Argo AI

Argo AI was co-founded in November 2016 by roboticists Bryan Salesky, CEO of the company, and company president Peter Rander. As of July 2020, the company employed over 1000 employees with offices{{Cite web|title=The Station: Bird spikes Circ in the Middle East, Kitty Hawk folds Flyer, Cruise attempts a hiring coup|url=https://techcrunch.com/2020/06/07/the-station-bird-spikes-circ-in-the-middle-east-kitty-hawk-folds-flyer-cruise-attempts-a-hiring-coup/|access-date=2020-07-15|website=TechCrunch|date=7 June 2020 |language=en-US}} in Pittsburgh, Detroit, Palo Alto, Cranbury, NJ{{Cite web |date=2 June 2020 |title=Self-driving vehicle startup Argo AI completes $2.6B deal with Volkswagen, expands to Europe |url=https://techcrunch.com/2020/06/01/self-driving-vehicle-startup-argo-ai-completes-2-6b-deal-with-volkswagen-expands-to-europe/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200602125539/https://techcrunch.com/2020/06/01/self-driving-vehicle-startup-argo-ai-completes-2-6b-deal-with-volkswagen-expands-to-europe/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=June 2, 2020 |access-date=2020-07-27 |website=TechCrunch |language=en-US}} and Munich, Germany.{{Cite web|last=Korosec|first=Kirsten|date=2017-08-16|title=An inside look at Ford's $1 billion bet on Argo AI|url=https://www.theverge.com/2017/8/16/16155254/argo-ai-ford-self-driving-car-autonomous|access-date=2020-07-15|website=The Verge|language=en}} In June 2020, Argo was valued at $7.25 billion.{{Cite web|date=2020-06-02|title=Argo closes $2.6 billion round from VW at a $7.25 billion valuation|url=https://venturebeat.com/2020/06/01/argo-closes-2-6-billion-round-from-vw-at-a-7-25-billion-valuation/|access-date=2020-07-15|website=VentureBeat|language=en-US}}

Salesky was born in Woodhaven, MI outside of Detroit and settled in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, where Argo is based. He earned a Bachelor of Science in Engineering from the University of Pittsburgh in 2002 and began working at Union Switch & Signal, a supplier of railroad signaling equipment, where he worked on anti-collision software for trains. From 2004 to 2011 he worked at the National Robotics Engineering Center (NREC) at Carnegie Mellon Robotics Academy, where Rander was his boss.

In 2007, Salesky and Chris Urmson led Carnegie Mellon’s software development team for the third DARPA driverless car competition dubbed the Urban Challenge.{{Cite web|date=2016-12-19|title=BRYAN SALESKY|url=https://www.autonews.com/article/20161219/OEM02/312199940/bryan-salesky|access-date=2020-07-15|website=Automotive News|language=en}} From 2013 - 2016, Salesky served as director of hardware development for Google’s autonomous vehicle initiative, now known as Waymo.

Rander, a Michigan native {{Cite web |last=Thibodeau |first=Ian |title=Michigan, not Silicon Valley, produced Ford's self-driving gurus |url=https://www.detroitnews.com/story/business/autos/2018/10/01/leadership-fords-self-driving-partner-argo-ai-made-michigan/1424398002/ |access-date=2020-07-15 |website=Detroit News |language=en}} and University of Detroit Mercy alumnus {{Cite web |title=Why Detroit's Streets Are Challenging for Driverless Car Tests by Ford's Partner |url=https://www.deadlinedetroit.com/articles/22591/why_detroit_s_streets_are_challenging_for_driverless_car_tests_by_ford_s_partner |access-date=2020-07-27 |website=www.deadlinedetroit.com}} earned his MS and Ph.D. degrees in Robotics at Carnegie Mellon University (CMU) and worked alongside Salesky at the National Robotics Engineering Center.{{Cite web |date=24 June 2019 |title=Argo AI is investing $15 million into a self-driving car research center at CMU |url=https://techcrunch.com/2019/06/24/argo-ai-is-investing-15-million-into-a-self-driving-car-research-center-at-cmu/ |access-date=2020-07-15 |website=TechCrunch |language=en-US}} From 2015 to 2016,{{Cite web |last=Bhuiyan |first=Johana |date=2016-12-12 |title=Uber has lost three of its top self-driving engineers |url=https://www.vox.com/2016/12/12/13920558/uber-self-driving-cmu-top-engineers-leave |access-date=2020-07-15 |website=Vox |language=en}} Rander was the engineering lead for Uber’s Advanced Technology Group (ATG); Uber’s self-driving car unit.{{Cite web |last=Gardner |first=Greg |title=Ford's Argo AI Invests $15 Million For Robocar Research Center At Carnegie Mellon |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/greggardner/2019/06/24/fords-argo-ai-invests-15-million-for-av-research-center-at-carnegie-mellon/ |access-date=2020-07-15 |website=Forbes |language=en}}

