Anti-monuments in Mexico

{{Short description|Politically motivated art movement}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2021}}

{{Use American English|date=November 2021}}

File:Antimonumento de la Guardería ABC 22.jpg. The phrase "Never again" is written in Spanish.]]

In Mexico, an antimonumento ({{langnf|es||anti-monument}}) is a structure that is traditionally installed during popular protests. They are installed to recall a tragic event or to maintain the claim for justice to which governments have failed to provide a satisfactory response in the eyes of the complainant.{{Cite web |title=Antimonumentos: intervenciones, arte, memoria – InfoActivismo.org |url=https://infoactivismo.org/antimonumentos-intervenciones-arte-memoria/ |access-date=20 November 2021 |language=es |archive-date=27 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211027175349/https://infoactivismo.org/antimonumentos-intervenciones-arte-memoria/ |url-status=live }} Many of these are erected for issues related to forced disappearances, massacres, femicides and other forms of violence against women, or any other act of violence.''

Concept

{{See also|Anti-monumentalism}}

The term anti-monument finds its genealogy in the reflections of James E. Young. After World War II, Young looked at "those devices of memory that do not seek to glorify national glory but to do a living memory work through the experiences of the victims", in contrast to the traditional monuments that exalted nationalist heroism. In Latin America, anti-monuments emerged as a way of dealing through the arts with "the violence of the State, as in the cases of Nazism and Latin American dictatorships".{{Cite journal |last=Seligmann-Silva |first=Márcio |title=Antimonumentos: trabalho de memória e de resistência |date=April 2016 |journal=Psicologia USP |volume=27 |pages=49–60 |language=pt |doi=10.1590/0103-6564d20150011 |issue=1|doi-access=free }}

In Mexico, anti-monuments have emerged as protest art and a rejection of the state. If traditional monuments are usually installed by the state to last and represent official positions, the anti-monument has the opposite function which "does not imply a denial of the importance of monuments".{{Cite news |last1=Lacruz |first1=M. Elena |last2=Ramírez |first2=Juan |year=2017 |title=Anti-monumentos. Recordando el futuro a través de los lugares abandonados |pages=86–91 |work=Revista Rita |issue=7}} That is, it tries to remember those victims who did not achieve justice so that "their cases do not fall into oblivion". Thus, according to anthropologist Alfonso Díaz Tovar, the anti-monuments arise in this way to "deconstruct" the "official positions through an appropriation of public space". The anti-monuments have also been interpreted as "a new way of dealing with the new role of memory". According to the authors of the Antimonumento +43, the first anti-monument, they decided to use the term antimonumento because they considered an error to name it a monumento, as those refer to the past and they did not want the Iguala mass kidnapping to be forgotten. Even though they considered calling it contramonumento at some point, they agreed with the name antimonumento instead.{{cite book|url=https://mx.boell.org/sites/default/files/2022-08/antimonumentos.pdf|title=Antimonumentos: Memoria, Verdad y Justicia|trans-title=Anti-monuments: Memory, Truth and Justice|date=December 2021|language=es|isbn=978-607-99582-4-4|edition=2nd|publisher=Heinrich Böll Foundation|access-date=17 November 2022|archive-date=17 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221117224541/https://mx.boell.org/sites/default/files/2022-08/antimonumentos.pdf|url-status=live}}{{rp|18}}

Cause and implications

File:Cruz de Clavos 01.jpg, Chihuahua, in memory of the victims of femicide during the 1990s and 2000s. Rosa Salazar considers similar protests as a precursor of the anti-monuments.]]

Mexico, in addition to having one of the highest crime rates in the world, also is a country where nine out of ten reported crimes are left unpunished. As a result, anti-monuments have emerged as a way to remember the victims and prevent their cases from falling into oblivion.{{Cite web |last=González Díaz |first=Marcos |date=8 December 2020 |title=Why are 'anti-monuments' appearing in Mexico (and how they reflect the darkest episodes in its recent history) |url=https://digismak.com/why-are-anti-monuments-appearing-in-mexico-and-how-they-reflect-the-darkest-episodes-in-its-recent-history/ |access-date=20 November 2021 |publisher=Digismak |agency=BBC News |archive-date=4 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220104013748/https://digismak.com/why-are-anti-monuments-appearing-in-mexico-and-how-they-reflect-the-darkest-episodes-in-its-recent-history/ |url-status=live }} For Rosa Salazar, a human rights, communication, and ICT Laboratory coordinator, anti-monuments have a function similar to that of memorials.{{Cite web |last=Galván |first=Melissa |date=13 March 2021 |title=México, el país de los antimonumentos que exigen acabar con la impunidad |trans-title=Mexico, the country of anti-monuments demanding an end to impunity |url=https://politica.expansion.mx/voces/2021/03/13/mexico-pais-de-antimonumentos-exigencia-contra-impunidad |access-date=16 December 2021 |website=Expansión |archive-date=17 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211217034159/https://politica.expansion.mx/voces/2021/03/13/mexico-pais-de-antimonumentos-exigencia-contra-impunidad |url-status=live }} Anti-monuments leave behind the idea that aesthetic objects "were only judged by their beauty, according to a given artistic canon". Apart from their aesthetic appearance, anti-monuments are "artifacts charged with affection" that, with their subversive activities in the public space, tend to reinstate its communitarian sense. For Eunice Hernández, a cultural facilitator, their location is key to prevent the issue from fading into oblivion, since those spaces are emblematic and represent a hegemonic power.{{Cite web |last=Hernández |first=Eunice |date=2 October 2020 |title=Dimensiones y paradojas de los antimonumentos en la Ciudad de México |trans-title=Dimensions and paradoxes of the anti-monuments in Mexico City |url=https://estepais.com/cultura/intervenciones/antimonumentos/ |access-date=27 December 2021 |website=Este País |language=es |archive-date=27 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211227213622/https://estepais.com/cultura/intervenciones/antimonumentos/ |url-status=live }}

