Bangkok Metropolitan Region

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{{Location map+ | Bangkok Metropolitan Region

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The Bangkok Metropolitan Region (political definition) covers an area of 7,762 km².

Due to the success of the service and tourism industry in Bangkok, the city has gained in popularity for work among provincial Thais from the rural areas and with people from many countries in the Indochina region as well as many South Asian countries. Since around the turn of the century, there has been a large influx of Indians into Thailand (especially Punjabis, Gujaratis, Tamils and Pashtuns), and also Persians, Portuguese, Khmer Krom, Mons, Chinese, as well as others emigrating to Thailand and Bangkok. There are large numbers of workers who legally reside outside the metropolitan area and travel into the city for day jobs. The population of the Bangkok metropolis ("the city") increases to nine million during the day, from eight million at night. The morning influx into the greater metropolitan region is not very significant, rather the influx is seasonal depending upon crop seasons in the rest of the country.

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Bangkok has seen rapid urbanization since its population reached two million in the 1960s. Since the 1980s, greater Bangkok's built-up areas have spilled beyond Bangkok's borders to neighboring provinces, initially to the north and south. Despite a general suburbanization trend, Bangkok remained centralized and the city core remained extremely dense until the early 2000s as heavy commuter traffic limited choices. The countryside between once independent towns and the capital became ever more filled in, with the advent and expansion of urban rail transit, as well as cheap credit enabling automobile adoption by the working class. The outward push of suburbanization has intensified as park and ride lots near train stations have sprung up.

In a manner similar to Los Angeles, Bangkok is transforming into a region where traffic flows in all directions rather than simply to the central core, as it once did. Suburbanziation has swallowed ever more fields and swamps, though even parts of Bangkok itself are not built-up. The first areas to suburbanize were in Pathum Thani, Nonthaburi, and Samut Prakan Provinces. Other areas more recently have agglomerated in Samut Sakhon and Nakhon Pathom. Samut Prakan, Nonthaburi, Pathum Thani and Samut Sakhon all have historic city centers.

Due to a lack of strict zoning laws, the metropolitan areas' growth appears haphazard. Central areas like Yaowarat, Siam, Sukhumvit, and Sathorn have seen skyrocketing land speculation as foreign investors are allowed to own condominiums, giving rise to Manhattanization. At the same time, fringe areas are being developed and the boundaries are no longer visible between each provincial city center. Due to the speed of this urban sprawl over the past twenty years,{{when|date=May 2020}} the Bangkok Metropolitan Administration has sought to tackle rising problems of commute times, pollution, and deteriorating air quality. Air quality has been declining year by year,{{cite web|url=https://coconuts.co/bangkok/news/air-bangkok-least-polluted-among-worlds-global-cities/|title=Air in Bangkok least polluted among world's global cities|date=24 November 2015|website=Coconuts Bangkok}}{{cite news|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/blogs/asia/2016/12/bangkok-cleans-act-161210153606363.html|title=Bangkok cleans up its act|last=Sattar|first=Maher|date=11 December 2016|website=Al Jazeera|access-date=3 June 2019}}{{cite news |last1=Sawitta Lefevre |first1=Amy |title=Bangkok air pollution warning, children asked to stay indoors |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-thailand-weather/bangkok-air-pollution-warning-children-asked-to-stay-indoors-idUSKBN1FS0ZF |access-date=3 June 2019 |work=Reuters |date=8 February 2018}}{{cite news |title=Smog blankets Bangkok as experts warn of serious threat to public health |url=https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/se-asia/smog-blankets-bangkok-as-experts-warn-of-serious-threat-to-public-health |access-date=3 June 2019 |work=Straits Times |date=14 January 2019}} and the city still lacks an effective mass transit network outside Bangkok proper and a clean and effective plan to resolve environmental issues.

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Sources:

• http://www.citypopulation.de/php/thailand-admin.php (reporting NSO.go.th Census Data, 2010 figures subject to revision.)
• http://citypopulation.de/php/thailand-prov-admin.php (reporting NSO.go.th 2017 Projections on 2010 Census data)
• https://dopa.go.th/banner_link/fileDownload/130 (Dept Provincial Affairs Dec 2016)
• DOPA 2022 via [https://web.archive.org/web/20220119033744/http://www.ratchakitcha.soc.go.th/DATA/PDF/2565/E/012/T_0010.PDF] (includes registered non-Thai residents a bit less than 1 million on nationwide citizen waiting list, appears not to include long-stay foreign residents who do not seek citizenship. Thais may only register single location, those retaining upcountry residency are not counted in region, regardless where they live and work. However, it is interesting to see suburban registration increases while Bangkok does not.)
• The 2010 Census explicitly counted Thais and those with legal permanent residency status where they resided during the count.{{cite web|title=Who is included in the census?|url=http://popcensus.nso.go.th/en/index.php?id=1&sub=7|website=2010 Population and Housing Census|publisher=National Statistical Office Thailand|access-date=27 November 2015|archive-date=21 September 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921084907/http://popcensus.nso.go.th/en/index.php?id=1&sub=7|url-status=dead}} The census failed to count long-stay migrants and expats without legal permanent resident status, who are estimated to number from "perhaps [two million]"{{cite news|title=A deadly cocktail|url=https://www.economist.com/news/asia/21572800-long-standing-worker-abuses-get-some-serious-attention-deadly-cocktail|access-date=27 November 2015|newspaper=The Economist|date=2013-03-02}} to "no less [sic] than 3 million"{{cite web|title=Current Migration Challenges in Thailand|url=http://eeas.europa.eu/delegations/thailand/documents/thailande_eu_coop/migration_management/3_4current_migration_challenges_in_thailand_en.pdf|website=European External Action Service|publisher=European Union External Action|access-date=27 November 2015}} nationwide. Therefore, greater Bangkok's actual population easily surpassed 15 million by the 2010 census.
• The Department of Provincial Affairs :th:กรมการปกครอง (DPA) Grommágaan Bpòkkrong registers Thai population and produces its own statistics separate from National Statistics Office (NSO). Millions live in Bangkok region with upcountry registration. Expats, migrants, those in refugee camps, and "native" ethnic tribes without Thai nationality may have not been counted DPA until 2016, when separate Thai nationality and Non-Thai was tabulated. The total registered population of 64,076,033 in 2011 was some 1.4 million fewer than census figures a year earlier.{{cite web|url=http://stat.bora.dopa.go.th/stat/y_stat54.html|title=ประกาศจำนวนประชากร ปี พ.ศ. 2554|website=stat.bora.dopa.go.th}} Thailand is still (2013) trying to officially register migrant workers.{{cite web|last1=Smith|first1=Herbert|title=Thailand: government extends a deadline for the registration of migrant workers|url=http://www.lexology.com/library/detail.aspx?g=9c9cc033-62ac-4a2a-b4cb-77db75c1b9a0|website=Lexology|access-date=27 November 2015}}
• As of post-coup 2014, Thailand's Department of Employment released figures showing that 408,507 legal workers from three neighboring states, and 1,630,279 Burmese, 40,546 Laotians, and 153,683 Cambodians without legal work authorization were working and residing in Thailand.{{cite news|title=Junta: No crackdown on foreign workers| url=https://www.nationthailand.com/detail/national/30236412|access-date=27 November 2015|work=The Nation|date=June 17, 2014}} Nevertheless, some 180,000 Cambodians were said to have left Thailand post-coup due to rumors of a crackdown on illegals, indicating government figures may have been undercounted.{{cite news|title=Thailand, Cambodia to quash 'rumours' after worker exodus|url=http://www.bangkokpost.com/archive/thailand-cambodia-to-quash-rumours-after-worker-exodus/415847|access-date=27 November 2015|work=Bangkok Post|date=2014-06-17}}

For FY 2022, Bangkok Metropolitan Region had a combined economic output of 8.1 trillion baht (US$231 billion), or around half of Thailand's GDP. Bangkok (BMA) had an economic output of 5.747 trillion baht (US$164 billion). This amounts to a GPP per capita of 634,109 baht (US$18,100), half more than Samut Sakhon province, next in the ranking and more than three times for Nonthaburi province, lowest in the ranking.

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As of 31 October 2012, some 7,384,934 vehicles were registered in the metro area, roughly one vehicle for every two persons.{{cite news|last1=Jitsomboon|first1=Vipaporn|title=Traffic in Bangkok set to worsen in 2014, official warns|url=https://www.nationthailand.com/detail/national/30196243|access-date=27 November 2015|work=The Nation|date=2012-12-17|archive-date=2019-06-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190615150842/http://www.nationmultimedia.com/national/Traffic-in-Bangkok-set-to-worsen-in-2014-official--30196243.html|url-status=live}} To alleviate the ensuing congestion, massive railway development is ongoing, but its construction is causing large scale disturbance to major thoroughfares.

Bangkok's last undisturbed forested zone, Bang Kachao, in Samut Prakan's Phra Pradaeng District, also known as "the green lung" or ({{langx|th|กระเพาะหมู}}; {{rtgs|krapho mu}}) ('pig's stomach', due to its shape) is threatened by urban sprawl, especially since a new city plan was implemented by Samut Prakan authorities. The plan has changed the pure green area to a "green and white" area, which allows residents to grow crops. Bang Kachao covers over 11,818 rai in six tambons in Phra Pradaeng.{{cite news|last1=Saengpassa|first1=Chularat|last2=Sarnsamak|first2=Pongphon|title=New city plan 'could ravage' the verdant Bang Krachao|url=https://www.nationthailand.com/detail/national/30231068|access-date=27 November 2015|work=The Nation|date=2014-04-08|archive-date=2018-01-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180115001318/http://www.nationmultimedia.com/national/New-city-plan-could-ravage-the-verdant-Bang-Kracha-30231068.html|url-status=live}}

• Bangkok Metropolitan Administration
• Primate city

{{reflist}}

• [http://www.dopa.go.th Ministry Of Interior Thailand]
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20110927050710/http://www.nso.go.th/index-1.html National Statistical Office]

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Category:Metropolitan areas of Southeast Asia

Category:Geography of Bangkok