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Beaux-Arts architecture#Training

{{Short description|Neoclassical architectural style}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}

{{Infobox art movement

|name = Beaux-Arts architecture

|image = {{photomontage

|photo1a = Opera Garnier Grand Escalier.jpg

|photo2a = Palacio CEC, Bucarest, Rumanía, 2016-05-29, DD 91-93 HDR.jpg

|photo3a = Paris 20130807 - Grand Palais.jpg

|photo4a = The New York Grand Central Terminal.jpg

|size = 250

|color_border = #AAAAAAAA

|color = #F9F9F9F9

|yearsactive = Early to late 19th century

|countries = Western world

}}

|caption = Top: The Grand staircase of the Palais Garnier (Paris), 1860–1875, by Charles Garnier; Second: The CEC Palace on Victory Avenue (Bucharest, Romania), 1897–1900, by Paul Gottereau;{{cite book|last1=Marinache|first1=Oana|title=Paul Gottereau – Un Regal în Arhitectură|date=2017|publisher=Editura Istoria Artei|isbn=978-606-8839-09-7|page=184|url=|language=ro}} Third: Entrance of the Grand Palais (Paris), 1900, by Charles Girault; Bottom: Grand Central Terminal and the New York Central Building (New York City), pictured in 1944.

}}

Beaux-Arts architecture ({{IPAc-en|b|oʊ|z|_|ˈ|ɑɹ}} {{respell|bohz|_|AR}}, {{IPA|fr|boz‿aʁ|lang|LL-Q150 (fra)-VictorDtmtc-beaux-arts.wav}}) was the academic architectural style taught at the {{Lang|fr|École des Beaux-Arts|italic=no}} in Paris, particularly from the 1830s to the end of the 19th century. It drew upon the principles of French neoclassicism, but also incorporated Renaissance and Baroque elements, and used modern materials, such as iron and glass, and later, steel. It was an important style and enormous influence in Europe and the Americas through the end of the 19th century, and into the 20th, particularly for institutional and public buildings.

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History

The Beaux-Arts style evolved from the French classicism of the Style Louis XIV, and then French neoclassicism beginning with Style Louis XV and Style Louis XVI. French architectural styles before the French Revolution were governed by Académie royale d'architecture (1671–1793), then, following the French Revolution, by the Architecture section of the {{Lang|fr|Académie des Beaux-Arts|italic=no}}. The academy held the competition for the Grand Prix de Rome in architecture, which offered prize winners a chance to study the classical architecture of antiquity in Rome.{{cite book|editor=Robin Middleton|title=The Beaux-Arts and Nineteenth-century French Architecture|location=London|publisher=Thames and Hudson|year=1982}}

The formal neoclassicism of the old regime was challenged by four teachers at the academy, Joseph-Louis Duc, Félix Duban, Henri Labrouste, and Léon Vaudoyer, who had studied at the French Academy in Rome at the end of the 1820s. They wanted to break away from the strict formality of the old style by introducing new models of architecture from the Middle Ages and the Renaissance. Their goal was to create an authentic French style based on French models. Their work was aided beginning in 1837 by the creation of the Commission of Historic Monuments, headed by the writer and historian Prosper Mérimée, and by the great interest in the Middle Ages caused by the publication in 1831 of The Hunchback of Notre-Dame by Victor Hugo.

Their declared intention was to "imprint upon our architecture a truly national character."{{Sfn|Texier|2012|p=76}}

The style referred to as Beaux-Arts in English reached the apex of its development during the Second Empire (1852–1870)

and the Third Republic that followed. The style of instruction that produced Beaux-Arts architecture continued without major interruption until 1968.

