Banu Nahd

File:SomeTribesofHadhramaut.png

The Nahd originally lived in Najran, Bisha, Sharurah, Tathleeth, Sarat Abidah, Tareeb, Jash, Tabalah, Qarara, Dhu Baydan, Barda and Khadara, before their mass migration across Arabia their capital was at Hajirah south of Tathleeth between Hamdhah and Amoah, it was situated on a Gold mine.{{Cite book |last=Jiris |first=Ghaythan Bin |title=محافظة بيشة: دراسات، وإضافات، وتعليقات |publisher=Antiques & Collectibles |pages=42–272 |language=ar|trans-title=Bisha Governorate: Studies, additions, and comments}}

Banu Nahd today are now most notably in Wadi Hadhramaut where their capital, Qa'udah is situated.{{Cite book |last=Stark |first=Freya |title=The Southern Gates of Arabia |publisher=Modern Library |year=2001 |pages=233–257}} Qaydun in Wadi Dawan where they control much of was also described as the center of the Nahd.{{Cite book |last=Crone |first=Patricia |title=The Quranic Pagans |publisher=Brill |year=2016 |pages=474}} They also inhabit Hajarayn in the same Wadi. Nahd claims a large area from Al Qatn to Sayhad.

The Nahd have a presence in Wadi 'Amd until it ends at Huraidha, Wadi Rakhiya near the border of Shabwah and Wadi Dahr in Eastern Shabwah.{{Cite book |last=Philby |first=Harry St. John Bridger |title=بنات سبأ |publisher=مكتبة العبيكان |year=2001 |pages=182 |language=ar|trans-title=Girls of Sheba}} They also inhabit Wadi al Ain and have a presence in the Shibam District.{{Cite book |title=Yemen Political Marketplace Analysis 2 |publisher=USAID |year=2021 |pages=36–38}}

They are also in the Sarawat Mountains including Hejaz where they live in Wadi al Safra between Mecca and Medina and in the North of Hejaz in Wadi al Qura.{{Cite book |last=Brill |first=E.J |title=E.J. Brill's First Encyclopaedia of Islam Vol 8 |publisher=Brill |year=1993 |pages=988}}

The Nahd have also been across Najd being one of the first Quda'ah Tribes to settle there. Further more they have a degree of presence in Khaleej, especially in UAE and are also found in Iraq and Oman.{{Cite web |last=al Badry |first=Kiro |title=من وين قبيلة نهد؟ قبائل نهد الحضرمية |url=https://mr7baksa.com/%d9%85%d9%86-%d9%88%d9%8a%d9%86-%d9%82%d8%a8%d9%8a%d9%84%d8%a9-%d9%86%d9%87%d8%af/ |website=mr7baska|date=18 March 2024 }}{{Cite web |date=2013 |title=شعراء قبيلة نهد يتغنون بأمجاد الإمارات |url=https://www.albayan.ae/across-the-uae/news-and-reports/2013-12-03-1.2012538 |website=albayan}} Nahd is also found across the Levant.

The Nahd have begun migrating to North Africa starting in the 11th century where they now inhabit close to the border of Algeria and Tunisia living around the city of El Kala in El Taref province.{{Cite book |last=Feraud |first=Charles |title=Histoire des Villes de la Province de Constantine: La Calle |publisher=Forgotten Books |year=2018 |pages=33–72, 366 |language=fr |trans-title=History of the Cities of the Province of Constantine: La Calle}} Nahdi tribes have migrated across the Indian Ocean to Java, Indonesia.{{Cite book |last=Berg |first=Van Den |title=حضرموت والمستوطنات العربية في الأرخبيل الهندي |publisher=عناوين |pages=61, 114 |language=ar |trans-title=Hadhramaut and Arab settlements in the Indian archipelago}} Somaliland, India, and also Jeddah In Saudi Arabia.{{Cite web |title=قبيلة آل النهدي وش يرجعون، أفخاذ وبطون قبيلة النهدي |url=https://www.madeilm.org/60337/%D9%82%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%A9-%D8%A2%D9%84-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D9%87%D8%AF%D9%8A-%D9%88%D8%B4-%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%AC%D8%B9%D9%88%D9%86%D8%8C-%D8%A3%D9%81%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B0-%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%B7%D9%88%D9%86-%D9%82%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D9%87%D8%AF%D9%8A |website=Madelim org}} Nahd also migrated to Andalusia, primarily residing in the Cordoban Province of Rayya which is in the south, nowadays being mostly in the Malaga Province.