Government position

Anti-monuments are rarely removed by the authorities once they are established. Although not removing them can affect the image of the government, removing them would imply that they have no interest in resolving the cause of their placement. After being installed, several sit-in groups remain in the area watching over the anti-monuments to prevent the authorities from removing them.{{Cite web |last=Muñoz Ramírez |first=Gloria |date=3 June 2019 |title=Antimonumentos, la ruta por la memoria amenazada |trans-title=Anti-monuments, the route for threatened memory |url=https://desinformemonos.org/antimonumentos-la-ruta-por-la-memoria-amenazada/ |access-date=13 December 2021 |website=Desinformémonos.org |language=es |archive-date=13 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211213213237/https://desinformemonos.org/antimonumentos-la-ruta-por-la-memoria-amenazada/ |url-status=live }} In some instances, some governments have installed their own anti-monuments and in other cases have tried to dialogue with the protesters to decide where or how they should be installed. For philosopher Irene Tello Arista, these actions represent an absence of political commitment to change the situation that originated them.{{Cite web |last=Tello Arista |first=Irene |date=May 2021 |title=Arrebatar las narrativas |trans-title=To snatch the narratives |url=https://www.revistadelauniversidad.mx/articles/8fd237c9-66e0-467c-9d72-f9028779935a/arrebatar-las-narrativas |access-date=3 January 2021 |website=Revista de la Universidad de México |language=es |archive-date=11 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210511215414/https://www.revistadelauniversidad.mx/articles/8fd237c9-66e0-467c-9d72-f9028779935a/arrebatar-las-narrativas |url-status=live }}

''Antimonumenta''

{{See also|Grammatical gender in Spanish|Gender neutrality in Spanish}}

File:Vista de la Antimonumenta 01.jpg in the historic center of Mexico City]]

The antimonumenta is a type of anti-monument erected to demand justice for the victims of gender violence and femicides in the country. The first antimonumenta was erected on 8 March 2019, the date commemorating International Women's Day. It was installed on Juárez Avenue, in front of the Palace of Fine Arts in downtown Mexico City during the annual march of women protesting against gender violence. Since then, similar monuments have been installed throughout the country.{{Cite web |date=2 December 2020 |title=Cinco Estados de México colocan antimonumenta por los feminicidios |trans-title=Five states of Mexico place the Animonumenta due to femicies |url=https://vocesfeministas.mx/cinco-estados-mexico-antimonumenta-feminicidios/ |access-date=13 December 2021 |website=Voces Feministas |location=Tuxtla Gutiérrez |language=es |archive-date=13 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211213213237/https://vocesfeministas.mx/cinco-estados-mexico-antimonumenta-feminicidios/ |url-status=live }} The Antimonumenta represents the symbol of the feminist struggle, which is based on the symbol of Venus with a raised fist in the center. The antimonumentas of Mexico City and Guadalajara, for example, are purple. The color represents the history of the feminist struggle: "loyalty, constancy towards a purpose, unwavering firmness towards a cause".{{Cite web |last=García |first=Paula |date=6 March 2019 |title=Este es el origen de los símbolos feministas |url=https://hipertextual.com/2019/03/es-origen-simbolos-feministas |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306181647/https://hipertextual.com/2019/03/es-origen-simbolos-feministas |archive-date=6 March 2019 |access-date=20 November 2021 |website=Hipertextual}}

List of anti-monuments

{{dynamic list|date=November 2021}}

class="wikitable sortable"

!Picture

!Name{{efn|Because most of the anti-monuments are unnamed anonymous works, and the press refers to them simply as "Antimonumentos", some names are unofficial and use recognizable elements to distinguish them from other similar works.}}

!In memory of

!Description

!State

!Location

! data-sort-type=isoDate | Date of installation

File:Aun nos faltan.jpg

|rowspan=2 |Antimonumento +43

|rowspan=2 |The students that were abducted during the 2014 Iguala mass kidnapping.

|rowspan=2 |The anti-monument features a "Plus 43" and a "Because they were taken alive, we want them alive!" slogan in reference to the 43 students that were kidnapped as they were traveling to commemorate the anniversary of the 1968 Tlatelolco massacre. Six other students were killed.{{Cite web |date=18 November 2018 |title="Anti-monuments" commemorating tragedies flourish in Mexico City |url=https://www.efe.com/efe/english/world/anti-monuments-commemorating-tragedies-flourish-in-mexico-city/50000262-3816889 |access-date=10 January 2022 |website=EFE |location=Mexico City |archive-date=11 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220111031457/https://www.efe.com/efe/english/world/anti-monuments-commemorating-tragedies-flourish-in-mexico-city/50000262-3816889 |url-status=live }} In 2018, a concrete turtle whose shell contains 43 little turtles and whose limbs bear the names of the students, was built in front of the anti-monument.{{Cite web |date=25 September 2018 |title=Colocan caparazón de 43 tortugas en el antimonumento de Ayotzinapa (Video) |url=https://aristeguinoticias.com/2509/mexico/colocan-caparazon-de-43-tortugas-en-el-antimonumento-de-ayotzinapa-video/ |website=Aristegui Noticias |language=es |access-date=11 January 2022 |archive-date=11 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220111031458/https://aristeguinoticias.com/2509/mexico/colocan-caparazon-de-43-tortugas-en-el-antimonumento-de-ayotzinapa-video/ |url-status=live }}

|rowspan=10 |Mexico City

|rowspan=2 |Esquina de la Información, Paseo de la Reforma Avenue, Colonia Centro

| data-sort-value=2015-04-26 | 26 April 2015

File:MarchaAyotzinapa4Anos ohs57.jpg

| data-sort-value=2018-09-25 | 25 September 2018

File:GuarderiaABC20170605cdmx_ohs45.jpg

|rowspan=2 |Antimonumento 49 ABC

|rowspan=3 |The 49 children who died during the 2009 Hermosillo daycare center fire.

