || || || || {{dts|nowrap=off|4 July 1961}} || Europe || OEEC member

|-

| {{flag|Poland}} || {{dts|nowrap=off|1 February 1994}}{{cite web|url=http://www.msz.gov.pl/resource/53b47207-6fec-4c28-891d-baa5a912a154 |title=Organizacja współpracy gospodarczej i rozwoju |website=msz.gov.pl |language=pl |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20171010235655/http://www.msz.gov.pl/resource/53b47207-6fec-4c28-891d-baa5a912a154 |archive-date= Oct 10, 2017 }} || {{dts|nowrap=off|8 June 1994}} || {{dts|nowrap=off|11 July 1996}}{{cite news|url=https://apnews.com/6b4dd9e85b08d4d60db62478cb3a494a|title=Poland joins think tank of richest nations|work=Associated Press News|date=11 July 1996 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230416205659/https://apnews.com/article/6b4dd9e85b08d4d60db62478cb3a494a |archive-date= Apr 16, 2023 }} || {{dts|nowrap=off|22 November 1996}} || Europe ||

|-

| {{flag|Portugal}} || || || || {{dts|nowrap=off|4 August 1961}} || Europe || OEEC member

|-

| {{flag|Slovakia}} || {{dts|nowrap=off|February 1994}}{{cite web|url=http://www.eiu.com/index.asp?layout=VWArticleVW3&article_id=1764802376&country_id=940000294&channel_id=210004021&category_id=500004050&refm=vwCat&page_title=Article|title=Slovakia politics: Slovakia officially joins OECD|publisher=Economist Intelligence Unit |agency=BBC Monitoring|date=18 December 2000 |website=ViewsWire |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230411120320/http://www.eiu.com/index.asp?layout=VWArticleVW3&article_id=1764802376&country_id=940000294&channel_id=210004021&category_id=500004050&refm=vwCat&page_title=Article |archive-date= Apr 11, 2023 }} || {{dts|nowrap=off|8 June 1994}} || {{dts|nowrap=off|July 2000}} || {{dts|nowrap=off|14 December 2000}} || Europe ||

|-

| {{flag|Slovenia}} || {{dts|nowrap=off|March 1996}}{{cite web |url=http://www.mzz.gov.si/en/economic_diplomacy/slovenia_member_of_the_oecd/accession_process/ |title=Accession Process |publisher=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Slovenia |access-date=31 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131022092804/http://www.mzz.gov.si/en/economic_diplomacy/slovenia_member_of_the_oecd/accession_process/ |archive-date=22 October 2013 |url-status=dead }} || {{dts|nowrap=off|16 May 2007}} || {{dts|nowrap=off|10 May 2010}} || {{dts|nowrap=off|21 July 2010}} || Europe ||

|-

| {{flag|South Korea}} || {{dts|nowrap=off|29 March 1995}}{{cite web|url=http://www2.law.columbia.edu/course_00S_L9436_001/2004/legal%20market.pdf|title=Liberalization of Legal Services Market in Korea |author=Woong Shik Shin}} || || {{dts|nowrap=off|25 October 1996}} || {{dts|nowrap=off|12 December 1996}} || Asia || {{nowrap|Officially the Republic of Korea}}

|-

| {{flag|Spain}} || || || || {{dts|nowrap=off|3 August 1961}} || Europe || Joined OEEC in 1958Julio Crespo MacLennan: Spain and the process of European integration, 1957–85, Basingstoke 2000, p. 31. [https://books.google.com/books?id=VTWqp0JmGNQC Available here.]

|-

| {{flag|Sweden}} || || || || {{dts|nowrap=off|28 September 1961}} || Europe || OEEC member

|-

| {{flag|Switzerland}} || || || || {{dts|nowrap=off|28 September 1961}} || Europe || OEEC member

|-

| {{flag|Turkey}} || || || || {{dts|nowrap=off|2 August 1961}} || Eurasia || OEEC member

|-

| {{nowrap|{{flag|United Kingdom}}}} || || || || {{dts|nowrap=off|2 May 1961}} || Europe || OEEC member

|-

| {{flag|United States}} || || || || {{dts|nowrap=off|12 April 1961}} || North America ||

|}

• {{Flag|Aruba}}
• {{Flag|Bermuda}}
• {{Flag|Curaçao}}
• {{Flag|Gibraltar}}
• {{flagicon image|Flag of Guernsey.svg}} Guernsey
• {{Flag|Isle of Man}}
• {{Flag|Jersey}}
• {{Flag|Sint Maarten}}

