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Ballagan Formation

{{Short description|Geological formation in Scotland}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}

{{Infobox rockunit

| name = Ballagan Formation

| image =Ballagan Formation - geograph.org.uk - 1383509.jpg

| caption = Exposure of alternating siltstone and dolomite layers of the Ballagan Formation in the bank of Tarras Water

| type = Formation

| age = Tournaisian–Visean

| period = Mississippian

| prilithology = mudstone, cementstone, siltstone

| otherlithology = sandstone

| namedfor = Ballagan Glen

| namedby =Browne, 1980

| region = Scotland

| country = United Kingdom

| coordinates =

| unitof = Inverclyde Group

| subunits =

| underlies = Clyde Sandstone Formation

| overlies = Kinnesswood Formation

| thickness = ~900 m

| extent =

| area = Central Lowlands, Northern England

| map =

| map_caption =

}}

The Ballagan Formation is a geologic formation in Scotland and England. It preserves fossils dating back to the early part of the Carboniferous period (Tournaisian – early Visean).{{Cite web |url=http://www.bgs.ac.uk/lexicon/lexicon.cfm?pub=BGN |title=Ballagan Formation |last=British Geological Survey |website=BGS Lexicon of Named Rock Units |access-date=2018-03-08}} Its name comes from the "Ballagan Beds" of Ballagan Glen, near Strathblane, which has a good example of this geological formation.{{Cite book |last=MacDonald |first=Hugh |title=Rambles Round Glasgow |publisher=John Smith |year=1910 |edition=New |location=Glasgow |pages=382}}

The Ballagan Formation was historically known as the Cementstone Group,{{Cite journal |last1=Belt |first1=Edward S. |last2=Freshney |first2=Edward C. |last3=Read |first3=William A. |date=1967 |title=Sedimentology of Carboniferous Cementstone Facies, British Isles and Eastern Canada |url=https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/627295 |journal=The Journal of Geology |language=en |volume=75 |issue=6 |pages=711–721 |doi=10.1086/627295 |s2cid=140699667 |issn=0022-1376|url-access=subscription }}{{Cite journal |last=Scott |first=W. B. |date=1986 |title=Nodular carbonates in the Lower Carboniferous, Cementstone Group of the Tweed Embayment, Berwickshire: evidence for a former sulphate evaporite facies |url=https://www.lyellcollection.org/doi/10.1144/sjg22030325 |journal=Scottish Journal of Geology |language=en |volume=22 |issue=3 |pages=325–345 |doi=10.1144/sjg22030325 |s2cid=129888604 |issn=0036-9276|url-access=subscription }} but more recently it has been placed as the middle formation of the Inverclyde Group.{{Cite journal |last1=Smithson |first1=Timothy R. |last2=Wood |first2=Stanley P. |last3=Marshall |first3=John E. A. |last4=Clack |first4=Jennifer A. |date=2012-03-20 |title=Earliest Carboniferous tetrapod and arthropod faunas from Scotland populate Romer's Gap |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |language=en |volume=109 |issue=12 |pages=4532–4537 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1117332109 |issn=0027-8424 |pmc=3311392 |pmid=22393016|bibcode=2012PNAS..109.4532S |doi-access=free }} This change was motivated by the recognition that the youngest parts of the Devonian Upper Old Red Sandstone (now known as the Kinnesswood Formation) were geologically continuous with the lowest parts of the Lower Carboniferous Calciferous Sandstone Measures (now known as the Ballagan and Clyde Sandstone formations). This interval of Devonian-Carboniferous overlap was named the Inverclyde Group, and the cementstone-rich "drab beds" in the middle of the group were renamed to the Ballagan Formation.{{Cite journal |last=Brown |first=M.A.E. |date=1980 |title=The Upper Devonian and Lower Carboniferous (Dinantian) of the Firth of Tay, Scotland |url=https://pubs.bgs.ac.uk/publications.html?pubID=B01177 |journal=Report of the Institute of Geological Sciences |volume=80 |issue=9 |pages=1–13}} In Lothian, the Ballagan and Clyde Sandstone formations are sometimes known as the Tyninghame Formation.{{Cite journal |last1=Andrews |first1=Julian A. |last2=Ghulam |first2=Nabi |date=1994 |title=Lithostratigraphy of the Dinantian Inverclyde and Strathclyde Groups, Cockburnspath Outlier, East Lothian – North Berwickshire |journal=Scottish Journal of Geology |volume=30 |issue=2 |pages=105–119 |doi=10.1144/sjg30020105|s2cid=129170097 }}