|rowspan=2 |The anti-monument has a 49 and the letters "ABC" in reference to the name of the daycare where the 49 children were killed. The daycare was owned by the Mexican Social Security Institute (IMSS).{{Cite web |last=Guthrie |first=Amy |date=30 June 2019 |title=Mexico 'anti-monuments' recall dark moments, demand justice |url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/mexico-anti-monuments-recall-dark-moments-demand-justice-64047251 |access-date=10 January 2022 |website=ABC News |agency=Associated Press |archive-date=11 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220111031457/https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/mexico-anti-monuments-recall-dark-moments-demand-justice-64047251 |url-status=live }} Two years later, multiple bronze statues of children's shoes with the names of the victims were placed next to it.{{Cite web |last1=Ortiz |first1=Alexis |last2=Miranda |first2=Perla |date=5 June 2019 |title=Instalan zapatitos de bronce en antimonumento de la Guardería ABC |url=https://www.eluniversal.com.mx/nacion/instalan-zapatitos-de-bronce-en-antimonumento-de-la-guarderia-abc |website=El Universal |language=es |access-date=11 January 2022 |archive-date=11 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220111031457/https://www.eluniversal.com.mx/nacion/instalan-zapatitos-de-bronce-en-antimonumento-de-la-guarderia-abc |url-status=live }}

|rowspan=2 |IMSS Headquarters, Paseo de la Reforma Avenue, Colonia Juárez

| data-sort-value=2017-06-05 | 5 June 2017

File:GuarderiaABC20190605 ohs06.jpg

| data-sort-value=2019-06-05 | 5 June 2019

File:Antimonumento_Guardería_ABC.jpg

|#JusticiaABC

|49 white crosses with the names of the victims.{{Cite web |date=3 November 2020 |title=Rechazan padres de víctimas de Guardería ABC reunirse con Encinas |url=https://mvsnoticias.com/noticias/nacionales/desairan-padres-de-victimas-de-guarderia-abc-reunion-con-encinas/ |access-date=4 November 2020 |website=MVS Noticias |language=es |archive-date=3 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103225253/https://mvsnoticias.com/noticias/nacionales/desairan-padres-de-victimas-de-guarderia-abc-reunion-con-encinas/ |url-status=live }}

|Secretariat of the Interior Offices, Abraham González Street, Colonia Juárez

| data-sort-value=2020-11-03 | 3 November 2020

File:Antimonumento_David_y_Miguel.jpg

|Rescatemos a David y Miguel

|David Ramírez and Miguel Ángel Rivera, who were kidnapped on 5 January 2012. Although the ransom payment was made, both were not returned and their whereabouts or conditions are unknown.

|The plaque calls for padlocks to be placed as a sign of protest.{{Cite web |last=Rodríguez |first=Marco |date=9 March 2018 |title=El Memorial de David y Miguel |url=https://www.grmediostv.com/2018/03/09/el-memorial-de-david-y-miguel/ |access-date=10 January 2022 |website=Grupo Radiofónico y Medios |archive-date=11 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220111031504/https://www.grmediostv.com/2018/03/09/el-memorial-de-david-y-miguel/ |url-status=live }}

|Esquina de la Información, Paseo de la Reforma Avenue, Colonia Juárez

| data-sort-value=2018-01-05 | 5 January 2018

File:AntimonumentoPastaDeConchos_ohs02.jpg

|rowspan=2 |Antimonumento +65

|rowspan=2 |The 65 miners that died during the 2006 Pasta de Conchos mine disaster.

|rowspan=2 |The main anti-monument features a 65 number that supports a plus symbol. The symbol has written a legend that says "With one voice, rescue now!", as well as the names of all the victims of the collapse. The following year, behind the structure, a cage with 63 helmets with the names of the victims that were not rescued was placed; these are buried with charcoal lumps.{{Cite web |last=Gómez |first=Nancy |date=19 February 2019 |title=Instalan nuevo antimonumento por mineros de Pasta de Conchos |url=https://www.sdpnoticias.com/nacional/antimonumento-instalan-mineros-pasta-nuevo.html |access-date=10 January 2022 |website=SDPNoticias |language=es |archive-date=11 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220111031458/https://www.sdpnoticias.com/nacional/antimonumento-instalan-mineros-pasta-nuevo.html |url-status=live }}

|rowspan=2 |In front of the Mexican Stock Exchange Building, Paseo de la Reforma Avenue, Colonia Juárez

| data-sort-value=2018-02-18 | 18 February 2018

File:Pasta_de_Conchos.jpg

| data-sort-value=2019-02-19 |19 February 2019

File:Anti-68.jpg

|2 de Octubre

|The victims of the Tlatelolco massacre

|The anti-monument features a white dove and a plaque that blames the Government of Mexico and the Mexican Armed Forces for the massacre.

