Arrangement

Arrangement and transcriptions of classical and serious music go back to the early history of classical music.

J. S. Bach frequently made arrangements of his own and other composers' pieces. One example is the arrangement that he made of the Prelude from his Partita No. 3 for solo violin, BWV 1006.File:Bach Partita 3 for Violin Prelude 01.wav File:Bach Partita 3 for Violin Prelude 02.png

Bach transformed this solo piece into an orchestral Sinfonia that introduces his Cantata BWV29. "The initial violin composition was in E major but both arranged versions are transposed down to D, the better to accommodate the wind instruments".Mincham, J. (2016) the Cantatas of Johan Sebastian Bach. http://www.jsbachcantatas.com/documents/chapter-85-bwv-29/ Retrieved 31 August 2020.File:Bach Cantata 29 Sinfonia 01.wav File:Bach Cantata 29 Sinfonia 02.png

"The transformation of material conceived for a single string instrument into a fully orchestrated concerto-type movement is so successful that it is unlikely that anyone hearing the latter for the first time would suspect the existence of the former".Mincham, J. (2016), The Cantatas of Johann Sebastian Bach. http://www.jsbachcantatas.com/documents/chapter-85-bwv-29/ Retrieved 31 August 2020.

In particular, music written for the piano has frequently undergone this treatment, as it has been arranged for orchestra, chamber ensemble, or concert band.[https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/36011/arrangement Arrangement], Encyclopædia Britannica online Beethoven made an arrangement of his Piano Sonata No. 9 for string quartet. Conversely, he also arranged his Grosse Fuge (one of his late string quartets) for piano duet. The American composer George Gershwin, due to his own lack of expertise in orchestration, had his Rhapsody in Blue arranged and orchestrated by Ferde Grofé.Greenberg, Rodney. George Gershwin, p. 66. Phaidon Press, 1998. {{ISBN|0-7148-3504-8}}.

Erik Satie wrote his three Gymnopédies for solo piano in 1888.File:Satie Gymnopedie No. 3 for piano solo 01.wav File:Satie Gymnopedie No. 3 for piano solo 02.png

Eight years later, Debussy arranged two of them, exploiting the range of instrumental timbres available in a late 19th-century orchestra. "It was Debussy whose 1896 orchestrations of the Gymnopédies put their composer on the map."Taruskin, R. (2010, p. 70) The Oxford History of Western Music, Music in the early Twentieth Century. Oxford University Press.File:Debussy Gymnopedie 1, arrangement of Satie’s Gymnopedie 3.wav File:Debussy Gymnopedie 1, arrangement of Satie’s Gymnopedie 3.png File:Debussy Gymnopedie 1, arrangement of Satie’s Gymnopedie 5.png

Pictures at an Exhibition, a suite of ten piano pieces by Modest Mussorgsky, has been arranged over twenty times, notably by Maurice Ravel.Partial list of orchestral arrangements to Pictures at an Exhibition Ravel's arrangement demonstrates an "ability to create unexpected, memorable orchestral sonorities".Orenstein, A. (2016, p. VIII. Preface to Mussorgsky-Ravel, Pictures at an Exhibition. Miniature score, London, Eulenburg. In the second movement, "Gnomus", Mussorgsky's original piano piece simply repeats the following passage:File:Mussorgsky Gnomus original bars 19-24.wav File:Mussorgsky Gnomus original bars 19-25.pngRavel initially orchestrates it as follows:File:Mussorgsky-Ravel Gnomus bars 19-24, first orchestraion 01.wav File:Mussorgsky-Ravel Gnomus bars 19-24, first orchestraion 02.png

Repeating the passage, Ravel provides a fresh orchestration "this time with the celesta (replacing the woodwinds) accompanied by string glissandos on the fingerboard".File:Mussorgsky-Ravel Gnomus bars 19-24, first orchestration 03.wav File:Mussorgsky-Ravel Gnomus bars 19-24, first orchestration 04.png

A number of Franz Schubert's songs, originally for voice with piano accompaniment, were arranged by other composers. For example, his "highly charged" and "graphic" song "Erlkönig" ("The Erl King") has a piano introduction that conveys "unflagging energy" from the start.Newbould, B. (1997, p. 57) Schubert: the Music and the Man. London, Gollancz.File:Schubert Erl King piano introduction 01.wav File:Schubert - Erlkönig - M. 1-5.svg