Fossil sites

Many localities of the Ballagan Formation preserve exceptional fossils. The majority of fossiliferous sites are in the Midland Valley (particularly the Scottish Borders and East Lothian), in the southeast corner of Scotland.{{Cite journal |last1=Millward |first1=David |last2=Davies |first2=Sarah J. |last3=Brand |first3=Peter J. |last4=Browne |first4=Michael A. E. |last5=Bennett |first5=Carys E. |last6=Kearsey |first6=Timothy I. |last7=Sherwin |first7=Janet E. |last8=Marshall |first8=John E. A. |date=2018 |title=Palaeogeography of tropical seasonal coastal wetlands in northern Britain during the early Mississippian Romer's Gap |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S1755691018000737/type/journal_article |journal=Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh |language=en |volume=109 |issue=1–2 |pages=279–300 |doi=10.1017/S1755691018000737 |s2cid=134002840 |issn=1755-6910}}

One of the earliest sites to be studied was the fish bed at Foulden, which hosts many well-preserved fish fossils, notably including endemic actinopterygians (ray-finned fish) and the first complete skeleton of a rhizodont.{{Cite journal |last=Gardiner |first=B. G. |date=1985 |title=Actinopterygian fish from the Dinantian of Foulden, Berwickshire, Scotland |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0263593300010312/type/journal_article |journal=Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh: Earth Sciences |language=en |volume=76 |issue=1 |pages=61–66 |doi=10.1017/S0263593300010312 |s2cid=129150300 |issn=0263-5933|url-access=subscription }}{{Cite journal |last=Andrews |first=S. M. |date=1985 |title=Rhizodont crossopterygian fish from the Dinantian of Foulden, Berwickshire, Scotland, with a re-evaluation of this group |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0263593300010324/type/journal_article |journal=Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh: Earth Sciences |language=en |volume=76 |issue=1 |pages=67–95 |doi=10.1017/S0263593300010324 |s2cid=129928937 |issn=0263-5933|url-access=subscription }} Plants and arthropods also form a significant portion of Foulden fossils. This site and its fish fossils were publicized by E.I. White in 1927,{{Cite journal |last=White |first=Errol Ivor |date=1927 |title=XI.—The Fish-Fauna of the Cementstones of Foulden, Berwickshire |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S008045680001632X/type/journal_article |journal=Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh |language=en |volume=55 |issue=1 |pages=255–287 |doi=10.1017/S008045680001632X |s2cid=130677909 |issn=0080-4568|url-access=subscription }} and further excavations were performed by Stan Wood in 1980-1981. The Foulden fish bed was the primary theme for volume 76 of the Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh: Earth Sciences journal, published in 1985.{{Cite journal |last1=Wood |first1=S. P. |last2=Rolfe |first2=W. D. Ian |date=1985 |title=Introduction to the palaeontology of the Dinantian of Foulden, Berwickshire, Scotland |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0263593300010221/type/journal_article |journal=Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh: Earth Sciences |language=en |volume=76 |issue=1 |pages=1–6 |doi=10.1017/S0263593300010221 |s2cid=130746007 |issn=0263-5933|url-access=subscription }}{{Cite journal |last=Anderton |first=R. |date=1985 |title=Sedimentology of the Dinantian of Foulden, Berwickshire, Scotland |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0263593300010233/type/journal_article |journal=Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh: Earth Sciences |language=en |volume=76 |issue=1 |pages=7–12 |doi=10.1017/S0263593300010233 |s2cid=130602435 |issn=0263-5933|url-access=subscription }}{{Cite journal |last=Clarkson |first=E. N. K. |date=1985 |title=Palaeoecology of the Dinantian of Foulden, Berwickshire, Scotland |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0263593300010336/type/journal_article |journal=Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh: Earth Sciences |language=en |volume=76 |issue=1 |pages=97–100 |doi=10.1017/S0263593300010336 |s2cid=130577679 |issn=0263-5933|url-access=subscription }}

Willie's Hole, near Chirnside, is another site known for its high quality of preservation. It was initially recognized for its crustacean fossils, forming "shrimp beds" akin to those observed throughout the later Scottish Carboniferous. Willie's Hole has continued to produce well-preserved fossils of arthropods, fish, and partial tetrapod skeletons.