|In the corner of Madero Street and the Zócalo, Colonia Centro

| data-sort-value=2018-10-02 |2 October 2018

File:Antimonumenta_01.jpg

|Antimonumenta

|rowspan=15 |Victims of femicide

|It was placed by mothers and relatives of victims of feminicide, during the march #8M for the International Women's Day.{{Cite web |last=Gómez |first=Nancy |date=8 March 2019 |title=Marcha #8M2019; instalan antimonumenta por feminicidios |url=https://www.sdpnoticias.com/nacional/2019/03/08/marcha-8m2019-instalan-antimonumenta-por-feminicidios |access-date=11 March 2019 |website=SDPNoticias |language=es |archive-date=30 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190730120427/https://www.sdpnoticias.com/nacional/2019/03/08/marcha-8m2019-instalan-antimonumenta-por-feminicidios |url-status=live }}

|In front of the Palace of Fine Arts, Juárez Avenue, Colonia Juárez

| data-sort-value=2019-03-08 | 8 March 2019

|Antimonumenta

|It was installed to commemorate the seventh anniversary of the killing of Karla Pontigo Lucciotto and the 60 women murdered between 2010 and 2018. It was destroyed within a month.{{cite web|url=https://sanluis.eluniversal.com.mx/metropoli/28-10-2019/colocan-antimonumenta-en-memoria-de-victimas-de-feminicidio|title=Colocan 'antimonumenta' en memoria de víctimas de feminicidio|work=El Universal|first=María|last=Medrano|location=San Luis Potosí City|date=28 October 2019|access-date=2 May 2022|language=es|archive-date=5 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191105104944/https://sanluis.eluniversal.com.mx/metropoli/28-10-2019/colocan-antimonumenta-en-memoria-de-victimas-de-feminicidio|url-status=live}}{{cite web|url=https://pulsoslp.com.mx/slp/destruyen-antimonumenta-feminista-colocada-en-la-plaza-de-armas/1028974|title=Destruyen "antimonumenta feminista" colocada en la Plaza de Armas|date=25 November 2019|first=Rubén|last=Pacheco|access-date=2 May 2022|work=Pulso|language=es|archive-date=27 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191127232356/https://pulsoslp.com.mx/slp/destruyen-antimonumenta-feminista-colocada-en-la-plaza-de-armas/1028974|url-status=live}}

|San Luís Potosí

|Plaza de Armas, historic center of San Luis Potosí City

| data-sort-value=2019-10-27 |27 October 2019

File:Cruz de Vida (2023).jpg

|Cruz de Vida

|It was dedicated to murdered and abused women.{{cite web|url=https://ciudadanosenred.com.mx/ultimas-noticias/nos-llenamos-de-antimonumentos/|title=Nos llenamos de 'antimonumentos'|date=1 March 2020|work=Ciudadanos en Red|language=Es|access-date=12 July 2023}}

|Mexico City

|Paseo de la Reforma and Avenida de los Insurgentes

| data-sort-value=2019-12-01 |1 December 2019

File:Antimonumenta (Nezahualcóyotl).jpg

|Antimonumenta

|It was installed during the International Day for the Elimination of Violence against Women to memorialize the women murdered in the state of Mexico.{{Cite web |date=26 November 2019 |title=Edomex, epicentrode feminicidios, olvidado en marcha feminista |url=https://lasillarota.com/metropoli/edomex-epicentro-de-feminicidios-olvidado-en-marcha-feminista/339416 |access-date=10 January 2022 |website=La Silla Rota |language=es |archive-date=11 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220111031458/https://lasillarota.com/metropoli/edomex-epicentro-de-feminicidios-olvidado-en-marcha-feminista/339416 |url-status=live }}

|State of Mexico

|In front of the municipal palace of Ciudad Nezahualcóyotl

| data-sort-value=2020-11-25 |25 November 2019

File:Antimonumenta_contra_el_feminicidio_en_Jalisco_04.jpg

|Antimonumenta

|It was installed during the International Day for the Elimination of Violence against Women to memorialize the women murdered in the state of Jalisco.{{Cite web |date=25 November 2020 |title=Instalan la Antimonumenta, parte de la lucha feminista, en Plaza de Armas |trans-title=Antimonumenta, part of the feminist struggle, installed at Plaza de Armas |url=https://www.notisistema.com/noticias/instalan-la-antimonumenta-parte-de-la-lucha-feminista-en-plaza-de-armas/ |access-date=26 December 2021 |website=Notisistema |language=es |archive-date=27 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211227012258/https://www.notisistema.com/noticias/instalan-la-antimonumenta-parte-de-la-lucha-feminista-en-plaza-de-armas/ |url-status=live }}

|rowspan=2 |Jalisco

|Plaza de Armas, Colonia Centro, Guadalajara

|rowspan=3 data-sort-value=2020-11-25 |25 November 2020

File:Banca-roja.jpg

|Antimonumenta (Banca Roja){{Cite web |title=Feminicidios. Mujeres de Jalisco colocan antimonumenta vs violencia |url=https://www.milenio.com/politica/comunidad/feminicidios-mujeres-jalisco-colocan-antimonumenta-vs-violencia |access-date=2020-12-05 |work=Milenio |date=26 November 2020 |language=es-MX |archive-date=20 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211120201229/https://www.milenio.com/politica/comunidad/feminicidios-mujeres-jalisco-colocan-antimonumenta-vs-violencia |url-status=live }}

|It was installed during the International Day for the Elimination of Violence against Women. It has a plaque that reads "In memory of all the women murdered by those who claimed to love them or just because they were women" in Spanish.{{Cite web |last=Ruiz |first=Josefina |date=25 November 2020 |title=Colocan antimonumenta en memoria de mujeres asesinadas en la Rotonda |url=https://www.milenio.com/politica/comunidad/jalisco-crean-antimonumento-mujeres-asesinadas-rotonda |access-date=13 December 2021 |work=Milenio |archive-date=14 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211214052119/https://www.milenio.com/politica/comunidad/jalisco-crean-antimonumento-mujeres-asesinadas-rotonda |url-status=live }}

|In front of the Rotonda de los Jaliscienses Ilustres, Hidalgo Avenue, Colonia Centro, Guadalajara

