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List of Aramean kings

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{{distinguish|Armenian kings}}

{{Arameans}}

Aramean kings were kings of the ancient Arameans, and rulers of various Aramean states that existed throughout the Levant and Mesopotamia during the 14th and 13th centuries BC, before being absorbed by various other empires such as the Neo-Assyrian Empire, Neo-Babylonian Empire and the Achaemenid Empire.{{sfn|Lipiński|2000|p=}}{{sfn|Younger|2016|p=}}

Kings

File:King Hazael dark.jpeg of Aram-Damascus]]

Aramean kings are known from various inscriptions, and some are also mentioned in the Hebrew Bible.

=[[Aram-Damascus]]=

class="wikitable"
NameReignNotes
Hezionca. mid-10th century B.C.E.{{Cite journal |last=Mazar |first=Benjamin |date=1962 |title=The Aramean Empire and Its Relations with Israel |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3210938 |journal=The Biblical Archaeologist |volume=25 |issue=4 |page=104 |doi=10.2307/3210938 |jstor=3210938 |issn=0006-0895}}According to the genealogy in 1 Kings 15:18, Hezion was a king of Aram-Damascus. Ben-Hadad I is described as “the son of Tabrimmon, the son of Hezion, king of Aram, who lived in Damascus.”{{Cite book |last=Unger |first=Merrill Frederick |url=https://archive.org/details/newungersbibledi0000unge_j9x8/mode/2up |title=The new Unger's Bible dictionary |date=2005 |location=Chicago |publisher=Moody Press |others=Internet Archive |isbn=978-0-8024-9066-7}}
Tabrimmonca. late 10th century B.C.E.{{Cite book |last1=Arnold |first1=Bill T. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e9xrDQAAQBAJ&dq=tabrimmon+aram&pg=PT248 |title=The World around the Old Testament: The People and Places of the Ancient Near East |last2=Strawn |first2=Brent A. |date=2016-11-15 |publisher=Baker Academic |isbn=978-1-4934-0574-9 |language=en |quote=In the case of Aram-Damascus, at the beginning of the ninth century Asa of Judah (ca. 911-870) hired" Ben-Hadad, son of Tab-rimmon, the son of Hezion, king of Aram...}}
Ben-Hadad Ica. early 9th century B.C.E.
Hadadezer (Ben-Hadad II)ca. 865-844 B.C.E.{{Cite journal |last=Irvine |first=Stuart A. |date=2005 |title=The Last Battle of Hadadezer |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/30041016 |journal=Journal of Biblical Literature |volume=124 |issue=2 |pages=341–347 |doi=10.2307/30041016 |jstor=30041016 |issn=0021-9231 |quote=...the reign of a previous Aramean king, whom Hazael calls "my father." presumably is to Hadadezer...}}
Hazaelca. 844-805 B.C.E.{{Citation |last=Gaul |first=Gershon |title=The Boundaries of Aram-Damascus in the 9th-8th Centuries Bce |date=2000-01-01 |work=Studies in Historical Geography and Biblical Historiography |pages=35–41 |url=https://brill.com/display/book/edcoll/9789047400349/B9789047400349-s005.xml |access-date=2025-04-11 |publisher=Brill |language=en |isbn=978-90-474-0034-9}}
Ben-Hadad IIIca. 805-780 B.C.E.{{Cite journal |last=Galil |first=Gershon |date=2001-01-01 |title=A Re-Arrangement of the Fragments of the Tel Dan Inscription and the Relations Between Israel and Aram |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1179/peq.2001.133.1.16 |journal=Palestine Exploration Quarterly |volume=133 |issue=1 |pages=16–21 |doi=10.1179/peq.2001.133.1.16 |issn=0031-0328 |quote=...and the inscription should be dated to the time of Bar-Hadad, son of Hazael.}}
Hadianuca. 780-754 B.C.E.{{Cite journal |last=Ahlström |first=Gösta W. |date=1991 |title=Review of Ancient Damascus: A Historical Study of the Syrian City-State from Earliest Times until Its Fall to the Assyrians in 732 B. C. E |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/545677 |journal=Journal of Near Eastern Studies |volume=50 |issue=2 |pages=147–150 |doi=10.1086/373491 |jstor=545677 |issn=0022-2968 |quote=Shamshi-ilu reports that he has taken booty from the palace of the king of Damascus, Hadianu.}}
Rezinca. 754–732 B.C.E.{{Cite journal |last=Shtaimetz |first=Yaniv |date=2022-09-01 |title=Was it a Syro-Ephraimite War? |url=https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.1515/zaw-2022-3006/html?lang=en |journal=Zeitschrift für die alttestamentliche Wissenschaft |language=de |volume=134 |issue=3 |pages=354–361 |doi=10.1515/zaw-2022-3006 |issn=1613-0103 |quote=The goal of Rezin and Peqah son of Remalia, the kings of Aram-Damascus and Israel respectively, was to overthrow Ahaz and replace him with a king of their choice called Ben Tav’el.}}