Dependent territories of member states are not members in their own right, but may have membership as part of their sovereign state.{{cite web |url=https://www.oecd.org/general/frequentlyaskedquestionsfaq.htm |title=Frequently Asked Questions |publisher=OECD |access-date=30 January 2021}} As of January 2021, the Dutch Caribbean and the British territories of Guernsey, Jersey, the Isle of Man, Gibraltar, and Bermuda {{em|are}} included as part of the OECD memberships of the Netherlands and the U.K., respectively.{{cite web |url=https://www.oecd.org/general/declarationsbycertainmembercountriesrelatingtotheconventionontheoecd.htm |title=Declarations by certain Member Countries relating to the Convention on the OECD |publisher=OECD |access-date=30 January 2021}}{{cite web |url=https://www.oecd.org/legal/ukdependenciesterritories.htm |title=Crown Dependencies and Overseas Territories of the United Kingdom |publisher=OECD | access-date=30 January 2021}} Other dependent territories of OECD member states {{em|are not}} members of the OECD.

• {{Flag|China}}
• {{Flag|European Union}}
• {{Flag|India}}
• {{Flag|South Africa}}

The European Commission participates in the work of the OECD alongside the EU member states.{{cite web |url=http://www.oecd.org/countrieslist/0,3351,en_33873108_33844430_1_1_1_1_1,00.html |archive-url=https://archive.today/20080913221001/http://www.oecd.org/countrieslist/0,3351,en_33873108_33844430_1_1_1_1_1,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=13 September 2008 |title=Member Countries |publisher= OECD |date=1 January 1970 |access-date=23 October 2010}} The OECD designates Brazil, China, India, Indonesia, and South Africa as Key Partners, which participate in policy discussions in OECD bodies, and take part in regular OECD surveys.{{cite web |url=https://www.oecd.org/legal/ukdependenciesterritories.htm |title=Our global reach|publisher=OECD |access-date=8 July 2023}}{{cite web |url=https://www.oecd.org/global-relations/keypartners/#d.en.194387|title=Key Partners |publisher=OECD |access-date=8 July 2023}}

• {{flag|Argentina}} since 2022{{cite press release |date=25 January 2022 |title=OECD takes first step in accession discussions with Argentina, Brazil, Bulgaria, Croatia, Peru and Romania |url=https://www.oecd.org/en/about/news/press-releases/2022/01/oecd-takes-first-step-in-accession-discussions-with-argentina-brazil-bulgaria-croatia-peru-and-romania.html |work=OECD |access-date=24 May 2022}}
• {{flag|Brazil}} since 2022
• {{flag|Bulgaria}} since 2022
• {{flag|Croatia}} since 2022
• {{flag|Indonesia}} since 2024{{Cite web|url=https://one.oecd.org/document/C(2023)176/FINAL/en/pdf|title=Resolution of the council on the opening of accession discussions with Indonesia|work=OECD|access-date=20 February 2024}}
• {{flag|Peru}} since 2022
• {{flag|Romania}} since 2022
• {{flag|Thailand}} since 2024{{Cite web |date=18 June 2024 |title=OECD increases engagement with Southeast Asia further - Opens accession discussions with Thailand |url=https://www.oecd.org/en/about/news/press-releases/2024/06/oecd-increases-engagement-with-southeast-asia-further-opens-accession-discussions-with-thailand.html |access-date=18 June 2024 |work=OECD}}

• {{Flag|Malta}} applied in 2007{{Cite web |date=21 September 2005 |title=Malta applies to join OECD |url=https://timesofmalta.com/articles/view/malta-applies-to-join-oecd.77667 |access-date=2022-08-07 |website=Times of Malta |language=en-gb}}
• {{flag|Ukraine}} since 2022{{Cite web |date=2022-12-12 |title=ОЕСР відкриє регіональний офіс в Україні - Шмигаль |url=https://www.ukrinform.ua/rubric-economy/3632645-oesr-vidkrie-regionalnij-ofis-v-ukraini-smigal.html |access-date=2025-01-02 |website=www.ukrinform.ua |language=uk}}