File:Pachuca de Soto, Hidalgo, México. 19.jpg

|Memorial por víctimas de feminicidio

|It was installed during the International Day for the Elimination of Violence against Women. It reads "In memory of all the female children, adolescents and women victims of femicide violence. Truth and Justice!" in Spanish.{{Cite web |last=Rosas |first=Lorena |date=25 November 2020 |title=#25N: Colocan memorial por víctimas de feminicidio en Plaza Juárez |url=https://hidalgo.lasillarota.com/estados/25n-colocan-memorial-por-victimas-de-feminicidio-en-plaza-juarez/458960 |access-date=10 January 2022 |website=La Silla rota |language=es |archive-date=11 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220111031458/https://hidalgo.lasillarota.com/estados/25n-colocan-memorial-por-victimas-de-feminicidio-en-plaza-juarez/458960 |url-status=live }}

|Hidalgo

|Plaza Juárez, Colonia Centro, Pachuca

File:Antimonumenta en Chetumal 01.jpg

|Antimonumenta

|It was installed during protests where the feminists took the Chetumal Congress. The anti-monument was later destroyed and a replica was installed.{{Cite web |last=Maldonado |first=Joana |date=25 June 2021 |title=Reinstalarán la antimonumenta este sábado en Chetumal |url=https://www.lajornadamaya.mx/siempreviva/174800/reinstalaran-la-antimonumenta-este-s-bado-en-chetumal |access-date=10 January 2022 |website=La Jornada |location=Cancun |language=es |archive-date=11 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220111031457/https://www.lajornadamaya.mx/siempreviva/174800/reinstalaran-la-antimonumenta-este-s-bado-en-chetumal |url-status=live }}

|Quintana Roo

|Chetumal Congress, Colonia Barrio Bravo, Chetumal

| data-sort-value=2020-11-30 |30 November 2020

|Antimonumenta

|rowspan=3 |It was installed during International Women's Day protests.

|Veracruz

|Parque Apolinar Castillo, Colonia Centro, Orizaba{{Cite web |last=Renaud |first=Jhennifer |date=7 March 2021 |title=[Video] Instalan antimonumenta; Colectivos exigen justicia |url=https://www.elsoldeorizaba.com.mx/local/video-colectivos-con-antimonumenta-exigen-justicia-por-los-feminicidios-orizaba-dia-de-la-mujer-feminicidio-violencia-de-genero-8m2021-pandemia-acoso-6447371.html |access-date=10 January 2022 |website=El Sol de Orizaba |location=Orizaba |language=es |archive-date=11 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220111031459/https://www.elsoldeorizaba.com.mx/local/video-colectivos-con-antimonumenta-exigen-justicia-por-los-feminicidios-orizaba-dia-de-la-mujer-feminicidio-violencia-de-genero-8m2021-pandemia-acoso-6447371.html |url-status=live }}

| data-sort-value=2021-03-07 |7 March 2021

|Antimonumenta

|Michoacán

|Fuente de las Tarascas, Colonia Centro, Morelia{{Cite web |last=Padilla |first=Blanca |date=25 April 2021 |title=Colectivos reinstalan antimonumenta en las Tarascas |trans-title=Colevtives reinstall Antimonumenta at Las Tarascas |url=https://www.meganoticias.mx/morelia/noticia/colectivos-reinstalan-antimonumenta-en-las-tarascas/237939 |access-date=30 December 2021 |website=Meganoticias |language=es |archive-date=30 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211230231446/https://www.meganoticias.mx/morelia/noticia/colectivos-reinstalan-antimonumenta-en-las-tarascas/237939 |url-status=live }}

|rowspan=2 data-sort-value=2021-03-08 |8 March 2021

|Antimonumenta

|Veracruz

|Port of Veracruz, Colonia Ignacio Zaragoza, Veracruz City{{Cite web |date=10 March 2021 |title=Mujeres feministas buscan dialogo para reubicar la 'Antimonumenta' |url=https://www.eldictamen.mx/noticias-de-veracruz/boca-ver/mujeres-feministas-buscan-dialogo-para-reubicar-la-antimonumenta/ |access-date=10 January 2022 |website=El Dictamen |language=es |archive-date=30 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211230231945/https://www.eldictamen.mx/noticias-de-veracruz/boca-ver/mujeres-feministas-buscan-dialogo-para-reubicar-la-antimonumenta/ |url-status=live |last1=Dictamen |first1=El }}

File:Vista de la antimonumenta en la Glorieta a las mujeres que luchan 02.jpg

|{{lang|es|Glorieta de las mujeres que luchan}}

|The sculpture was placed on the empty plinth of the Columbus Roundabout.{{Cite web |date=25 September 2021 |title=Mexican feminists install a statue of a woman to replace one where Columbus stood |url=https://www.fresnobee.com/vida-en-el-valle/noticias/nacion-y-mundo/article254535387.html |access-date=9 October 2021 |website=The Fresno Bee |location=Mexico City |agency=EFE}}

|Mexico City

|Former Columbus Roundabout, Paseo de la Reforma, Colonia Juárez

| data-sort-value=2021-09-25 | 25 September 2021

|Antimonumenta

|It was installed during the International Day for the Elimination of Violence against Women to memorialize the women murdered in the state of Oaxaca.{{Cite web |last=Jiménez |first=Christian |date=25 November 2021 |title=Con indignación y Antimonumenta contra feminicidios, mujeres de Oaxaca exigen freno a la violencia |url=https://oaxaca.eluniversal.com.mx/sociedad/con-indignacion-y-antimonumenta-contra-feminicidios-mujeres-de-oaxaca-exigen-freno-la |access-date=10 January 2022 |language=es |archive-date=11 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220111031507/https://oaxaca.eluniversal.com.mx/sociedad/con-indignacion-y-antimonumenta-contra-feminicidios-mujeres-de-oaxaca-exigen-freno-la |url-status=live }}

