Aleutian Islands

Motion between the Kula Plate and the North American Plate along the margin of the Bering Shelf (in the Bering Sea north of the Aleutian arc) ended in the early Eocene. The Aleutian Basin, the ocean floor north of the Aleutian arc, is the remainder of the Kula Plate that was trapped when volcanism and subduction jumped south to its current location at {{Circa}} 56 Ma.{{Cite journal

| last1 = Klemperer | first1 = S. L.

| last2 = Miller | first2 = E. L.

| last3 = Grantz | first3 = A.

| last4 = Scholl | first4 = D. W.

| title = Crustal structure of the Bering and Chukchi shelves: Deep seismic reflection profiles across the North American continent between Alaska and Russia

| year = 2002 | journal = Special Papers, Geological Society of America | volume = 360 | pages =1–24

| url = https://www.researchgate.net/publication/280292183 | access-date = 30 July 2018

| isbn = 9780813723600 }}

The Aleutian island arc formed in the Early Eocene (55–50 {{Abbr|Ma|million year ago}}) when the subduction of the Pacific Plate under the North American Plate began. The arc is made of separate blocks that have been rotated clockwise. The basement underlying the islands is made of three stratigraphic units: an Eocene layer of volcanic rock, an Oligocene–Miocene layer of marine sedimentary rock, and a Pliocene–Quaternary layer of sedimentary and igneous rock.{{Cite journal | last1 = Holbrook | first1 = W. S. | last2 = Lizarralde | first2 = D. | last3 = McGeary | first3 = S. | last4 = Bangs | first4 = N. | last5 = Diebold | first5 = J. | title = Structure and composition of the Aleutian island arc and implications for continental crustal growth | year = 1999 | journal = Geology | volume = 27 | issue = 1 | pages = 31–34 | url = https://steveholbrook.com/research/deep_structure_of_magmatic_/aleutian_arc/holbrook_1999_geology_repri.pdf | access-date = 30 July 2018 | doi = 10.1130/0091-7613(1999)027<0031:SACOTA>2.3.CO;2 | bibcode = 1999Geo....27...31H | archive-date = 12 April 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190412065212/https://steveholbrook.com/research/deep_structure_of_magmatic_/aleutian_arc/holbrook_1999_geology_repri.pdf | url-status = live }}

File:UnalaskaAlaska.jpg in the Aleutian Islands]]

File:North-Pacific-air-routes.png

The islands, known before 1867 as the Catherine Archipelago, include six groups (east to west)

• Fox Islands (the main islands are Unimak, Akutan, Unalaska and Umnak)
• Islands of Four Mountains (the main islands are Yunaska and Chuginadak)
• Andreanof Islands (the main islands are Adak, Atka, Amlia, Seguam, Kanaga and Tanaga)
• Rat Islands (the main islands are Kiska and Amchitka)
• Near Islands (the main islands are Attu Island, Agattu Island and the Semichi Islands - Alaid, Nizki and Shemya)
• Commander Islands (the main islands are Bering and Medny)

All six are located between 51° and 55° N latitude and 172° E and 163° W longitude.i.e. east of 172° E and west of 163° W longitude, straddling the antimeridian The largest islands in the Aleutians are Attu (the farthest from the mainland), and Unalaska, Umnak, and Unimak in the Fox Islands. The largest of those is Unimak Island, with an area of 1,571.41 mi² (4,069.9 km²), followed by Unalaska Island, the only other Aleutian Island with an area over 1,000 square miles (2,600 km²).

The axis of the archipelago near the mainland of Alaska has a southwest trend, but at Tanaga Island (about 178° W) its direction changes to the northwest. This change of direction corresponds to a curve in the line of volcanic fissures that have contributed their products to the building of the islands. Such curved chains are repeated about the Pacific Ocean in the Kuril Islands, the Japanese chain, and in the Philippines. All these island arcs are at the edge of the Pacific Plate and experience much seismic activity, but are still habitable; the Aleutians lie between the Pacific and North American tectonic plates.{{Citation needed|date=February 2017}} The general elevation is greatest in the eastern islands and least in the western. The island chain is a western continuation of the Aleutian Range on the mainland.{{EB1911|inline=y|wstitle=Aleutian Islands|volume=1|pages=543–544}}

The great majority of the islands bear evident marks of volcanic origin, and there are numerous volcanic cones on the north side of the chain, some of them active; many of the islands, however, are not wholly volcanic, but contain crystalline or sedimentary rocks, and also amber and beds of lignite. The coasts are rocky and surf-worn, and the approaches are exceedingly dangerous, the land rising immediately from the coasts to steep, bold mountains.