The Beaux-Arts style heavily influenced the architecture of the United States in the period from 1880 to 1920.{{cite book|publisher=Klein and Fogle|title=Clues to American Architecture|year=1986|page=[https://archive.org/details/cluestoamericana00klei/page/38 38]|isbn=0-913515-18-3|url=https://archive.org/details/cluestoamericana00klei/page/38}} In contrast, many European architects of the period 1860–1914 outside France gravitated away from Beaux-Arts and towards their own national academic centers. Owing to the cultural politics of the late 19th century, British architects of Imperial classicism followed a somewhat more independent course, a development culminating in Sir Edwin Lutyens's New Delhi government buildings.{{Citation needed|date=September 2017}}

Training

The Beaux-Arts training emphasized the mainstream examples of Imperial Roman architecture between Augustus and the Severan emperors, Italian Renaissance, and French and Italian Baroque models especially, but the training could then be applied to a broader range of models: Quattrocento Florentine palace fronts or French late Gothic. American architects of the Beaux-Arts generation often returned to Greek models, which had a strong local history in the American Greek Revival of the early 19th century. For the first time, repertories of photographs supplemented meticulous scale drawings and on-site renderings of details.

Beaux-Arts training made great use of agrafes, clasps that link one architectural detail to another; to interpenetration of forms, a Baroque habit; to "speaking architecture" (architecture parlante) in which the appropriateness of symbolism was paid particularly close attention.

Beaux-Arts training emphasized the production of quick conceptual sketches, highly finished perspective presentation drawings, close attention to the program, and knowledgeable detailing. Site considerations included the social and urban context.{{cite book|editor=Arthur Drexler|title=The Architecture of the École des Beaux-Arts|location=New York|publisher=Museum of Modern Art|year=1977}}

All architects-in-training passed through the obligatory stages—studying antique models, constructing {{transliteration|grc|analos}}, analyses reproducing Greek or Roman models, "pocket" studies and other conventional steps—in the long competition for the few desirable places at the Académie de France à Rome (housed in the Villa Medici) with traditional requirements of sending at intervals the presentation drawings called envois de Rome.

Characteristics

File:DianaAndPomona.jpges Pomona and Diana. Note the naturalism of the postures and the channeled rustication of the stonework.]]

File:Ayuntamiento de San Francisco (California) 014.jpgs decorate keystones on the San Francisco City Hall]]

Beaux-Arts architecture depended on sculptural decoration along conservative modern lines, employing French and Italian Baroque and Rococo formulas combined with an impressionistic finish and realism. In the façade shown above, Diana grasps the cornice she sits on in a natural action typical of Beaux-Arts integration of sculpture with architecture.

Slightly overscaled details, bold sculptural supporting consoles, rich deep cornices, swags, and sculptural enrichments in the most bravura finish the client could afford gave employment to several generations of architectural modellers and carvers of Italian and Central European backgrounds. A sense of appropriate idiom at the craftsman level supported the design teams of the first truly modern architectural offices.

Characteristics of Beaux-Arts architecture included:

  • Flat roof
  • Rusticated and raised first story
  • Hierarchy of spaces, from "noble spaces"—grand entrances and staircases—to utilitarian ones
  • Arched windows
  • Arched and pedimented doors
  • Classical details: references to a synthesis of historicist styles and a tendency to eclecticism; fluency in a number of "manners"
  • Symmetry
  • Statuary, sculpture (bas-relief panels, figural sculptures, sculptural groups), murals, mosaics, and other artwork, all coordinated in theme to assert the identity of the building
  • Classical architectural details: balustrades, pilasters, festoons, cartouches, acroteria, with a prominent display of richly detailed clasps (agrafes), brackets and supporting consoles
  • Subtle polychromy

Beaux-Arts architecture by country

= Europe =

== Belgium ==

File:AfricaMuseum - 2023-02-09 - 03.jpg|Royal Museum for Central Africa, Tervuren

File:Arcade du Cinquantenaire (DSCF7405).jpg|Main triumphal arch with the two side buildings of the Cinquantenaire/Jubelpark, Brussels

File:Eretrap, Koninglijk Paleis.jpg|Grand Staircase of the Royal Palace of Brussels

File:Royal Palace Laeken from the Air.jpg|Overview from the Royal Palace of Laeken, Brussels

