Animal-made art

File:Boronali's donkey painting a picture.jpg

A painting partially made by Lolo the donkey, Et le soleil s'endormit sur l'Adriatique (Sunset Over the Adriatic) was exhibited at the 1910 Salon des Indépendants attributed to the 'excessivist' Genoan painter Joachim-Raphaël Boronali, an invention of writer and critic Roland Dorgelès, who painted much of the painting. It sold for 400 francs and was donated by Dorgelès to the Orphelinat des Arts.Daniel Groinowski, Aux commencements du rire moderne. L'esprit fumiste, José Corti, Paris, 1997, p.296. The painting forms part of the permanent collection at l'Espace culturel Paul Bédu (Milly-la-Forêt).

File:Chimpanzee congo painting.jpg]]

During the late 1950s biologists began to study the nature of art in humans. Theories were proposed based on observations of non-human primate paintings. Hundreds of such paintings were cataloged by Desmond Morris. Morris{{Cite book|title=The biology of art: A study of the picture-making behavior of the great apes and its relationship to human art|last=Morris|first=Desmond|publisher=Taylor & Francis|year=1962}} and his associate Tyler Harris interpreted these canvas paintings as indications of an intrinsic motivation toward abstract creativity, as expressed through an exploration of the visual field and color. Many of these painters progressed over time by expanding or contracting the area of paint coverage, the horizontal or vertical stroke relationships, and even the development of content. Such paintings were exhibited in many modern art museums during the late 1950s and early 1960s. The cultural and scientific interest in these paintings diminished steadily and little note is taken today.

The most successful chimpanzee artist is Congo (1954–1964). Morris offered him a pencil and paper at two years of age, and by the age of four, Congo had made 400 drawings and paintings. His style has been described as "lyrical abstract impressionism".{{cite news |url=http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/article569970.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110616135306/http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/article569970.ece |url-status=dead |archive-date=June 16, 2011 |title=Congo the chimpanzee |access-date=2008-12-12 |author=Waldemar Januszczak |work=TimesOnline |date=2005-09-25 | location=London}} Media reaction to Congo's painting abilities were mixed, although relatively positive and accepted with interest. Pablo Picasso was reportedly a "fan" of his paintings, and hung one in his studio after receiving it as a gift.{{cite web|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/dead-chimps-art-sells-big/|title=Dead Chimp's Art Sells Big|access-date=2008-06-01|date=2005-06-20|work=CBS News}} In 2005 Congo's paintings were included in an auction at Bonhams alongside works by Renoir and Warhol. They sold for more than expected, while Renoir's and Warhol's did not sell. American collector Howard Hong purchased three of Congo's works for over US$25,000.{{cite web|url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=4712948|title=No Chump Change for Chimp Art|access-date=2008-06-01| date = 2005-06-21|work=All Things Considered|publisher=NPR}}{{cite web|url=http://www.wtop.com/?nid=502&sid=605428|title=Paintings by Chimpanzee Outsell Warhol, Renoir at Auction|access-date=2008-06-01|date=2005-11-29|publisher=Wtopnews.com}}

A more recent example is Pockets Warhol, a capuchin monkey from the Story Book Farm Primate sanctuary, who has been painting since 2011.{{Cite web|title=Meet the Monkeys of Story Book Farm Primate Sanctuary|url=https://www.storybookmonkeys.org/monkeys.htm|access-date=2021-04-29|website=www.storybookmonkeys.org|archive-date=2021-04-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210429160957/https://www.storybookmonkeys.org/monkeys.htm|url-status=dead}}

File:Elephant show in Chiang Mai P1110465.JPG]]

Elephants in captivity have been trained to paint as a form of zoo environmental and behavioral enrichment. This includes Ruby the elephant, who lived most of her life at the Phoenix Zoo and produced abstract paintings.