These volcanic islands reach heights of {{convert|6200|ft|m}}. Makushin Volcano ({{convert|5691|ft|m}}) on Unalaska Island, is not quite visible from within the town of Unalaska, though the steam rising from its cone is visible on a (rare) clear day. Residents of Unalaska need only to climb one of the smaller hills in the area, such as Pyramid Peak or Mt. Newhall, to get a good look at the snow-covered cone. The volcanic Bogoslof and Fire Islands, which rose from the sea in 1796 and 1883 respectively, lie about {{convert|30|mi|km|-1}} west of Unalaska Bay.

In 1906, a new volcanic cone rose between the islets of Bogoslof and Grewingk, near Unalaska, followed by another in 1907. These cones were nearly demolished by an explosive eruption on September 1, 1907. In 2017, the volcanic cone erupted sending ash and ice particles 30,000 feet (9000 m) into the air.{{Cite news|url=https://www.foxnews.com/us/alaska-volcano-erupts-again-sending-up-another-ash-cloud|title=Alaska volcano erupts again, sending up another ash cloud|date=2017-01-26|newspaper=Fox News|language=en-US|access-date=2017-01-27|archive-date=2017-01-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170126212545/http://www.foxnews.com/us/2017/01/26/alaska-volcano-erupts-again-sending-up-another-ash-cloud.html|url-status=live}}

Alfred Russel Wallace's 1879 book Australasia, Ian Todd's 1974 book Island Realm: A Pacific Panorama and Dean Kohlhoff's 2002 book Amchitka and the Bomb: Nuclear Testing in Alaska all associate the Aleutian Islands with the Oceania region due to their status as remote islands in the Pacific.{{cite book |last1=Todd |first1=Ian |title=Island Realm: A Pacific Panorama |date=1974 |publisher=Angus & Robertson |page= |isbn=9780207127618 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gcEJAQAAIAAJ&q=%22island+realm+a+pacific+panorama%22 |access-date=12 February 2022 |quote= |archive-date=3 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230703174815/https://books.google.com/books?id=gcEJAQAAIAAJ&q=%22island+realm+a+pacific+panorama%22 |url-status=live }}{{cite book |last1=Wallace |first1=Alfred Russel |title=Australasia |date=1879 |publisher=The University of Michigan |page=2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e2kcAAAAMAAJ&dq=%22oceania+is+the+word+often%22&pg=PA2 |access-date=12 March 2022 |quote=Oceania is the word often used by continental geographers to describe the great world of islands we are now entering upon [...] This boundless watery domain, which extends northwards of Behring Straits and southward to the Antarctic barrier of ice, is studded with many island groups, which are, however, very irregularly distributed over its surface. The more northerly section, lying between Japan and California and between the Aleutian and Hawaiian Archipelagos is relived by nothing but a few solitary reefs and rocks at enormously distant intervals. |archive-date=30 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220730064236/https://www.google.com.au/books/edition/Australasia/e2kcAAAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=%22oceania+is+the+word+often%22&pg=PA2&printsec=frontcover |url-status=live }}{{cite book |last1=Kohlhoff |first1=Dean |title=Amchitka and the Bomb: Nuclear Testing in Alaska |date=2002 |publisher=University of Washington Press |page=6 |isbn=9780295800509 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kSWn8lbI4q4C&dq=%22aleutian+islands%22+%22oceania%22&pg=PA6 |access-date=12 March 2022 |quote=The regional name of the Pacific Islands is appropriate: Oceania, a sea of islands, including those of Alaska and Hawaii. The Pacific Basin is not insignificant or remote. It covers one third of the globe's surface. Its northern boundary is the Aleutian Islands chain. Oceania virtually touches all of the Western Hemisphere. |archive-date=17 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230517051213/https://books.google.com/books?id=kSWn8lbI4q4C&dq=%22aleutian+islands%22+%22oceania%22&pg=PA6 |url-status=live }} The islands, having biogeographical and ethnocultural affinities to North America, are not ordinarily considered a part of the region.{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Oceania-region-Pacific-Ocean|title=Oceania | Definition, Population, & Facts | Britannica|website=www.britannica.com|access-date=2022-02-11|archive-date=2023-09-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230913004432/https://www.britannica.com/place/Oceania-region-Pacific-Ocean|url-status=live}}{{cite book |last1=Henderson |first1=John William |title=Area Handbook for Oceania |date=1971 |publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office |page=5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NuOIqt-UQowC&dq=%22oceania%22+%22aleutian+islands%22&pg=PR5 |access-date=11 March 2022 |archive-date=6 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406111120/https://books.google.com/books?id=NuOIqt-UQowC&dq=%22oceania%22+%22aleutian+islands%22&pg=PR5 |url-status=live }}

