Baba Deep Singh

{{Infobox officeholder

| image = Baba Deep Singh fresco from Gurdwara Baba Atal, Amritsar.jpg

| caption = 19th century fresco painting of Baba Deep Singh from Gurdwara Baba Atal, Amritsar

| name = Baba Deep Singh

| birth_date = {{Birth date|1682|01|26|df=yes}}

| birth_place = Pahuwind, Tarn Taran, Punjab, Mughal Empire

| death_date = {{death date and age|1757|11|13|1682|01|26|df=yes}}

| death_cause = Killed in Action

| death_place = Golden Temple, Amritsar

| known_for = {{Ubl

| First Head of Shaheedan Misl

| First Head of Damdami Taksal

| Fighting alongside most of battles of Banda Singh Bahadur like Battle of Chapar Chiri, Sadhaura and capture of Sirhind

| Freed the captives during the fourth raid of Ahmad Shah Durrani in 1757

| Battle of Amritsar (1757){{cite book|url=http://m.friendfeed-media.com/6e9ec7f58014456d2d5fd015cc8af9d2974509c0|title=Dictionary of Battles and Sieges|page=400|author=Jacques, Tony|year=2006|publisher=Greenwood Press|isbn=978-0-313-33536-5|access-date=15 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150626120848/http://m.friendfeed-media.com/6e9ec7f58014456d2d5fd015cc8af9d2974509c0|archive-date=26 June 2015|url-status=dead}}

}}

| office1 = Jathedar of Takht Sri Damdama Sahib

| successor1 = Sudh Singh

| termstart1 = 1706

| termend1 = 1757

| office2 = Jathedar of Damdami Taksal

| termstart2 = 1708

| termend2 = 1757

| successor2 = Baba Gurbaksh Singh

| predecessor2 = Guru Gobind Singh

| military_blank1 = Commander

| military_data1 = 30 px Dal Khalsa

}}

Baba Deep Singh (26 January 1682 – 13 November 1757) is revered among Sikhs as one of the most hallowed martyrs in Sikhism. He is remembered for his sacrifice and devotion to the teachings of the Sikh Gurus. Baba Deep Singh was the first head of Misl Shaheedan Tarna Dal – an order of the Khalsa military established by Nawab Kapur Singh, the then head of Sharomani Panth Akali Buddha Dal. The Damdami Taksal also state that he was the first head of their order.[https://web.archive.org/web/20040721100805/http://www.dailyexcelsior.com/01dec19/state.htm#2 Damdami Taksal opens shop to provide religious literature]. Daily Excelsior.com

Early life

Baba Deep Singh was born in a Sandhu Jat Sikh family on 26 January 1682. His father Bhagta was a Farmer, and his mother was Jioni. He lived in the Pahuwind village of Amritsar district.{{cite book |last=Singh |first=Bhagat |title=A History of the Sikh Misals |year=1993 |publisher=Punjabi University |pages=241 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BihuAAAAMAAJ |chapter=The Shahid or Nihang Misal |oclc=622730722 |quote=Deep Singh Shahid, a Sandhu Jat and resident of the village of Pohuwind of the pargana of Amritsar, ...}}

He went to Anandpur Sahib on the day of Vaisakhi in 1700, where he was baptised into Khalsa by Guru Gobind Singh, through the Khande di Pahul or Amrit Sanchar (ceremonial initiation into Khalsa). As a youth, he spent considerable time in close companionship of Guru Gobind Singh, learning weaponry, riding and other martial skills. From Bhai Mani Singh, he learnt reading and writing Gurmukhi and the interpretation of the Gurus' words. After spending two years at Anandpur, he returned to his village in 1702, before he was summoned by Guru Gobind Singh at Talwandi Sabo in 1705, where he helped Bhai Mani Singh in making copies of the scripture Guru Granth Sahib.{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20150618195754/http://www.sikhismguide.org/babadeepsingh.aspx Shaheed Baba Deep Singh Ji]}}. SikhismGuide. Retrieved on 2017-07-09.

