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Old Turkic

{{Short description|Earliest attested Turkic language}}

{{Distinguish|Proto-Turkic language|Turkic languages}}

{{for-multi|the form of Turkish spoken in what is now modern Turkey during the 11th-15th centuries|Old Anatolian Turkish|the form used in the Ottoman Empire (14th to 20th centuries CE)|Ottoman Turkish}}{{Cleanup lang|date=January 2025|iso=otk}}{{Infobox language

| name = Old Turkic

| altname = East Old Turkic, Old Siberian Turkic

| region = East Asia, Central Asia and parts of Eastern Europe

| era = 8th–13th centuries

| script = Old Turkic script, Old Uyghur alphabet

| familycolor = Altaic

| fam1 = Turkic

| fam2 = Common Turkic

| fam3 = Siberian Turkic

| fam4 = South Siberian

| lc1 = otk

| ld1 = Old Turkish

| linglist = otk

| lingname = Old Turkish

| glotto = oldu1238

| glottorefname = Old Turkic

| dia1 = Orkhon Turkic

| dia2 = Old Uyghur

| states = Second Turkic Khaganate, Uyghur Khaganate

| image = File:Talas tas yazma 1.jpg

| imagecaption = Talas Inscription 1

| dia3 = West Old Turkic

| dia4 = ?Karakhanid

}}

File:Kultegin monument Mongolia.JPG

Old Siberian Turkic, generally known as East Old Turkic and often shortened to Old Turkic, was a Siberian Turkic language spoken around East Turkistan and Mongolia.{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R995DwAAQBAJ&dq=qarakhanid+Turkic&pg=PA17|title=Introduction to Altaic Philology|page=17|isbn=9789004188891 |last1=Rachewiltz |first1=Igor de |last2=Rybatzki |first2=Volker |date=31 May 2010 |publisher=BRILL }} It was first discovered in inscriptions originating from the Second Turkic Khaganate, and later the Uyghur Khaganate, making it the earliest attested Common Turkic language. In terms of the datability of extant written sources, the period of Old Turkic can be dated from slightly before 720 AD to the Mongol invasions of the 13th century.

Classification and dialects

Old Turkic can generally be split into two dialects, the earlier Orkhon Turkic and the later Old Uyghur. There is a difference of opinion among linguists with regard to the Karakhanid language, some (among whom include Omeljan Pritsak, Sergey Malov, Osman Karatay and Marcel Erdal) classify it as another dialect of East Old Turkic, while others prefer to include Karakhanid among Middle Turkic languages;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R995DwAAQBAJ&dq=old+turkic+retained&pg=PA19|title=Introduction to Altaic Philology|page=19|isbn=9789004188891 |last1=Rachewiltz |first1=Igor de |last2=Rybatzki |first2=Volker |date=31 May 2010 |publisher=BRILL }} nonetheless, Karakhanid is very close to Old Uyghur.{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YIVSEAAAQBAJ&dq=qarakhanid+single+description&pg=PA8|title=A Grammar of Old Turkic|page=8|isbn=9789047403968 |last1=Erdal |first1=Marcel |date=September 2004 |publisher=BRILL }} East Old Turkic and West Old Turkic together comprise the Old Turkic proper, though West Old Turkic is generally unattested and is mostly reconstructed through words loaned through Hungarian.{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j-vqDwAAQBAJ&dq=west+old+turkic&pg=PA106|title=The Oxford Guide to the Transeurasian Languages|page=106|isbn=978-0-19-880462-8 |last1=Robbeets |first1=Martine |last2=Savelyev |first2=Alexander |date=27 May 2020 |publisher=Oxford University Press }} East Old Turkic is the oldest attested member of the Siberian Turkic branch of Turkic languages, and several of its now-archaic grammatical as well as lexical features are extant in the modern Yellow Uyghur, Lop Nur Uyghur{{cite book|title=The Oxford Guide to the Transeurasian Languages|page=413}} and Khalaj (all of which are endangered); Khalaj, for instance, has (surprisingly) retained a considerable number of archaic Old Turkic words{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j-vqDwAAQBAJ&dq=old+turkic+archaic&pg=PA112|title=The Oxford Guide to the Transeurasian Languages|page=112|isbn=978-0-19-880462-8 |last1=Robbeets |first1=Martine |last2=Savelyev |first2=Alexander |date=27 May 2020 |publisher=Oxford University Press }} despite forming a language island{{cite journal|journal=Iranian Studies|volume=53|date=May 2020|title=Major and Minor Turkic Language Islands in Iran with a Special Focus on Khalaj|doi=10.1080/00210862.2020.1740881 |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00210862.2020.1740881 |last1=Ragagnin |first1=Elisabetta |issue=3–4 |pages=573–588 |s2cid=218924277 |url-access=subscription }} within Central Iran and being heavily influenced by Persian.{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z7i5CAAAQBAJ&dq=khalaj+heavily+influenced&pg=PA280|title=The Turkic Languages|page=280|isbn=9781136825279 |last1=Johanson |first1=Lars |last2=Csató |first2=Éva Á. |date=29 April 2015 |publisher=Routledge }} Old Uyghur is not a direct ancestor of the modern Uyghur language,{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ciShtCrJijIC&dq=modern+standard+uyghur&pg=PA49|title=Salar|page=49|isbn=9783447040914 |last1=Dwyer |first1=Arienne M. |date=2007 |publisher=Otto Harrassowitz Verlag }}{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Aos5EAAAQBAJ&dq=new+uyghur+vowel+linguistic&pg=PA209|title=Studies in Asian Historical Linguistics|date=19 July 2021 |page=209|publisher=BRILL |isbn=9789004448568 }} but rather the Western Yugur language; the contemporaneous ancestor of Modern Uyghur was the Chagatai literary language.{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HjNfWREAdMoC&dq=chaghatay+spoken+dialects+adeeb+khalid&pg=PA188|title=The Politics of Muslim Cultural Reform|page=188|isbn=9780520920897 |last1=Khalid |first1=Adeeb |date=January 1999 |publisher=University of California Press }}