File:Aleutians-space.jpg|Image of the islands taken by the STS-56 crew. Amlia Island is visible in the upper left of the photo, while the eastern half of Atka Island is shown at the right. North is to the bottom left in this photo.

File:Aleutian Clouds.jpg|These cloud formations were seen over the western Aleutian Islands.

File:Alaska's Aleutian Island (ASTER).jpg|ASTER image of the islands

File:Aleutian Islands amo 2014135 lrg.jpg|Aleutian Islands on May 15, 2014, by NASA's Aqua satellite

File:Kuluk Bay, Adak, Alaska - panoramio.jpg's climate creates a tundra.]]

The climate of the islands is oceanic, with moderate and fairly uniform temperatures and heavy rainfall. Fogs are almost constant. Summer weather is much cooler than Southeast Alaska (around Sitka), but the winter temperature of the islands and of the Alaska Panhandle is nearly the same. According to the Köppen climate classification system, the area southwest of {{Coord|53.5|-167.0|scale:10000000|format=dec|display=inline}}, on Unalaska Island, has a "Subpolar Oceanic Climate" (type "Cfc", as does Reykjavík, Tórshavn, Punta Arenas, Ushuaia and the Auckland Islands), characterized by the coldest month averaging above {{Convert|0|°C|°F}}, one to three months averaging above {{Convert|10|°C|°F}}, and no significant precipitation differences between seasons. To the northeast of that point, the climate becomes "Subarctic With Cool Summers And Year Around Rainfall" (type "Dfc", like Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, Murmansk, St. Moritz, and Labrador City), where it is similar albeit colder, with the coldest month averaging below {{Convert|0|°C|°F}}.{{Cite web|url=https://www.plantmaps.com/koppen-climate-classification-map-united-states.php|title=Interactive United States Koppen-Geiger Climate Classification Map|website=www.plantmaps.com|language=en|access-date=2018-10-31|archive-date=2018-10-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181011214712/https://www.plantmaps.com/koppen-climate-classification-map-united-states.php|url-status=live}} During the winter, the islands become the center of a semi-permanent low-pressure area called the Aleutian Low.{{cite journal |last1=Rodionov |first1=S.N. |last2=Bond |first2=N.A. |last3=Overland |first3=J.E. |title=The Aleutian Low, storm tracks, and winter climate variability in the Bering Sea |journal=Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography |date=November 2007 |volume=54 |issue=23–26 |pages=2560–2577 |doi=10.1016/j.dsr2.2007.08.002 |bibcode=2007DSRII..54.2560R}}

The mean annual temperature for Unalaska, the most populated island of the group, is about 38 °F (3 °C), being about 30 °F (−1 °C) in January and about 52 °F (11 °C) in August. The highest and lowest temperatures recorded on the islands were 78 °F (26 °C) and 5 °F (−15 °C), respectively. The average amount of annual rainfall is about {{convert|80|in|mm|-2}}; Unalaska, with about 250 rainy days per year, is said to be one of the rainiest places within the U.S.