Another example of this is seen at Melbourne Zoo.{{cite web|title=Animal artistry|url=http://shop.zoo.org.au/shop/elephant-trunk-art.html|access-date=14 August 2014|publisher=Zoos Victoria|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140812204045/http://shop.zoo.org.au/shop/elephant-trunk-art.html|archive-date=12 August 2014}} However, research published in 2014 indicated that elephants gain little enrichment from the activity of painting apart from the positive reinforcement given by zookeepers during the activity. The scientists concluded that the "benefits of this activity appear to be limited to the aesthetic appeal of these paintings to the people viewing them". The elephants draw the same painting each time and have learned to draw it line-for-line.{{cite journal | last1 = English | first1 = M | last2 = Kaplan | first2 = G | last3 = Rogers | first3 = LJ | year = 2014 | title = Is painting by elephants in zoos as enriching as we are led to believe? | journal = PeerJ | volume = 2 | page = e471 | doi = 10.7717/peerj.471 | pmid=25071994 | pmc=4103097 | doi-access = free }}

In Thailand, several elephant centers exhibit painting elephants. A zoologist who visited one such elephant show concluded that the elephants were being instructed by their trainers on the directions of their brushstrokes through tugs on their ear.{{Cite web |last=Mikkelson |first=David |date=2006-03-30 |title=Does a Video Show an Elephant Painting a Picture of an Elephant? |url=https://www.snopes.com//fact-check/elephant-painting/ |access-date=2024-06-04 |website=Snopes |language=en}} It has been alleged that cruelty is involved in some tourist destinations where elephants are trained to paint.{{Cite news|url=http://www.onegreenplanet.org/animalsandnature/why-making-an-elephant-paint-is-cruel-not-cute/|title=Elephant Artists? Here's Why Making an Elephant Paint is Cruel, Not Cute|newspaper=One Green Planet|language=en-US|access-date=2017-01-25}}

In some dolphin shows, educated dolphins{{cite news |last1=Padgett |first1=Sonya |title=Mirage dolphins take artistic turn, making paintings for guests |url=http://www.reviewjournal.com/entertainment/shows/mirage-dolphins-take-artistic-turn-making-paintings-guests |access-date=August 18, 2016 |work=Las Vegas Review-Journal |date=February 3, 2013}}{{cite news |last1=Phillips |first1=Steve |title=Dolphins at IMMS learn to paint for new interactive program |url=http://www.wlox.com/story/24822425/dolphins-at-imms-learn-to-paint |access-date=August 18, 2016 |work=WLOX-ABC |date=2014}}{{cite AV media |people=Sanchez, Frank |date=2008 |title=Dolphin Painting Project |URL=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MI643k_qan4 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/MI643k_qan4 |archive-date=2021-12-21 |url-status=live|access-date=August 18, 2016}}{{cbignore}} and beluga whales[https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/japan/10316869/Beluga-whales-learn-how-to-paint.html The Telegraph:Beluga whales learn how to paint] paint with brushes. The Institute for Marine Mammal Studies has taught several of its dolphins to paint.{{cite AV media |people=McCoy, Amanda |date=February 24, 2014 |title=Painting Dolphin |URL=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FEOBiEQfDlA |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/FEOBiEQfDlA |archive-date=2021-12-21 |url-status=live|publisher=SunHerals Multimedia |access-date=August 18, 2016}}{{cbignore}}

Bini the Bunny (born 2012) is a Holland lop rabbit who paints abstract art on small canvases, holding a brush in his mouth. His paintings are featured on a YouTube channel.{{cite web|title=Talented Little Bunny Creates Beautiful Works Of Art, All On His Own!|url=http://www.jumblejoy.com/artist-bunny|website=Jumble Joy|access-date=11 February 2017}}

File:The Penguin Pigcasso 2019.png]]

Pigcasso (2016–2024) was a South African pig who gained international notoriety for her abstract expressionist paintings, which have sold for thousands of dollars around the world.{{Cite web|last=Peter|first=Zamayirha|title=Pigcasso a millionaire|url=https://www.news24.com/citypress/news/pigcasso-a-millionaire-20190110|access-date=2021-08-09|website=Citypress|language=en-US}} Pigcasso was rescued from an industrial hog farm as a piglet by her owner, Joanne Lefson, who taught her to paint using positive reinforcement techniques. Lefson used the proceeds of the sales of Pigcasso's paintings to raise funds for her farm sanctuary in Franschhoek, South Africa.

