Anne L'Huillier

{{Infobox scientist

| name = Anne L'Huillier

| honorific_suffix = {{Post-nominals|list=KmstkNO|size=100%}}

| image = Anne LHuiller 01.JPG

| caption = L'Huillier in 2012

| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=y|1958|8|16}}

| birth_place = Paris, France

| death_date =

| death_place =

| known_for = High harmonic generation, attosecond physics

| education = École Normale Supérieure, Fontenay-aux-Roses (BA)
Pierre and Marie Curie University (MSc, PhD)

| awards = UNESCO L'Oréal Award (2011)
BBVA Foundation Frontiers of Knowledge Award (2022)
Wolf Prize in Physics (2022)
Nobel Prize in Physics (2023)

| fields = Attosecond physics

| workplaces = Lund University

| thesis_url = https://www.theses.fr/1986PA066268

| thesis_title = Ionisation Multiphotonique et Multielectronique (Multiphoton and Multielectron Ionization)

| thesis_year = 1986

| doctoral_advisor = {{ill|Bernard Cagnac|fr}}

| spouse = {{ill|Claes-Göran Wahlström|sv}}

| children =2

}}

Anne Geneviève L'Huillier ({{IPA|fr|an lɥi.je|}}; born 16 August 1958{{Cite web |title=The Nobel Prize in Physics 2023 |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/2023/lhuillier/facts/ |access-date=2023-10-04 |website=NobelPrize.org |language=en-US}}) is a French physicist. She is a professor of atomic physics at Lund University in Sweden.

She leads an attosecond physics group which studies the movements of electrons in real time, which is used to understand the chemical reactions on the atomic level.{{Cite web |title=Carl Zeiss Research Award |url=https://www.zeiss.com/corporate/int/innovation-and-technology/research-award-winners.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170219003440/https://www.zeiss.com/corporate/int/innovation-and-technology/research-award-winners.html |archive-date=19 February 2017 |access-date=29 April 2017 |website=ZEISS International |language=en}}

Her experimental and theoretical research are credited with laying the foundation for the field of attochemistry.{{cite news |last1=Bubola |first1=Emma |last2=Miller |first2=Katrina |title=Nobel Prize in Physics Awarded to 3 Scientists for Illuminating How Electrons Move |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/10/03/science/nobel-prize-physics.html |work=The New York Times |date=3 October 2023}}

In 2003 she and her group beat the world record for the shortest laser pulse, of 170 attoseconds.

L'Huillier became a member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences in 2004. She has received various physics awards including the Wolf Prize in Physics in 2022 and the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2023.

{{cite news

| last1 = Davis | first1 = Nicola

| title = Nobel prize in physics awarded to three scientists for work on electrons

| date = 3 October 2023

| work = The Guardian

| location = London, United Kingdom

| issn = 0261-3077

| url = https://www.theguardian.com/science/2023/oct/03/nobel-prize-in-physics-awarded-to-three-scientists-for-work-on-electrons

| access-date = 3 October 2023

}}

Life

= Education =

Anne L'Huillier was born in Paris in 1958.{{Cite web |title=Anne L'Huillier |url=https://www.nasonline.org/member-directory/members/20044049.html |access-date=3 October 2023 |website=National Academy of Sciences}} She was awarded a double master's degree in theoretical physics and mathematics,{{Cite web|url=http://www.academia-net.org/profil/prof-anne-lhuillier/1135203|title=Prof. Anne L'huillier – AcademiaNet|website=www.academia-net.org|language=en|access-date=29 April 2017}} but switched for her doctorate degree to experimental physics at Pierre and Marie Curie University.Wolf>{{cite web|url=https://wolffund.org.il/2022/02/08/anne-lhuillier/|title=Anne L'Huillier|website=Wolf foundation|access-date=6 October 2023}}

Her dissertation was on multiple multiphoton ionization in laser fields of high intensity. She carried out her dissertation research at the Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), near Paris.{{Cite news|url=http://www.upmc.fr/en/university/history_and_famous_people/doctors_honoris_causa/dhc_2013/anne_l_huillier.html|title=Anne L'Huillier|last=UPMC|first=Université Pierre et Marie Curie -|date=12 December 2013|access-date=29 April 2017}}

= Career =

As a post-doctoral student, L'Huillier worked at the Chalmers Institute of Technology in Gothenburg, Sweden, and at the University of Southern California in Los Angeles, United States.

In 1986, L'Huillier obtained a permanent position as a researcher at the CEA, at the Saclay site.