Argo AI was initially funded in late 2016 through a small seed round from an undisclosed source. In February 2017, Ford Motor Company announced that it was to invest $1 billion in Argo AI over the next five years, to develop a virtual driver system for the automaker's autonomous vehicle coming in 2021. Ford became the company’s largest shareholder, enabling them to hire 200 additional employees including members of Ford's R&D team.{{Cite web|date=2019-06-12|title=Argo AI reveals its third-generation driverless car|url=https://venturebeat.com/2019/06/12/argo-ai-reveals-its-third-generation-driverless-car-expands-testing-in-michigan/|access-date=2020-07-16|website=VentureBeat|language=en-US}}

In June 2020, Volkswagen invested $2.6 billion into Argo AI. Under the terms of the deal, Volkswagen committed $1 billion in cash to Argo AI and its Munich-based Autonomous Intelligent Driving (AID) unit - valued at $1.6 billion.{{Cite web|title=VW invests $2.6 billion in self-driving startup Argo AI as part of Ford alliance|url=https://techcrunch.com/2019/07/12/vw-invests-2-6-billion-in-self-driving-startup-argo-ai-as-part-of-ford-alliance/|access-date=2020-07-16|website=TechCrunch|date=12 July 2019 |language=en-US}} The AID technology unit, consisting of over 200 employees, was first launched to develop autonomous vehicle technology for VW automobiles. According to the terms of the deal, VW was to purchase Argo AI shares from Ford for $500 million over three years, while Ford would invest the remaining $600 million of its $1 billion cash commitment to the company. In executing the agreement, the Munich-based AID team was integrated into Argo AI to form the company’s European engineering center.

Between the partnerships, Argo raised over $3.6 billion. Argo’s ownership was shared among its largest shareholders, Ford and Volkswagen, each of whom owned 42 percent of the company.{{Cite news|date=2021-06-09|title=Argo AI's CEO says IPO expected within next year|first1=Jane|last1=Lanhee Lee|first2=Hyunjoo|last2=Jin|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/technology/argo-ais-ceo-says-ipo-expected-within-next-year-2021-06-09/|access-date=2022-07-05}} In 2017, its board of directors was composed of two Ford seats, two Volkswagen seats, and three Argo seats.

In July 2021, Lyft invested in Argo with a plan to launch services on Lyft’s ride-hailing network in Austin and Miami. The partnership with Lyft boosted Argo’s valuation to $12.4 billion.{{Cite news|date=2021-07-21|title=Argo, Ford to launch self-driving vehicles on Lyft's ride-hailing app|url=https://techcrunch.com/2021/07/21/argo-ford-to-launch-self-driving-vehicles-on-lyfts-ride-hailing-app/|access-date=2023-06-22}}

In March 2022, Argo AI announced the opening of a new engineering and development office in Los Angeles.{{Cite web|date=2020-02-17 |title=Pittsburgh AV startup Argo AI expands to Los Angeles with new engineering and development office |url=https://www.bizjournals.com/pittsburgh/inno/stories/profiles/2022/02/17/argo-ai-expands-to-los-angeles.html |access-date=2022-03-09 |website=The Business Journals }}

