Amud 1

{{Short description|Hominin fossil}}

{{Infobox fossil

| catalog number = Amud 1

| common name =

| image = Amud 1 NMNH.jpg

| caption = Amud 1 cranium cast without the mandible

| species = Homo neanderthalensis

| age = 55,000 years

| place discovered = Amud Cave, Israel

| date discovered = July 1961

| discovered by = Hisashi Suzuki and others

| footnote = Presumed male adult

}}

Amud 1 is a nearly complete but poorly preserved adult Southwest Asian Neanderthal skeleton thought to be about 55,000 years old. It was discovered at Amud in Israel by Hisashi Suzuki in July 1961, who described it as male. With an estimated height of {{height|m=1.78|precision=0}}, it is considerably taller than any other known Neanderthal,{{cite book|last1=Stringer|first1=C.|last2=Gamble|first2=C.|date=1993|title=In Search of the Neanderthals|journal=Nature|volume=376|issue=6539|url=https://archive.org/details/insearchofneande00stri/page/100|location=London|publisher=Thames and Hudson|pages=[https://archive.org/details/insearchofneande00stri/page/100 100–101]|isbn=978-0500050705|bibcode=1995Natur.376..397D|doi=10.1038/376397a0|s2cid=28677166|url-access=registration}} and its skull has by far the largest cranial capacity (1736{{cite journal |last1= Amano|first1= H.|last2= Kikuchi|first2= T.|last3= Morita|first3=Y. |last4=Kondo |first4= O.|last5= Suzuki|first5=Hiromasa |last6= Ponce de Leon|first6= M. S.|last7= Zollikofer|first7=C.P.E. |last8=Bastir |first8= M.|last9= Stringer|first9=C. |last10= Ogihara|first10=N. |display-authors=5|date= Aug 2015|title= Virtual Reconstruction of the Neanderthal Amud 1 Cranium|journal= American Journal of Physical Anthropology |volume= 158|issue= 2|pages= 185–197|doi=10.1002/ajpa.22777|pmid= 26249757|hdl= 10261/123419|s2cid= 36974955|url= https://www.zora.uzh.ch/id/eprint/120401/6/AmudPaper.pdf}}-1740{{cite encyclopedia|last1 = Ogawa|first1 = T.|last2 = Kamiya|first2 = T.|last3 = Sakai|first3 = S.|last4 = Hosokawa|first4 = H.|editor-last = Suzuki|editor-first = Hisashi |editor-last2 = Takai|editor-first2 = F.| title = Some observations on the endocranial cast of the Amud man.| encyclopedia = The Amud man and his cave site.| year = 1970| publisher = Keigaku Publishing| location = Tokyo| pages = 407–420

}} cm³) of any human skull in the fossil record. According to Ralph Holloway, this makes it one of the most famous Neanderthal specimens.{{cite book |last1= Holloway|first1= R.L.|last2=Broadfield|first2=D.C.|last3=Yuan|first3=M.S.|date=2004 |title= The human fossil record: brain endocasts: the paleoneurological evidence|location= Hoboken|publisher=Wiley|isbn=9780471663577|doi=10.1002/0471663573}}

The skull was found very high in the stratigraphy and was not only mixed with Upper Palaeolithic artefacts, but also with pottery from levels further above. Because of this the first two published dates of Amud 1 and other remains were not taken seriously when they suggested an extremely recent time (by Neanderthal standards) of 28,000 and 20,000 years. It has since been redated by ESR to about 55,000 years.

