Login
Login

Batkoa

{{Short description|Genus of fungi}}

{{Italic title}}

{{Taxobox

| image =

| image_caption =

| regnum = Fungi

| divisio = Entomophthoromycota

| classis = Entomophthoromycetes

| ordo = Entomophthorales

| familia = Entomophthoraceae

| genus = Batkoa

| genus_authority = R. A. Humber, 1989Humber, R. A. 1989. Mycotaxon 34, 441-460.

| subdivision_ranks = Species

| subdivision =

| synonyms =

}}

Batkoa is a genus of fungi within the family of Entomophthoraceae and order Entomophthorales of the Zygomycota.{{cite journal |first1=Carolyn |last1=Elya |first2=Henrik H. |last2=De Fine Licht |title=The genus Entomophthora: bringing the insect destroyers into the twenty-first century & |journal=IMA Fungus |date=12 November 2021 |volume=12 |issue=34|page=34 |doi=10.1186/s43008-021-00084-w |pmid=34763728 |pmc=8588673 |doi-access=free }} This has been supported by molecular phylogenetic analysis (Gryganskyi et al. 2012).Gryganskyi AP, Humber RA, Smith ME et al (2012) Molecular phylogeny of the Entomophthoromycota. Mol Phylogenet Evol 65:682–694. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2012.07.026

The genus name of Batkoa is named by the American mycologist Richard A. Humber in 1989 to honor the Polish mycologist Andrzej Batko (1933–1997).

The presence of rhizoids and having globose (rounded) rather than pear-shaped conidia helps identify Batkoa species from Entomophaga species.N. Amaresan, M. Senthil Kumar, K. Annapurna, Krishna Kumar and N. Sankaranaryanan (Editors) {{google books|dPLkDwAAQBAJ|Beneficial Microbes in Agro-Ecology: Bacteria and Fungi (2020)|page=762}}

Description

The Hyphal bodies are elongated and walled (but not proto-plastic). The condiphores are simple with narrow 'neck' between the condium and condiogenous cell. The primary condia are globose and round, multi-nucleate, discharged by papillar eversion. The rhizoids (if present) are thicker than the vegetative hypae, with terminal discoid holdfast. The resting spores bud laterally from the parental cell. Unfixed nuclei have granular contents stained by aceto-orcein.Lawrence A. Lacey (Editor) {{google books|RFc2mqAUpqQC|Manual of Techniques in Invertebrate Pathology (2012)|page=162}}

Infection

Generally, when an insect (or host) comes in contact with Batkoa spores, they enter its body through leg joints or other chinks in its armor or through gaps in the 'skin'. The spores then start to multiply. As the fungi begin to overwhelm the insect, it stops eating, mating and crawls (or flies short distances) to a high, exposed place like on the side of a tree trunk or at the tip of a tall grass blade. There the fungus sends out threadlike hyphae from within the bug and attaching the insect to its perch, securely.

The Batkoa fungus somehow triggers the host insect to open its wings fully, exposing its soft abdomen completely. That is the last time the host moves. Finally, the very small spores are expelled out from the insect's belly, showering everything below with spores and potentially, 'powdered death'.{{cite web |last1=Hetzler |first1=Paul |title=Think again: your microbiome (or your cat) might have made you do it |url=https://www.northcountrypublicradio.org/news/story/39266/20190803/think-again-your-microbiome-or-your-cat-might-have-made-you-do-it |website=NCPR |access-date=30 December 2022 |location=Canton, New York |date=3 August 2019}}

Hosts

Batkoa major is known to infect the invasive spotted lanternfly (Lycorma delicatula) in north-eastern North America,{{cite journal |last1=Hajek |first1=Ann E. |last2=Clifton |first2=Eric H. |last3=Stefanik |first3=Sarah E. |last4=Harris |first4=David C. |title=Batkoa major infecting the invasive planthopper Lycorma delicatula |journal=Journal of Invertebrate Pathology |date=October 2022 |volume=194 |page=107821 |doi=10.1016/j.jip.2022.107821|pmid=36030881 |doi-access=free }} including Pennsylvania.{{cite web |last1=McDevitt |first1=Rachel |title=Native fungi found to be deadly to invasive pest in Pa. |url=https://whyy.org/articles/native-fungi-found-to-be-deadly-to-invasive-pest-in-pa/ |website=WHYY |access-date=30 December 2022 |date=8 May 2019}} No other recorded insects have been killed by Batkoa major in the Pennsylvania area.{{cite web |last1=Ramanujan |first1=Krishna |title=Destructive plant pest thwarted by two native fungi |url=https://news.cornell.edu/stories/2019/04/destructive-plant-pest-thwarted-two-native-fungi |website=Cornell Chronicle |access-date=30 December 2022 |language=en |date=29 April 2019}} Batkoa major is also a host on the ptilodactylid beetle (Ptilodactyla serricollis in Maine and North Carolina. The pine beauty moth (Panolis flammea) in Scotland.{{Cite book|last=(Barry)|first=Hicks, B. J.|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/704106173|title=The history and control of the pine beauty moth, Panolis flammea (D. & S.), (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in Scotland from 1976 to 2000.|date=2001|oclc=704106173}}

It was also found on aphid, Myzodium modestrum in Sweden (Gustafsson, 1965).

