Alla Nazimova

Nazimova was born Marem-Ides Leventon{{Cite web|title=Alla Nazimova – Women Film Pioneers Project|url=https://wfpp.columbia.edu/pioneer/ccp-alla-nazimova/|access-date=2020-07-08|website=wfpp.columbia.edu}} (Russian name: Adelaida Yakovlevna Leventon) in Yalta, Crimea, Russian Empire. Her accepted birth year is 1879, but different sources have cited 1878 or even 1876.{{Cite web|url=https://www.ancestry.com/search/collections/nypl/?name=alla_Nasunoff&birth=1876&arrival=1905-10&arrival_x=0-0-0&birth_x=0-0-0&name_x=1_1&race=Russian&race_x=1|title=Ancestry.com|last=October 1905 passenger list|website=Ancestry.com|access-date=February 13, 2019}}{{Cite web|url=http://mxat.ru/history/persons/nazimova|title=Short bio in Moscow Theatre (in Russian)|access-date=February 13, 2019}} Her stage name Alla Nazimova was a combination of Alla (a diminutive of Adelaida) and the surname of Nadezhda Nazimova, the heroine of the Russian novel Children of the Streets.{{Cite web|url=http://www.csse.monash.edu.au/~pringle/silent/ssotm/Feb99|title=Alla Nazimova – Silent Star|access-date=September 27, 2006|author1=Mavromatis, Kally|author2=Pringle, Glen|year=1999|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060920054547/http://www.csse.monash.edu.au/~pringle/silent/ssotm/Feb99|archive-date=September 20, 2006|url-status=dead}} She was widely known as just Nazimova. Her name was sometimes transcribed as Alia Nasimoff.{{Cite web|url=http://www.deutsches-filminstitut.de/dt2tp0139.htm|title=Alla Nazimova|access-date=September 27, 2006|language=de|quote=auch: Alia Nasimoff (also: Alia Nasimoff)|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060514035735/http://www.deutsches-filminstitut.de/dt2tp0139.htm|archive-date=May 14, 2006}}

The youngest of three children born to Jewish parents Yakov Abramovich Leventon, a pharmacist, and Sarah Leivievna Gorowitz (later known as Sofia or Sophie Lvovna Gorovitz/Horovitz/Herowitz), who moved to Yalta in 1870 from Kishinev,{{cite web|title=Алла Назимова – Звезда Голливуда Из Ялты|work=Старая Ялта |url=http://oldyalta.ru/275-alla-nazimova-zvezda-gollivuda-iz-yalty.html|publisher=Old Yalta|access-date=July 29, 2015|ref=Russian}} Nazimova grew up in a dysfunctional family. After her parents divorced when she was eight, she was shuffled among boarding schools, foster homes and relatives.

As a teenager, she began to pursue an interest in the theatre and took acting lessons at the Academy of Acting in Moscow. She joined Constantin Stanislavski's Moscow Art Theatre using the name of Alla Nazimova for the first time.{{Cite book|last=Worrall|first=Nick|url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/e/9780203114438|title=The Moscow Art Theatre|date=2003-08-29|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-203-11443-8|language=en}}

{{multiple image|perrow = 2|total_width=400

| image1 = Nazimova Marionettes.jpg

| image2 = Alla Nazimova in 1919.jpg

| image3 = A-Month-in-the-Country-1930-B.jpg

| image4 = A. Nazimova Camille.jpg

| footer = Alla Nazimova. Clockwise from upper left: in the 1911 Broadway play The Marionettes, in an ad for a film, as Marguerite Gautier in Camille, and with Elliot Cabot in A Month in the Country (1930).

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Nazimova's theater career blossomed early, and by 1903, she was a major star in Moscow and Saint Petersburg. She toured Europe, including London and Berlin, with her boyfriend Pavel Orlenev, a flamboyant actor and producer. In 1905, they moved to New York City and founded a Russian-language theater on the Lower East Side. The venture was unsuccessful, and Orlenev returned to Russia while Nazimova stayed in New York.{{Cite book|last1=Cohen|first1=Robert|url=https://catalogue.solent.ac.uk/openurl/44SSU_INST/44SSU_INST:VU1?u.ignore_date_coverage=true&rft.mms_id=9997112223804796|title=Emma Goldman, Vol. 2: A Documentary History of the American Years, Volume 2: Making Speech Free, 1902-1909. Volume 2, Volume 2|last2=Wengraf|first2=Susan|last3=Moran|first3=Jessica M|last4=Pateman|first4=Barry|last5=Falk|first5=Candace|last6=Goldman|first6=Emma|date=2016|publisher=University of Illinois Press |isbn=978-0-252-09942-7|language=en|oclc=1154834491}}