East Old Turkic is attested in a number of scripts, including the Old Turkic script, the Old Uyghur alphabet, the Brahmi script, and the Manichaean script. The Turkic runiform alphabet of Orkhon Turkic was deciphered by Vilhelm Thomsen in 1893.

Phonology

class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"
+ Vowels

! rowspan="2" |

! colspan="2" | Front

! colspan="2" | Back

unrounded

! rounded

! unrounded

! rounded

Close

| {{IPA link|i}}

| {{IPA link|y}}

| {{IPA link|ɯ}}

| {{IPA link|u}}

Mid

| {{IPA link|e̞|e}}

| {{IPA link|ø̞|ø}}

|

| {{IPA link|o̞|o}}

Open

|

|

| {{IPA link|ɑ}}

|

Vowel roundness is assimilated through the word through vowel harmony. Some vowels were considered to occur only in the initial syllable, but they were later found to be in suffixes.{{Cite book|last=Erdal|first=Marcel|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/73959547|title=A grammar of Old Turkic|publisher=Brill|year=2004|isbn=1-4294-0826-X|location=Boston|pages=88|oclc=73959547}} Length is distinctive for all vowels; while most of its daughter languages have lost the distinction, many of these preserve it in the case of /e/ with a height distinction, where the long phoneme developed into a more closed vowel than the short counterpart.

class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"

|+Consonants

style="font-size: 90%;"

!

!colspan=2| Labial

!colspan=2| Dental

!colspan=2| Post-
alveolar

!colspan=2| Velar

!colspan=2| Uvular

Nasal

|width=20px style="border-right:0;"| ||width=20px style="border-left:0;"|{{IPAlink|m}}

|width=20px style="border-right:0;"| ||width=20px style="border-left:0;"|{{IPAlink|n}}

|width=20px style="border-right:0;"| ||width=20px style="border-left:0;"|{{IPAlink|ɲ}}

|width=20px style="border-right:0;"| ||width=20px style="border-left:0;"|{{IPA link|ŋ}}