In June 2007, an epizootic was observed in a crane fly (Tipula sp.) population in an area between Galugah to Bishehband in Mazandaran province of Iran. The fungus was identified as Batkoa apiculata {{Au|(Thaxter) Humber}}.{{cite journal |last1=Ghazavi |first1=Mehran |last2=Zangeneh |first2=S. |last3=Hywel-Jones |first3=Nigel |last4=Zare |first4=Rasoul |title=Batkoa apiculata, a new species of Entomophthorales for Iran. |date=January 2008 |journal=Rostaniha |volume=30 |pages=130–132 }} Batkoa apiculata has also been reported discovered on 3 species of aphid in France (Thoizon, 1970) and while in Poland, it was found on a wide range of insects (Balazy, 1993).

Baktoa apiculata has also been found on moth, Mentaxya muscosa (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae) in Africa.African Plant Protection {{google books|FGRMAAAAYAAJ|African Plant Protection, Volumes 4-7 (1998)|page=48}}

Various Batkoa species and also Furia species are being studied for the control of the (spittlebugs) cercopids Mahanarva fimbriolata and Deois schach which are known pests of sugarcane and pastures in Brazil.{{cite journal |last1=Leite |first1=L.G. |last2=Alves |first2=S.B. |last3=Filho |first3=A. Batista |last4=Almeida |first4=J.E.M. |last5=Roberts |first5=D.W. |title=PRESERVATION OF BATKOA SP. AND FURIA SP. (ENTOMOPHTHORALES) DRY MYCELIUM WITH COMBINATIONS OF DESICCANTS AND OXYGEN REDUCERS |journal=Arq. Inst. Biol. |date=July 2002 |volume=69 |issue=3 |pages=117–122 |location=São Paulo}}{{cite journal |last1=Leite |first1=Luis G. |last2=Alves |first2=Sérgio B. |last3=Batista Filho |first3=Antonio |last4=Roberts |first4=Donald W. |title=Effect of salts, vitamins, sugars and nitrogen sources on the growth of three genera of Entomophthorales: Batkoa, Furia, and Neozygites |journal=Mycol. Res. |date=July 2003 |volume=107 |issue=7 |pages=872–8 |doi=10.1017/s0953756203007974|pmid=12967215 }}

Batkoa amrascae {{Au|S. Keller & Villac. (1997)}} infects the cotton leafhopper, Amrasca biguttula (Homoptera: Cicadellidae) in the Philippines.Philippine Association of Entomologists {{google books|zPlNAAAAYAAJ|Philippine Entomologist, Volumes 11-12 (1997)|page=81}}

In Spain, Batkoa apiculata was found on Diptera Nematocera and Batkoa limoniae was found on Diptera Limoniidae.H.R. Engelmann (J. Cramer, Editor) {{google books|x0IlAQAAMAAJ|Nova Hedwigia, Volume 73; Volume 73 (2001)|page=167}}

Distribution

It has been recorded being found mainly in North America and Great Britain,{{cite web |title=Batkoa Humber |url=https://www.gbif.org/species/2560023 |website=gbif.org |access-date=30 December 2022 |language=en}} with a few other recordings elsewhere. Such as parts of Europe; France, Poland, Sweden, Spain, Iran, the Philippines, and Brazil.

Batkoa hydrophila,F. Berger {{google books|r08mAQAAMAAJ|Sydowia, Volumes 58-59 (2006)|page=75}} and Batkoa gigantea has been recorded found in Switzerland.Kirk PM (2019). Zygomycetes (version Oct 2017). In: Species 2000 & ITIS Catalog of Life, 2019 Annual Checklist (Roskov Y., Ower G., Orrell T., Nicolson D., Bailly N., Kirk PM, Bourgoin T., DeWalt RE, Decock W., Nieukerken E van, Zarucchi J., Penev L., eds.). Digital resource at www.catalogueoflife.org/annual-checklist/2019. Species 2000: Naturalis, Leiden, the Netherlands. ISSN 2405-884X.

Species

As accepted by Species Fungorum;{{cite web |title=Batkoa – Search Page |url=http://www.speciesfungorum.org/Names/Names.asp?strGenus=Batkoa |website=speciesfungorum.org |publisher=Species Fungorum |access-date=30 December 2022}}

{{div col}}

{{div col end}}

References

{{Reflist}}

{{Fungi classification|state=collapsed}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q10426986}}

Category:Entomophthorales

Category:Fungus genera