She was signed by the American producer Henry Miller and made her Broadway debut in New York City in 1906 to critical and popular success. Her English-language premiere in November 1906 was in the title role of Hedda Gabler. She reportedly learned English in five months.Untitled article, pg. SMA2, The New York Times, 1906-11-11. Accessed 2015-08-04. She quickly became extremely popular (Nazimova's 39th Street Theatre was named after her) and remained a major Broadway star, often starring in works by Ibsen and Chekhov.{{cite book|last=Horowitz|first=Joseph|title=Artists in Exile: How Refugees from Twentieth-Century War and Revolution Transformed the American Performing Arts|year=2008|publisher=HarperCollins Publishers|location=New York|isbn=978-0-06-074846-3|page=[https://archive.org/details/artistsinexileho00horo/page/332 332]|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/artistsinexileho00horo|chapter-url-access=registration|quote=nazimova chekhov ibsen.|edition=1st|chapter=Delayed Reaction: Stanislavsky, Total Theater, and Broadway}} Dorothy Parker described her as the finest Hedda Gabler she had ever seen.{{citation needed|date=April 2022}}

Nazimova's film career began when she was 37 years old. Due to her notoriety in a 35-minute 1915 play entitled War Brides, Nazimova made her silent film debut in 1916 in the filmed version of the play, which was produced by Lewis J. Selznick. She was paid $1,000 per day, and the film was a success.{{cite news|work=Photoplay|author=Terry Ramsaye|date=January 1925|page=120|title=The Romantic History of the Motion Picture|url=https://archive.org/stream/pho28chic#page/n123/mode/1up|author-link=Terry Ramsaye}} A young actor with a bit part in the movie was Richard Barthelmess, whose mother, Caroline W. Harris, had taught Nazimova English. Nazimova had encouraged him to try out for movies and he later became a star.Blum, Daniel (c. 1953). A Pictorial History of the Silent Screen p. 111

In 1917, she negotiated a contract with Metro Pictures, a precursor to MGM, that included a weekly salary of $13,000. She moved from New York to Hollywood, where she made a number of highly successful films for Metro that earned her considerable money.

She created and worked under Nazimova Productions from 1917 to 1921. She filled many roles in film production, outside of acting. She served as a director, producer, editor, lighting designer, and received credit for costume design for the film Revelation.

She wrote screenplays under the pseudonym Peter M. Winters. She directed films credited to the name of her partner Charles Bryant. In her film adaptations of works by such notable writers as Oscar Wilde and Ibsen, she developed filmmaking techniques that were considered daring at the time. Her film projects, including A Doll's House (1922), based on Ibsen, and Salomé (1923), based on Wilde's play, were critical and commercial failures. Salomé, however, has become a cult classic, regarded as a feminist milestone in film. In 2000, the film was added to the National Film Registry. By 1925, she could no longer afford to invest in more films, and financial backers withdrew their support.{{Cite web|title=correspondence : 03.0003.1101|url=https://lmuweb02.lmunet.edu/uploads/OnlineResources/virtual_exhibit1/vex2/C0394171-D5AF-4404-BA75-757981581934.htm|access-date=2020-07-08|website=lmuweb02.lmunet.edu|archive-date=July 3, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200703060820/https://lmuweb02.lmunet.edu/uploads/OnlineResources/virtual_exhibit1/vex2/C0394171-D5AF-4404-BA75-757981581934.htm|url-status=dead}}

In 1927, she became a naturalized citizen of the United States. Left with few options in Hollywood, she returned to New York to perform on Broadway, notably starring as Natalya Petrovna in Rouben Mamoulian's 1930 New York production of Turgenev's A Month in the Country and having an acclaimed performance as Mrs. Alving in Ibsen's Ghosts. Critic Pauline Kael described this as the greatest performance she had ever seen on the American stage.