In October 2022, after failing to secure further investment from Amazon,{{Cite news|title=Amazon Was a Secret Player in Ford and VW-Backed Argo's Demise|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/newsletters/2022-11-22/amazon-was-a-secret-player-in-ford-and-vw-backed-argo-s-demise}} Ford announced that the company would be disbanded after posting an $827 million net-loss for the third quarter. Ford assumed a $2.7 billion accounting charge and wrote off a cash investment of about $500 million for Argo AI. Similarly, Volkswagen expensed €1.9 billion {{Cite web|date=2022-12-01| title= Volkswagen Annual Report 2022 key events|url=https://annualreport2022.volkswagenag.com/notes/basis-of-presentation/key-events.html/}}

A number of resources from Argo AI were transitioned to Ford's ADAS effort Latitude AI, and VW's ADAS efforts CARIAD.{{Cite news| title=Argo AI will cease operations as Ford and Volkswagen pull investments| url = https://arstechnica.com/cars/2022/10/argo-ai-will-cease-operations-as-ford-and-volkswagen-pull-investments/}} VW also continued it autonomy efforts with its ID BUZZ platform with Mobileye, an alternative SDS supplier.{{Cite news|title=VW will test its autonomous ID Buzz in the US starting this month |url=https://www.theverge.com/2023/7/6/23784813/vw-autonomous-vehicle-id-buzz-test-austin-mobileye}}

File:Ford Escape with Argo AI equipment.jpg with Argo AI hardware]]

Argo claimed its technology would deliver Level 4-capable Self-Driving Systems (SDS) for autonomous driving (AV) vehicles.{{Cite web|last=Coren|first=Michael J.|title=The staggering cost of self-driving cars is behind Ford and Volkswagen's new partnership|url=https://qz.com/1665011/ford-and-volkswagen-team-up-to-buy-argos-self-driving-tech/|access-date=2020-07-16|website=Quartz|date=12 July 2019 |language=en}} Autonomous driving categories are defined by the Society of Automotive Engineers and have been adopted as industry standards by the U.S. Department of Transportation.{{Cite web|date=2017-09-07|title=Automated Vehicles for Safety|url=https://www.nhtsa.gov/technology-innovation/automated-vehicles-safety|access-date=2020-07-16|website=NHTSA|language=en}}

The technology developed by Argo comprises the entire self-driving system, including the software and hardware computing platforms, sensors, cameras, radar, and light detection and ranging radar (LIDAR). In October 2017, Argo purchased Princeton Lightwave, a producer of lidar technology, based in Cranbury, New Jersey.{{Cite web|last=Abuelsamid|first=Sam|title=Argo AI And Ford Double Down On Lidar, Acquire Princeton Lightwave|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/samabuelsamid/2017/10/27/argo-ai-and-ford-double-down-on-lidar-acquire-princeton-lightwave/|access-date=2020-07-16|website=Forbes|language=en}} In 2019, Argo introduced its third-generation test vehicle, based on the Ford Fusion Hybrid, which incorporates higher-resolution cameras with wider dynamic ranges, increased computer processing power, and heating and cooling systems improvements.

Argo planned to deliver autonomous driving technology for shared fleets rather than personal ownership with applications including ride-hailing and goods delivery services. 

