Atractus
{{Short description|Genus of snakes}}
{{Italic title}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| name = Atractus
| image = Atractus species (a-f).jpg
| taxon = Atractus
| authority = Wagler, 1828
| synonyms =
- Adelphicos
- Brachyorrhos
- Calamaria
- Isoscelis
- Rabdosoma
- Rhegnops
}}
Atractus is a genus of colubrid ground snakes in the subfamily Dipsadinae. The genus includes more than 140 distinct species.{{cite journal |journal=Zootaxa |volume=3872 |issue=3 |year=2014 |pages=291–300 |title=Two new species of Atractus from Colombia (Reptilia, Squamata, Dipsadidae) |url=http://mapress.com/zootaxa/2014/f/z03872p300f.pdf |last1=Köhler |first1=G |last2=Kieckbusch |first2=M |author1-link=Gunther Köhler |author-link2=Max Kieckbusch |doi=10.11646/zootaxa.3872.3.5 |pmid=25544086}}
Geographic range
Snakes of the genus Atractus are endemic to Central and South America.
Description
In the genus Atractus the maxilla is short, with 8–12 teeth; the maxillary and mandibular teeth decrease in size posteriorly. The head is not distinct from the neck. The eye is small, with a round or subelliptic pupil. The nostril is between two nasal scales. The preocular is usually absent, and the loreal and prefrontal scales enter the orbit. The body is cylindrical. The dorsal scales are smooth, without apical pits, in 15 or 17 rows. The ventral scales are rounded. The tail can be either short or rather long. The subcaudals are paired.
Reproduction
The genus Atractus is oviparous.
Species
The following species are recognized as being valid.{{EMBL genus|genus=Atractus}}
Nota bene: A binomial authority in parentheses indicates that the species was originally described in a genus other than Atractus.
{{div col|colwidth=24em}}
- Atractus aboiporu {{small|Melo-Sampaio, Passos, Fouquet, Prudente & Torres-Carvajal, 2019}}
- Atractus acheronius {{small|Passos, Rivas & Barrio-Amorós, 2009}}
- Atractus akerios {{small|Melo‐Sampaio, Passos, Prudente, Venegas & Torres‐Carvajal, 2021}}
- Atractus albuquerquei Cunha & Nascimento, 1983 – Albuquerque ground snake{{Cite iucn|author1=Costa GC|author1-link=Gabriel Correia Costa|title=Atractus albuquerquei |volume=2010|page=e.T176349A7223432|date=2010|doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2010-4.RLTS.T176349A7223432.en}}
- Atractus alphonsehogei Cunha & Nascimento, 1983 – Alphonse's ground snake
- Atractus altagratiae {{small|Passos & Fernandes, 2008}}
- Atractus alytogrammus {{small|G. Köhler & Kieckbusch, 2014}}
- Atractus andinus Prado, 1944 – Andean ground snake
- Atractus apophis {{small|Passos & J.D. Lynch, 2010}}
- Atractus arangoi Prado, 1940 – brown ground snake, big ground snake
- Atractus atlas Passos, Scanferla, Melo-Sampaio, Brito & Almendariz, 2018 – atlas ground snake
- Atractus atratus {{small|Passos & J.D. Lynch, 2010}}
- Atractus attenuatus {{small|Myers & Schargel, 2006}}
- Atractus avernus {{small|Passos et al., 2009}}
- Atractus ayeush {{small|Esqueda, 2011}}
- Atractus badius (F. Boie, 1827) – Boie's ground snake
- Atractus biseriatus Prado, 1941 – two-lined ground snake{{cite iucn |author=Arredondo, J.C. |author-link=Juan Camilo Arredondo |author2=Daza, J. |author3=Gutierrez, P. |author3-link=Paul D.A. Gutiérrez-Cárdenas |date=2015 |title=Atractus biseriatus |volume=2015 |page=e.T176350A44948201 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T176350A44948201.en |access-date=12 November 2021}}