|colspan=2|

Stop

|style="border-right:0;"|{{IPAlink|p}}||style="border-left:0;"|{{IPAlink|b}}

|style="border-right:0;"|{{IPAlink|t}}||style="border-left:0;"|{{IPAlink|d}}

|width=20px style="border-right:0;"|{{IPAlink|tʃ}}||style="border-left:0;"|

|style="border-right:0;"|{{IPAlink|k}}||style="border-left:0;"|{{IPAlink|g}}

|style="border-right:0;"|{{IPAlink|q}}||style="border-left:0;"|{{IPAlink|ɢ}}

Fricative

|colspan=2|

|style="border-right:0;"|{{IPAlink|s}}||style="border-left:0;"|{{IPAlink|z}}

|style="border-right:0;"|{{IPAlink|ʃ}}||style="border-left:0;"|

|colspan=2|

|colspan=2|

Tap/Flap

|colspan=2|

|style="border-right:0;"| ||style="border-left:0;"|{{IPAlink|ɾ}}

|colspan=2|

|colspan=2|

|colspan=2|

Approximant

|colspan=2|

|style="border-right:0;"|{{IPAlink|ɫ}}||style="border-left:0;"|{{IPAlink|l}}

|style="border-right:0;"| ||style="border-left:0;"|{{IPAlink|j}}

|colspan=2|

|colspan=2|

Old Turkic is highly restrictive in which consonants words can begin with: words can begin with {{IPA|/b/}}, {{IPA|/t/}}, {{IPA|/tʃ/}}, {{IPA|/k/}}, {{IPA|/q/}}, {{IPA|/s/}}, {{IPA|/ɫ/}} and {{IPA|/j/}}, but they do not usually begin with {{IPA|/p/}}, {{IPA|/d/}}, {{IPA|/g/}}, {{IPA|/ɢ/}}, {{IPA|/l/}}, {{IPA|/ɾ/}}, {{IPA|/n/}}, {{IPA|/ɲ/}}, {{IPA|/ŋ/}}, {{IPA|/m/}}, {{IPA|/ʃ/}}, or {{IPA|/z/}}. The only exceptions are wikt:𐰤𐰀 (ne, "what, which") and its derivatives, and some early assimilations of word-initial /b/ to /m/ preceding a nasal in a word such as wikt:𐰢𐰤 (men, "I").

Writing systems

{{Main|Old Turkic script}}

The Old Turkic script (also known variously as Göktürk script, Orkhon script, Orkhon-Yenisey script) is the alphabet used by the Göktürks and other early Turkic khanates during the 8th to 10th centuries to record the Old Turkic language.Scharlipp, Wolfgang (2000). An Introduction to the Old Turkish Runic Inscriptions. Verlag auf dem Ruffel, Engelschoff. {{ISBN|978-3-933847-00-3}}.

The script is named after the Orkhon Valley in Mongolia where early 8th-century inscriptions were discovered in an 1889 expedition by Nikolai Yadrintsev.{{cite encyclopedia |year=2002 |title=Old Turkic |encyclopedia=History of Civilizations of Central Asia |publisher=UNESCO |location=Paris |last=Sinor |first=Denis |volume=4 |pages=331–333}}

This writing system was later used within the Uyghur Khaganate.{{cite book |last1=Johanson |first1=Lars |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z7i5CAAAQBAJ |title=The Turkic Languages |last2=Csató |first2=Éva Á |date=29 April 2015 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-136-82527-9 |page=85 |language=en}} Additionally, a Yenisei variant is known from 9th-century Yenisei Kirghiz inscriptions, and it has likely cousins in the Talas Valley of Turkestan and the Old Hungarian alphabet of the 10th century. Words were usually written from right to left. Variants of the script were found in Mongolia and Xinjiang in the east and the Balkans in the west. The preserved inscriptions were dated between the 8th and 10th centuries.

Grammar

=Cases=

There are approximately 12 case morphemes in Old Turkic (treating 3 types of accusatives as one); the table below lists Old Turkic cases following Marcel Erdal’s classification (some phonemes of suffixes written in capital letters denote archiphonemes which sometimes are dropped or changed as per (East) Old Turkic phonotactics):

class="wikitable"

!

! Case Suffixes

! Examples

! Translation

Nominative

| ∅ (unmarked)

| köŋül-∅

| heart

Genitive

| -nIŋ

| Tämürniŋ

| Tämür’s

Accusative I (Pronominal Accusative)

| -nI

| bunï

| this

Accusative II (Nominal Accusative)

| -Ig/-Ug{{refn|group=lower-alpha|This Old Turkic accusative suffix is retained in Modern Turkish in the form of {{nowrap

jXg}}.{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ciShtCrJijIC&dq=turkish+accusative+salar&pg=PA61|title=Salar|page=61|isbn=9783447040914 |last1=Dwyer |first1=Arienne M. |date=2007 |publisher=Otto Harrassowitz Verlag }} Karakhanid also employs this suffix.}}

| kïzlarïg, Karlukug

| girls, Karluk

Accusative III{{cite book|title=Irregularities in Turkic Languages|page=228}}

| -(I)n

| oglïmïn

| my son’s

Dative

| -ka{{refn|group=lower-alpha|Khalaj is the only modern Turkic language to have retained this archaic case suffix, which fact has led Mahmud al-Kashgari to regard the suffix as a distinctive marker of Arghu language (i.e. Khalaj). Most of the remaining Turkic languages usually have {{nowrap

