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Aram-Damascus#Kings

{{Short description|Ancient Aramean state to 732 BCE}}

{{Infobox country

| conventional_long_name = Aram-Damascus

| common_name =

| native_name =

| capital = Damascus

| religion = Ancient Semitic religion

| demonym =

| year_start = {{circa|12th century BCE}}

| event_end = Assyrian conquest

| year_end = 732 BCE

| p1 = Aramean states

| s1 = Neo-Assyrian Empire

| flag_s1 = Map of Assyria.png

| today = Syria
Jordan
Israel
Lebanon

| image_map = Kingdoms around Israel 830 map.svg

| image_map_caption = The region around 830 BCE, with Aram-Damascus in green

| common_languages = Old Aramaic

| title_leader = King

| year_leader1 = {{nowrap|885 BCE–865 BCE}}

| leader1 = Ben-Hadad I

| year_leader2 = {{nowrap|865 BCE–842 BCE}}

| leader2 = Ben-Hadad II

| year_leader3 = {{nowrap|842 BCE–796 BCE}}

| leader3 = Hazael

| year_leader4 = {{nowrap|796 BCE–792 BCE}}

| leader4 = Ben-Hadad III

| year_leader5 = {{nowrap|754 BCE–732 BCE}}

| leader5 = Rezin {{smaller|(last)}}

}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}

{{Use Oxford spelling|date=April 2022}}

Aram-Damascus ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|ær|ə|m|...}} {{respell|ARR|əm|_...}}) was an Aramean polity that existed from the late-12th century BCE until 732 BCE, and was centred around the city of Damascus in the Southern Levant.{{cite book |last=Pitard |first=Wayne T.|editor1=David Noel Freedman|editor2=Allen C. Myers|editor3=Astrid B. Beck |date=2000 |title=Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible|chapter=Arameans|publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Co.|page=86 }} Alongside various tribal lands, it was bounded in its later years by the polities of Assyria to the north, Ammon to the south, and Israel to the west.

The compound name "Aram-Damascus" is only found in the Hebrew Bible, where it sometimes also is referred to as simply "Aram" or "Damascus". It is also referred to as "Aram" in some Aramaic inscriptions. In Assyrian sources, "Aram" was never used to designate it. It was often referred to as "Damascus" or "imērīšu" (meaning "his donkey"), and sometimes "Bīt-Ḫaza’ili" (meaning "house of Hazael"), in Assyrian sources.{{Sfn|Younger|2016|p=549}}

History

The Tanakh gives accounts of Aram-Damascus' history, mainly in its interaction with Israel and Judah. There are biblical texts referencing battles that took place between the United Kingdom of Israel under David and the Arameans in Southern Syria in the 10th century BCE.{{Cite book|title=Bible|publisher=Holman|isbn=978-0999989265|chapter=2 Samuel 10:6-19}}

In the 9th century BCE, Hazael fought against the Assyrians, had some influence over the northern Syrian state of Unqi, and conquered Israel.James B. Pritchard, ed., Ancient Near Eastern Texts Relating to the Old Testament (3rd ed.; Princeton NJ: Princeton University Press, 1955) 246.{{Cite book|title=Bible|publisher=Holman|isbn=978-0999989265|edition=Christian Standard|chapter=2 Kings 13:3}}

To the southwest, Aram-Damascus reached most of the Golan to the Sea of Galilee.{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=khR0apPid8gC&q=Arameans+Golan+Sea+of+Galilee&pg=PA377|title=Near Eastern Archaeology: A Reader|author=Suzanne Richard|edition=Hardcover|publisher=Eisenbrauns|year=2003|isbn=1-57506-083-3|page=377}}

In the 8th century BCE, Rezin had been a tributary of Tiglath-Pileser III, a king of Assyria.Lester L. Grabbe, Ancient Israel: What Do We Know and How Do We Know It? (New York: T&T Clark, 2007): 134 In {{Circa|732 BCE}}, he formed an alliance with Pekah, a king of Israel, to attack Ahaz, a king of Judah; Ahaz appealed to Tiglath-Pileser III for help, which was provided by the Assyrian king after Judah paid tribute.{{Cite book|title=Bible|publisher=Holman|isbn=978-0999989265|edition=Christian Standard|chapter=2 Kings 16:7-9}} Subsequently, Tiglath-Pileser III attacked Damascus and annexed Aram. The kingdom's population was deported and Rezin was executed. Tiglath-Pileser III recorded this act in one of his inscriptions.James B. Pritchard, ed., Ancient Near Eastern Texts Relating to the Old Testament (3rd ed.; Princeton NJ: Princeton University Press, 1969) 283.