= [[Bit Agusi|Bit-Agusi]] =

class="wikitable"
NameReignNotes
Gusica. 870{{Cite web |last=Kessler |first=P. L. |title=Kingdoms of Syria - Arpad (Syria) |url=https://www.historyfiles.co.uk/KingListsMiddEast/SyriaArpad.htm#Bit |access-date=2025-04-11 |website=The History Files |language=en}}Dynasty founder
Hadramca. 860–830son of Gusi (Arame)
Attar-šumki Ica. 830–800 / 805–796son of Hadram, synonym Bar-Guš{{Cite journal |last1=Ikeda |first1=Yutaka |last2=איקדה |first2=יוטקה |date=2003 |title="הם חילקו את נהר האורונטס ביניהם": ארפד וגבולה עם חמת ופתנ/אנק במאה הח' לפסה"נ / "They Divided the Orontes River Between Them" Arpad and Its Borders with Hamath and Patin/Unqi in the Eighth Century Bce |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23629859 |journal=Eretz-Israel: Archaeological, Historical and Geographical Studies / ארץ-ישראל: מחקרים בידיעת הארץ ועתיקותיה |volume=כז |pages=91*–99* |jstor=23629859 |issn=0071-108X}}
Bar-Hadadca. 800son of Attar-šumki I, reign unclear{{Cite book |title=Tales of Royalty |url=https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.1515/9781501506895/pdf?licenseType=restricted#page=167 |access-date=2025-04-11 |website=www.degruyterbrill.com | date=2020 |language=en |doi=10.1515/9781501506895 | isbn=978-1-5015-0689-5 | editor-last1=Wagner-Durand | editor-last2=Linke | editor-first1=Elisabeth | editor-first2=Julia }}{{Cite book |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv28bqkvn |title=Divine Names on the Spot: Towards a Dynamic Approach of Divine Denominations in Greek and Semitic Contexts |date=2021 |publisher=Peeters Publishers |isbn=978-90-429-4726-9 |volume=293 |pages=61–92|doi=10.2307/j.ctv28bqkvn |jstor=j.ctv28bqkvn }}
Attar-šumki II1st half 8th centuryson of Bar-Hadad
Mati-Ilumid 8th centuryson of Attar-šumki II{{Cite journal |last1=Dan' |last2=Kahn |first2=El |title=The Kingdom of Arpad (B i t Ag u si) and 'All Aram': International Relations in Northern Syria in the Ninth and Eighth Centuries BCE |url=https://www.academia.edu/404085 |journal=Ancient Near Eastern Studies |page=67}}

File:Relief of king Barrakib from Zincirli - Pergamonmuseum - Berlin - Germany 2017.jpg]]

= [[Sam'al|Bit-Gabbari (Sam'al)]] =

File:20131205 Istanbul 067.jpg

File:Stele of Prince Kilamuwa, Sam'al, Anatolia, 825 BC (28086809024).jpg

class="wikitable"
NameReignNotes
Gabbarca 920{{Cite journal |last1=Schloen |first1=J. David |last2=Fink |first2=Amir S. |date=2009 |title=New Excavations at Zincirli Höyük in Turkey (Ancient Samʾal) and the Discovery of an Inscribed Mortuary Stele |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25609345 |journal=Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research |volume=356 |issue=356 |pages=1–13 |doi=10.1086/BASOR25609345 |jstor=25609345 |issn=0003-097X}}/ca. 900 – 880Dynasty founder{{Cite journal |last1=Schloen |first1=J. David |last2=Fink |first2=Amir S. |date=December 2009 |title=Searching for Ancient Samʾal: New Excavations at Zincirli in Turkey |url=https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.1086/NEA25754028 |journal=Near Eastern Archaeology |volume=72 |issue=4 |page=207 |doi=10.1086/NEA25754028 |issn=1094-2076}}
Bamahca. 880–865son of Gabbar{{Cite journal |last=Millard |first=Alan |date=1999-01-01 |title=Israelite and Aramean History in the Light of Inscriptions |url=https://www.academia.edu/82367960 |journal=Israel's Past in Present Research|pages=129–140 |doi=10.5325/j.ctv1bxh4pj.13 |isbn=978-1-57506-513-7 }}
Hayyaca. 865–840{{Cite journal |last=Brown |first=Brian |title=The Kilamuwa Relief: Ethnicity, class and power in Iron Age North Syria |url=https://www.academia.edu/1130938 |journal=Proceedings of the 5th International Congress on the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East}}son of Bamah
Ša-ilca. 840–830son of Hayya
Kilamuwaca. 830–820{{cn|date=August 2022}}brother of Ša-il
Qarlica. 820–790son of Ahabbu?, he unified Sam'al and Y'DY
Panamuwa Ica. 790–750son of Qarli, synonym Panammu{{cn|date=August 2022}}
| Bar-Surca. 750son of Panamuwa I
Panamuwa IIca. 743Alessandra Gilibert: Syro-Hittite Monumental Art and the Archaeology of Performance. Berlin 2011, p. 135.–727son of Bar-Sur, synonym Panammu{{cn|date=August 2022}}
Bar-Rakib727–713/711{{cn|date=August 2022}}son of Panamuwa II