Military career

In 1709, Baba Deep Singh joined Banda Singh Bahadur during the Battle of Sadhaura and the Battle of Chappar Chiri. In 1733, Nawab Kapur Singh appointed him a leader of an armed squad (jatha). On the Vaisakhi of 1748, at the meeting of the Sarbat Khalsa in Amritsar, the 65 jathas of the Dal Khalsa were reorganized into twelve Misls. Baba Deep Singh was entrusted with the leadership of the Shaheed Misl.

With the invasion of India by Nadir Shah between January–May 1739 and the total destruction of the Mughal administration in the Punjab as a result, the Sikhs saw an opportunity for themselves and pillaged and sought revenge on their enemies.{{Cite book |last=Gupta |first=Hari Ram |title=History of the Sikhs: The Sikh Comrnonwealth or Rise and FalI of Sikh Misls |publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers |year=2007 |isbn=978-8121501651 |volume=IV |pages=71–77}} According to the contemporary writer Harcharan Das in his Chahár Gulzár Shujá'í, in 1740, one year after the attack of Nader Shah, a large force of Sikhs and Jats, including local Muslims, seized the Sirhind sarkar of the Jullunder Doab, establishing a short-lived polity with a person named Daranat Shah as its head.{{Cite book |last=Gupta |first=Hari Ram |title=History of the Sikhs |publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal |year=2007 |volume=2: Evolution of Sikh Confederacies (1707-69) |pages=57}}{{Cite book |last=Malik |first=Arjan Dass |title=An Indian Guerilla War: The Sikh Peoples War, 1699-1768 |publisher=Wiley |year=1975 |isbn=9780470565766 |pages=44}}{{Cite book |title=History of the Sikhs: The Sikh Commonwealth or Rise and Fall of Sikh Misls |isbn=9788121501651 |edition=3rd |volume=IV |pages=13, 73, 121}}{{Citation |title=Chahár Gulzár Shujá'í, of Harí Charan Dás |date=2013 |work=The History of India, as Told by its Own Historians: The Muhammadan Period |volume=8 |pages=204–231 |editor-last=Elliot |editor-first=Henry Miers |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/history-of-india-as-told-by-its-own-historians/chahar-gulzar-shujai-of-hari-charan-das/59871F04147D5E4D2362BE2A22BFE32C |access-date=2024-09-14 |series=Cambridge Library Collection - Perspectives from the Royal Asiatic Society |place=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |doi=10.1017/CBO9781139507219.035 |isbn=978-1-108-05590-1 |editor2-last=Dowson |editor2-first=John}} The rebellion was eventually crushed by a Mughal force in 1741 under Azimullah Khan and the Sikhs retreated to the Lakhi Jungle.{{Cite book |title=Proceedings - Punjab History Conference |publisher=Department of Punjab Historical Studies, Punjabi University |year=1986 |volume=20 |pages=114}} According to Hari Ram Gupta, Daranat Shah was Baba Deep Singh.

= Demolition of the Harmandir Sahib =

In April 1757, Ahmad Shah Durrani raided Northern India for the fourth time. While he was on his way back to Kabul from Delhi with young men and women as captives, the Sikhs made a plan to relieve him of the valuables and free the captives. The squad of Baba Deep Singh was deployed near Kurukshetra. His squad freed a large number of prisoners and raided Durrani's considerable treasury. On his arrival in Lahore, Durrani, embittered by his loss, ordered the demolition of the Harmandir Sahib (the "Golden Gurudwara"). The shrine was blown up and the sacred pool filled with the entrails of slaughtered animals. Durrani assigned the Punjab region to his son, Prince Timur Shah, and left him a force of ten thousand men under General Jahan Khan.

Baba Deep Singh, 75 years old, felt that it was up to him to atone for the sin of having let the Afghans desecrate the shrine. He emerged from scholastic retirement and declared to a congregation at Damdama Sahib that he intended to rebuild the temple. Five hundred men came forward to go with him. Baba Deep Singh offered prayers before starting for Amritsar: "May my head fall at the Darbar Sahib." As he went from hamlet to hamlet, many villagers joined him. By the time baba Deep Singh reached Tarn Taran Sahib, ten miles from Amritsar, over five thousand Sikhs armed with hatchets, swords, and spears accompanied him.