File:Estats neohitites i arameus a Síria al segle VIII aC.png

Kings

{{Arameans}}

See also

References

{{Reflist|2}}

Sources

{{refbegin|2}}

  • {{Cite book|last=Amadasi-Guzzo|first=Maria Giulia|chapter=What Do We Know about the Borders and Exchanges between Aram and Phoenicia in the 9th–8th Centuries B.C.E. in Anatolia and Syria?|title=Aramaean Borders: Defining Aramaean Territories in the 10th–8th Centuries B.C.E.|year=2019|location=Leiden-Boston|publisher=Brill|pages=149–171|isbn=9789004398535 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1imVDwAAQBAJ}}
  • {{Cite book|last=Bagg|first=Ariel M.|chapter=At the Limits of Historical Geography: Reconstructing Aramaean Territories in the West According to the Neo-Assyrian Written Sources|title=Aramaean Borders: Defining Aramaean Territories in the 10th–8th Centuries B.C.E.|year=2019|location=Leiden-Boston|publisher=Brill|pages=1–25|isbn=9789004398535 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1imVDwAAQBAJ}}
  • {{Cite book|last=Edmonds|first=Alexander J.|chapter=A People without Borders? Tracing the Shifting Identities and Territorialities of the Ahlameans|title=Aramaean Borders: Defining Aramaean Territories in the 10th–8th Centuries B.C.E.|year=2019|location=Leiden-Boston|publisher=Brill|pages=26–62|isbn=9789004398535 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1imVDwAAQBAJ}}
  • {{Cite book|last=Gzella|first=Holger|title=A Cultural History of Aramaic: From the Beginnings to the Advent of Islam|year=2015|location=Leiden-Boston|publisher=Brill|isbn=9789004285101 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y9UuBgAAQBAJ}}
  • {{Cite book|last=Lipiński|first=Edward|author-link=Edward Lipiński (orientalist)|title=The Aramaeans: Their Ancient History, Culture, Religion|year=2000|location=Leuven|publisher=Peeters Publishers|isbn=9789042908598 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rrMKKtiBBI4C}}
  • {{Cite book|last=Lipiński|first=Edward|author-link=Edward Lipiński (orientalist)|chapter=The Aramaeans in the West (13th–8th centuries)|title=Arameans, Chaldeans, and Arabs in Babylonia and Palestine in the First Millennium B.C.|year=2013|location=Wiesbaden|publisher=Harrassowitz Verlag|pages=123–147|isbn=9783447065443 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OuVQnwEACAAJ}}
  • {{Cite book|last=Lemaire|first=André|chapter=The Boundary between the Aramaean Kingdom of Damascus and the Kingdom of Israel|title=Aramaean Borders: Defining Aramaean Territories in the 10th–8th Centuries B.C.E.|year=2019|location=Leiden-Boston|publisher=Brill|pages=245–266|isbn=9789004398535 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1imVDwAAQBAJ}}
  • {{Cite book|last=Sader|first=Hélène|chapter=History|title=The Aramaeans in Ancient Syria|year=2014|location=Leiden|publisher=Brill|pages=11–36|isbn=9789004229433 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sW_AAgAAQBAJ}}
  • {{Cite book|last=Younger|first=Kenneth Lawson|title=A Political History of the Arameans: From Their Origins to the End of Their Polities|year=2016|location=Atlanta|publisher=SBL Press|isbn=9781628370843 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vpgsDQAAQBAJ}}
  • {{Cite book|last=Zwickel|first=Wolfgang|chapter=Borders between Aram-Damascus and Israel: A Historical Investigation|title=Aramaean Borders: Defining Aramaean Territories in the 10th–8th Centuries B.C.E.|year=2019|location=Leiden-Boston|publisher=Brill|pages=267–335|isbn=9789004398535 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1imVDwAAQBAJ}}

{{refend}}

{{Damascus}}

{{Ancient Syria and Mesopotamia}}

{{Ancient states and regions of the Levant |state=collapsed}}

{{coord|33.5130|N|36.2920|E|source:wikidata|display=title}}

Category:States and territories established in the 12th century BC

Category:States and territories disestablished in the 8th century BC

Category:Aramean states

Category:Ancient Syria

Category:Ancient Damascus

Category:History of Aram (region)

Category:8th-century BC disestablishments

Category:12th-century BC establishments

Category:Former kingdoms