File:The Spouts Burn - geograph-2396335-by-Lairich-Rig.jpg]]

By far the largest exposures of the Ballagan Formation occur along the coastal end cliffs of Burnmouth.{{Cite journal |last1=Kearsey |first1=Timothy I. |last2=Bennett |first2=Carys E. |last3=Millward |first3=David |last4=Davies |first4=Sarah J. |last5=Gowing |first5=Charles J.B. |last6=Kemp |first6=Simon J. |last7=Leng |first7=Melanie J. |last8=Marshall |first8=John E.A. |last9=Browne |first9=Michael A.E. |date=2016 |title=The terrestrial landscapes of tetrapod evolution in earliest Carboniferous seasonal wetlands of SE Scotland |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0031018216301729 |journal=Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology |language=en |volume=457 |pages=52–69 |doi=10.1016/j.palaeo.2016.05.033|bibcode=2016PPP...457...52K |hdl=2381/41464 |hdl-access=free }}{{Cite journal |last1=Bennett |first1=Carys E. |last2=Kearsey |first2=Timothy I. |last3=Davies |first3=Sarah J. |last4=Millward |first4=David |last5=Clack |first5=Jennifer A. |last6=Smithson |first6=Timothy R. |last7=Marshall |first7=John E. A. |date=2016 |editor-last=Fielding |editor-first=Chris |title=Early Mississippian sandy siltstones preserve rare vertebrate fossils in seasonal flooding episodes |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/sed.12280 |journal=Sedimentology |language=en |volume=63 |issue=6 |pages=1677–1700 |doi=10.1111/sed.12280|s2cid=54201423 |hdl=2381/40282 |hdl-access=free }} Tetrapod, fish, and arthropod fragments are common in several layers at Burnmouth, not just in fine-grained overbank deposits but also coarse river channel conglomerates, an unusual mode of preservation.

Tetrapod fossils have been found in the vicinity of Tantallon Castle. Additional Midland Valley sites include Crumble Edge (along Whiteadder Water), Coldstream, Cockburnspath,{{Cite journal |last1=Andrews |first1=Julian E. |last2=Turner |first2=Michael S. |last3=Nabi |first3=Ghulam |last4=Spiro |first4=Baruch |date=1991 |title=The anatomy of an early Dinantian terraced floodplain: palaeo-environment and early diagenesis |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-3091.1991.tb01260.x |journal=Sedimentology |language=en |volume=38 |issue=2 |pages=271–287 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-3091.1991.tb01260.x |issn=0037-0746|url-access=subscription }} Cove (in Berwickshire), and Whitrope Burn (near Hawick). A few locales in nearby Northumberland, England encompass fossil-bearing outcrops of the Ballagan Formation, such as Berwick-upon-Tweed{{Cite journal |last1=Bennett |first1=C.E. |last2=Howard |first2=A.S. |last3=Davies |first3=S.J. |last4=Kearsey |first4=T.I. |last5=Millward |first5=D. |last6=Brand |first6=P.J. |last7=Browne |first7=M.A.E. |last8=Reeves |first8=E.J. |last9=Marshall |first9=J.E.A. |date=2017 |title=Ichnofauna record cryptic marine incursions onto a coastal floodplain at a key Lower Mississippian tetrapod site |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0031018216305168 |journal=Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology |language=en |volume=468 |pages=287–300 |doi=10.1016/j.palaeo.2016.12.018|hdl=2381/40371 |hdl-access=free }}{{Cite journal |last1=Bennett |first1=C.E. |last2=Kearsey |first2=T.I. |last3=Davies |first3=S.J. |last4=Leng |first4=M.J. |last5=Millward |first5=D. |last6=Smithson |first6=T.R. |last7=Brand |first7=P.J. |last8=Browne |first8=M.A.E. |last9=Carpenter |first9=D.K. |last10=Marshall |first10=J.E.A. |last11=Dulson |first11=H. |last12=Curry |first12=L. |date=2021 |title=Palaeoecology and palaeoenvironment of Mississippian coastal lakes and marshes during the early terrestrialisation of tetrapods |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0031018220306428 |journal=Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology |language=en |volume=564 |pages=110194 |doi=10.1016/j.palaeo.2020.110194|bibcode=2021PPP...56410194B |s2cid=233950487 }} Barrow Scar (near Alwinton), and a borehole core at Norham.

