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Amphibia in the 10th edition of Systema Naturae

{{DISPLAYTITLE:Amphibia in the 10th edition of Systema Naturae}}

{{main article|10th edition of Systema Naturae}}

In the 10th edition of Systema Naturae, Carl Linnaeus described the Amphibia as:{{cite book |last=Linné |first=Carl von |author-link=Carl von Linné |title=Gmelin's last edition of the celebrated Systema Naturæ of Linnæus |year=1800 |series=A general system of nature: through the three grand kingdoms of animals, vegetables, and minerals, systematically divided into their several classes, orders, genera, species, and varieties. Volume 1 translated from Johann Friedrich Gmelin by William Turton |page= 638 |publisher=Lackington, Allen, and Co |location=London |isbn=9780598643414 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PXMQAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA638}}

Animals that are distinguished by a body cold and generally naked; stern and expressive countenance; harsh voice; mostly lurid color; filthy odor; a few are furnished with a horrid poison; all have cartilaginous bones, slow circulation, exquisite sight and hearing, large pulmonary vessels, lobate liver, oblong thick stomach, and cystic, hepatic, and pancreatic ducts: they are deficient in diaphragm, do not transpire (sweat), can live a long time without food, are tenatious of life, and have the power of reproducing parts which have been destroyed or lost; some undergo a metamorphosis; some cast (shed) their skin; some appear to live promiscuously on land or in the water, and some are torpid during the winter.

Linnaean characteristics

  • Heart: 1 auricle, 1 ventricle. Cold, dark red blood
  • Lungs: breathes uncertainly
  • Jaw: incumbent
  • Penis: (frequently) double
  • Eggs: (usually) membranaceous
  • Organs of Sense: tongue, nostrils, eyes, ears
  • Covering: a naked skin
  • Supports: various, in some none. Creeps in warm places and hisses

Linnaeus often regarded reptiles within the amphibian class because living in Sweden, he often noticed that the local reptiles (examples include the common adder and grass snake) would hunt and be active in the water.

In the 10th edition of Systema Naturae, Linnaeus included several species of fishes (that do not belong the superclass Osteichthyes) into the amphibian class. It was not until later on that he would merge them into the Fish class and give them their own new order "Chondropterygious", defining them as species with cartilaginous gills.

Linnaeus divided the amphibians based upon the limb structures and the way they breathed.

Reptiles

File:Emys orbicularis 2009 G1.jpg was named Testudo orbicularis and Testudo lutaria in 1758.]]

; Testudo (turtles & tortoises)

  • Testudo mydas – Green sea turtle{{cite book |isbn=978-0-9653540-9-7|author1=Anders G. J. Rhodin |author2=James F. Parham |author3=Peter Paul van Dijk |author4=John B. Iverson |year=2009 |chapter=Turtles of the World: Annotated Checklist of Taxonomy and Synonymy, 2009 Update, with Conservation Status Summary |editor1=A. G. J. Rhodin |editor2=P. P. van Dijk |editor3=R. A. Sumure |editor4=K. A. Buhlmann |editor5=J. B. Iverson |editor6=R. A. Mittermeier |title=Conservation Biology of Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises |series=Chelonian Research Monographs |volume=5 |pages=000.39–000.41 |chapter-url=http://www.iucn-tftsg.org/wp-content/uploads/file/Accounts/crm_5_000_checklist_v2_2009.pdf |doi=10.3854/crm.5.000.checklist.v2.2009}}
  • Testudo caretta – Loggerhead sea turtle
  • Testudo orbicularis & Testudo lutaria – European pond turtle
  • Testudo scabra – Spot-legged turtle{{cite journal |author1=Anders G. J. Rhodin |author2=John L. Carr |year=2009 |title=A quarter millenium of uses and misuses of the turtle name Testudo scabra: identification of the type specimens of T. scabra Linnaeus 1758 (= Rhinoclemmys punctularia) and T. scripta Thunberg in Schoepff 1792 (= Trachemys scripta scripta) |journal=Zootaxa |volume=2226 |pages=1–18 |doi=10.11646/zootaxa.2226.1.1 |url=http://www.mapress.com/zootaxa/2009/f/zt02226p018.pdf |doi-access=free }}
  • Testudo graeca & Testudo pusilla – Spur-thighed tortoise
  • Testudo carolina & Testudo carinata – Eastern box turtle
  • Testudo geometrica – Geometric tortoise
  • Testudo serpentina – Common snapping turtle

; Draco (gliding lizards)

File:Green anole.jpg was named Lacerta principalis in 1758.]]

File:M Zauneidechse1.JPG was named Lacerta agilis in 1758.]]