In the early 1940s, Nazimova returned to films, playing Robert Taylor's mother in Escape (1940) and Tyrone Power's mother in Blood and Sand (1941). This late return to motion pictures fortunately preserves Nazimova and her art on sound film.{{Cite web|title=Alla Nazimova Society » 1941: Alla Nazimova in "Blood and Sand"|url=http://www.allanazimova.com/photos/1936-1945/1941-alla-nazimova-in-blood-and-sand/|access-date=2020-07-08}}

File:Charles Bryant (actor) 65d0236e07 o.jpg in 1912]]

In 1899, she married Sergei Golovin, a fellow actor. From 1912 to 1925, Nazimova maintained a "lavender marriage" with Charles Bryant (1879–1948),{{Cite book|title=The Gay and Lesbian Theatrical Legacy|first1=Billy J.|last1=Harbin|first2=Kim|last2=Marra|first3=Robert A.|last3=Schanke|year=2005|publisher=University of Michigan Press|isbn=0-472-09858-6|page=299}} a British-born actor.{{Cite news|title=Alla Nazimova Dies at 66|url=http://www.eeweems.com/val_lewton/_imagery/nazimova_500.jpg|format=JPG|year=1945|access-date=September 27, 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070211020029/http://www.eeweems.com/val_lewton/_imagery/nazimova_500.jpg|archive-date=February 11, 2007|url-status=dead}} To bolster this arrangement with Bryant, Nazimova kept her marriage to Golovin secret from the press, her fans, and even her friends. In 1923, she arranged to divorce Golovin without traveling to the Soviet Union. Her divorce papers, which arrived in the United States that summer, stated that on May 11, 1923, the marriage of "citizeness Leventon Alla Alexandrovna" and Sergius Arkadyevitch Golovin, "consummated between them in the City Church of Boruysk June 20, 1899", had been officially dissolved. A little over two years later, on November 16, 1925, Charles Bryant, then 43, surprised the press, Nazimova's fans, and Nazimova herself by marrying Marjorie Gilhooley, 23, in Connecticut. When the press uncovered the fact that Charles had listed his current marital status as "single" on his marriage license, the revelation that the marriage between Alla and Charles had been a sham from the beginning embroiled Nazimova in a scandal that damaged her career.{{Cite book|title=Nazimova: A Biography|first=Gavin|last=Lambert|year=1997|publisher=Alfred A. Knopf, Inc.|isbn=0-679-40721-9}}{{rp|265–66; 285}}

From 1917 to 1922, Nazimova wielded considerable influence and power in Hollywood. She helped start the careers of both of Rudolph Valentino's wives, Jean Acker and Natacha Rambova. Although she was involved in an affair with Acker,{{Cite book|title=The Fixers – Eddie Mannix, Howard Strickling, and the MGM Publicity Machine|first=E.J.|last=Fleming|year=2004|publisher=McFarland & Company|isbn=0-7864-2027-8|page=56}} it is debatable as to whether her connection with Rambova ever developed into a sexual affair.

Nevertheless, there were rumors that Nazimova and Rambova were involved in a lesbian affair (they are discussed at length in Dark Lover, Emily Leider's biography of Rudolph Valentino) but those rumors never have been confirmed. She was very impressed by Rambova's skills as an art director, and Rambova designed the innovative sets for Nazimova's film productions of Camille and Salomé.{{Cite web|url=https://wfpp.cdrs.columbia.edu/pioneer/ccp-natacha-rambova/|title=Natacha Rambova – Women Film Pioneers Project|website=wfpp.cdrs.columbia.edu|access-date=2017-11-01|archive-date=December 24, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151224065411/https://wfpp.cdrs.columbia.edu/pioneer/ccp-natacha-rambova/|url-status=dead}} The list of those Nazimova is confirmed to have been involved with romantically includes actress Eva Le Gallienne, film director Dorothy Arzner, writer Mercedes de Acosta, and Oscar Wilde's niece Dolly Wilde.{{Cite news|title=Film Actors: Lesbian|url=http://www.glbtqarchive.com/artsindex.html|last=Theophano|first=Teresa|website=glbtq.com|year=2002|access-date=December 14, 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071215071924/http://www.glbtq.com/arts/film_actors_lesbian.html|archive-date=December 15, 2007|url-status=live}}