Argo has self-driving vehicle testing locations in Pittsburgh and Dearborn, Michigan as part of its research and development initiatives. In early 2018, Argo began testing vehicles in Miami, Florida marking the first time vehicles were tested outside the company’s home territories of Detroit and Pittsburgh.{{Cite web|title=Ford's Argo AI Welcomed to Miami for Self-Driving Car Testing|url=https://www.govtech.com/fs/transportation/Fords-Argo-AI-Welcomed-to-Miami-for-Self-Driving-Car-Testing.html|access-date=2020-07-16|website=www.govtech.com|date=March 2018 |language=en}} Additional test sites for the Argo and Ford collaboration included Washington, D.C.,{{Cite web|last=Hawkins|first=Andrew J.|date=2018-10-22|title=Ford will test self-driving cars in Washington, DC, with an emphasis on 'equity'|url=https://www.theverge.com/2018/10/22/18008980/ford-self-driving-car-test-washington-dc-av|access-date=2020-07-16|website=The Verge|language=en}} and Austin, Texas.{{Cite web|last=Wayland|first=Michael|date=2019-09-25|title=Ford selects Austin to test, deploy autonomous vehicles|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2019/09/25/ford-selects-austin-to-test-deploy-autonomous-vehicles.html|access-date=2020-07-16|website=CNBC|language=en}} Argo began testing out of its Palo Alto engineering center after receiving its permit from the California Department of Motor Vehicles in January 2019.{{Cite web|date=2019-01-29|title=Argo AI receives permit to test AVs in California|url=https://www.autonews.com/mobility-report/argo-ai-receives-permit-test-avs-california|access-date=2020-07-16|website=Automotive News|language=en}} The expansion to additional urban test sites allowed the company to study the unique driving behavior and road culture of each city.{{Cite web|date=2019-09-23|title=Robotaxis as the norm are still 'far away'|url=https://www.autonews.com/mobility-report/robotaxis-norm-are-still-far-away|access-date=2020-07-16|website=Automotive News|language=en}} Argo’s testing included millions of simulations to represent various weather, infrastructure, pedestrian, and other conditions.{{Cite web|title=Detroiter Magazine: April 2020|url=https://issuu.com/detroitregionalchamber/docs/detroiter_april_2020 |website=Issuu |date=31 March 2020 |access-date=2020-07-16 }}

By 2021 Argo AI was testing the VW IDBUZZ on public roads in Munich. {{Cite web|url=https://www.linkedin.com/posts/volkswagen-commercial-vehicles-_idbuzzad-volkswagencommercialvehicles-activity-6845686593949442049-49Wx/|date=2021-09-20|title=Starting today, prototypes of the Volkswagen #IDBUZZAD can be seen on the streets of Munich and Freising in Germany for the first time.}}

In May 2022, Argo AI started testing on public roads in Austin and Miami using a modified Ford Escape Hybrid.{{Cite press release |url=https://www.argo.ai/company-news/argo-ai-begins-driverless-vehicle-operations-in-miami-austin/ |date=2022-05-17 |title=Argo AI Begins Driverless Vehicle Operations in Miami & Austin |publisher=Argo AI |access-date=2022-05-21 }}{{cite news|date=2022-05-18 |author=Jay Ramey |title=Argo AI Is Testing Driverless Cars in These Cities |url=https://www.autoweek.com/news/technology/a40034105/argo-ai-testing-autonomous-miami-austin/ |work=Autoweek |access-date=2022-05-21 }}

In 2017, Argo announced university partnerships with Carnegie Mellon University and the Georgia Institute of Technology to research computer vision and machine learning technologies.{{Cite web|last=Tobin|first=Debra|date=2017-11-22|title=Argo AI collaborates with CMU, Georgia Tech researchers on self-driving cars|url=https://www.ri.cmu.edu/argo-ai-collaborates-with-cmu-georgia-tech-researchers-on-self-driving-cars/|access-date=2020-07-16|website=The Robotics Institute Carnegie Mellon University|language=en-US}}

In June 2019, Argo announced a $15 million investment over five years to create the Carnegie Mellon University Argo AI Center for Autonomous Vehicle Research, which would have focused on advanced algorithms for autonomous vehicles, specifically for advanced perception and decision-making capabilities.{{Cite web|title=Argo AI and CMU team up in research partnership|url=https://www.bizjournals.com/pittsburgh/news/2019/06/24/argo-ai-and-cmu-team-up-in-research-partnership.html|access-date=2020-07-16|website=www.bizjournals.com}} The announcement follows the company’s introduction of its open source data set, a set of highly curated maps and data released to further the study of autonomous vehicle research and development.{{Cite web|title=Self-driving car startup Argo AI is giving researchers free access to its HD maps|url=https://techcrunch.com/2019/06/19/self-driving-car-startup-argo-ai-is-giving-researchers-free-access-to-its-hd-maps/|access-date=2020-07-16|website=TechCrunch|date=19 June 2019 |language=en-US}} As of 2020, research topics slated for study at the research center included smart sensor fusion, 3D scene understanding, urban simulation, map-based perception, behavior prediction, and software validation.

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Category:Automotive industry

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