= Kasku =

class="wikitable"
Name{{Cite journal |last1=Ikeda |first1=Yutaka |last2=איקדה |first2=יוטקה |date=1993 |title=שוב על "כתך" בכתובות ספירה / Once Again Ktk in the Sefire Inscriptions |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23624620 |journal=Eretz-Israel: Archaeological, Historical and Geographical Studies / ארץ-ישראל: מחקרים בידיעת הארץ ועתיקותיה |volume=כד |pages=104*–108* |jstor=23624620 |issn=0071-108X |quote=The treaty of Bar-ga'ya with Mati'ilu is described as a treaty of the 'lords of KTK (My KTK) with the lords of Arpad and also as a treaty of the federation of [KTK] with 'all Aram', an indication that KTK was the name of a federation of states to the north of Arpad, which was leading the states of 'all Aram' in the south.}}ReignNotes
Bar-Ga'yamid 8th century{{Cite journal |last1=Ikeda |first1=Yutaka |last2=איקדה |first2=יוטקה |date=1993 |title=שוב על "כתך" בכתובות ספירה / Once Again Ktk in the Sefire Inscriptions |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23624620 |journal=Eretz-Israel: Archaeological, Historical and Geographical Studies / ארץ-ישראל: מחקרים בידיעת הארץ ועתיקותיה |volume=כד |pages=104*–108* |jstor=23624620 |issn=0071-108X |quote=In fact, while posing as a 'great king' independent of the Assyrian overlord, the king of KTK at the same time tries to use his close Assyrian connection to enforce the treaty with the king of Arpad.}}Possibly an independent Assyrian high official, not under Assyrian overlord.

= [[Aram-Zobah]] =

class="wikitable"
NameReignNotes
Hadadezerat the time of Saul and David of Israel {{Cite web |title=1 Samuel 14 Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges |url=https://biblehub.com/commentaries/cambridge/1_samuel/14.htm |access-date=2025-04-11 |website=biblehub.com}}

= [[Bit Bahiani]] =

class="wikitable"
NameReignNotes
Bahianu |
|Dynasty founder{{Cite journal |last=Albright |first=W. F. |date=1956 |title=The Date of the Kapara Period at Gozan (Tell Halaf) |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3642402 |journal=Anatolian Studies |volume=6 |pages=75–85 |doi=10.2307/3642402 |jstor=3642402 |issn=0066-1546 |quote=The ancestors of Kapara we originally, it would seem, chiefs of the nomadic Aramaean tribe Bahyan (Bahianu)}}
Abisalmu |
Kapara950–875 BC{{Cite web |last=Fakhro |first=Mohamad |date=2018 |title=Tell Halaf (Ancient Guzana) - Excavation Results between 2006-2010. |url=https://zenon.dainst.org/Record/001562645?sid=120896391 |access-date=2025-04-11 |website=zenon.dainst.org |language=English}}He built a monumental palace in Neo-Hittite style discovered by Max von Oppenheim in 1911, with a rich decoration of statues and relief orthostats

= [[Hamath]] =

class="wikitable"
NameReignNotes
T'oi|
Hadoram|
Paratas|
Irhuleni853 BCHe led a coalition against the Assyrian expansion under Shalmaneser III, alongside Hadadezer of Damascus.Luis Robert Siddall, [https://books.google.com/books?id=rb0dAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA37 The Reign of Adad-nīrārī III: An Historical and Ideological Analysis of An Assyrian King and His Times.] BRILL, 2013 {{ISBN|9004256148}} p.37
Uratamis|
Zakkur|
Eni-Ilu|
Yaub'di |