The arrangement of this song by Hector Berlioz uses strings to convey faithfully the driving urgency and threatening atmosphere of the original.File:Erl King - Berlioz version for audio replacement.wav File:Erlkonig, arrangement by Berlioz 02.png

Berlioz adds colour in bars 6–8 through the addition of woodwind, horns, and a timpani. With typical flamboyance, Berlioz adds spice to the harmony in bar 6 with an E flat in the horn part, creating a half-diminished seventh chord which is not in Schubert's original piano part.File:Erlkonig, arrangement by Berlioz 03.png

There are subtle differences between this and the arrangement of the song by Franz Liszt. The upper string sound is thicker, with violins and violas playing the fierce repeated octaves in unison and bassoons compensating for this by doubling the cellos and basses. There are no timpani, but trumpets and horns add a small jolt to the rhythm of the opening bar, reinforcing the bare octaves of the strings by playing on the second main beat.File:Erl King - arrangement by Liszt opening bars 01.wav File:Erl King - arrangement by Liszt opening bars 02.png

Unlike Berlioz, Liszt does not alter the harmony, but changes the emphasis somewhat in bar 6, with the note A in the oboes and clarinets grating against rather than blending with the G in the strings.File:Erl King - arrangement by Liszt bars 5-8.png

"Schubert has come in for his fair share of transcriptions and arrangements. Most, like Liszt's transcriptions of the Lieder or Berlioz's orchestration for Erlkönig, tell us more about the arranger that about the original composer, but they can be diverting so long as they are in no way a replacement for the original".Newbould, B. (1997, p. 467) Schubert: the Music and the Man. London, Gollancz.

Gustav Mahler's Lieder eines fahrenden Gesellen ("Songs of a Wayfarer") were originally written for voice with piano accompaniment. The composer's later arrangement of the piano part shows a typical ear for clarity and transparency in rewriting for an ensemble. Below is the original piano version of the closing bars of the second song, "Gieng heit' Morgen über's Feld".File:Mahler Gieng heut' Morgen uber's feld final bars piano version for audio 01.wav File:Mahler Gieng heut' Morgen uber's feld final bars of the piano version.png

The orchestration shows Mahler's attention to detail in bringing out differentiated orchestral colours supplied by woodwind, strings and horn. He uses a harp to convey the original arpeggios supplied by the left hand of the piano part. He also extracts a descending chromatic melodic line, implied by the left hand in bars 2–4 (above), and gives it to the horn.File:Mahler Gieng heut' Morgen uber's feld final bars of the orcherstral arrangement.wav File:Mahler Gieng heut' Morgen uber's feld final bars of the orchestral arrangement.png

Popular music recordings often include parts for brass horn sections, bowed strings, and other instruments that were added by arrangers and not composed by the original songwriters. Some pop arrangers even add sections using full orchestra, though this is less common due to the expense involved. Popular music arrangements may also be considered to include new releases of existing songs with a new musical treatment. These changes can include alterations to tempo, meter, key, instrumentation, and other musical elements.

Well known examples include Joe Cocker's version of the Beatles' "With a Little Help from My Friends", Cream's "Crossroads", and Ike and Tina Turner's version of Creedence Clearwater Revival's "Proud Mary". The American group Vanilla Fudge and the British group Yes based their early careers on radical rearrangements of contemporary hits.[http://www.classicbands.com/vanilla.html Vanilla Fudge covers] (classic bands website)Close To the Edge – The Story of Yes, Chris Welch, Omnibus Press, 1999/2003/2008 pages 33-34 Bonnie Pointer performed disco and Motown-styled versions of "Heaven Must Have Sent You".[https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0688460/bio Bonnie Pointer bio] (IMDb website) Remixes, such as in dance music, can also be considered arrangements.[https://books.google.com/books?id=raLmAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT47 The Remix Manual: The Art and Science of Dance Music Remixing with Logic], Simon Langford (Elsevier, 2011, {{ISBN|978-0-240-81458-2}}) page 47

{{see also|List of jazz arrangers}}Arrangements for small jazz combos are usually informal, minimal, and uncredited. Larger ensembles have generally had greater requirements for notated arrangements, though the early Count Basie big band is known for its many head arrangements, so called because they were worked out by the players themselves, memorized ("in the player's head"), and never written down.Randel 2002, p. 294 Most arrangements for big bands, however, were written down and credited to a specific arranger, as with arrangements by Sammy Nestico and Neal Hefti for Count Basie's later big bands.[http://www.jazzinamerica.org/jazzresources/stylesheets/9 Swing music history] and the big bands (Jazz in America website)