GA}}.{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j-vqDwAAQBAJ&dq=old+turkic+accusative&pg=PA113|title=The Oxford Guide to the Transeurasian Languages|page=113|isbn=978-0-19-880462-8 |last1=Robbeets |first1=Martine |last2=Savelyev |first2=Alexander |date=27 May 2020 |publisher=Oxford University Press }}}}

| ordoka

| to palace

Directive / Allative{{refn|group=lower-alpha|Old Turkic possessed an opposition between dative {{nowrap
ka}} and allative {{nowrap
gArU/-kArU}} cases, the latter perhaps derived secondarily from the former at the pre-Old Turkic stage. The dative case has been preserved intact in all the modern Siberian Turkic languages. On the other hand, the old allative has lost its case function, being preserved in a lexicalized manner in only a small number of adverbial expressions - for example, Uzbek ichkari ‘towards inside’. However, Tuvan and Khakas have reintroduced the formal opposition into their respective case systems.}}

| -gArU{{refn|group=lower-alpha|Rare in Buddhist Uyghur and Karakhanid.{{cite book|title=A Grammar of Old Turkic|page=177}}}}

| ävgärü

| towards home

Locative

| -tA/-dA

| ävdä, suvlukta

| in house, {{nowrap|in vessel}}

Directive-Locative / Partitive-Locative

| -rA

| asra{{refn|group=lower-alpha|In directive-locative sense.}}, bašra{{refn|group=lower-alpha|In partitive-locative sense.}}

| below, at/towards/on head

Ablative

| -dIn/-tIn {{nowrap

dAn}}

| kaŋtïn

| from father

Equative-Lative

| -čA{{refn|group=lower-alpha|Today this Old Turkic suffix is preserved as a case form in Altay and Shor.}}{{refn|group=lower-alpha|Though Khalaj retains this suffix as a case form (like Altay and Shor), it denotes locative case; which, at first glance, is aberrant.{{cite book|title=Heritage and Identity in the Turkic World|page=42}}}}

| tükägüčä

| up to/till end

Instrumental

| {{nowrap

In/-Un}}

| okun

| with arrow

Comitative{{refn|group=lower-alpha|Out of all Turkic languages, today this case is preserved only in Sakha (i.e. Yakut).}}

| -lXgU{{refn|group=lower-alpha|In Orkhon Turkic. This ancient suffix is already rare by the time of Orkhon Turkic and the usage of this case with pronouns is not attested in the whole of Old Turkic.{{cite book|title=A Grammar of Old Turkic|page=180}}.}} {{nowrap

lUgUn{{refn|group=lower-alpha|In Manichaean Uyghur}}}}

| iniligü

| together with young brother

Similative

| -lAyU

| yultuzlayu

| like star(s)

{{reflist|group=lower-alpha}}

{{reflist|group=lower-beta}}

=Grammatical number=

Old Turkic (like Modern Turkic) had 2 grammatical numbers: singular and plural. However, Old Turkic also formed collective nouns (a category related to plurals) by a separate suffix {{nowrap|-(A)gU(n)}} e.g. tayagunuŋuz ‘your colts’.{{cite book|title=A Grammar of Old Turkic|page=160}} Unlike Modern Turkic, Old Turkic had 3 types of suffixes to denote plural:{{cite book|title=A Grammar of Old Turkic|page=158}}

{{bulleted list|

{{nowrap|-(X)t}}

|{{nowrap|-An}}

|{{nowrap|-lAr}}

}}

Suffixes except for -lAr is limitedly used for only a few words. In some descriptions, -(X)t and -An may also be treated as collective markers.{{Citation |title=Nominals: Noun Inflection |date=2021 |work=Turkic |pages=452–478 |editor-last=Johanson |editor-first=Lars |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/turkic/nominals-noun-inflection/91C0CA8DFB839F7DC3F165A29F029776 |access-date=2024-10-13 |series=Cambridge Language Surveys |place=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |doi=10.1017/9781139016704.022 |isbn=978-0-521-86535-7|url-access=subscription }} -(X)t is used for titles of non-Turkic origin, e.g. tarxat ←tarxan 'free man' tégit ←tégin 'prince' (of unknown origin). -s is a similar suffix, e.g. ïšbara-s 'lords' īśvara. -An is used for person, e.g. ärän 'men, warriors' ←är 'man', oglan ←ogul 'son'.