|Oaxaca

|Fuente de las 8 Regiones, Colonia Reforma, Oaxaca City

|rowspan=2 data-sort-value=2021-11-25 |25 November 2021

File:Antimonumenta en la ciudad de Mérida, Yucatán 01.jpg

|Antimonumenta

|It was installed during the International Day for the Elimination of Violence against Women to memorialize the women murdered in the state of Yucatán.{{Cite web |date=26 November 2021 |title=After demonstrating Feminist Anti-monument is unveiled in Paseo de Montejo |url=https://www.theyucatantimes.com/2021/11/after-demonstrating-feminist-anti-monument-is-unveiled-in-paseo-de-montejo/ |access-date=10 January 2022 |website=The Yucatan Times |location=Mérida, Yucatán |archive-date=11 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220111091931/https://www.theyucatantimes.com/2021/11/after-demonstrating-feminist-anti-monument-is-unveiled-in-paseo-de-montejo/ |url-status=live }}

|Yucatán

|Paseo de Montejo, Mérida

File:Antimonumenta en la Explanada de los Héroes, Monterrey.jpg

|Antimonumenta, Monumenta Viva

|It was installed after an increase in disappearances and femicides in the state, including the killing of Debanhi Escobar.{{cite web|url=https://www.publimetro.com.mx/nuevo-leon/2022/05/15/que-es-la-antimonumenta-colocan-antimonumenta-en-monterrey/|title=Colectivos de Nuevo León colocan primera Antimonumenta del norte del país|trans-title=Collectives of Nuevo León place the first Antimonumenta in the north of the country|work=Publimetro|date=15 May 2022|language=Es|access-date=20 May 2022|archive-date=20 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220520094559/https://www.publimetro.com.mx/nuevo-leon/2022/05/15/que-es-la-antimonumenta-colocan-antimonumenta-en-monterrey/|url-status=live}}

|Nuevo León

|Government Palace of Nuevo León, Monterrey

| data-sort-value=2022-05-15 | 15 May 2022

|Antimonumento del New's Divine

|The victims killed during the {{ill|New's Divine fire|es|Tragedia de la discoteca New's Divine}}

|It was installed in memory of those killed during the event.{{cite web|url=https://www.elfinanciero.com.mx/nacional/familiares-de-victimas-del-news-divine-colocan-antimonumento-en-el-zocalo-capitalino/|title=Familiares de víctimas del News Divine colocan antimonumento en el Zócalo capitalino|agency=Notimex|date=20 June 2019|language=es|work=El Financiero|access-date=28 August 2022|archive-date=28 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220828224112/https://www.elfinanciero.com.mx/nacional/familiares-de-victimas-del-news-divine-colocan-antimonumento-en-el-zocalo-capitalino/|url-status=live}}

|In front of National Palace, Zócalo, Centro

| Mexico City

| data-sort-value=2019-06-22 | 22 June 2019

rowspan="2" |File:Antimonumento_a_Samir_Flores_Soberanes.jpg

| rowspan="2" |Bust of Samir Flores Soberanes

| rowspan="2" | {{ill|Samir Flores Soberanes|es|Samir Flores Soberanes}}, who opposed the construction of a federal hydroelectric plant in his community.

| rowspan="2" | One year after his assassination, a bust was placed in the school named after him in the community of Amilcingo, Morelos.{{Cite web |last=Ríos |first=Emmanuel |date=12 February 2020 |title=Develarán monumento a Samir Flores en Amilcingo |url=https://www.elsoldecuernavaca.com.mx/local/develaran-monumento-a-samir-flores-en-amilcingo-4826682.html |access-date=10 January 2022 |website=El Sol de Cuautla |language=es |archive-date=11 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220111031459/https://www.elsoldecuernavaca.com.mx/local/develaran-monumento-a-samir-flores-en-amilcingo-4826682.html |url-status=live }} The next day, after a related march in Mexico City, a replica of the bust (pictured) was placed in the Zócalo square.{{Cite web |last=Pillardo |first=Ángeles |date=21 February 2020 |title=Instalan busto de Samir Flores en el Zócalo de la CDMX |url=https://www.sdpnoticias.com/local/cdmx/instalan-busto-de-samir-flores-en-el-zocalo-cdmx.html |access-date=10 January 2022 |website=SDPNoticias |language=es |archive-date=11 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220111031500/https://www.sdpnoticias.com/local/cdmx/instalan-busto-de-samir-flores-en-el-zocalo-cdmx.html |url-status=live }}

|Morelos

|Amilcingo, Temoac Municipality

| data-sort-value=2020-02-20 | 20 February 2020

rowspan=3|Mexico City

|Zócalo, Colonia Centro

| data-sort-value=2020-02-21 | 21 February 2020

|File:Antimonumento Halconazo 03.jpg

|Antimonumento a El Halconazo

|The victims of the 1971 Corpus Christi massacre

|The monument features a red V and phrases that blame the Government of Mexico for the massacre.{{Cite web |date=10 June 2021 |title=Colocan antimonumento por víctimas del "Halconazo" en Avenida Juárez |url=https://www.eluniversal.com.mx/metropoli/colocan-antimonumento-por-victimas-del-halconazo-en-avenida-juarez-fotos-y-videos |access-date=10 January 2022 |website=El Universal |language=es |archive-date=11 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220111031458/https://www.eluniversal.com.mx/metropoli/colocan-antimonumento-por-victimas-del-halconazo-en-avenida-juarez-fotos-y-videos |url-status=live }}