Bridget Bate Tichenor, a Magic Realist artist and Surrealist painter, was rumored to be one of Nazimova's favored lovers in Hollywood during 1940–1942.{{cite web|url=http://www.bridgetbatetichenor.com|title=Bridget Bate Tichenor|work=bridgetbatetichenor.com|access-date=October 12, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140504015443/http://www.bridgetbatetichenor.com/|archive-date=May 4, 2014|url-status=dead}} The two had been introduced by the poet and art collector Edward James, and according to Tichenor, their intimate relationship angered Nazimova's longtime companion Glesca Marshall.File:Aug 9, 1916 Herbert Brenon Alla Nazimova.jpg, 1916]]It is believed that Nazimova coined the phrase "sewing circle" as code to refer to lesbian or bisexual actresses of her day who concealed their true sexuality.{{cite book|editor1-last=Harbin|editor1-first=Billy J.|editor2-last=Marra|editor2-first=Kim|editor3-last=Schanke|editor3-first=Robert A.|year=2005|title=The Gay & Lesbian Theatrical Legacy|publisher=University of Michigan|page=297|isbn=0-472-09858-6|quote=Munson was a member of 'the sewing circle', a term originated by Alla Nazimova for a clique of lesbians and bisexuals who socialized in Hollywood.}}

Nazimova lived together with Glesca Marshall from 1929 until Nazimova's death in 1945.{{rp|289}}

Edith Luckett, a stage actress and the mother of future U.S. First Lady Nancy Reagan, was a friend of Nazimova, having acted with her onstage. Edith married Kenneth Seymour Robbins, and following the birth of their daughter Nancy in 1921, Nazimova became her godmother. Nazimova continued to be friends with Edith and her second husband, neurosurgeon Loyal Davis, until her death.{{Cite web|year=2005|title=First Lady Biography – Nancy Reagan|url=http://www.firstladies.org/biographies/firstladies.aspx?biography=41|access-date=September 27, 2006|work=The National First Ladies Library|quote=Her godmother was the famous actress Alla Nazimova|archive-date=May 9, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120509085730/http://www.firstladies.org/biographies/firstladies.aspx?biography=41|url-status=dead}} She was also the aunt of American film producer Val Lewton.

File:Alla Nazimova LCCN2014712156.tif

Nazimova's private lifestyle gave rise to widespread rumors of outlandish and allegedly debauched parties at her mansion on Sunset Boulevard in Hollywood, California, known as The Garden of Alla, which she leased in 1918 and bought outright the next year. Facing near-bankruptcy in 1926, she converted the 2.5-acre estate into a hotel by building 25 villas on the property. The Garden of Alla Hotel opened in January 1927. But Nazimova was ill-equipped to run a hotel and eventually sold it and returned to Broadway and theatrical tours. By 1930, the hotel had been purchased by Central Holding Corporation, which changed the name to the Garden of Allah Hotel. When Nazimova moved back to Hollywood in 1938, she rented Villa 24 at the hotel and lived there until her death.

On July 13, 1945, Nazimova died of a coronary thrombosis, at age 66,{{Cite web |url=http://www.silentsaregolden.com/photos2/allanazimova.html |title=Alla Nazimova |access-date=September 27, 2006 |quote=Her death on July 13, 1945, was attributed to coronary thrombosis.}} in the Good Samaritan Hospital in Los Angeles. Her ashes were interred in Forest Lawn Memorial Park Cemetery in Glendale, California.Wilson, Scott. Resting Places: The Burial Sites of More Than 14,000 Famous Persons, 3d ed.: 2 (Kindle Locations 34235–34236). McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers. Kindle Edition Her contributions to the film industry have been recognized with a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame.

Nazimova has been depicted a number of times in film and onstage. The first two were biographical films about Rudolph Valentino: The Legend of Valentino (1975), in which she was portrayed by Alicia Bond; and Valentino (1977), in which she was portrayed by Leslie Caron. She was featured in two 2013 silent films about Hollywood's silent movie era: Return to Babylon, in which she was played by Laura Harring,{{Citation|last=Canawati|first=Alex Monty|title=Return to Babylon|date=2013-08-11|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0255820/|others=Jennifer Tilly, Maria Conchita Alonso, Tippi Hedren|access-date=2017-11-01}} and Silent Life, based on the life of Rudolph Valentino, where she was played by Sherilyn Fenn.{{Citation|last=Kozlov|first=Vladislav|title=Silent Life|date=2018-05-06|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1099209/|others=Isabella Rossellini, Franco Nero, Terry Moore|access-date=2017-11-01}}