File:Cape Promontory Cape Lutkes, Alaska. Cape Lutkes is part of the Aleutian Islands.JPG in the Aleutian Islands, Alaska]]

The growing season lasts approximately 135 days, from early in May until late in September, but agriculture is limited to the raising of few vegetables. With the exception of some stunted willows, the vast majority of the chain is devoid of native trees. On some of the islands, such as Adak and Amaknak, there are a few coniferous trees growing, remnants of the Russian period. While tall trees grow in many cold climates, Aleutian conifers — some estimated to be two hundred years old — rarely reach a height of even {{convert|10|ft|m|0}}, and many of them are still less than {{convert|5|ft|m}} tall. This is because the islands, much like the Falklands and other islands of similar latitudes, experience such strong winds that taller trees are vulnerable to snapping off.

Instead of trees, the islands are covered with a luxuriant, dense growth of herbage and shrubs, including crowberry, bluejoint, grasses, sedges, and many flowering plants.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}} There are areas of peat bog near the coasts. Endemic plants include the endangered Aleutian shield fern.

There is currently almost no naturally occurring forest in the Aleutian Islands, except with the help of human intervention. For example, the Adak Forest on Adak Island is a man-made tree group consisting of 33 trees.{{Cite web|url=https://alaskamagazine.com/travel/western-alaska/americas-smallest-forest/|title=America's Smallest Forest?|website=alaskamagazine.com|date=4 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230524024025/https://alaskamagazine.com/travel/western-alaska/americas-smallest-forest/|archive-date=2023-05-24}}{{Cite web|url=https://naldc.nal.usda.gov/download/CAT87208698/PDF|title=Guide to Alaska Trees|website=naldc.nal.usda.gov|publisher=United States National Agricultural Library|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230524024043/https://naldc.nal.usda.gov/download/CAT87208698/PDF|archive-date=2023-05-24}}

File:Killerwhales jumping.jpgs near Unimak Island, eastern Aleutian Islands]]

File:Amak Island, Steller's Sea Lion haul out.jpgs haul out on Amak Island.]]

The Aleutians are home to many large colonies of seabirds. Buldir Island has 21 breeding seabird species, including the Bering Sea-endemic red-legged kittiwake. Large seabird colonies are also present at Kiska, Gareloi, Semisopochnoi, Bogoslof, and others. The islands are also frequented by vagrant Asiatic birds, including the common rosefinch, Siberian rubythroat, bluethroat, lanceolated warbler, and the first North American record of the intermediate egret.[https://www.mun.ca/serg/Buldir/buldirbirds.html buldirbirds]www.mun.ca {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141017080558/https://www.mun.ca/serg/Buldir/buldirbirds.html |date=2014-10-17 }}

The habitats of the Aleutians are largely unspoiled, but wildlife is affected by competition from introduced species such as cattle, caribou, and foxes. Nearly all of the Aleutians are protected as part of the Alaska Maritime National Wildlife Refuge and the Aleutian Islands Wilderness.{{WWF ecoregion|name=Aleutian Islands|id=na1102}}

Observations have identified sea otters as a keystone species along the coasts of many of the Aleutian Islands. Their presence encourages the growth of kelp forests, as the otters control sea urchin populations (as large populations of sea urchins can create urchin barrens by clearing away kelp stands).{{cite book |last=Estes |first=James |date=2016 |title=Serendipity: An Ecologist's Quest to Understand Nature |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0520285033}}

File:Residences in Adak. Adak Island, Aleutian Islands, Alaska - panoramio.jpg, Adak Island]]

The native people refer to themselves as Unangan, and are now generally known by most non-natives as the Aleut. The Aleut language is one of the two main branches of the Eskimo–Aleut language family. This family is not known to be related to any others. The 2020 U.S. Census recorded a population of 7,152 on the islands, of whom 4,254 were living in the main settlement of Unalaska.

File:Dutch harbor crab boats.jpg]]

On the less mountainous islands, the raising of sheep and reindeer was once believed to be practicable.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}} There are bison on islands near Sand Point. Sheep raising seems to have died off with the advent of synthetic fibers, which lowered the value of wool. During the 1980s, there were some llama being raised on Unalaska. The current economy is primarily based on fishing, and the presence of U.S. military. The only crop is potato. Chickens are raised in barns under protection from the cold.