Don Redman made innovations in jazz arranging as a part of Fletcher Henderson's orchestra in the 1920s. Redman's arrangements introduced a more intricate melodic presentation and soli performances for various sections of the big band.{{cite web|url=https://www.pbs.org/jazz/biography/artist_id_henderson_fletcher.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010124043000/http://www.pbs.org/jazz/biography/artist_id_henderson_fletcher.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=24 January 2001 |title=JAZZ A Film By Ken Burns: Selected Artist Biography - Fletcher Henderson |publisher=PBS |date=1934-09-25 |access-date=2013-10-18}} Benny Carter became Henderson's primary arranger in the early 1930s, becoming known for his arranging abilities in addition to his previous recognition as a performer. Beginning in 1938, Billy Strayhorn became an arranger of great renown for the Duke Ellington orchestra. Jelly Roll Morton is sometimes considered the earliest jazz arranger. While he toured around the years 1912 to 1915, he wrote down parts to enable "pickup bands" to perform his compositions.

Big-band arrangements are informally called charts. In the swing era they were usually either arrangements of popular songs or they were entirely new compositions.Giddins, Gary & Scott DeVeaux (2009). Jazz. New York: W.W. Norton & Co, {{ISBN|978-0-393-06861-0}} Duke Ellington's and Billy Strayhorn's arrangements for the Duke Ellington big band were usually new compositions, and some of Eddie Sauter's arrangements for the Benny Goodman band and Artie Shaw's arrangements for his own band were new compositions as well. It became more common to arrange sketchy jazz combo compositions for big band after the bop era.{{cite web|last=Bailey|first=C. Michael|date=11 April 2008|url=http://www.allaboutjazz.com/php/article.php?id=28959&pg=1|title=Miles Davis, Miles Smiles, and the Invention of Post Bop|work=All About Jazz|access-date=23 February 2013}}

After 1950, the big bands declined in number. However, several bands continued and arrangers provided renowned arrangements. Gil Evans wrote a number of large-ensemble arrangements in the late 1950s and early 1960s intended for recording sessions only. Other arrangers of note include Vic Schoen, Pete Rugolo, Oliver Nelson, Johnny Richards, Billy May, Thad Jones, Maria Schneider, Bob Brookmeyer, Lou Marini, Nelson Riddle, Ralph Burns, Billy Byers, Gordon Jenkins, Ray Conniff, Henry Mancini, Ray Reach, Vince Mendoza, and Claus Ogerman.

In the 21st century, the big-band arrangement has made a modest comeback. Gordon Goodwin, Roy Hargrove, and Christian McBride have all rolled out new big bands with both original compositions and new arrangements of standard tunes."[http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/culturemonster/2012/02/grammy-awards-2012-carrington-and-corea-among-jazz-winners.html Carrington and Correa Among Jazz Winners]" – LATimes Blog, Feb. 2012

The string section is a body of instruments composed of various bowed stringed instruments. By the 19th century orchestral music in Europe had standardized the string section into the following homogeneous instrumental groups: first violins, second violins (the same instrument as the first violins, but typically playing an accompaniment or harmony part to the first violins, and often at a lower pitch range), violas, cellos, and double basses. The string section in a multi-sectioned orchestra is sometimes referred to as the "string choir".{{cite book |last=Adler |first=Samuel |author-link=Samuel Adler (composer) |title=The Study of Orchestration |url=https://archive.org/details/studyorchestrati00adle_503 |url-access=limited |publisher=W. W. Norton |location=New York |year=2002 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/studyorchestrati00adle_503/page/n121 111] |isbn=9780393975727}}

The harp is also a stringed instrument, but is not a member of nor homogeneous with the violin family, and is not considered part of the string choir. Samuel Adler classifies the harp as a plucked string instrument in the same category as the guitar (acoustic or electric), mandolin, banjo, or zither.{{cite book |last=Adler |first=Samuel |title=The Study of Orchestration |url=https://archive.org/details/studyorchestrati00adle_503 |url-access=limited |publisher=W. W. Norton |location=New York |year=2002 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/studyorchestrati00adle_503/page/n99 89] |isbn=9780393975727}} Like the harp, these instruments do not belong to the violin family and are not homogeneous with the string choir. In modern arranging these instruments are considered part of the rhythm section. The electric bass and upright string bass—depending on the circumstance—can be treated by the arranger as either string section or rhythm section instruments.{{cite book |last=Sebesky |first=Don |title=The Contemporary Arranger |publisher=Alfred Pub. |location=New York |year=1975 |pages=117}}