Today, all Modern Turkic languages (except for Chuvash) use exclusively the suffix of the {{nowrap|-lAr}} type for plural.

=Verb=

Finite verb forms in Old Turkic (i.e. verbs to which a tense suffix is added) always conjugate for person and number of the subject by corresponding suffixes save for the 3rd person, in which case person suffix is absent. This grammatical configuration is preserved in the majority of Modern Turkic languages, except for some such as Yellow Uyghur in which verbs no longer agree with the person of the subject.

=Tense=

Old Turkic had a complex system of tenses,{{cite book|title=Micro-change and Macro-change in Diachronic Syntax|page=64}} which could be divided into six simple{{cite book|title=A Grammar of Old Turkic|page=272}} and derived tenses, the latter formed by adding special (auxiliary) verbs to the simple tenses.

class="wikitable"

|+ Old Turkic simple tenses according to M. Erdal's classification

! Tense

! Positive

! Negative

Imperfect Aorist

| -Ur

| -mAz

Preterite (Simple Past)

| -dI

|

Perfect Participle

| -mIš

| -mAdOk{{refn|group=lower-alpha|Today, this form is preserved by two distinct branches of Turkic: Oghuz and the "Lena Group" of Turkic{{cite book|title=Studies on Turkish and Turkic Languages|page=203}} (Sakha and Dolgan, in the form {{nowrap

батах}}).}}
Future

| -dAčI

| -mAčI

Vivid Past

| -yOk

| -mAyOk

Imminent Future

| -gAlIr

|

{{Reflist|group=lower-alpha}}

=Hapax legomena=

Some suffixes are attested as being attached to only one word and no other instance of attachment is to be found. Similarly, some words are attested only once in the entire extant Old Turkic corpus.

=Denominal=

The following have been classified by Gerard Clauson as denominal noun suffixes.

class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center"

! Suffix

! Usages

!Translation

{{lang|otk
ča}}

| {{lang|otk|anča}}

|thus, like that

{{lang|otk
ke}}

| {{lang|otk|sigirke}}
{{lang|otk|yipke}}

| sinew
string/thread

{{lang|otk
la/-le}}

| {{lang|otk|ayla}}
{{lang|otk|tünle}}
{{lang|otk|körkle}}

|thus, like that
yesterday, night, north
beautiful

{{lang|otk
suq/-sük}}

| {{lang|otk|bağïrsuq}}

| (internal) organs

{{lang|otk
ra/-re}}

| {{lang|otk|içre}}

| inside, within

{{lang|otk
ya/-ye}}

| {{lang|otk|bérye}}
{{lang|otk|yırya}}

| here
north

{{lang|otk
čïl/-čil}}

| {{lang|otk|igčil}}

| sickly

{{lang|otk
ğïl/-gil}}

| {{lang|otk|üçgil}}
{{lang|otk|qïrğïl}}

| triangular
grey haired

{{lang|otk
nti}}

| {{lang|otk|ékkinti}}

| second

{{lang|otk
dam/-dem}}

| {{lang|otk|tegridem}}

| god-like

{{lang|otk|tïrtï:/-türti}}

| {{lang|otk|ičtirti}}

| inside, within

{{lang|otk
qı:/-ki}}

| {{lang|otk|ašnuki}}
{{lang|otk|üzeki}}
{{lang|otk|ebdeki}}

|former
(being) on or above
being in the house

{{lang|otk
an/-en/-un}}

| {{lang|otk|oğlan}}
{{lang|otk|eren}}

| children
men, gentlemen

{{lang|otk
ğu:/-gü}}

| {{lang|otk|enčgü}}
{{lang|otk|tuzğu}}
{{lang|otk|buğrağu}}

| tranquil, at peace
food given to a traveller as a gift
being like a camel stud, aggressive