Death

Baba Deep Singh had vowed to avenge the desecration of the Golden Temple by the Afghan army. In 1757, he led an army to defend the Golden Temple. The Sikhs and the Afghans clashed in the Battle of Amritsar on 13 November 1757,History of the Sikhs, Volume I by Khushwant Singh. and in the ensuing conflict Baba Deep Singh was decapitated.{{cite book| last = Deol| first = Harnik| title = Religion and Nationalism in India| publisher = Routledge| year = 2000| location = London and New York| isbn = 9780415201087| no-pp = true| page = The case of Punjab; 189 }}

There are two accounts of Baba Deep Singh's death. According to one popular version, Baba Deep Singh continued to fight after having been completely decapitated, slaying his enemies with his head in one hand and his sword in the other. In this version, only upon reaching the sacred city of Amritsar did he stop and finally die.Brosius, Christiane. Empowering Visions: The Politics of Representation in Hindu Nationalism. 2005, page 40. According to the second version, he was mortally wounded with a blow to the neck, but not completely decapitated. After receiving this blow, a Sikh reminded Baba Deep Singh, "You had resolved to reach the periphery of the pool." On hearing the talk of the Sikh, he held his head with his left hand and removing the enemies from his way with the strokes of his {{cvt|15|kg}}{{citation needed|date=January 2020}} Khanda "with his right hand, reached the periphery of Harmandir Sahib where he breathed his last. The Singhs celebrated the Bandhi-Sor Divas of 1757 A.D. in Harmandir Sahib".{{cite web|url=http://www.sikh-history.com/sikhhist/warriors/deep.html|title=Shaheed Baba Deep Singh|publisher=Santokh Singh Jagdev – Bed Time Stories-7.|access-date=2009-06-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090602004008/http://www.sikh-history.com/sikhhist/warriors/deep.html|archive-date=2 June 2009|url-status=dead}}

The Sikhs recovered their prestige by defeating the Afghan army and the latter were forced to flee.{{cite book |last= Mahajan|first= Vidya Dhar |author-link=Vidya Dhar Mahajan |title= Muslim Rule in India |publisher= S.Chand |year= 1970 |location= New Delhi |no-pp= true|page= Rise and Growth of Sikh Power;240}}

The spot where Baba Deep Singh's head fell is marked in the Golden Temple complex, and Sikhs from around the world pay their respects there. Baba Deep Singh's Khanda (double-edged sword), which he used in his final battle, is still preserved at Akal Takht, first of the five centers of temporal Sikh authority.

Battles fought by Baba Deep Singh

In popular culture

Anokhe Amar Shaheed Baba Deep Singh Ji, an Indian historical biographical film by Jaswinder Chahal was released in 2006.{{cite web |title=Anokhe Shahhed Baba Deep Singh|url=https://www.mxplayer.in/movie/watch-anokhe-shahhed-baba-deep-singh-movie-online-59c26c491462d094dc2d85e22ba067f8 |website=MX Player |language=en}}

Gallery

File:A watercolour painting depicting a headless Baba Deep Singh and fellow Sikh warriors shown fighting the hostile Afghan forces at the Battle of Amritsar (1757), circa 1880's.jpg|A watercolour painting depicting a headless Baba Deep Singh and fellow Sikh warriors shown fighting the hostile Afghan forces at the Battle of Amritsar (1757), circa 1880's

File:Fresco of Deep Singh from Gurdwara Baba Atal.jpg|Fresco of Deep Singh from Gurdwara Baba Atal

File:Akali Deep Singh.jpg|Akali Baba Deep Singh leading his men against the Afghans. Early 20th century Sikh painting

File:Opening folio of a Guru Granth Sahib manuscript authored by Baba Deep Singh, currently located in Patna Sahib.png|Opening folio of a Guru Granth Sahib manuscript authored by Baba Deep Singh, currently located in Patna Sahib

File:Opening folio of a Dasam Granth manuscript authored by Baba Deep Singh.jpg|Opening folio of a Dasam Granth manuscript authored by Baba Deep Singh