Banu Nahd was a major and important tribe in the Najran Region (Which Included Bisha and Tabalah).{{Cite book |last=Scoville |first=Sheila |title=Gazetter of Arabia |publisher=Akademische Druck- u. Verlagsanstalt |year=1979 |pages=519}} They grew in numbers that started to compete with the Major tribe of Madhhaj, they were in conflict with the Jarm tribe who were allies with Banu Zubayd from Maddhaj while Nahd was allied with Banu Al Harith, another Maddhaj Tribe.{{Cite book |last=Jaris |first=Ghaythan Bin |title=نجران : دراسة تاريخية |pages=44 |language=ar |trans-title=Najran: A Historical Study}}

Some of the Nahd participated in the Himyarite war under Abu Karib Assad against the Lakhmids in 428 AD which involved the conquest of Wadi Masil southeast of Dawadimi, and penetrating deep into Al Hira, the Lakhmid Capital.{{Cite book |last=Jabir |first=Hassan Muhammed |title=من هم العرب |publisher=E-Kutub Ltd |year=2021 |pages=250 |language=ar |trans-title=Who are the Arabs}}

The Nahd before Islam were polytheists. Prophet Muhammad sent a message to the Banu Nahd along with other tribes in Yemen to follow Islam, to which the Nahd agreed however not initially. The Nahd were described to be well equipped with weapons. Nahd agreed to join the religion with no war.{{Cite book |last=Ahmad |first=Bashiruddin Mahmud |title=Life of Muhammad |publisher=Islam International |year=1988 |pages=139}}{{Cite book |last=Haymalaz, Harpci |first=Resit, Fatah |title=Sultan of Hearts Vol 1 |publisher=Tughra Books |year=2013 |pages=959}}

After Islam, the Banu Nahd participated in the battle of al Qadisiyyah where they were led by a general named Qays ibn Hidhyam ibn Jurthumah.{{Cite book |last=Al Tabari |first=Abu Ja'far Muḥammad ibn Jarir ibn Yazid |title=The history of Al Tabari vol 12 |publisher=State University of New York Press |year=1992 |pages=91}} During the times of the Umayyads, Qasura ibn Ma'alal who came from the tribe of Nahd was appointed as the Governor of Sistan.{{Cite book |last=al Zirkli |first=Khair al Din |title=الأعلام - ج 8 : نافع بن ظريب - يوهنس |publisher=IslamKotob |pages=49 |language=ar |trans-title=Al-A'lam - Part 8: Nafi' bin Dharib - Yohannes}}

There has been a battle narrated Abu Muhammad al Hasan al Hamdani who lived from 890s-940s in his work of Al Iklil (Volume 2)stated the Madhhaj allied to Nahd and Khawlan were engaged in conflict against the tribe of Hawazin which instigated a large war between Quda'ah and the Qaysi tribes.{{Cite book |last=Mahoney |first=Daniel |title=Genealogies as means for constructing Communities |publisher=Brill |pages=175}}