|Juárez Avenue and Humboldt Street

| data-sort-value=2021-06-10 | 10 June 2021

File:Antimonumento_por_la_masacre_de_migrantes_en_San_Fernando,_Tamaulipas_1.jpg

|Antimonumento +72

|The 72 migrants murdered during the 2010 San Fernando massacre

|It was installed to remember that migration is a human right.{{Cite web |date=22 August 2020 |title=Colocan antimonumento por los 72 migrantes masacrados en San Fernando |url=https://desinformemonos.org/colocan-antimonumento-por-los-72-migrantes-masacrados-en-san-fernando/ |access-date=22 August 2020 |website=Desinformémonos |language=es |archive-date=20 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211120201233/https://desinformemonos.org/colocan-antimonumento-por-los-72-migrantes-masacrados-en-san-fernando/ |url-status=live }}{{Cite web |date=22 August 2020 |title=Colocan antimonumento frente a embajada de EU |url=https://www.excelsior.com.mx/comunidad/colocan-antimonumento-frente-a-embajada-de-eu/1401364 |access-date=22 August 2020 |website=Excélsior |language=es |archive-date=20 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211120201224/https://www.excelsior.com.mx/comunidad/colocan-antimonumento-frente-a-embajada-de-eu/1401364 |url-status=live }}

|In front of the Embassy of the United States Building, Paseo de la Reforma, Colonia Juárez

| data-sort-value=2020-08-22 | 22 August 2020

|Árbol de la Esperanza

|Missing residents of Puebla

|With the permission of the Puebla City Council, residents placed photographs of several missing persons on trees in the streets of the historic center. The next day, the photographs were removed to place Christmas decorations.{{cite web|url=https://www.poblanerias.com/2021/12/puebla-en-100-retiran-arbol-de-la-esperanza-personas-desaparecidas/|title=Ayuntamiento de Puebla retira Árbol de la Esperanza de personas desaparecidas|language=es|date=6 December 2021|work=Poblanerías.com|access-date=2 May 2022|archive-date=25 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220125203803/https://www.poblanerias.com/2021/12/puebla-en-100-retiran-arbol-de-la-esperanza-personas-desaparecidas/|url-status=live}}

|Puebla

|Historic center of Puebla City

| data-sort-value=2021-12-05 | 5 December 2021

File:Glorieta del ahuehuete.jpg

|Glorieta de las y los Desaparecidos

|The more than 100,000 missing persons in the country

|It was installed by collectives that sought to make visible the numbers of missing persons. The anti-monument was removed by the city government but was reinstalled days later.{{cite web|url=https://www.animalpolitico.com/2022/05/colectivos-colocan-antimonumento-en-la-glorieta-de-la-palma/|title=Gobierno de la CDMX retira antimonumento a desaparecidos de la Glorieta de la Palma; la gente votó que haya otro árbol: Sheinbaum|trans-title=Mexico City government removes anti-monument to the disappeared from the Glorieta de la Palma; people voted for another tree: Sheinbaum|language=es|work=Animal Político|date=8 May 2022|access-date=25 July 2022|archive-date=25 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220725183519/https://www.animalpolitico.com/2022/05/colectivos-colocan-antimonumento-en-la-glorieta-de-la-palma/|url-status=live}}

|Glorieta de la Palma roundabout

| rowspan="2" |Mexico City

| data-sort-value=2022-05-08 | 8 May 2022

File:Activists install antimonumento denouncing destructive Maya Train project in CDMX’s iconic Avenida Reforma (52519638264).jpg

|Antimonumento al Tren Maya

|The Mayan jungle and its human and animal population

|It was installed by environmentalists protesting against the Mayan Train, which will pass through several jungle zones. The plaque reads, "Here we put on record that in the name of 'development' and 'progress' the Mayan Train was built, evicting people, extinguishing species, devastating the jungle, and threatening ecosystems. Only you, in the future, will be able to say if it was worth it..."{{cite web|url=https://www.proceso.com.mx/nacional/2022/11/23/ambientalistas-instalan-antimonumento-contra-el-tren-maya-en-paseo-de-la-reforma-297498.html|title=Ambientalistas instalan antimonumento contra el Tren Maya en Paseo de la Reforma|language=es|work=Proceso|date=23 November 2022|location=Mexico City|access-date=29 December 2022|archive-date=30 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221230033020/https://www.proceso.com.mx/nacional/2022/11/23/ambientalistas-instalan-antimonumento-contra-el-tren-maya-en-paseo-de-la-reforma-297498.html|url-status=live}}

|Esquina de la Información, Paseo de la Reforma Avenue, Colonia Centro

| data-sort-value=2022-11-23 | 23 November 2022

File:Antimonumento "5J" en Plaza Imelda Virgen.jpg

|Antimonumento 5J

|The demonstrators arrested during protests related to the death of Giovanni López

|It was installed adjacent to the Antimonumenta on the third anniversary of "El Halconazo Jaliciense" when police officers disappeared for hours demonstrators claiming the death of López.{{cite web|url=https://www.milenio.com/politica/comunidad/antimonumento-5j-colectivos-piden-disculpa-publica-retiro|title=Colectivos piden disculpa pública por retiro de antimonumento 5J; Alfaro responde, pide se olvide el tema|work=Milenio|first=Andrea|last=Manzo|date=22 June 2023|access-date=23 July 2023|language=es|trans-title=Collectives demand public apology for removal of 5J anti-monument; Alfaro responds, asks to forget the issue}}

|Plaza de Armas, Colonia Centro, Guadalajara

| rowspan="2" | Jalisco

| data-sort-value=2023-06-05 | 5 June 2023

| Liga Comunista 23 de Septiembre

|People who were killed or disappeared by the government of Mexico in their struggle to establish a communist government in the country.