Some sites are also found along the west coast of Scotland. Auchenreoch Glen, near Dumbarton, was the collection site for the nearly complete type fossil of Pederpes finneyae, which was the oldest named tetrapod of the Carboniferous upon its discovery. Diverse assemblages of fish teeth and other microfossils have been found at Ayrshire and at Hawk's Nib and Mill Hole, on the Isle of Bute.

Paleobiota

The Ballagan Formation preserves a plethora of tetrapod, fish, and invertebrate fossils, reconstructing one of the most diverse continental ecosystems known from the Tournaisian stage. A variety of plant megafossils and spores are known from the Ballagan Formation.{{Cite journal |last1=Scott |first1=Andrew C. |last2=Meyer-Berthaud |first2=Brigitte |date=1985 |title=Plants from the Dinantian of Foulden, Berwickshire, Scotland |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/earth-and-environmental-science-transactions-of-royal-society-of-edinburgh/article/abs/plants-from-the-dinantian-of-foulden-berwickshire-scotland/C05FE615D2DA49DFB2FC2F68A9B0F3C7 |journal=Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh |language=en |volume=76 |issue=1 |pages=13–20 |doi=10.1017/S0263593300010245 |s2cid=131329370 |issn=1473-7116|url-access=subscription }}{{Cite journal |last=Clayton |first=G. |date=1985 |title=Plant miospores from the Dinantian of Foulden, Berwickshire, Scotland |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/earth-and-environmental-science-transactions-of-royal-society-of-edinburgh/article/abs/plant-miospores-from-the-dinantian-of-foulden-berwickshire-scotland/6C2D9311D15017D3021EA90085D18B44 |journal=Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh |language=en |volume=76 |issue=1 |pages=21–24 |doi=10.1017/S0263593300010257 |s2cid=130886184 |issn=1473-7116|url-access=subscription }}{{Cite journal |last1=Stephenson |first1=Mike |last2=Williams |first2=Mark |last3=Monaghan |first3=Alison |last4=Arkley |first4=Sarah |last5=Smith |first5=Richard |date=2002 |title=Biostratigraphy and palaeoenvironments of the Ballagan Formation (lower Carboniferous) in Ayrshire |url=https://www.lyellcollection.org/doi/10.1144/sjg38020093 |journal=Scottish Journal of Geology |language=en |volume=38 |issue=2 |pages=93–111 |doi=10.1144/sjg38020093 |s2cid=128538564 |issn=0036-9276|url-access=subscription }}{{Cite journal |last1=Stephenson |first1=M. H. |last2=Williams |first2=M. |last3=Monghan |first3=A. A. |last4=Arkley |first4=S. |last5=Smith |first5=R. A. |last6=Dean |first6=M. |last7=Browne |first7=M. A. E. |last8=Leng |first8=M. |date=2004 |title=Palynomorph and ostracod biostratigraphy of the Ballagan Formation, Midland Valley of Scotland, and elucidation of intra-Dinantian unconformaties |url=https://www.lyellcollection.org/doi/10.1144/pygs.55.2.131 |journal=Proceedings of the Yorkshire Geological Society |language=en |volume=55 |issue=2 |pages=131–143 |doi=10.1144/pygs.55.2.131 |issn=0044-0604|url-access=subscription }}{{Cite journal |last1=Stephenson |first1=M. H. |last2=Williams |first2=M. |last3=Leng |first3=M. |last4=Monghan |first4=A. A. |date=2004 |title=Aquatic plant microfossils of probable non-vascular origin from the Ballagan Formation (Lower Carboniferous), Midland Valley, Scotland |url=https://www.lyellcollection.org/doi/10.1144/pygs.55.2.145 |journal=Proceedings of the Yorkshire Geological Society |language=en |volume=55 |issue=2 |pages=145–158 |doi=10.1144/pygs.55.2.145 |issn=0044-0604|url-access=subscription }}