• {{Flag|Kazakhstan}}{{Cite web |title=Kazakhstan is getting closer to OECD membership|url=https://www.euractiv.com/section/central-asia/opinion/kazakhstan-is-getting-closer-to-oecd-membership/|website=Euractiv|date=19 October 2017|access-date=14 February 2024}}
• {{Flag|Malaysia}}{{Cite web |last=BERNAMA |date=2024-07-22 |title=MALAYSIA CONSIDERS JOINING OECD -- TENGKU ZAFRUL |url=https://www.bernama.com/tv/news.php?id=2320473 |access-date=2024-08-02 |website=BERNAMA |language=en}}
• {{VNM}}{{Cite web |last=Vietnam+ (VietnamPlus) |date=2025-01-22 |title=PM meets with OECD Secretary-General in Davos |url=https://en.vietnamplus.vn/pm-meets-with-oecd-secretary-general-in-davos-post308786.vnp |access-date=2025-01-22 |website=Vietnam+ |publisher=Vietnam News Agency |quote=PM Chinh suggested that the OECD consider Vietnam’s early accession to the organisation and facilitate the inclusion of Vietnamese professionals within its Secretariat.}}

• {{flagicon image|Free Territory Trieste Flag.svg}} Free Territory of Trieste

The Free Territory of Trieste (Zone A) was a member of the OEEC until 1954, when it merged with Italy and ceased to exist as an independent territorial entity.

• {{Flag|Belarus}}
• {{Flag|Russia}}

In May 2007, the OECD decided to open accession negotiations with Russia. In March 2014, the OECD halted membership talks in response to Russia's role in that year's Crimean Annexation and continuous human and civil rights abuses. On 25 February 2022, the OECD terminated the accession process with Russia after it invaded Ukraine.{{cite web |title=Statement from OECD Secretary-General on initial measures taken in response to Russia's large scale aggression against Ukraine |date=25 February 2022 |url=https://www.oecd.org/en/about/news/speech-statements/2022/02/statement-from-oecd-secretary-general-on-initial-measures-taken-in-response-to-russia-s-large-scale-aggression-against-ukraine-.html |publisher=OECD |access-date=25 February 2022}}

In March 2022, Belarus was suspended from any participation in the OECD.{{Cite news |last=Burns |first=Tobias |date=2022-03-08 |title=OECD suspends Russia, Belarus from any participation |url=https://thehill.com/policy/finance/597443-oecd-suspends-russia-belarus-from-any-participation/ |access-date=2024-02-07 |work=The Hill |language=en-US}}

The OECD operates on a two-year budget determined by member countries, with annual revenues over 700 million EUR during the most recent reporting period (2021–2022).{{cite web|url=https://www.oecd.org/en/about/budget.html|title=OECD - About - Budget|author=OECD|page=|date=2024|access-date=2024-10-13}}{{cite web|url=https://one.oecd.org/document/BC(2023)13/en/pdf|title=Financial Statements of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development as at 31 December 2022|author=OECD|page=8/61|date=2023-06-01|access-date=2024-10-13}}

Totalling an estimated 229.9m EUR in 2024, assessed contributions to the "Part I Budget" is largest single source of revenue for the OECD and these contributions are based on both the number of OECD members and the proportional size of their national economies.{{cite web|url=https://www.oecd.org/en/about/budget/member-countries-budget-contributions.html|title=Member countries' budget contributions|author=OECD|page=|date=2024|access-date=2024-10-13}}

{{mw-datatable}}{{sticky header}}{{sort under}}{{static row numbers}}

{| class="wikitable sortable mw-datatable sticky-header sort-under static-row-numbers"