In addition to a partial air service and a ferry service, the Alaska Marine Highway passes through many of the U.S. islands.

Because the islands stretch like a broken bridge from the continent Asia to the continent North America, many anthropologists{{citation_needed|date=September 2022}} hypothesize they were a route of the first human occupants of the Americas. However, the earliest known evidence in public recorded history of human occupation in the Americas is found much farther south. The early human sites in the Bering Sea were probably submerged by rising waters and sand during the current interglacial period.

People living in or on the Aleutian Islands developed skills in hunting, fishing, and basketry. The baskets were woven with shredded stalks of beach rye.

File:Aleut.jpgian man with a Creole woman in the Aleutian Islands]]

File:Das Innere einer Winterwohnung auf Unalaschka.jpg, Aleutian Islands]]

Explorers, traders and missionaries arrived from Russia beginning in 1741.

In 1741 the Russian government sent Vitus Bering, a Danish-born Russian, and Aleksei Chirikov, a Russian, in the ships Saint Peter and Saint Paul on a voyage of discovery in the Northern Pacific. After the ships were separated by a storm; Chirikov discovered several eastern islands of the Aleutian group, and Bering discovered several of the western islands. Bering was shipwrecked and died in the Komandorski Islands (Commander Islands); one of which now bears his name (Bering Island), along with the surrounding Bering Sea. The survivors of Bering's party reached the Kamchatka Peninsula in a boat constructed from the wreckage of their ship, and reported the islands were rich in fur-bearing animals.

Siberian fur hunters flocked to the Commander Islands and gradually moved eastward across the Aleutian Islands to the mainland. In this manner, Russia gained a foothold on the northwestern coast of North America. The Aleutian Islands consequently belonged to Russia, until that country transferred all its possessions in North America to the U.S. in the 1867 Alaska Purchase.

In the 1780s Russian merchant and seafarer Grigory Shelikhov established a company based on the systematic exploitation of the indigenous peoples, with whom there was sporadic conflict with the native population (frequently disastrous to the poorly armed and vastly outnumbered Russians), for example the Awa'uq Massacre. The colonies soon entered a relatively stable state based on cooperation, intermarriage, and official policies that provided social status, education, and professional training to children of mixed Aleut-Russian birth.{{Cite web |url=http://www.edge.org/q2008/q08_9.html |title=THE WORLD QUESTION CENTER 2008 — Page 9 |access-date=2010-09-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130407141943/http://www.edge.org/q2008/q08_9.html |archive-date=2013-04-07 |url-status=dead }} Within a generation, the day-to-day administration of the Russian-American colonies was largely in the hands of native-born Alaskans. Reversing the usual trend in colonization where indigenous technologies are replaced, the Russians adopted the Aleut kayak, or baidarka, sea otter hunting techniques, and the working of native copper deposits. The Russians instituted public education, preservation of the Aleut language through transliteration of religious and other texts into Aleut via an adaptation of the Cyrillic alphabet, vaccination of the native population against smallpox, and science-based sea mammal conservation policies that were ahead of their time.

File:Unalaska church.jpg

By 1760 the Russian merchant Andrian Tolstykh had made a detailed census in the vicinity of Adak and extended Russian citizenship to the Aleuts.

During his third and last voyage in 1778, Captain James Cook surveyed the eastern portion of the Aleutian archipelago, accurately determined the position of some of the more important islands, and corrected many errors of former navigators.

Among the first Christian missionaries to arrive in the Aleutian Islands was a party of ten Russian Orthodox monks and priests, who arrived in 1793. Within two years, a monk named Herman was the only survivor of that party. He settled on Spruce Island, near Kodiak Island, and often defended the rights of the Aleuts against the Russian trading companies. He is now known in the Orthodox Church as Saint Herman of Alaska.

Another early Christian missionary of the Russian Orthodox Church was Father Veniaminov who arrived in Unalaska in 1824. He was named Bishop Innokentii in 1840 and moved to Sitka. He is now known in the Orthodox Church as Saint Innocent of Alaska.

The principal settlements were on Unalaska Island. The oldest was Iliuliuk (also called Unalaska), settled in 1760–1775, with a customs house and an Orthodox church.