Each of Pigcasso's works was signed by means of the artist dipping her nose-tip into beetroot ink and touching it onto the canvas.

Pigcasso and Lefson are the first non-human/human collaboration to have held an art exhibition together, which took place at the Victoria & Alfred Waterfront in Cape Town in 2018.{{Cite web|title=WATCH: Pigcasso launches art exhibition - and it's anything but hogwash!|url=https://www.iol.co.za/weekend-argus/watch-pigcasso-launches-art-exhibition-and-its-anything-but-hogwash-12811541|access-date=2021-08-09|website=www.iol.co.za|language=en}}{{Cite web|title=Meet Pigcasso, The World's First Pig Artist|url=https://www.dogonews.com/2018/2/5/meet-pigcasso-the-worlds-first-pig-artist|access-date=2021-08-09|website=DOGOnews|language=en}} Pigcasso's most expensive work sold in December 2021 for US$27,000, making it the most expensive animal-made art piece ever to have been sold at the time.{{Cite web|date=2021-12-21|title=Pig painter Pigcasso's artwork sells for whopping £20,000, creates history|url=https://www.wionews.com/world/pig-painter-pigcassos-artwork-sells-for-whopping-ps20000-creates-history-438661|access-date=2021-12-21|website=wionews.com|language=en}}{{Cite web|date=2021-12-20|title=Move over, Banksy: SA's Pigcasso sells painting for more than R400k|url=https://www.thesouthafrican.com/culture/art-artists/breaking-pigcasso-wild-and-free-record-animal-art/|access-date=2022-01-03|website=The South African|language=en-ZA}}{{Cite web|title=Pigcasso brings home the bacon after selling an abstract artwork for a record R400 000|url=https://www.iol.co.za/capeargus/life/pigcasso-brings-home-the-bacon-after-selling-an-abstract-artwork-for-a-record-r400-000-b6679c1e-0fc9-4200-8a03-95e93aea5068|access-date=2022-01-03|website=www.iol.co.za|date=17 February 1973 |language=en}}

A spokeswoman for the United States Association of Zoos and Aquariums in 2008 said that painting animals at zoos in the US included kangaroos, ocelots, red pandas, a rhinoceros and a Komodo dragon.{{cite web|first=Dinesh|last=Ramde|url=http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/nation/2008-04-07-animal-artists_N.htm|access-date=14 August 2014|title=Dumbo paints! Animals make zoo artwork|date=7 April 2008|agency=Associated Press|newspaper=USA Today|publisher=Gannett Company|url-status=live|archive-date=10 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140810005209/http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/nation/2008-04-07-animal-artists_N.htm}}

{{gallery

|align=center

|File:Bini and his art.jpg|Bini in front of his artwork

|File:Adler. Utrish Dolphinarium 2.jpg|Beluga whale painting

|File:Boronali Impression.jpg|Et le soleil s'endormit sur l'Adriatique (Sunset Over the Adriatic), 54 × 81 cm, painting partially made by donkey (Lolo) assisted by Roland Dorgelès.

}}

File:Elephantselfie with Christian LeBlanc.jpg camera in Koh Phangan, Thailand{{cite news|title=The amazing elephant selfie. But is it a world first?|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/blogs-trending-32848199|access-date=22 May 2015|agency=BBC|date=22 May 2015}}]]

In mid-2014, equipment owned by nature photographer David Slater was used by a Celebes crested macaque in Tangkoko Nature Reserve in Indonesia to take a series of self-portraits. This led to a copyright dispute known as the 'monkey selfie case'.{{cite web|title=Can monkey who took grinning self-portrait claim copyright?|url=http://metro.co.uk/2011/07/14/can-monkey-who-took-grinning-self-portrait-claim-copyright-77773/|website=Metro|date=14 July 2011 |access-date=24 June 2014}}

An elephant at West Midland Safari Park was reported to have taken a 'selfie' using a dropped mobile phone belonging to visitor Scott Brierley in May 2014.{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-hereford-worcester-27624575|title=West Midlands Safari Park elephant 'takes selfie' with dropped mobile phone|date=29 May 2019}}

In 2015, an elephant in Koh Phangan, Thailand, took a running GoPro camera from traveller Christian Le Blanc and filmed some video footage.