File:LissotritonVulgarisMaleWater.JPG was named Lacerta vulgaris, Lacerta palustris and Lacerta aquatica in 1758.]]

File:Camaleon comun.jpg, was named Lacerta chameleon in 1758.]]

; Lacerta (terrestrial lizards, salamanders, & crocodilians)

|author1=Anthony P. Russell |author2=Aaron M. Bauer |year=1991 |chapter=Anolis garmani |url=http://www.bio.ucalgary.ca/contact/faculty/pdf/russell/96.pdf }}

File:European Common Frog Rana temporaria.jpg was named Rana temporaria in 1758.]]

; Rana (frogs & toads){{#tag:ref|Except for Rana marginata, the modern identities of all Linnaeus' names in Rana are taken from Kitchell & Dundee (1994).|group=Note}}

  • Rana pipa – Pipa pipa, Suriname Toad
  • Rana bufo, Rana rubeta, & Rana ventricosa – Bufo bufo, Common Toad
  • Rana gibbosa – Breviceps gibbosus, Cape Rain Frog
  • Rana variegata – Bombina variegata, yellow-bellied toad
  • Rana marina – Bufo marinus, cane toad
  • Rana typhonia – Trachycephalus typhonius[http://research.amnh.org/vz/herpetology/amphibia/index.php//Amphibia/Anura/Hylidae/Lophyohylinae/Trachycephalus/Trachycephalus-typhonius Trachycephalus typhonius] in {{aut|Darrel Frost}} (2017). Amphibian Species of the World 6.0, an Online Reference
  • Rana ocellata – Osteopilus ocellatus{{cite journal |author=Lavilla |author2=Langone |author3=Caramaschi |author4=Heyer |author5=de Sá |name-list-style=amp |year=2010 |title=The identification of Rana ocellata Linnaeus, 1758. Nomenclatural impact on the species currently known as Leptodactylus ocellatus (Leptodactylidae) and Osteopilus brunneus (Gosse, 1851) (Hylidae) |journal=Zootaxa |volume=2346 |pages=1–16 |doi=10.11646/zootaxa.2346.1.1 |hdl=10088/9771 |url=https://repository.si.edu/handle/10088/9771|hdl-access=free }}
  • Rana cornuta – Ceratophrys cornuta, Surinam horned frog
  • Rana marginata – [nomen dubium]
  • Rana paradoxa – Pseudis paradoxa, paradoxical frog
  • Rana temporaria – Rana temporaria, Common Frog, and Rana arvalis, Moor Frog
  • Rana esculenta – Rana esculenta, Edible Frog
  • Rana arborea & Rana hyla – Hyla arborea, European tree frog
  • Rana boans – Hypsiboas boans

Serpentes

{{#tag:ref|The modern identities of all Linnaeus' Serpentes taxa (genera Crotalus, Boa (except Boa scytale), Coluber, Anguis, Amphisbaena and Caecilia) are taken from Kitchell & Dundee (1994).|group=Note}}

File:Cobra cascavel 280707- 23 04 40s - 49 06 55w REFON (4)a.jpg in 1758.]]

; Crotalus (rattlesnakes)

; Boa (boas)

File:ViperaDSCF8246a.JPG was named Coluber ammodytes in 1758.]]

File:Vipera berus (Marek Szczepanek).jpg was named Coluber berus in 1758.]]

File:Vipera_aspis_Lothringen_044.jpg was named Coluber aspis in 1758.]]

File:Nerodia-sipedon-004.jpg, Nerodia sepodon, was named Coluber sepodon in 1758.]]

File:Lycodon aulicus.jpg was named Coluber aulicus in 1758.]]

File:Indiancobra.jpg was named Coluber naja in 1758.]]

File:Leptophis ahaetulla.jpg was named Coluber ahaetulla in 1758.]]

; Coluber (racers, vipers & cobras)

File:Anguidae.jpg in 1758.]]

; Anguis (slowworms & worm snakes)

File:Amphisbaena alba03.jpg in 1758.]]

; Amphisbaena (worm lizards)

; Caecilia (caecilians)

Nantes

File:Lampetra fluviatilis.jpg was named Petromyzon fluviatilis and Petromyzon branchialis in 1758.]]

; Petromyzon (lampreys)

; Raja (rays)

File:Spiny dogfish hokitika.jpg was named Squalus acanthias in 1758.]]

; Squalus (sharks)

; Chimaera (ratfishes)

; Lophius (anglerfishes)

; Acipenser (sturgeons)

Notes

{{Reflist|group=Note}}

References

{{Reflist|3}}

{{Linnaeus1758}}

Category:10th edition of Systema Naturae

Systema Naturae, Amphibia