- Atractus bocki F. Werner, 1909 – Bock's ground snake{{rp|28}}
- Atractus bocourti Boulenger, 1894 – Bocourt's ground snake{{cite iucn |author=Aguilar, C. |author-link=César Augusto Aguilar Puntriano |author2=Ines Hladki, A. |author2-link=Adriana Inés Hldaki |author3=Lehr, E. |author3-link=Edgar Lehr |author4=Ramírez Pinilla, M. |author4-link=Martha Patricia Ramirez Pinilla |author5=Urbina, N. |author5-link=Nicolas Urbina |date=2016 |title=Atractus bocourti |volume=2016 |page=e.T176351A44878165 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T176351A44878165.en |access-date=12 November 2021}}{{cite book |author1-link=Bo Beolens |last1=Beolens |first1=Bo |author2-link=Michael Watkins (zoologist) |last2=Watkins |first2=Michael |author3-link=Michael Grayson |last3=Grayson |first3=Michael |year=2011 |title=The Eponym Dictionary of Reptiles |location=Baltimore |publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press |pages=xiii + 296 pp |isbn=978-1-4214-0135-5}}{{rp|29}}
- Atractus boimirim Passos, Prudente & J.D. Lynch, 2016
- Atractus boulengerii Peracca, 1896
- Atractus caete {{small|Passos et al., 2010}}
- Atractus careolepis {{small|G. Köhler & Kieckbusch, 2014}}
- Atractus carrioni Parker, 1930 – Parker's ground snake, Carrion's ground snake
- Atractus caxiuana {{small|Prudente & Santos-Costa, 2006}}
- Atractus cerberus {{small|Arteaga et al., 2017}} – Cerberus ground snakeArteaga A, Mebert K, Valencia JH, Cisneros-Heredia DF, Peñafiel N, Reyes-Puig C, Vieira-Fernandes JL, Guayasamin JM (2017). "Molecular Phylogeny of Atractus (Serpentes, Dipsadidae), with emphasis on Ecuadorian species and the description of three new taxa". Zookeys 661: 91-123. https://zookeys.pensoft.net/articles.php?id=11224
- Atractus charitoae {{small|Silva Haad, 2004}}
- Atractus chthonius {{small|Passos & J.D. Lynch, 2010}}
- Atractus clarki Dunn & Bailey, 1939 – Clark's ground snake
- Atractus collaris {{small|Peracca, 1896}} – collared ground snake
- Atractus crassicaudatus (A.M.C. Duméril, Bibron & A.H.A. Duméril, 1854) – thickhead ground snake
- Atractus dapsilis Melo-Sampaio, Passos, Fouquet, Prudente & Torres-Carvajal, 2019
- Atractus darienensis {{small|Myers, 2003}}
- Atractus depressiocellus {{small|Myers, 2003}}
- Atractus discovery Arteaga, Quezada, Vieira, & Guayasamin, 2022
- Atractus duboisi {{small|(Boulenger, 1880)}}
- Atractus duidensis Roze, 1961 – Venezuela ground snake
- Atractus dunni Savage, 1955 – Dunn's ground snake
- Atractus echidna {{small|Passos et al., 2009}}
- Atractus ecuadorensis Savage, 1955 – Ecuadorean ground snake
- Atractus edioi {{small|da Silva et al., 2005}}
- Atractus elaps (Günther, 1858) – black ground snake
- Atractus emigdioi Gonzalez-Sponga, 1971 – Emigdio's ground snake
- Atractus emmeli (Boettger, 1888) – Emmel's ground snake, Boettger's ground snake
- Atractus eriki {{small|Esqueda, La Marca & Bazó, 2007}}
- Atractus erythromelas Boulenger, 1903 – red-black ground snake
- Atractus esepe {{small|Arteaga et al., 2017}} – indistinct ground snake
- Atractus favae (de Filippi, 1840) – Filippi's ground snake
- Atractus flammigerus (F. Boie, 1827) – flaming ground snake
- Atractus franciscopaivai {{small|Silva Haad, 2004}}