After the American purchase of Alaska from Russia in 1867, further development took place. New buildings included a Methodist mission and orphanage, and the headquarters for a considerable fleet of United States revenue cutters, which patrolled the sealing grounds of the Pribilof Islands. The first public school in Unalaska opened in 1883.

File:Attu village 1937.jpg in June 1937]]

The U.S. Congress extended American citizenship to all Native Americans (and this law has been held to include the indigenous peoples of Alaska) in 1924. A hospital was built in Unalaska in 1933 by the U.S. Bureau of Indian Affairs.

{{Main|Aleutian Islands campaign}}

File:Attu landing craft on beach 1943.jpg, Attu Island during the Battle of Attu, May 11, 1943]]

On June 3, 1942, which was during World War II, in what were the only two invasions of the United States during the war, small parts of the Aleutian islands were occupied by Japanese forces, when Attu and Kiska were invaded possibly to divert American forces away from the main Japanese attack at Midway Atoll.{{Cite web |title=Japan Invades the Aleutian Islands {{!}} American Experience |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/alaska-japan/ |access-date=2025-04-03 |website=www.pbs.org |language=en}} The U.S. Navy, having broken the Japanese naval codes, proceeded as if this was just a diversion,{{cite web |url=https://www.nps.gov/parkhistory/online_books/npswapa/extContent/wapa/guides/first/sec3.htm |title=War in the Pacific: The First Year |website=nps.gov |access-date=July 7, 2021 |url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190509171614/https://www.nps.gov/parkhistory/online_books/npswapa/extContent/wapa/guides/first/sec3.htm |archive-date=2019-05-09 }}{{cite web |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/alaska-japan/ |title=Japan Invades the Aleutian Islands |work=PBS |access-date=July 7, 2021 |url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200812175814/https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/alaska-japan/ |archive-date=2020-08-12 }}{{cite web |url=https://www.history.com/topics/world-war-ii/battle-of-the-aleutian-islands |title=Battle of the Aleutian Islands |work=history.com |access-date=July 7, 2021 |url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140215205934/http://www.history.com/topics/world-war-ii/battle-of-the-aleutian-islands |archive-date=2014-02-15 }} and it did not expend large amounts of effort in defending the islands. More than 90 Americans were taken to Japan as prisoners of war.

The United States moved most of the remaining civilian population (over 800) of the Aleutians and Pribilovians to camps in the Alaska Panhandle.

In May 1943, American forces invaded Japanese-held Attu and defeated the Japanese. In August 1943, American and Canadian troops launched an invasion of Kiska, in which 34,426 men composed of both Americans and Canadian participated; however, Japanese forces had already evacuated the island, ending the campaign in the islands. The invasion was an embarrassment for the Allied forces as the entire Japanese force of 5,183 men had left the island on July 28 without the Americans noticing; however, the Americans suffered significant casualties during their "invasion"—313 men died as a result of accidents, with many dying due to accidental fire.

President Roosevelt visited Adak in 1944, meeting with commanders and eating with soldiers of the garrison. This was his first and only trip to the Aleutian Islands and Alaska as a whole. A rumor spread that FDR had accidentally left his Scottish Terrier "Fala" on one of the Islands and had to send a destroyer to retrieve the dog, costing taxpayers several million dollars. The President made fun of these rumors during a talk with the Teamsters Union in Washington DC, now known as the "Fala Speech". At this speech the President joked with the crowd saying, "Well, of course, I don't resent attacks, and my family doesn't resent attacks, but Fala does resent them!"{{Cite web|date=2014-09-12|title=When the president came to dinner: FDR in Alaska|url=https://www.adn.com/culture/article/fdr-alaska/2014/09/12/|access-date=2021-03-03|website=Anchorage Daily News|archive-date=2021-04-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414074922/https://www.adn.com/culture/article/fdr-alaska/2014/09/12/|url-status=live}}

June 3, 2002 was celebrated as Dutch Harbor Remembrance Day. The governor of Alaska ordered state flags lowered to half-staff to honor the 43 Americans who died during the two-day Japanese air attack in 1942. The Aleutian World War II National Historic Area Visitors Center opened that month.