{{lang|otk
a:ğu:/-e:gü:}}

| {{lang|otk|üčegü}}
{{lang|otk|ičegü}}

| three together
being inside human body, internal organ

{{lang|otk
daŋ/-duŋ}}

| {{lang|otk|otuŋ}}
{{lang|otk|izdeŋ}}

| firewood
track, trace

{{lang|otk
ar/-er}}

|{{lang|otk|birer}}
{{lang|otk|azar}}

| one each
a few

{{lang|otk
layu:/-leyü}}

| {{lang|otk|börileyü}}

| like a wolf

{{lang|otk
daš/-deš}}

| {{lang|otk|qarïndaš}}
{{lang|otk|yerdeš}}

|kinsman
compatriot

{{lang|otk
mïš/-miš}}

| {{lang|otk|altmïš}}
{{lang|otk|yetmiš}}

| sixty
seventy

{{lang|otk
gey}}

| {{lang|otk|küçgey}}

| violent

{{lang|otk
çaq/-çek}} and {{lang|otk
çuq/-çük}}

| {{lang|otk|ïğïrčaq}}

| spindle-whorl

{{lang|otk
q/-k}} (after vowels and -r)
{{lang|otk
aq/-ek}} (the normal forms)
{{lang|otk
ïq/-ik/-uq/-ük}} (rare forms)

| {{lang|otk|ortuq}}

| partner

{{lang|otk
daq/-dek}} and(?) {{lang|otk
duq/-dük}}

|{{lang|otk|bağırdaq}}
{{lang|otk|beligdek}}
{{lang|otk|burunduq}}

| wrap
terrifying
nose ring

{{lang|otk
ğuq/-gük}}

| {{lang|otk|çamğuq}}

| objectionable

{{lang|otk
maq/-mek}}

| {{lang|otk|kögüzmek}}

| breastplate

{{lang|otk
muq/-a:muq}}

| {{lang|otk|solamuk}}

| left-handed (pejorative?)

{{lang|otk
naq}}

|{{lang|otk|baqanaq}}

| "frog in a horse's hoof" (from baqa frog)

{{lang|otk
duruq/-dürük}}

| {{lang|otk|boyunduruq}}

| yoke

=Deverbal=

The following have been classified by Gerard Clauson as deverbal suffixes.

class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center"

! Suffix

! Usages

!Translation

{{lang|otk
a/-e/-ı:/-i/-u/-ü}}

| {{lang|otk|oprı}}
{{lang|otk|adrı}}
{{lang|otk|keçe}}
{{lang|otk|egri}}
{{lang|otk|köni}}
{{lang|otk|ötrü}}

|hollow,valley
branched,forked
evening, night
crooked
straight, upright, lawful
then, so

{{lang|otk
ğa/-ge}}

| {{lang|otk|kısğa}}
{{lang|otk|öge}}
{{lang|otk|bilge}}
{{lang|otk|kölige}}
{{lang|otk|tilge}}

| short
wise
wise
shadow
slice

{{lang|otk
ğma/-gme}}

| {{lang|otk|tanığma}}

| riddle, denial

{{lang|otk
çı/-çi}}

| {{lang|otk|otaçı:}}
{{lang|otk|okıçı}}

| healer
priest, preacher

{{lang|otk
ğuçı/-güçi}}

| {{lang|otk|ayğuçı }}
{{lang|otk|bitigüçi}}

| councilor
scribe

{{lang|otk
dı/-di}}

| {{lang|otk|üdründi}}
{{lang|otk|ögdi}}
{{lang|otk|alkadı}}
{{lang|otk|sökti}}

| chosen,parted,separated,scattered
praised
praised
bran

{{lang|otk
tı/-ti}}

| {{lang|otk|arıtı}}
{{lang|otk|uzatı}}
{{lang|otk|tüketi}}

| completely, clean
lengthily
completely

{{lang|otk
du}}

| {{lang|otk|eğdu}}
{{lang|otk|umdu}}
{{lang|otk|süktü}}

| curved knife
desire, covetousness
campaigning

{{lang|otk
ğu:/-gü}}

| {{lang|otk|bilegü}}
{{lang|otk|kedgü}}
{{lang|otk|oğlağü}}

| whetstone
clothing
gently nurtured

{{lang|otk
ingü}}

| {{lang|otk|bilingü}}
{{lang|otk|etingü}}
{{lang|otk|yeringü}}
{{lang|otk|salıŋu}}