= Tetrapods =

  • Aytonerpeton microps{{Cite journal |last1=Clack |first1=Jennifer A. |last2=Bennett |first2=Carys E. |last3=Carpenter |first3=David K. |last4=Davies |first4=Sarah J. |last5=Fraser |first5=Nicholas C. |last6=Kearsey |first6=Timothy I. |last7=Marshall |first7=John E. A. |last8=Millward |first8=David |last9=Otoo |first9=Benjamin K. A. |last10=Reeves |first10=Emma J. |last11=Ross |first11=Andrew J. |last12=Ruta |first12=Marcello |last13=Smithson |first13=Keturah Z. |last14=Smithson |first14=Timothy R. |last15=Walsh |first15=Stig A. |date=2016-12-05 |title=Phylogenetic and environmental context of a Tournaisian tetrapod fauna |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41559-016-0002 |journal=Nature Ecology & Evolution |language=en |volume=1 |issue=1 |page=2 |doi=10.1038/s41559-016-0002 |pmid=28812555 |s2cid=22421017 |issn=2397-334X|hdl=2381/40933 |hdl-access=free }}{{Cite journal |last1=Otoo |first1=Benjamin K. A. |last2=Clack |first2=Jennifer A. |last3=Smithson |first3=Timothy R. |last4=Bennett |first4=Carys E. |last5=Kearsey |first5=Timothy I. |last6=Coates |first6=Michael I. |date=2019 |editor-last=Ruta |editor-first=Marcello |title=A fish and tetrapod fauna from Romer's Gap preserved in Scottish Tournaisian floodplain deposits |journal=Palaeontology |language=en |volume=62 |issue=2 |pages=225–253 |doi=10.1111/pala.12395|s2cid=134566755 |doi-access=free }}
  • Diploradus austiumensis
  • Koilops herma
  • Mesanerpeton woodi{{Cite journal |last1=Smithson |first1=Timothy R. |last2=Clack |first2=Jennifer A. |date=2017 |title=A new tetrapod from Romer's Gap reveals an early adaptation for walking |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/earth-and-environmental-science-transactions-of-royal-society-of-edinburgh/article/abs/new-tetrapod-from-romers-gap-reveals-an-early-adaptation-for-walking/80C43A9191A8A8D7866FD0739C20A480 |journal=Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh |language=en |volume=108 |issue=1 |pages=89–97 |doi=10.1017/S1755691018000075 |issn=1755-6910 |s2cid=133836365}}
  • Ossirarus kierani
  • Pederpes finneyae (Whatcheeriidae){{Cite journal |last=Clack |first=J. A. |date=2002 |title=An early tetrapod from 'Romer's Gap' |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/nature00824 |journal=Nature |language=en |volume=418 |issue=6893 |pages=72–76 |doi=10.1038/nature00824 |pmid=12097908 |bibcode=2002Natur.418...72C |s2cid=741732 |issn=1476-4687|url-access=subscription }}{{Cite journal |last1=Clack |first1=J. A. |last2=Finney |first2=S. M. |date=2005-01-01 |title=Pederpes finneyae, an articulated tetrapod from the tournaisian of Western Scotland |url=https://doi.org/10.1017/S1477201904001506 |journal=Journal of Systematic Palaeontology |volume=2 |issue=4 |pages=311–346 |doi=10.1017/S1477201904001506 |s2cid=86731604 |issn=1477-2019|url-access=subscription }}
  • Perittodus apsconditus
  • Tantallognathus woodi{{Cite journal |last1=Chen |first1=Donglei |last2=Alavi |first2=Yasaman |last3=Brazeau |first3=Martin D. |last4=Blom |first4=Henning |last5=Millward |first5=David |last6=Ahlberg |first6=Per E. |date=March 2017 |title=A partial lower jaw of a tetrapod from "Romer's Gap" |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S1755691018000099/type/journal_article |journal=Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh |language=en |volume=108 |issue=1 |pages=55–65 |doi=10.1017/S1755691018000099 |s2cid=135127547 |issn=1755-6910|url-access=subscription }}
  • UMZC 2011.7.2: A small unnamed five-fingered tetrapod similar to Gephyrostegus and Silvanerpeton
  • SPW 4165 ("Ribbo"): A large unnamed tetrapod with robust ribs and limbs
  • Crassigyrinus-like bone fragments{{Cite journal |last1=Clack |first1=Jennifer A. |last2=Porro |first2=Laura B. |last3=Bennett |first3=Carys E. |date=2017 |title=A Crassigyrinus -like jaw from the Tournaisian (Early Mississippian) of Scotland |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S1755691018000087/type/journal_article |journal=Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh |language=en |volume=108 |issue=1 |pages=37–46 |doi=10.1017/S1755691018000087 |s2cid=220421588 |issn=1755-6910|url-access=subscription }}{{Cite journal |last1=Clack |first1=Jennifer A. |last2=Bennett |first2=Carys E. |last3=Davies |first3=Sarah J. |last4=Scott |first4=Andrew C. |last5=Sherwin |first5=Janet E. |last6=Smithson |first6=Timothy R. |date=2019-01-03 |title=A Tournaisian (earliest Carboniferous) conglomerate-preserved non-marine faunal assemblage and its environmental and sedimentological context |journal=PeerJ |language=en |volume=6 |pages=e5972 |doi=10.7717/peerj.5972 |pmid=30627480 |pmc=6321757 |issn=2167-8359 |doi-access=free }}
  • An Eogyrinus-like tetrapod scute
  • Indeterminate Tetrapoda and Whatcheeriidae fragments.