Like other Neanderthal specimens in the Levant (such as Tabun C1 and the Shanidar specimens), Amud 1's skull is long, broad, and intermediate in cranial vault height as compared with European Neanderthals and modern humans.{{cite book |last1=Trinkaus |first1=Erik |title=The Shanidar Neanderthals |date=July 1, 1983 |publisher=Academic |isbn=0127005501 |pages=61–62}} With a supposedly large nose and a big face, moderate{{cite book |last1=Trinkaus |first1=Erik |title=The Shanidar Neanderthals |date=July 1, 1983 |publisher=Academic |isbn=0127005501 |page=448}} midfacial prognathism, a small brow ridge and small{{cite book |last1=Tattersall |first1=Ian |title=The Human Fossil Record, Craniodental Morphology of Genus Homo (Africa and Asia) |date=May 5, 2003 |publisher=Wiley Liss |isbn=0471319287 |page=311}} teeth, Amud 1 exhibits an unusual mosaic of features compared to European Neanderthals. Contrary of majority of other Neanderthals, especially European Neanderthals, its brow ridges are slender and it has a somewhat developed chin.{{harvnb|Ayala|Cela-Conde|2017|p=412}} Amud 1 is considerably taller than any other known Neanderthal, with long arms and legs and a considerably more gracile development.{{cite book |last1=Akazawa |first1=Takeru |last2=Aoki |first2=Kenichi |last3=Bar-Yosef |first3=Ofer |title=Neandertals and Modern Humans in Western Asia |date=8 May 2007 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |isbn=978-0-306-47153-7 |page=481 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wrTdBgAAQBAJ&pg=PT481 |language=en}}

Suzuki initially interpreted these features as intermediate between Levantine Neanderthals (the Tabun and Shanidar specimens) and Levantine anatomically modern humans (Skhul and Qafzeh).{{cite book |last1= Suzuki|first1= Hisashi|last2= Takai|first2= F.|date=1970 |title= The Amud man and his cave site|location=Tokyo |publisher=Keigaku Publishing Co. }} In 1995, Hovers et al. argued that its cranial and mandibular particularities made it fully Neanderthal,{{cite journal |last1= Hovers|first1= E.|last2= Lavi|first2= Y.|last3= Kimbel|first3=W.|date= 1995|title= Hominid remains from Amud Cave in the context of the Levantine Middle Paleolithic|journal= Paléorient|volume=21 |issue= 2|pages= 47–61|doi= 10.3406/paleo.1995.4617}} although this is rejected by Belfer-Cohen (1998). Amud 1 shares many traits with early Homo sapiens and modern sapiens, and is sometimes mis-classified as Homo sapiens based through multivariate analysis, unlike all other Neanderthals.{{cite book |last1=Elewa |first1=Ashraf M. T. |title=Morphometrics: Applications in Biology and Paleontology |date=25 May 2004 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |isbn=978-3-540-21429-8 |page=253 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pa8Nw-8uMzgC&pg=PA253 |language=en}}{{Cite book |title=Neandertals and Modern Humans in Western Asia |last1=Arensburg |first1=Baruch |last2=Belfer-Cohen |first2=Anna |date=January 2002 |isbn=978-0-306-45924-5 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/neandertalsmoder0000unse/page/311 311–322] |chapter=Sapiens and Neandertals |doi=10.1007/0-306-47153-1_19 |chapter-url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/227227451 |url=https://archive.org/details/neandertalsmoder0000unse/page/311 }}{{Cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iNdKDgAAQBAJ&dq=amud+highly+progressive+neanderthal&pg=PA412 | title=Processes in Human Evolution: The journey from early hominins to Neanderthals and modern humans| isbn=9780191060458| last1=Ayala| first1=Francisco J.| last2=Cela-Conde| first2=Camilo J.| date=2017-03-01| publisher=Oxford University Press}}

The Amud 1 facial skeleton was incomplete and fragmentary; its assumed form has been reconstructed, and hence measurements of the specimen (particularly with regards to the midface) are speculatory. In 2015 a virtual reconstruction by Japanese scientists indicated that the Amud 1 facial skeleton was smaller than previously estimated, and that the cranial vault was shorter and more brachycephalic during the individual's lifetime; having been deformed in situ by geological pressure.{{cite journal |last1=Amano |first1=Hideki |title=Virtual reconstruction of the Neanderthal Amud 1 cranium |journal=American Journal of Physical Anthropology |volume=158 |issue=2 |pages=185–197 |date=7 August 2015 |doi=10.1002/ajpa.22777 |pmid=26249757 |s2cid=36974955 |url=https://www.zora.uzh.ch/id/eprint/120401/6/AmudPaper.pdf }}

The skeleton is currently held at Tel Aviv University, Israel.