In 1992, she took part in an experiment in Lund, where one of the first titanium-sapphire solid-state laser systems for femtosecond pulses in Europe had been installed. In 1994 she moved to Sweden, where she was appointed at Lund University as a lecturer in 1995 and a professor in 1997.{{Cite web|url=http://www.atomic.physics.lu.se/research/attosecond_physics/group_members/anne_lhuillier/|title=Anne L'Huillier|work=Atomic Physics, Faculty of Engineering, LTH|access-date=5 May 2014}} She also serves as governing board member at the Institut d’optique, France.{{Cite web |date=2023-11-08 |title=Anne L'Huillier awarded a Doctor Honoris Causa from Université Paris-Saclay |url=http://www.universite-paris-saclay.fr/en/news/anne-lhuillier-awarded-doctor-honoris-causa-universite-paris-saclay |access-date=2023-11-21 |website=Université Paris-Saclay |language=en}}

== Research ==

L'Huillier's research involves experimental and theoretical aspects of high harmonic generation in gases, which corresponded to extremely short light pulses in the ultraviolet spectral range, lasting tens or hundreds of attoseconds. In 1987, L’Huillier first observed that gases like argon would react to a laser by becoming excited and emitting additional radiation or overtones, at various multiples of the frequency of laser.

In 1991, L'Huillier in collaboration with Kenneth Schafer and Kenneth Kulander presented numerical simulations of the time-dependent Schrödinger equation in order to understand the generation of high-order harmonics. They first predicted the shape of the high harmonics spectrum and the phase-matching conditions.{{Cite journal |last=The Nobel Committee for Physics |date=3 October 2023 |title=Scientific Background to the Nobel Prize in Physics 2023 |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2023/10/advanced-physicsprize2023.pdf |journal=The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences}} In 1994, Maciej Lewenstein, L’Huiller and Paul Corkum presented a full quantum theory of high harmonic generation.

L'Huillier uses attosecond sources to study ultrafast dynamics of electrons in atomic and molecular systems. In 2003 her group beat the world record for the shortest laser pulse, lasting 170 attoseconds.{{Cite book |title=Fysik i Lund: i tid och rum |publisher=Fysiska institutionen i samarbete med Gidlunds förlag |year=2016 |isbn=9789178449729 |editor-last=Forkman |editor-first=Bengt |location=Lund |pages=371, 374 |language=sv |editor-last2=Holmin Verdozzi |editor-first2=Kristina}} These attosecond sources are considered the world's fastest cameras, using extremely short pulses of light to measure electrons as they move or change in energy.{{cite news |last1=Wood |first1=Charlie |title=Physicists Who Explored Tiny Glimpses of Time Win Nobel Prize |url=https://www.quantamagazine.org/physicists-who-explored-tiny-glimpses-of-time-win-nobel-prize-20231003/ |work=Quanta magazine |date=October 3, 2023}}{{cite news |last1=Pollard |first1=Niklas |last2=Ahlander |first2=Johan |title=Nobel physics prize goes to trio who lit up secrets of the atom |url=https://www.reuters.com/science/agostini-krausz-lhuillier-win-2023-nobel-prize-physics-2023-10-03/ |work=Reuters |date=3 October 2023 |language=en}} L’Huillier's methods for studying and manipulating electrons using light have pioneered the field of attochemistry as they allow the study electronic processes during chemical reactions.

In 2010, an experiment led by Ferenc Krausz at the Max Planck Institute of Quantum Optics, highlighted a discrepancy between theory and experimental results concerning photoemission delays in neon atoms. L'Huillier group in Lund solved this problem in 2017 by experimentally uncovering the contribution of shake-up electrons. By correcting for this effect L'Huillier group found an excellent agreement with theory.

Honors and awards

L'Huillier was on the Nobel Committee for Physics between 2007 and 2015, and has been a member of the Swedish Academy of Sciences since 2004.{{Cite web|url=https://www.kva.se/sv/nyheter/nya-ledamoter-2|title=Nya ledamöter|date=19 April 2004|website=Kungl. Vetenskapsakademien|access-date=29 April 2017}} In 2003, she received the {{ill|Julius Springer Prize|de|Julius-Springer-Preis für angewandte Physik}}. In 2011 she received a UNESCO L'Oréal Award. In 2013, she was awarded the {{Interlanguage link|Carl-Zeiss Research Award|de}}, the {{ill|Blaise Pascal Medal|de|Blaise-Pascal-Medaille|pt|Medalha Blaise Pascal}} and an Honorary Degree at Université Pierre et Marie Curie (UPMC), Paris. She was elected a foreign associate of the National Academy of Sciences in 2018. One year later, in 2019, she was recognized with the Prize for Fundamental Aspects of Quantum Electronics and Optics, announced by the European Physical Society. Anne L'Huillier is a fellow member of the American Physical Society and Optica.{{cite news |title=EPS Quantum Electronics Prizes |url=http://qeod.epsdivisions.org/QEOD%20Prizes/eps-quantum-electronics-prize |access-date=13 June 2020 |archive-date=5 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160505062134/http://qeod.epsdivisions.org/QEOD%20Prizes/eps-quantum-electronics-prize |url-status=dead }}