= Fish =

= Invertebrates =

  • Eumalacostracan crustaceans ("shrimps"): Bairdops elegans (Permimecturidae),{{Cite journal |last1=Briggs |first1=D. E. G. |last2=Clarkson |first2=E. N. K. |date=1985 |title=Malacostracan Crustacea from the Dinantian of Foulden, Berwickshire, Scotland |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0263593300010270/type/journal_article |journal=Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh: Earth Sciences |language=en |volume=76 |issue=1 |pages=35–40 |doi=10.1017/S0263593300010270 |s2cid=130343194 |issn=0263-5933|url-access=subscription }}{{Cite journal |last1=Cater |first1=J. M. L. |last2=Briggs |first2=D. E. G. |last3=Clarkson |first3=E. N. K. |date=1989 |title=Shrimp-bearing sedimentary successions in the Lower Carboniferous (Dinantian) Cementstone and Oil Shale Groups of northern Britain |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0263593300012232/type/journal_article |journal=Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh: Earth Sciences |language=en |volume=80 |issue=1 |pages=5–15 |doi=10.1017/S0263593300012232 |s2cid=129598844 |issn=0263-5933|url-access=subscription }} Belotelson traquairi (Belotelsonidae), Dithyocaris, Pseudogalathea, Pseudotealliocaris etheridgei, Tealliocaris
  • Millipedes: Woodesmus sheari{{Cite journal |last1=Ross |first1=Andrew J. |last2=Edgecombe |first2=Gregory D. |last3=Clark |first3=Neil D. L. |last4=Bennett |first4=Carys E. |last5=Carrió |first5=Vicen |last6=Contreras-Izquierdo |first6=Rubén |last7=Crighton |first7=Bill |date=2017 |title=A new terrestrial millipede fauna of earliest Carboniferous (Tournaisian) age from southeastern Scotland helps fill 'Romer's Gap' |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S1755691018000142/type/journal_article |journal=Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh |language=en |volume=108 |issue=1 |pages=99–110 |doi=10.1017/S1755691018000142 |s2cid=135183999 |issn=1755-6910|url-access=subscription }} and at least five other millipede taxa, including members of Archipolypoda, Juliformia, and Euphoberiidae
  • Xiphosurans (horseshoe crabs): Albalimulus bottoni (Limulidae),{{Cite journal |last1=Bicknell |first1=Russell D. C. |last2=Pates |first2=Stephen |date=2019-11-19 |title=Xiphosurid from the Tournaisian (Carboniferous) of Scotland confirms deep origin of Limuloidea |journal=Scientific Reports |language=en |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=17102 |doi=10.1038/s41598-019-53442-5 |pmid=31745138 |pmc=6863854 |bibcode=2019NatSR...917102B |issn=2045-2322}} Rolfeia fouldenensis (Paleolimulidae){{Cite journal |last=Waterston |first=Charles D. |date=1985 |title=Chelicerata from the Dinantian of Foulden, Berwickshire, Scotland |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0263593300010269/type/journal_article |journal=Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh: Earth Sciences |language=en |volume=76 |issue=1 |pages=25–33 |doi=10.1017/S0263593300010269 |s2cid=128557225 |issn=0263-5933|url-access=subscription }}
  • Scorpions: Gigantoscorpio cf. willsi (Gigantoscorpionidae), Trachyscorpio squarrosus (Eoscorpiidae)
  • Eurypterids: "Cyrtoctenus" (Hibbertopterus) peachi (Hibbertopteridae){{Cite journal |last1=Størmer |first1=Leif |last2=Waterston |first2=Charles D. |date=1968 |title=IV. Cyrtoctenus gen. nov., a large late Palaeozoic Arthropod with pectinate Appendages |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0080456800014563/type/journal_article |journal=Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh |language=en |volume=68 |issue=4 |pages=63–104 |doi=10.1017/S0080456800014563 |s2cid=131694288 |issn=0080-4568|url-access=subscription }}