The U.S. conducted underground tests of nuclear weapons on Amchitka Island from 1965 to 1971 as part of the Vela Uniform program. The final detonation, the Cannikin, was the largest underground nuclear explosion by the U.S.

The Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act became law in 1971. In 1977, the Ounalashka Corporation (from Unalaska) declared a dividend. This was the first village corporation to declare and pay a dividend to its shareholders.

The Aleutian Islands were designated a UNESCO biosphere reserve in 1976. The Aleutians were one of 17 biosphere reserves in the United States withdrawn by request of the U.S. government from the programme in June 2017.{{cite web|url=http://www.unesco.org/mabdb/br/brdir/directory/biores.asp?code=USA+28&mode=all|title=Biosphere Reserves: Konza Prairie|author=UNESCO|access-date=6 September 2018|archive-date=30 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180930223519/http://www.unesco.org/mabdb/br/brdir/directory/biores.asp?mode=all&code=USA+28|url-status=live}}{{cite web|url=https://en.unesco.org/news/23-new-sites-added-unesco-s-world-network-biosphere-reserves|title=23 new sites added to UNESCO's World Network of Biosphere Reserves|date=14 June 2017|access-date=6 September 2018|archive-date=14 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170614191338/https://en.unesco.org/news/23-new-sites-added-unesco-s-world-network-biosphere-reserves|url-status=live}}

{{Main|Aleutsky District}}

Russian Aleutians is organized as Aleutsky District in Kamchatka Krai. It comprises

• Commander Islands
• Bering Island
• Medny Island
• Sea Lion Rock
• Sea Otter Rocks
• Tufted Puffin Rock (Kamen Toporkov or Ostrov Toporkov)
• Kamen Ariy

{{Div col|small=no}}

• 1946 Aleutian Islands earthquake
• 2014 Aleutian Islands earthquake
• Aleutian Islands Campaign
• Aleutians East Borough, Alaska
• Aleutians West Census Area, Alaska
• List of Aleutian Island volcanoes
• List of Aleutian Islands
• List of birds of Aleutian Islands
• List of extreme points of the United States
• Lists of islands
• Maritime fur trade
• Military history of the Aleutian Islands
• Peter the Aleut

{{div col end}}

{{Reflist}}

{{refbegin}}

• Gibson, Daniel D., and G. Vernon Byrd. Birds of the Aleutian Islands, Alaska. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Nuttall Ornithological Club, 2007. {{ISBN|978-0-943610-73-3}}
• Ivanov, Viacheslav Vsevolodovich. The Russian Orthodox Church of Alaska and the Aleutian Islands and Its Relation to Native American Traditions—An Attempt at a Multicultural Society, 1794–1912. Washington, DC: Library of Congress, 1997. {{ISBN|0-16-048781-1}}
• Jochelson, Waldemar. Archaeological Investigations in the Aleutian Islands. Washington: Carnegie Institution of Washington, 1925.
• {{cite magazine|last=Morgan|first=Lael|date=September 1983|title=The Aleutians: Alaska's Far-out Islands|magazine=National Geographic|volume=164|issue=3|issn=0027-9358|oclc=643483454|pages=336–363}}

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{{Wikivoyage|Aleutian Islands}}

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• {{cite EB9 |wstitle = Aleutian Islands |volume= I | pages=479-480 |short=1}}
• [http://www.nauticalcharts.noaa.gov/nsd/coastpilot_w.php?book=9 U.S. Coast Pilot 9, Chapter 7, Aleutian Islands]
• {{GNIS|1397822}}
• [http://www.groundtruthtrekking.org/WildCoast.php Seattle to Aleutian Island Expedition]

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{{Islands in the Bering Sea}}

{{Alaska}}

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Category:Archipelagoes of Alaska

Category:Archipelagoes of Russia

Category:Archipelagoes of the Pacific Ocean

Category:Former biosphere reserves of the United States

Category:Islands of the Bering Sea

Category:Islands of the Russian Far East

Category:Physiographic sections

Category:Regions of Alaska

Category:Temperate Northern Pacific

Category:Tundra ecoregions

Category:Volcanic arc islands

Category:Volcanoes of Alaska

Category:Volcanoes of the Pacific Ocean