- Atractus francoi {{small|Passos et al., 2010}}
- Atractus fuliginosus (Hallowell, 1845) – Hallowell's ground snake
- Atractus gaigeae Savage, 1955 – Gaige's ground snake
- Atractus gigas {{small|Myers & Schargel, 2006}} – giant ground snake
- Atractus guentheri (Wucherer, 1861) – Günther's ground snake
- Atractus heliobelluomini {{small|Silva Haad, 2004}}
- Atractus heyeri Esqueda & McDiarmid, 2015
- Atractus hoogmoedi {{small|Prudente & Passos, 2010}}
- Atractus hostilitractus {{small|Myers, 2003}}
- Atractus imperfectus {{small|Myers, 2003}}
- Atractus indistinctus Prado, 1940 – indistinct ground snake
- Atractus insipidus Roze, 1961
- Atractus iridescens Peracca, 1896 – iridescent ground snake
- Atractus lancinii Roze, 1961 – Lancini's ground snake
- Atractus lasallei Amaral, 1931 – Lasalle's ground snake
- Atractus latifrons (Günther, 1868) – broadhead ground snake
- Atractus lehmanni Boettger, 1898 – Lehmann's ground snake
- Atractus loveridgei Amaral, 1930 – Loveridge's ground snake
- Atractus macondo {{small|Passos, J.D. Lynch & Fernandes, 2009}}
- Atractus maculatus (Günther, 1858) – spotted ground snake
- Atractus major Boulenger, 1894 – brown ground snake
- Atractus manizalesensis Prado, 1940
- Atractus mariselae Lancini, 1969 – Marisela's ground snake
- Atractus marthae Meneses-Pelayo & Passos, 2019
- Atractus matthewi {{small|Markezich & Barrio-Amorós, 2004}}
- Atractus medusa {{small|Passos et al., 2009}}
- Atractus melanogaster F. Werner, 1916 – blackbelly ground snake
- Atractus melas Boulenger, 1908 – dark ground snake
- Atractus meridensis {{small|Esqueda & La Marca, 2005}}
- Atractus michaelsabini Arteaga, Quezada, Vieira, & Guayasamin, 2022
- Atractus micheleae {{small|Esqueda & La Marca, 2005}}
- Atractus microrhynchus (Cope, 1868)
- Atractus mijaresi {{small|Esqueda & La Marca}}, 2005
- Atractus modestus Boulenger, 1894 – modest ground snake
- Atractus multicinctus (Jan, 1865) – banded ground snake
- Atractus multidentatus {{small|Passos, Rivas & Barrio-Amorós, 2009}}
- Atractus nasutus {{small|Passos, Fernandes & J.D. Lynch, 2009}}
- Atractus natans {{small|Hoogmoed & Prudente, 2003}}
- Atractus nawa {{small|Melo‐Sampaio, Passos, Prudente, Venegas & Torres‐Carvajal, 2021}}
- Atractus nicefori Amaral, 1930 – northern ground snake
- Atractus nigricauda Schmidt & Walker, 1943 – black-headed ground snake
- Atractus nigriventris Amaral, 1933 – black-ventered ground snake
- Atractus obesus Marx, 1960 – fat ground snake
- Atractus obtusirostris F. Werner, 1916 – bignose ground snake
- Atractus occidentalis Savage, 1955 – western ground snake
- Atractus occipitoalbus (Jan, 1862) – gray ground snake
- Atractus ochrosetrus {{small|Esqueda & La Marca, 2005}}
- Atractus oculotemporalis Amaral, 1932 – Hispanic ground snake
- Atractus orcesi {{small|Savage, 1955}}
- Atractus pachacamac {{small|Melo‐Sampaio, Passos, Prudente, Venegas & Torres‐Carvajal, 2021}}
- Atractus paisa {{small|Passos, Fernandes & J.D. Lynch, 2009}}
- Atractus pamplonensis Amaral, 1937 – Pamplona ground snake
- Atractus pantostictus {{small|Fernandes & Puorto, 1993}}
- Atractus paraguayensis F. Werner, 1924
- Atractus paucidens Despax, 1910 – Despax's ground snake
- Atractus pauciscutatus Schmidt & Walker, 1943 – little-scaled ground snake
- Atractus paulus Melo-Sampaio & Venegas, 2023