  • Polyurida aenigmatica, an enigmatic worm-like animal initially mistaken for a myriapod{{Cite journal |last=Almond |first=John E. |date=1985 |title=A vermiform problematicum from the Dinantian of Foulden, Berwickshire, Scotland |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0263593300010282/type/journal_article |journal=Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh: Earth Sciences |language=en |volume=76 |issue=1 |pages=41–47 |doi=10.1017/S0263593300010282 |s2cid=128478847 |issn=0263-5933|url-access=subscription }}
  • "Spirorbiform" microconchids,{{Cite journal |last1=Taylor |first1=Paul D. |last2=Vinn |first2=Olev |date=2006 |title=Convergent morphology in small spiral worm tubes (' Spirorbis ') and its palaeoenvironmental implications |url=https://www.lyellcollection.org/doi/10.1144/0016-764905-145 |journal=Journal of the Geological Society |language=en |volume=163 |issue=2 |pages=225–228 |doi=10.1144/0016-764905-145 |bibcode=2006JGSoc.163..225T |s2cid=128971706 |issn=0016-7649|url-access=subscription }} initially mistaken for Spirorbis polychaete worm tubes
  • Ostracods{{Cite journal |last=Pollard |first=John E. |date=1985 |title=Coprolites and ostracods from the Dinantian of Foulden, Berwickshire, Scotland |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/earth-and-environmental-science-transactions-of-royal-society-of-edinburgh/article/abs/coprolites-and-ostracods-from-the-dinantian-of-foulden-berwickshire-scotland/A9BBBB23A8079792FDB39E4D0F220D16 |journal=Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh |language=en |volume=76 |issue=1 |pages=49–51 |doi=10.1017/S0263593300010294 |s2cid=130602159 |issn=1473-7116|url-access=subscription }}{{Cite journal |last1=Williams |first1=Mark |last2=Stephenson |first2=Michael |last3=Wilkinson |first3=Ian P. |last4=Leng |first4=Melanie J. |last5=Miller |first5=C. Giles |date=2005-05-01 |title=Early Carboniferous (Late Tournaisian–Early Viséan) ostracods from the Ballagan Formation, central Scotland, UK |url=https://jm.copernicus.org/articles/24/77/2005/ |journal=Journal of Micropalaeontology |language=English |volume=24 |issue=1 |pages=77–94 |doi=10.1144/jm.24.1.77 |s2cid=55470029 |issn=0262-821X|doi-access=free }}{{Cite journal |last1=Williams |first1=Mark |last2=Leng |first2=Melanie J. |last3=Stephenson |first3=Michael H. |last4=Andrews |first4=Julian E. |last5=Wilkinson |first5=Ian P. |last6=Siveter |first6=David J. |last7=Horne |first7=David J. |last8=Vannier |first8=Jean M.C. |date=2006 |title=Evidence that Early Carboniferous ostracods colonised coastal flood plain brackish water environments |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0031018205004475 |journal=Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology |language=en |volume=230 |issue=3–4 |pages=299–318 |doi=10.1016/j.palaeo.2005.07.021|bibcode=2006PPP...230..299W |url-access=subscription }}
  • Bivalves: Modiolus latus (Mytilidae), Naiadites, Schizodus
  • Gastropods
  • Brachiopods

See also

{{Portal |Earth sciences|Scotland|Paleontology}}

References

{{Reflist}}

  • {{cite web|title= Fossilworks: Gateway to the Paleobiology Database|author= ((Various Contributors to the Paleobiology Database))|url= https://www.fossilworks.org|access-date= 17 December 2021}}

Category:Carboniferous System of Europe

Category:Carboniferous Scotland

Category:Carboniferous southern paleotropical deposits

Category:Tournaisian