File:Grizzly Bear selfie - Tom Scott - GX010742.webm's lost GoPro camera]]

In 2023, after British YouTuber Tom Scott made a video featuring bears at the Grizzly & Wolf Discovery Center in Montana, the bears found a lost GoPro camera and accidentally turned it on, capturing two videos which were recovered by Scott when the camera was found. Scott declared that as the footage was "created entirely by bears", he believed it to be in the public domain, and uploaded it to the Internet Archive.{{cite web|url=https://laughingsquid.com/bear-steals-tom-scott-gopro/|title=Bear Steals Tom Scott's GoPro and Takes a Selfie|website=Laughing Squid|first=Lori|last=Dorn|date=24 July 2023}}{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/grizzly-bear-selfie/GX010742.MP4|title=Grizzly Bear selfie|first1=Tom|last1=Scott|author2=grizzly bears|website=Internet Archive|date=22 July 2023}}

Some animals create visually impressive displays as part of their mating behaviours, which have been described as artistic. These include bowers constructed by bowerbirds and geometric circles created by white-spotted pufferfish.{{cite journal|title=Animal art: Variation in bower decorating style among male bowerbirds Amblyornis inornatus|first=Jared|last=Diamond|author-link=Jared Diamond|date=1 May 1986|volume=83|number=9|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America|publisher=National Academy of Sciences|doi=10.1073/pnas.83.9.3042|pmid=16593691|pages=3042–6|pmc=323443|doi-access=free|bibcode=1986PNAS...83.3042D }}{{Cite journal|last=Matsuura|first=Keiichi|date=1 January 2015|title=A new pufferfish of the genus Torquigener that builds "mystery circles" on sandy bottoms in the Ryukyu Islands, Japan (Actinopterygii: Tetraodontiformes: Tetraodontidae)|journal=Ichthyological Research|volume=62|issue=2|pages=207–212|doi=10.1007/s10228-014-0428-5|bibcode=2015IchtR..62..207M |s2cid=254164102 |issn=1616-3915}}

File:NoraPianoCat.jpg

It has been noted since ancient times that elephants seem to have an affinity for music.{{Cn|date=November 2024}} The Ringling Bros circus featured an "Elephant brass band" which they claimed could "play popular songs of the day in tune and in time".{{cite web|url=https://www.loc.gov/resource/ppmsca.55077/|title=Ringling Bros. world's greatest shows ... The funny, wonderful elephant brass band ... digital file from original print|website=Library of Congress}} In the 1950s, German evolutionary biologist Bernard Rensch found that elephants can distinguish 12 tones on the musical scale and remember simple melodies, even when played on different instruments at various pitches, timbres, and meters.{{cite news|last=Scigliano|first=Eric|title=Think Tank; A Band With a Lot More to Offer Than Talented Trumpeters|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2000/12/16/arts/think-tank-a-band-with-a-lot-more-to-offer-than-talented-trumpeters.html|newspaper=New York Times|date=December 16, 2000|location=Arts}}{{cite web|last=Flores|first=Graciela|title=When I see an elephant...paint?|url=http://www.the-scientist.com/?articles.view/articleNo/25148/title/When-I-see-an-elephant---paint-/|publisher=The Scientist|accessdate=21 March 2013|date=June 1, 2007}}