= [[Aram-Naharaim]] =

class="wikitable"
NameReignNotes
Cushan-rishathaim1250 BCHe was king of Aram-Naharaim, or Northwest Mesopotamia, and the first oppressor of the Israelites after their settlement in Canaan.{{Cite journal |last=Martin |first=Lee Roy |date=2008-01-01 |title=Power to Save!?: The Role of the Spirit of the Lord in the Book of Judges |url=https://brill.com/view/journals/pent/16/2/article-p21_5.xml |journal=Journal of Pentecostal Theology |language=en |volume=16 |issue=2 |pages=21–50 |doi=10.1163/174552508X294189 |issn=0966-7369}}

= [[Bit-Zamani]]=

class="wikitable"
NameReignNotes
Ammi-Ba'al900–879 BCHe was king of Bit-Zamani, or Northwest Mesopotamia known for his rivals against Tukulti-Ninurta II.{{Cite web |title=Geç Hitit dini ve mitolojisinde Anadolu ve Assur etkisi - ProQuest |url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/3061555894 |access-date=2025-04-11 |website=www.proquest.com | id={{ProQuest|3061555894}} |language=en}}{{Cite journal |last=Edmonds |first=Alexander Johannes |title=Just a Series of Misunderstandings? Assyria and Bīt-Zamāni, Ḫadi-/Iḫtadi-libbušu, and Aramaic in the early Neo-Assyrian State |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/358987132 |journal=Ancient Near Eastern Cultures}}
Bur-Ramman879–866Successor of Ammi-Ba'al
Ilan879–866 BCSuccessor and brother of Bur-Ramman

= [[Bit-Adini]] =

class="wikitable"
NameReignNotes
Adin(i)883–876 BCHe was the first king of Bit-Adini{{Cite web|url=https://www.historyfiles.co.uk/KingListsMiddEast/SyriaBitAdini.htm|title=Kingdoms of Syria – Bit Adini}}
Akhuni Bar-Adin876–858 BCSuccessor and descent of Adin and defeated by Ashurnasirpal II

= [[Palmyrene Empire]] =

{{Unreferenced section|date=August 2022}}

class="wikitable"
NameReignNotes
Odaenathus260–267Founder of the Palmyrene monarchy, dropped the King title and started using King of Kings by 263
Hairan I263–267Made co-King of Kings by his father.{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9y7nTpFcN3AC&pg=PA353|title=The Middle East Under Rome|author=Maurice Sartre|author-link=Maurice Sartre|page=353|year=2005|publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-674-01683-5}}
Maeonius267–267No evidence exist for his reign,{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/ageofsoldierem00brau|url-access=registration|title=The Age of the Soldier Emperors: Imperial Rome, A.D. 244-284|publisher=Noyes Press|author=George C. Brauer|page=[https://archive.org/details/ageofsoldierem00brau/page/163 163]|year=1975|isbn=978-0-8155-5036-5 }} but he allegedly murdered Odaenathus and his son, Hairan and attempted a usurpation
Vaballathus267–272Dropped the "King of Kings" title in 270, replacing it with the Latin rex (king) and declared emperor in 271.{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h5cMho6zFckC&pg=PA179|title=Roman Palmyra: Identity, Community, and State Formation|author=Andrew M. Smith II|page=179|year=2013|publisher=Oup USA |isbn=978-0-19-986110-1}} Reigned under the regency of his mother, Zenobia.{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ecfiAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA92|title=Empress Zenobia: Palmyra's Rebel Queen|author=Pat Southern|page=92|year=2008|publisher=A&C Black |isbn=978-1-4411-4248-1}}
Zenobia267–272Ruled as a regent for her children and did not claim to rule in her own right.
Septimius Antiochus273–273Possibly a son of Zenobia.

See also

{{Portal|Asia}}

{{Commons category|Aramean kings}}

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References

{{reflist}}

Sources

{{refbegin}}

  • {{Cite book|last=Gzella|first=Holger|title=A Cultural History of Aramaic: From the Beginnings to the Advent of Islam|year=2015|location=Leiden-Boston|publisher=Brill|isbn=9789004285101|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y9UuBgAAQBAJ}}
  • {{Cite book|last=Lipiński|first=Edward|author-link=Edward Lipiński (orientalist)|title=The Aramaeans: Their Ancient History, Culture, Religion|year=2000|location=Leuven|publisher=Peeters Publishers|isbn=9789042908598|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rrMKKtiBBI4C}}
  • {{Cite book|last=Sader|first=Hélène|chapter=History|title=The Aramaeans in Ancient Syria|year=2014|location=Leiden|publisher=Brill|pages=11–36|isbn=9789004229433|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sW_AAgAAQBAJ}}
  • {{Cite book|last=Younger|first=Kenneth Lawson|title=A Political History of the Arameans: From Their Origins to the End of Their Polities|year=2016|location=Atlanta|publisher=SBL Press|isbn=9781628370843|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vpgsDQAAQBAJ}}

{{refend}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Aramean kings}}

Aram

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