|Placed during the 50th anniversary of the creation of the Liga Comunista 23 de Septiembre.{{cite web|url=https://www.chiapasparalelo.com/noticias/2023/09/en-guadalajara-instalan-antimonumento-liga-comunista-23-de-septiembre/|agency=Zona Docs|work=Chiapas Paralelo|date=24 September 2023|language=es|title=En Guadalajara, Instalan antimonumento Liga Comunista 23 de Septiembre|trans-title=In Guadalajara, Liga Comunista 23 de Septiembre Antimonument Installed|access-date=17 April 2024}}

|Plaza San Andrés, Colonia San Andrés, Guadalajara

| data-sort-value=2023-09-23 | 23 September 2023

| {{lang|es|Antimonumento al desastre de los ríos de Sonora}}

|{{ill|Ecological disaster in the Bacanuchi and Sonora rivers|es|Desastre ecológico en los ríos Bacanuchi y Sonora}}

|The tenth anniversary of a Grupo México mining company dumping 40,000 cubic meters of acidified copper sulfate leachate into the Bacanuchi and Sonora rivers.{{cite web|url=https://www.proceso.com.mx/nacional/2024/8/7/instalan-antimonumento-por-los-10-anos-del-derrame-en-el-rio-sonora-334397.html|title=Instalan antimonumento por los 10 años del derrame en el Río Sonora|language=es|trans-title=Anti-monument installed to commemorate 10th anniversary of the Sonora River spill|date=7 August 2024|first=Alberto|last=Duarte|work=Proceso|location=Hermosillo|access-date=7 December 2024}}

|Plaza Emiliana de Zubeldía, Colonia Centro, Hermosillo

|Sonora

| data-sort-value=2024-08-07 | 7 August 2024

File:Antimonumentx por la comunidad trans en Aguascalientes 18.jpg

| {{lang|es|Antimonumentx}}

|Transgender community

|Installed during the International Transgender Day of Visibility, in front of the municipal palace.{{cite web|url=https://www.hidrocalidodigital.com/exige-la-comunidad-trans-en-la-entidad-cese-a-discriminacion-y-violencia-de-genero/|title=Exige la comunidad trans en la Entidad cese a discriminación y violencia de género|language=es|first=Liliana|last=Ramírez Macías|date=1 April 2025|access-date=8 April 2025|work=Hidrocálido Digital}}

|Municipal palace, Colonia Centro, Aguascalientes

|Aguascalientes

| data-sort-value=2025-03-31 | 31 March 2025

=''#FueMorena''=

File:FueMorena.jpeg can be seen in the background.]]

#FueMorena ({{lit|Was MORENA}}) was a temporary political stunt installed by members of the National Action Party (PAN) on the eve of the first anniversary of the Mexico City Metro overpass collapse, where 26 people died. It was installed in front of the Antimonumento +43 at the Esquina de la Información, where Paseo de la Reforma, Avenida Juárez and Avenida Bucareli converge. The politicians described it as an antimonumento and they blamed the National Regeneration Movement Party (MORENA) for the collapse and the lack of justice surrounding the investigations.{{cite web|url=https://www.elfinanciero.com.mx/cdmx/2022/05/02/fuemorena-pan-cdmx-coloca-antimonumento-por-victimas-de-la-linea-12-del-metro/|title=#FueMorena: PAN CDMX coloca antimonumento por víctimas de la Línea 12 del Metro|trans-title=#FueMorena: PAN CDMX places anti-monument in honor to the victims of Line 12|work=El Financiero|date=2 May 2022|access-date=2 May 2022|language=es|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220503023735/https://www.elfinanciero.com.mx/cdmx/2022/05/02/fuemorena-pan-cdmx-coloca-antimonumento-por-victimas-de-la-linea-12-del-metro/|archive-date=3 May 2022|url-status=live}}

The installation received negative criticism from activists who have placed anti-monuments, considering it disrespectful and an appropriation of their movement for political purposes,{{cite web|url=https://www.sopitas.com/noticias/antimonumento-pan-victimas-violencia-linea-12/|title=Exigen al PAN que quite el antimonumento de la L12|language=es|trans-title=PAN is demanded to remove the anti-monument of Line 12|first=Lucy|last=Sanabria|date=5 May 2022|access-date=12 July 2023|work=Sopitas}} adding, "[t]o them, as to all political parties, we demand respect, that you refrain from looking at the big debts just to win votes. As long as you do not resolve them, you are accomplices of impunity".{{cite web|title=El "antimonumento" del PAN: Muestra de que pertenecen a una clase política que no tiene límites ni dignidad|trans-title=PAN's "anti-monument": Proof that they belong to a political class that has no limits and no dignity|language=Es|work=Tercera Vía|url=https://terceravia.mx/2022/05/el-antimonumento-del-pan-muestra-de-que-pertenecen-a-una-clase-politica-que-no-tiene-limites-ni-dignidad/|date=4 May 2022|access-date=16 July 2023}} MORENA politicians called their PAN counterparts "opportunistic vultures" and called the installation an act of politicking.{{cite web|url=https://www.infobae.com/america/mexico/2022/05/03/buitres-oportunistas-morena-cdmx-respondio-al-pan-por-antimonumento-sobre-tragedia-en-linea-12/|title="Buitres oportunistas": Morena CDMX respondió al PAN por antimonumento sobre tragedia en Línea 12|trans-title="Opportunistic vultures": Morena CDMX responded to PAN over anti-monument on Line 12 tragedy|language=es|work=Infobae|date=3 May 2023|access-date=12 July 2023}}

See also

{{Portal|Mexico}}

Notes

{{noteslist}}

References

{{Reflist}}

Further reading

  • {{Cite web |url=https://www.courthousenews.com/until-we-find-them-families-of-victims-of-enforced-disappearance-march-in-mexico-city/ |title='Until we find them': Families of victims of enforced disappearance march in Mexico City |date=30 August 2022 |first=Cody |last=Copeland |work=Courthouse News Service}}
  • {{Cite journal |last1=Díaz Tovar |first1=Alfonso |url=https://www.aletheia.fahce.unlp.edu.ar/article/view/ATHv8n16a10/10782 |title=Antimonumentos. Espacio público, memoria y duelo social en México |last2=Ovalle |first2=Lilian Paola |journal=Aletheia |year=2018 |volume=8 |pages=86–91 |language=es |issn=1853-3701 |issue=16}}