The Thai Elephant Orchestra is a musical ensemble consisting of six to fourteen Thai elephants who play heavy-duty musical instruments. Three CDs of their music have been released.{{cite web |title=The Biggest Thing Out Of Thailand: An Elephant Orchestra |url=https://www.npr.org/2013/08/03/208338182/the-biggest-thing-out-of-thailand-an-elephant-orchestra |website=NPR.org |publisher=WUNC |access-date=25 February 2023 |date=August 3, 2013}}

Nora the Piano Cat was a tabby cat who featured in a 2007 viral YouTube video playing the piano.{{cite news|last = Whitwell|first = Tom|url = https://www.thetimes.com/uk/social-media/article/microtrends-piano-playing-cats-rwrg7lgpmkq|title = Microtrends: Piano-Playing Cats|newspaper = The Times|date = March 3, 2007|access-date = 2012-07-22}} In 2009, recorded footage of Nora was included in CATcerto, a piece by Lithuanian composer Mindaugas Piečaitis.{{cite web|title=Kūrinys katei tapo rimtu gyvenimo pokštu|url=http://klaipeda.diena.lt/dienrastis/priedai/sokoladas/kurinys-katei-tapo-rimtu-gyvenimo-pokstu-224358|date=2009-06-20|accessdate=2010-07-12|language=lt|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120307074202/http://klaipeda.diena.lt/dienrastis/priedai/sokoladas/kurinys-katei-tapo-rimtu-gyvenimo-pokstu-224358|archive-date=2012-03-07|url-status=dead}}

File:Macaca_nigra_self-portrait_large.jpg]]

The copyright to an artistic work is typically held by its author. In cases where the artistic work was created by an animal, intellectual property analysts Mary M. Luria and Charles Swan have argued that neither the human who provides the equipment used to create the work, nor the human who owns the animal itself (when applicable), can hold the copyright to the resulting work by the animal. In these cases, the animal's work was not an intellectual creation of the humans, and copyrights can only be held by legal persons—which an animal is not.{{cite web|title=Monkey Selfie Lands Photographer in Legal Quagmire|url=http://lightbox.time.com/2014/08/06/monkey-selfie/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140807083811/http://lightbox.time.com/2014/08/06/monkey-selfie/|url-status=dead|archive-date=August 7, 2014|website=The Lightbox|publisher=Time|access-date=11 August 2014}}

The question of ownership of copyright for photographs created by animals was tested in the monkey selfie case, in mid-2014, after equipment owned by nature photographer David Slater was used by a Celebes crested macaque in Tangkoko Nature Reserve in Indonesia to take a series of self-portraits. Slater claimed copyright over the image, arguing that he had set up the situation. Other individuals and organizations, however, argued that the photographs, as the work of a non-human animal (and thus not the work of a legal person), were public domain. Slater stated that the upload of the images to Wikimedia Commons, a free media repository, had cost him more than £10,000 in lost income; he unsuccessfully attempted to have the media removed.{{cite news| url = https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-gloucestershire-28674167| title = Photographer 'lost £10,000' in Wikipedia monkey 'selfie' row| date = August 7, 2013| access-date = August 7, 2014| work = BBC News}}{{cite news| url = https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-28672121| title = Wikipedia reveals Google 'forgotten' search links| date = August 6, 2014| access-date = August 8, 2014| work = BBC News}} In August 2014, the United States Copyright Office clarified their rules to explicitly state that items created by a non-human cannot be copyrighted, and lists in their examples a "photograph taken by a monkey", which would appear to reference this case.{{cite news|url=https://www.csmonitor.com/Innovation/Tech-Culture/2014/0822/US-government-Monkey-selfies-ineligible-for-copyright | date = 22 August 2014 | access-date = 23 August 2014 | first = Jacob | last = Axelrad | work=The Christian Science Monitor | title = US government: Monkey selfies ineligible for copyright}}

{{Portal|Animals}}

• F. D. C. Willard, a cat credited on physics papers
• Animals in art
• Infinite monkey theorem

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• {{Commons category inline|Animal art}}

Category:Human–animal interaction

Category:Painting