The character of Nazimova also appears in Dominick Argento's opera Dream of Valentino,{{cite journal|last=Davis|first=Peter G.|title=Radical Sheik|journal=New York|pages=68–69|date=February 7, 1994|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K-MCAAAAMBAJ&q=%22Dream+of+Valentino%22&pg=PA68|access-date=December 12, 2012}} in which she also played the violin. Nazimova was also featured in make-up artist Kevyn Aucoin's 2004 book Face Forward, in which he made up Isabella Rossellini to resemble her, particularly as posed in a certain photograph.{{cite web |url=http://www.themakeupgallery.info/lookalike/stars/1920s/nazimova.htm |title=Look-alike makeups – stars, starlets & actresses – the 1920s – various portrayals |website=themakeupgallery.info |access-date=August 25, 2011 |archive-date=March 17, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110317034554/http://www.themakeupgallery.info/lookalike/stars/1920s/nazimova.htm |url-status=dead }}

Actress Romy Nordlinger first portrayed Alla Nazimova in The Society for the Preservation of Theatrical History production of Stage Struck: From Kemble to Kate staged at the Snapple Theater Center in New York City in December 2013.{{cite web|url=http://www.broadwayworld.com/off-broadway/article/STAGE-STRUCK-FROM-KEMBLE-TO-KATE-to-Play-1212-at-the-Snapple-Theater-Center-20131211#.U1ntZqLjLyY|title=Stage Struck: From Kemble to Kate Plays Tonight at the Snapple Theater Center|author =BWW News Desk|work=BroadwayWorld.com}} In Fall 2016, PLACES, a multimedia solo show about Alla Nazimova, supported by the League of Professional Theatre Women's Heritage Program, written and performed by Romy Nordlinger debuted at Playhouse Theatre for a limited run.{{cite web|url=http://www.broadwayworld.com/article/PLACES-Solo-Show-About-Alla-Nazimova-Set-for-Penthouse-One-20160916|title=PLACES Solo Show About Alla Nazimova Set for Penthouse One|access-date=12 November 2017|date=16 September 2016|website=Broadwayworld.com}}

The Garden of Allah cabaret was an influential LGBTQ+ cabaret venue in the mid-20th century that took its name and inspiration from Nazimova's original Garden of Alla.{{cite news| title=Re-creating gay cabaret of '40s ; Semi-fictional 'Garden of Allah' delves into Seattle's underground past|first=Misha|last=Berson| newspaper=The Seattle Times | date=24 March 2000 | url=https://archive.seattletimes.com/archive/20000324/4011978/re-creating-gay-cabaret-of-40s--semi-fictional-garden-of-allah-delves-into-seattles-underground-past}}

Nazimova also appears in Medusa's Web,{{cite news|url=https://www.npr.org/2016/01/20/463226093/medusas-web-tangles-the-occult-and-old-hollywood|access-date=12 November 2017|website=Npr.org|title='Medusa's Web' Tangles The Occult And Old Hollywood|date=January 20, 2016|last1=Heller|first1=Jason}} a novel by fantasy-fiction writer Tim Powers.

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{{Reflist|33em}}

• Golden, Eve (2001). Golden Images: 41 Essays on Silent Film Stars. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company. {{ISBN|0-7864-0834-0}}.
• Lewton, Lucy Olga (1988). Alla Nazimova, My Aunt, Tragedienne: A Personal Memoir. Minuteman Press.
• Smith, Frederick James (September 1918). "Those Nazimova Eyes!" in Picture Play.

{{Commons category|Alla Nazimova}}

{{Collier's poster|Nazimova, Alla|Alla Nazimova}}

• [http://www.allanazimova.com/ Alla Nazimova Society]
• {{Find a Grave|758}}
• {{IBDB name}}
• {{IMDb name|0623417}}
• [https://wfpp.cdrs.columbia.edu/pioneer/ccp-alla-nazimova/ Alla Nazimova] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141209025344/https://wfpp.cdrs.columbia.edu/pioneer/ccp-alla-nazimova/ |date=December 9, 2014 }} at the Women Film Pioneers Project
• [http://gardenofallah.com/GOA_original.asp History of the Garden of Allah with photos] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220202035432/https://www.gardenofallah.com/GOA_original.asp |date=February 2, 2022 }}
• [http://www.waltlockley.com/gardenofallah/gardenofallah.htm The Vanished Garden of Carnal Abandon]
• [https://digitalcollections.nypl.org/search/index?utf8=%E2%9C%93&keywords=alla+nazimova Nazimova] photo gallery NYP Library
• [http://www.virtual-history.com/movie/person/2008/alla-nazimova Photographs and literature on Alla Nazimova]

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