A group of instruments in which each member plays a unique part—rather than playing in unison with other like instruments—is referred to as a chamber ensemble.{{cite web |title=Oxford Music Online |url=http://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/subscriber/article/grove/music/05379?q=chamber+music&hbutton_search.x=0&hbutton_search.y=0&hbutton_search=search&source=omo_epm&source=omo_t237&source=omo_gmo&source=omo_t114&search=quick&pos=1&_start=1 |access-date=22 July 2011}} A chamber ensemble made up entirely of strings of the violin family is referred to by its size. A string trio consists of three players, a string quartet four, a string quintet five, and so on.

In most circumstances the string section is treated by the arranger as one homogeneous unit and its members are required to play preconceived material rather than improvise.

A string section can be utilized on its own (this is referred to as a string orchestra){{cite web |url=http://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/string-orchestra |title=String orchestra |work=Collins English Dictionary |edition=11th |access-date=21 October 2012}} or in conjunction with any of the other instrumental sections. More than one string orchestra can be utilized.

A standard string section (vln., vln 2., vla., vcl, cb.) with each section playing unison allows the arranger to create a five-part texture. Often an arranger will divide each violin section in half or thirds to achieve a denser texture. It is possible to carry this division to its logical extreme in which each member of the string section plays his or her own unique part.

Artistic, budgetary and logistical concerns, including the size of the orchestra pit or hall will determine the size and instrumentation of a string section. The Broadway musical West Side Story, in 1957, was booked into the Winter Garden theater; composer Leonard Bernstein disliked the playing of "house" viola players he would have to use there, and so he chose to leave them out of the show's instrumentation; a benefit was the creation of more space in the pit for an expanded percussion section.{{cite web|last=Burton|first=Humphrey|title=Leonard Bernstein by Humphrey Burton, Chapter 26|url=http://www.westsidestory.com/site/level2/archives/bibliography/bibliography.html|access-date=22 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629180202/http://www.westsidestory.com/site/level2/archives/bibliography/bibliography.html|archive-date=29 June 2011|url-status=dead}}

George Martin, producer and arranger for the Beatles, warns arrangers about the intonation problems when only two like instruments play in unison: "After a string quartet, I do not think there is a satisfactory sound for strings until one has at least three players on each line . . . as a rule two stringed instruments together create a slight 'beat' which does not give a smooth sound."{{cite book |last=Martin |first=George |author-link=George Martin |title=Making Music: the Guide to Writing, Performing & Recording |publisher=W. Morrow |location=New York |year=1983 |pages=82}} Different music directors may use different numbers of string players and different balances between the sections to create different musical effects.

While any combination and number of string instruments is possible in a section, a traditional string section sound is achieved with a violin-heavy balance of instruments.

• Transcription (music)
• Instrumentation (music)
• Orchestration
• Reduction (music)
• Musical notation
• Musical setting
• American Society of Music Arrangers and Composers
• Electronic keyboard (or Electronic Music Arranger), which allows for live music arrangement
• List of music arrangers
• List of jazz arrangers
• :Category:Music arrangers

{{reflist|30em}}

;Sources

• {{cite book |last=Corozine |first=Vince |title=Arranging Music for the Real World: Classical and Commercial Aspects |year=2002 |publisher=Mel Bay |location=Pacific, MO |isbn=0-7866-4961-5 |oclc=50470629 |ref=Corozine}}
• Kers, Robert de (1944). Harmonie et orchestration pour orchestra de danse. Bruxelles: Éditions musicales C. Bens. vii, 126 p.
• Kidd, Jim (1987). Unsung Heroes, the Jazz Arrangers, from Don Redman to Sy Oliver: [text with recorded examples for a presentation] Prepared on the Occasion of the 16th Annual Canadian Collectors' Congress, 25 April 1987, Toronto, Ont. Toronto: Canadian Collectors' Congress. Photo-reproduced text ([6] leaves) with audiocassette of recorded illustrative musical examples.
• Randel, Don Michael (2002). The Harvard Concise Dictionary of Music and Musicians. {{ISBN|0-674-00978-9}}.

• An oral history of pop music arranging, compiled by Richard Niles: [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wEFHOt9AaWs Part 1], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B30tJK76xfY Part 2], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Bpx2Xyni91Y Part 3]

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Category:Arrangement