|+2024 Part I budget contribution shares

!Member country

!% contribution

|-

|{{flag|Australia}}

|3.3

|-

|{{flag|Austria}}

|1.5

|-

|{{flag|Belgium}}

|1.7

|-

|{{flag|Canada}}

|3.8

|-

|{{flag|Chile}}

|1.2

|-

|{{flag|Colombia}}

|1.2

|-

|{{flag|Costa Rica}}

|0.9

|-

|{{flag|Czech Republic}}

|1.2

|-

|{{flag|Denmark}}

|1.4

|-

|{{flag|Estonia}}

|0.8

|-

|{{flag|Finland}}

|1.2

|-

|{{flag|France}}

|5.1

|-

|{{flag|Germany}}

|7.6

|-

|{{flag|Greece}}

|1.1

|-

|{{flag|Hungary}}

|1.0

|-

|{{flag|Iceland}}

|0.6

|-

|{{flag|Ireland}}

|1.4

|-

|{{flag|Israel}}

|1.5

|-

|{{flag|Italy}}

|3.9

|-

|{{flag|Japan}}

|8.5

|-

|{{flag|South Korea}}

|3.5

|-

|{{flag|Latvia}}

|0.8

|-

|{{flag|Lithuania}}

|0.9

|-

|{{flag|Luxembourg}}

|0.8

|-

|{{flag|Mexico}}

|2.7

|-

|{{flag|Netherlands}}

|2.4

|-

|{{flag|New Zealand}}

|1.2

|-

|{{flag|Norway}}

|1.6

|-

|{{flag|Poland}}

|1.7

|-

|{{flag|Portugal}}

|1.2

|-

|{{flag|Slovakia}}

|1.0

|-

|{{flag|Slovenia}}

|0.9

|-

|{{flag|Spain}}

|2.9

|-

|{{flag|Sweden}}

|1.7

|-

|{{flag|Switzerland}}

|2.1

|-

|{{flag|Turkey}}

|1.9

|-

|{{nowrap|{{flag|United Kingdom}}}}

|5.5

|-

|{{flag|United States}}

|18.3

|-

!Total

!100.0

|}

File:Délégation Chili OCDE.jpg|Permanent Mission of Austria to the OECD

File:Délégation Canada OCDE.jpg|Permanent Mission of Canada to the OECD

File:Délégation Chili OCDE.jpg|Permanent Mission of Chile to the OECD

File:40 rue de Boulainvilliers, Paris 16e 2.jpg|Permanent Mission of the Czech Republic to the OECD

File:Délégation Finlande OCDE 2.jpg|Permanent Mission of Finland to the OECD

File:Représentation permanente France OCDE, 5 rue Oswaldo Cruz 2.jpg|Permanent Mission of France to the OECD

File:9 rue Maspero.jpg|Permanent Mission of Germany to the OECD

File:Hôtel de Galliffet, 50 rue de Varenne, Paris 7e.jpg|Permanent Mission of Italy to the OECD

File:Centre d'affaires Paris Trocadéro 4.jpg|Permanent Mission of Japan to the OECD

File:Embassy of Mexico to the OECD-Paris.jpg|Permanent Mission of Mexico to the OECD

File:136 rue de Longchamp, Paris 16e.jpg|Permanent Mission of Poland to the OECD

File:Délégation Portugal OCDE, 10 rue Édouard-Fournier, Paris 16e 5.jpg|Permanent Mission of Portugal to the OECD

File:Délégation permanente de la République slovaque auprès de l'OCDE 2.jpg|Permanent Mission of Slovak Republic to the OECD

File:Délégation Corée OCDE, 4 place de la porte de Passy, Paris 16e 5-1.jpg|Permanent Mission of South Korea to the OECD

File:Rue Martignac - Paris VII (FR75) - 2024-08-07 - 2.jpg|Permanent Mission of Switzerland to the OECD

File:Délégation Turquie OCDE, 9 rue Alfred-Dehodencq, Paris 16e.jpg|Permanent Mission of Turkey to the OECD

File:12 avenue Raphaël, Paris 16e 2.jpg|Permanent Mission of the United States to the OECD

{{Portal|France}}

• Frascati Manual
• German Marshall Fund
• Good laboratory practice
• International organisations in Europe
• List of country groupings
• List of multilateral free trade agreements
• Marshall Plan
• OECD Anti-Bribery Convention
• OECD Better Life Index
• OECD Environmental Performance Reviews
• OECD iLibrary (replaced SourceOECD in July 2010){{cite web|title=OECD iLibrary (formerly: Source OECD)|url=http://oculd.scholarsportal.info/dbs/view.php?dbid=162|website=Ontario Council of University Libraries|access-date=29 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305080300/http://oculd.scholarsportal.info/dbs/view.php?dbid=162|archive-date=5 March 2016 |date=28 November 2011|quote=OECD iLibrary is OECD's Online Library for Books, Papers and Statistics and the gateway to OECD's analysis and data. It has replaced SourceOECD in July 2010.}}
• OECD Working Party on SMEs and Entrepreneurship
• Official development assistance
• Transfer pricing
• International Transport Forum

{{reflist|30em}}

{{commons}}

• {{Official website}}
• [https://www.oecd.org/ Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development]
• [https://data.oecd.org/ OECD Data]
• [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/03057925.2022.2078955#d1e240 The OECD and epistemic (de)colonisation: Globalising visions for knowledge in the Learning Compass 2030]

{{Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development}}

{{International power}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Organisation For Economic Co-Operation And Development}}

Category:1948 establishments in France

Category:16th arrondissement of Paris

Category:Cold War organizations

Category:Forecasting organizations

Category:International economic organizations

Category:International organizations based in France

Category:International trade organizations

Category:Organizations based in Paris

Category:Organizations established in 1948

Category:United Nations General Assembly observers