The Nahd, along with their allies of the time, Banu al Harith were attacked by the Yahya bin al Hussein of the Zaydis during 910 AD. They were in support of the Sulayhid Dynasty under King Ali al Sulayhi. In 1140 they would declare support for the Sulaymanids and would attack the Banu Yam tribe that has a huge presence over the province of Najran in 1154. They would begin mass migrating to Hadhramaut in 1195 (along with Banu al Harith and Banu Dhannah, their allies) due to multiple possible reasons like drought situations in the area, pressure from the Zaydi Imamate and interest into the agriculture of Wadi Hadhramaut.{{Cite book |last=Jiris |first=Ghaythan Bin |title=محافظة بيشة: دراسات، وإضافات، وتعليقات |publisher=Antiques & Collectibles |pages=42–272 |language=ar |trans-title=Bisha Governorate: Studies, additions, and comments}}File:Nahdi Migration.pngThey would begin hostility since 1200s AD against the tribes of Wadi Hadhramaut. In 1207 AD they would siege the cities of Tarim, Shibam and Maryamah, destroying the Al Daghar, a tribe from Kinda which ruled Shibam in 1208 AD however in the same year Banu Sa'ad and some tribes of Kinda would retaliate and defeat Nahd. Omar bin Mahdi the appointed Ayyubid Governor of Hadhramaut would make his arrival in 1216 AD subjugating much of Hadhramaut under his rule.{{Cite book |last=صالح |first=حامد |title=تاريخ حضرموت |publisher=the University of Michigan |year=1968 |page=233 |trans-title=History of Hadhramaut}}{{Cite book |last=Muqhafi |first=Ibrahim |title=معجم البلدان والقبائل اليمنية |publisher=IslamKotob |pages=613, 807 |language=ar |trans-title=Dictionary of Yemeni countries and tribes}}

Nahd would begin their revolt against Omar Bin Mahdi in the 1220s. He was described as a tyrannical ruler and many of the tribes of Hadhramaut would dislike him. Nahd would kill Omar Bin Mahdi in 1224 AD at Shibam dismantling Ayyubid Control.The Al Yamani Sultanate, a dynasty with connections to Banu Nahd led by Omar bin Ma'soud would integrate the lands that were occupied by Nahd.

In 1226-27 rain would flood much of Wadi Hadhramaut, weakening the rule of Nahd which allowed the Banu Sa’ad to take over Shibam in 1229, In the same year though Omar bin Ma’soud would take Al Hajrain and in 1230 he would take Henin and besiege the Iqbal (A tribe from Kinda) in their city of Al Shihr until they paid him to leave. He would purchase Shibam back in 1231 AD and would attack and take over Wadi ‘Amd, then returning to Tarim.{{Cite book |last=Al-Bakri |first=Salah Abdel Qader |title=تاريخ حضرموت السياسي |publisher=شركة دار الوفاق الحديثة للنشر والتوزيع |year=2019 |pages=110–120, 143 |language=ar |trans-title=Political history of Hadhramaut}}

Iqbal would successfully take over Nahdi Possessions of Tarim and Shibam in 1236 AD, this was changed when in 1238 AD Nahd would counterattack and take over all of Hadhramaut again under Amer Bin Shammakh, a Nahdi. Following this, the Iqbal Family would be expelled.{{Cite book |last=Edaibat |first=Omar |title=The Bā ʿAlawī Sāda of the Hadhramaut Valley |publisher=McGill University Libraries |year=2021 |pages=87–89}}{{Cite book |last=Jafri |first=Muhammad Abdullah Hassan |title=الأزمة اليمنية مظهر حديث لارث تاريخي قديم |publisher=Dar al Hilal Foundation. |year=1995 |pages=81–83 |language=ar |trans-title=Yemeni Crisis, a modern look for an ancient historical legacy}}

When the Rasulids came to Hadhramaut the same year Banu Nahd would initially make peace with them but would then break this treaty when a Rasulid army under Ibn Abi Zakri was obliterated. Al Yamani would take back Tarim and Amer Bin Shammakh would take over Shibam also establishing a state in Western Hadhramaut centered at Al Soor which is West of Henin.

In 1275 AD the ruler of Dhofar Salim al Habuzi invaded Hadhramaut sieging Tarim and taking over Seiyun. The Habuzis of Dhofar would retain their control over Wadi Hadhramaut until Al Malik al Muzaffar, the king of the Rasulids invaded Dhofar killing Salim al Habuzi and Habuzi rule was disestablished over Wadi Hadhramaut.

Nahd and the Al Kathiri tribe which formed a Sultanate would fight across Hadhramaut. During this war the Al Yamani dynasty was abolished. In 1531-2 an army of 200 Nahdi Forces would leave their homelands in Wadi Hadhramaut and would besiege the city of Al Shihr, ruled by the Kathiri and would force the Inhabitants to temporarily evacuate. Kathiris would eventually subjugate Nahd going on to conquer Hadhramaut.{{Cite book |last=Serjeant |first=Robert Bertram |title=The Portuguese Off the South Arabian Coast |publisher=Librairie du Liban |year=1974 |pages=61–63}}

In 1716 AD the Qasimids sent an incursion into Wadi al Ain consisting of 400 Men attacking the local Nahdi tribesmen. This attack would fail and all 400 troops were killed.