In 2021 L'Huillier was awarded the Optical Society of America Max Born Award for "pioneering work in ultrafast laser science and attosecond physics, realizing and understanding high harmonic generation and applying it to time-resolved imaging of electron motion in atoms and molecules".{{Cite web|title=Max Born Award|url=https://www.osa.org/en-us/awards_and_grants/awards/award_description/maxborn/#:~:text=Presented%20to%20an%20individual%20who,general%20and%20optics%20in%20particular.|url-status=live|website=OSA|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131014050519/http://www.osa.org/en-us/awards_and_grants/awards/award_description/maxborn/ |archive-date=14 October 2013 }} In 2022 she received the Wolf Prize in Physics for "pioneering contributions to ultrafast laser science and attosecond physics" jointly with Ferenc Krausz and Paul Corkum.{{Cite web |date=2022-02-08 |title=Anne L'Huillier |url=https://wolffund.org.il/2022/02/08/anne-lhuillier/ |access-date=2023-10-06 |website=Wolf Foundation |language=en-US}} Also for 2022, the three were awarded the BBVA Foundation Frontiers of Knowledge Award in Basic Sciences.{{Cite web |date=2023-02-22 |title=The Frontiers of Knowledge Award goes to Anne L'Huillier, Paul Corkum and Ferenc Krausz for enabling subatomic particles to be observed in motion over the shortest time scale captured by science |url=https://www.frontiersofknowledgeawards-fbbva.es/noticias/15th-edition-basic-sciences-anne-lhuillier-paul-corkum-ferenc-krausz/ |access-date=2023-10-06 |website=Premios Fronteras |language=en}} She also received the French Legion of Honour the same year.{{Citation |title=Décret du 29 décembre 2022 portant promotion et nomination dans l'ordre national de la Légion d'honneur |url=https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/jorf/id/JORFTEXT000046850463 |access-date=2023-10-12}}

In September 2023, she received the Berthold Leibinger Zukunftspreis for "high harmonic generation and attosecond physics."{{Cite web |title=Berthold Leibinger Preisverleihung |url=https://photonicsbw.de/news/detail/berthold-leibinger-preisverleihung-2853/ |access-date=2023-10-12 |website=photonicsbw.de |language=de}} In October 2023, she was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics, jointly with Krausz and Pierre Agostini for "for experimental methods that generate attosecond pulses of light for the study of electron dynamics in matter".

In November 2023, she received a doctor honoris causa from Paris-Saclay University. During the ceremony, 2022 Nobel Prize in Physics, Alain Aspect was the guest of honor.

In March 2024, she received a doctor honoris causa from University of Bordeaux,{{Cite web |date=2024-03-29 |title=Anne L'Huillier (Lund University) |url=https://www.u-bordeaux.fr/en/about-us/honoris-causa/anne-lhuillier-lund-university |access-date=2024-04-13 |website=University of Bordeaux |language=en}} and in May from the University of Porto.{{Cite web |last=Silva |first=Renata |date=2024-05-24 |title=Anne L'Huillier será a próxima Doutora Honoris Causa da U.Porto |url=https://noticias.up.pt/2024/05/24/anne-lhuillier-sera-a-proxima-doutora-honoris-causa-da-u-porto/ |access-date=2024-06-07 |website=Notícias U.Porto |language=pt-PT}}

= Distinctions =

50x50px {{flag|Sweden}}: Royal Order of the Polar Star, Commander Grand Cross (21 March 2024){{cite web | title=Ordnar till tretton exceptionella svenskar | website=Kungl. Maj:ts Orden | url=https://kungligmajestatsorden.se/nyhetsarkiv/nyheter/2024-03-21-ordnar-till-tretton-exceptionella-svenskar | language=sv | access-date=2024-03-21}}
50x50px {{flag|France}}: Legion of Honour, Knight (29 December 2022){{Citation |title=Décret du 29 décembre 2022 portant promotion et nomination dans l'ordre national de la Légion d'honneur |url=https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/jorf/id/JORFTEXT000046850463 |access-date=2023-10-12}}

Personal life

L'Huillier is married to {{ill|Claes-Göran Wahlström|sv}} who is also a professor at Lund University.{{Cite web |last=Svanberg |first=Sune |date=2023-10-04 |title=How we hired 2023 Nobel laureate Anne L'Huillier – and why we knew she was destined for greatness |url=http://theconversation.com/how-we-hired-2023-nobel-laureate-anne-lhuillier-and-why-we-knew-she-was-destined-for-greatness-214867 |access-date=2023-10-05 |website=The Conversation |language=en}}{{cite news |last1=Conrad |first1=Lina |title=Glädjekaos runt L'Huillier: "Kan inte komma i närheten" |url=https://sverigesradio.se/artikel/kaos-runt-lhuillier-kan-inte-komma-i-narheten |access-date=3 January 2024 |date=3 October 2023 |language=Swedish}} They have two children.{{cite web | title=Anne L'Huillier awarded Nobel Prize in Physics | website=Lund University | date=4 October 2023 | url=https://www.lunduniversity.lu.se/article/anne-lhuillier-awarded-nobel-prize-physics | access-date=28 June 2024}}{{cite web | title=The Nobel Prize in Physics 2023 |last=L'Huillier | first=Anne | website=NobelPrize.org | date=28 June 2024 | url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/2023/lhuillier/biographical/ | access-date=28 June 2024}}