- Atractus peruvianus (Jan, 1862) – Peru ground snake
- Atractus poeppigi (Jan, 1862) – basin ground snake
- Atractus potschi {{small|Fernandes, 1995}}
- Atractus punctiventris Amaral, 1933 – pointed ground snake
- Atractus resplendens F. Werner, 1901 – resplendent ground snake
- Atractus reticulatus (Boulenger, 1885) – reticulate ground snake
- Atractus riveroi Roze, 1961 – Rivero's ground snake{{rp|222}}
- Atractus ronnie {{small|Passos, Fernandes & Borges-Nojosa, 2007}}
- Atractus roulei Despax, 1910 – Roule's ground snake{{rp|227}}
- Atractus sanctaemartae Dunn, 1946 – St. Marta's ground snake
- Atractus sanguineus Prado, 1944 – bloody ground snake
- Atractus savagei Salazar-Valenzuela, Torres-Carvajal & Passos, 2014 – Savage’s ground snake
- Atractus schach (F. Boie, 1827) – Schach's ground snake
- Atractus serranus Amaral, 1930 – Sao Paulo ground snake
- Atractus snethlageae Cunha & Nascimento, 1983
- Atractus spinalis {{small|Passos et al., 2013}}
- Atractus steyermarki Roze, 1958
- Atractus stygius {{small|Passos, Azevedo, Nogueira, Fernandes & Sawaya, 2019}}
- Atractus surucucu {{small|Prudente, 2008}}
- Atractus tamaensis {{small|Esqueda & La Marca, 2005}}
- Atractus tamessari {{small|Kok, 2006}}
- Atractus taphorni {{small|Schargel & García-Pérez, 2002}}
- Atractus tartarus {{small|Passos, Prudente & J.D. Lynch, 2016}}
- Atractus thalesdelemai {{small|Passos, Fernandes & Zanella, 2005}}
- Atractus titanicus {{small|Passos, Fernandes & J.D. Lynch, 2009}}
- Atractus torquatus (A.M.C. Duméril, Bibron & A.H.A. Duméril, 1854) – neckband ground snake
- Atractus touzeti {{small|Schargel et al., 2013}}
- Atractus trefauti Melo-Sampaio, Passos, Fouquet, Prudente & Torres-Carvajal, 2019
- Atractus trihedrurus {{small|Amaral, 1926}} – southern ground snake
- Atractus trilineatus Wagler, 1828 – three-lined ground snake
- Atractus trivittatus Amaral, 1933 – three-banded ground snake
- Atractus turikensis {{small|Barros, 2000}}
- Atractus typhon {{small|Passos et al., 2009}}
- Atractus ukupacha {{small|Melo‐Sampaio, Passos, Prudente, Venegas & Torres‐Carvajal, 2021}}
- Atractus variegatus Prado, 1942 – variegated ground snake
- Atractus ventrimaculatus Boulenger, 1905 – speckled ground snake
- Atractus vertebralis Boulenger, 1904 – vertebral ground snake
- Atractus vertebrolineatus Prado, 1941 – striped ground snake
- Atractus vittatus {{small|Boulenger, 1894}}
- Atractus wagleri Prado, 1945 – Wagler's ground snake
- Atractus werneri Peracca, 1914 – Werner's ground snake
- Atractus zebrinus {{small|(Jan, 1862)}}
- Atractus zgap Arteaga, Quezada, Vieira, & Guayasamin, 2022
- Atractus zidoki Gasc & Rodriques, 1979 – Zidok's ground snake
{{div col end}}
References
{{Reflist}}
Further reading
- {{ill|Marcos Abraham Freiberg|es|lt=Freiberg M}} (1982). Snakes of South America. Hong Kong: T.F.H. Publications. 189 pp. {{ISBN|0-87666-912-7}}. (Genus Atractus, pp. 89–92).
- Passos P, Fernandes R, Bérnils RS, Moura-Leite JC de (2010). "Taxonomic revision of the Brazilian Atlantic Forest Atractus (Reptilia: Serpentes: Dipdadidae)". Zootaxa 2364: 1-63.
- Wagler [JG] (1828). "Auszüge aus seinem [sic] Systema Amphibiorum". Isis von Oken 21: 740-744. (Atractus, new genus, pp. 741–742). (in German and Latin).
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{{Authority control}}