File:Hadhrami Tribes of the Wadi.png

In Algeria and Tunisia, the Banu Nahd has had a long rivalry with the Khoumir, which is also an Arab. Nahd would pay light tributes to the Bey of Constantine. In 1772 Nahd, along with another tribe, Arid engaged in war against Banu Mazen in El Kala cutting the supply lines to the city until peace was established. [https://www.wikimanche.fr/Pierre-Fran%C3%A7ois_Guingret General Guingret] of the French would suppress the Nahd in the 1840s among others such as the Khoumirs and Beni Saleh pillaging their tribes.

In 1881 February Nahd would launch an attack against the Khoumirs. In response, the Khoumirs would launch a counterattack of 400-500 men until the French halted them in late March same year.{{Cite book |last=Touissant |first=Eric |title=The Debt System |publisher=Haymarket Books |date=April 23, 2019 |pages=Chapter 7}}

During 1888 Hadhramaut would be under the claim of Aden protectorate which was ruled by Britain.{{Cite book |last=Smith |first=Nicholos W.S |title=Colonial Chaos in the Southern Red Sea |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2021 |pages=19}} Unlike most other tribes, Nahd was independent from both the Hadhrami Sultanates (Qu'aiti and Kathiri).{{Cite book |last=Philby |first=H. StJ. B |title=The Land of Sheba |publisher=geographicalj |year=2016 |pages=113–114}} The Nahd in the 1920s had an army of about 3000-4000 led by their ruler at the time, Sheikh Ibn Minif. They were friendly with the Qu'aiti and had a bitter rivalry with the Sei'ar, a tribe north of Nahd.{{Cite book |title=A Handbook of Arabia |publisher=H.M. Stationery Office |year=1920 |pages=299, 543}}

As the British sought peace in Hadhramaut(1930s-1940s), which was engaged in constant tribal warfare. There would be negotiations between the Nahd and Ja'ada which were the last biggest barrier to establishing peace among tribes in Hadhramaut, the signing between the two tribes went good and two warring subclans of the Nahd were later resolved. Nahd also signed a truce with the Se'iar at Henin.{{Cite book |last=Mikhail |first=Rodionov |title=New Arabian Studies Volume 3 |publisher=B. R. Pridham, G. Rex Smith, J. R. Smart |year=1996 |pages=120–124}}

The Nahd supported the SAL ([https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/south-arabian-league South Arabian League]) during the Aden Emergency which was against the NLF (National Liberation Front). The South Arabian League was a nationalist organization formed in 1951 being one of the first modern political groups of South Yemen.{{Cite book |last=Burrowes |first=Robert D |title=Historical Dictionary of Yemen |publisher=Scarecrow Press |year=2010 |pages=453–454}} The SAL got a great amount of support from Saudi Arabia.{{Cite book |last=Freiteg |first=Ulrike |title=Indian Ocean Migrants and State Formation in Hadhramaut |publisher=Brill |year=2003 |pages=469–524}}

What the Nahd support in the Modern Yemeni Civil War is rather divided between STC and the De Jure Yemeni Government. There has been some instances where some Nahdi tribes would rally in support for Aidarus al-Zoubaidi, the president of the STC,{{Cite web |title=بحضور رئيس تنفيذية انتقالي حضرموت.. أبناء قبائل نهد بوادي حضرموت يعقدون لقاءً تشاورياً حاشداً |url=https://al-omana.net/m/details.php?id=208587}} but the current tribal leader, Al-Hakam Saleh bin Ali bin Thabit has declared support for the Yemeni Government under Rashad al Alimi.{{Cite web |title=مقادمة قبيلة نهد يلتقون محافظ حضرموت ويعلنون موقفهم من قرار وقف توريد الإيرادات |url=https://www.adengad.net/news/714873 |website=AdenGad}}

File:Nahd STC flag.png

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