| being in the know
being prepared
disgusted
sling

{{lang|otk
ğa:ç/-geç}}

| {{lang|otk|kışgaç}}

| pincers

{{lang|otk
ğuç/-güç}}

| {{lang|otk|bıçgüç}}

| scissors

{{lang|otk
maç/-meç}}

| {{lang|otk|tutmaç}}

| "saved" noodle dish

{{lang|otk
ğut/-güt}}

| {{lang|otk|alpağut}}
{{lang|otk|bayağut}}

| warrior
merchant

Media

= Literary works =

See also

References

{{Reflist}}

Further reading

  • [https://archive.org/details/notenzudenalttr00vmgoog Noten zu den alttürkischen Inschriften der Mongolei und Sibiriens (1898)]
  • Ö.D. Baatar, Old Turkic Script, Ulan-Baator (2008), {{ISBN|0-415-08200-5}}
  • M. Erdal, Old Turkic word formation: A functional approach to the lexicon, Turcologica, Harassowitz (1991), {{ISBN|3-447-03084-4}}.
  • M. Erdal, Old Turkic, in: The Turkic Languages, eds. L. Johanson & E.A. Csato, Routledge, London (1998), {{ISBN|978-99929-944-0-5}}
  • [https://books.google.com/books?id=l4yGbSQcrBoC M. Erdal, A Grammar of Old Turkic, Handbook of Oriental Studies, Section 8 Uralic & Central Asia, Brill, Leiden (2004)], {{ISBN|90-04-10294-9}}.
  • {{cite book|first=Marcel|last=Erdal|title=A Grammar Of Old Turkic|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l4yGbSQcrBoC&q=qarakhanids+inherited+islam+uyghurs|date=1 January 2004|publisher=BRILL|isbn=90-04-10294-9}}
  • L. Johanson, A History of Turkic, in: The Turkic Languages, eds. L. Johanson & E.A. Csato, Routledge, London (1998), {{ISBN|0-415-08200-5}}
  • Talat Tekin, A Grammar of Orkhon Turkic, Uralic and Altaic Series Vol. 69, Indiana University Publications, Mouton and Co. (1968). (review: Gerard Clauson, Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, 1969); Routledge Curzon (1997), {{ISBN|0-7007-0869-3}}.

External links

  • [https://web.archive.org/web/20180301044348/http://www.bitig.org/?lang=e Old Turkic inscriptions (with translations into English), reading lessons and tutorials]
  • [http://orhunyazitlari.blogspot.com/p/bilgekagan.html Turkic Inscriptions of Orkhon Valley (with translations into Turkish)]
  • [http://vatec2.fkidg1.uni-frankfurt.de/ VATEC], pre-Islamic Old Turkic electronic corpus at uni-frankfurt.de.
  • [http://altaica.ru/LIBRARY/turks/Erdal_OTG.pdf A Grammar of Old Turkic] by Marcel Erdal
  • [https://web.archive.org/web/20070928051549/http://www.ats.lmu.de/lingtools/milbdb/files/index.php?file=turkicold.pdf Old Turkic (8th century) funerary inscription] (W. Schulze)
  • [http://bitig.org/?lang=e&mod=1&tid=1&oid=18&m=1 Kuli Chor inscription complete text]
  • [http://bitig.org/?lang=e&mod=1&tid=1&oid=17&m=1 Tonyukuk inscription complete text]
  • [https://web.archive.org/web/20180624010508/http://bitig.org/?lang=e&mod=1&tid=1&oid=15&m=1 Kul Tigin inscription complete text]
  • [https://web.archive.org/web/20150203230249/http://www.bitig.org/?lang=e Bilge Qaghan inscription complete text]
  • [http://bitig.org/?lang=e&mod=1&tid=1&oid=14&m=1 Eletmiš Yabgu (Ongin) inscription complete text]
  • [http://bitig.org/?lang=e&mod=1&tid=1&oid=23&m=1 Bayanchur Khan inscription complete text]
  • [http://altaica.ru/LIBRARY/CLAUSON/Clauson_The%20Ongin%20Inscription%201957.pdf Ongin inscriptions] by Gerard Clauson
  • [https://turkdilleri.com/TarihiDonem Timeline of Turkic Languages (Turkish)]

{{Altaic languages}}

{{Turkic languages}}

{{Turkic topics}}

{{Göktürks}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Turkic, Old, Language}}

Category:Languages attested from the 8th century

Category:Agglutinative languages

Category:Turkic languages

Category:Extinct languages of Asia

Category:Göktürks