File:Thermen.pano.jpg|Panoramic view of the Royal Galleries of Ostend

Even though the style was not used as much as in neighbouring country France, some examples of Beaux-Arts buildings can still be found in Belgium. The most prominent of these examples is the Royal Museum for Central Africa in Tervuren, but the complexes and triumphal arch of the Cinquantenaire/Jubelpark in Brussels and expansions of the Palace of Laeken in Brussels and Royal Galleries of Ostend also carry the Beaux-Arts style, created by the French architect Charles Girault. Furthermore, various large Beaux-Arts buildings can also be found in Brussels on the Avenue Molière/Molièrelaan. As an old student of the {{Lang|fr|École des Beaux-Arts|italic=no}} and as a designer of the Petit Palais, Girault was the figurehead of the Beaux-Arts around the 20th century. After the death of Alphonse Balat, he became the new and favourite architect of Leopold II of Belgium. Since Leopold was the grandson of Louis Philippe I of France, he loved this specific building style which is similar to and has its roots in the architecture that has been realized in the 17th and 18th century for the French crown.

=== Beaux-Arts buildings in Belgium ===

== France ==

File:P1020033 Paris III CNAM Galeries exposition reductwk.JPG|{{Lang|fr|Conservatoire national des arts et métiers|italic=no}} by Léon Vaudoyer (1838–1867)

File:Façade de la Bibliothèque Sainte-Geneviève, sud-est.JPG|Sainte-Geneviève Library, Paris, by Henri Labrouste (1844–1850)

File:Paris 75005 Grande Galerie de l'Evolution 20070804.jpg|Museum of Natural History, Paris, by Louis-Jules André (1877–1889)

File:Casino Monaco.jpg|Monte Carlo Casino, Monaco, by Jules Dutrou and Charles Garnier (1878–79)

File:Main entrance of Grand Palais, Paris July 2014.jpg|Grand Palais, Paris (1897–1900)

File:Musée d'Orsay, North-West view, Paris 7e 140402.jpg|Gare d'Orsay, Paris (1900)

The Beaux-Arts style in France in the 19th century was initiated by four young architects trained at the {{Lang|fr|École des Beaux-Arts|italic=no}}, architects; Joseph-Louis Duc, Félix Duban, Henri Labrouste, and Léon Vaudoyer, who had first studied Roman and Greek architecture at the Villa Medici in Rome, then in the 1820s began the systematic study of other historic architectural styles, including French architecture of the Middle Ages and Renaissance. They instituted teaching about a variety of architectural styles at the {{Lang|fr|École des Beaux-Arts|italic=no}}, and installed fragments of Renaissance and Medieval buildings in the courtyard of the school so students could draw and copy them. Each of them also designed new non-classical buildings in Paris inspired by a variety of different historic styles: Labrouste built the Sainte-Geneviève Library (1844–1850), Duc designed the new Palais de Justice and Court of Cassation on the Île-de-la-Cité (1852–1868), Vaudroyer designed the {{Lang|fr|Conservatoire national des arts et métiers|italic=no}} (1838–1867), and Duban designed the new buildings of the {{Lang|fr|École des Beaux-Arts|italic=no}}. Together, these buildings, drawing upon Renaissance, Gothic and Romanesque and other non-classical styles, broke the monopoly of neoclassical architecture in Paris.{{Sfn|Texier|2012|pp=76–77}}

== Germany ==

File:Berlin Museumsinsel Fernsehturm.jpg|Bode Museum, Berlin

File:Hamburg Musikhalle 01 KMJ.jpg|Laeiszhalle, Hamburg

File:Hh-budgepalais.jpg|Hochschule für Musik und Theater Hamburg, Hamburg

Germany is one of the countries where the Beaux-Arts style was well received, along with Baroque Revival architecture. The style was especially popular and most prominently featured in the now non-existent region of Prussia during the German Empire. The best example of Beaux-Arts buildings in Germany today are the Bode Museum in Berlin, and the Laeiszhalle and Hochschule für Musik und Theater Hamburg in Hamburg.

=== Beaux-Arts buildings in Germany ===

== Hungary ==

File:Nyugati pályaudvar, Budapest.jpg|Budapest Nyugati station, Budapest

File:Budapest Széchenyi Baths R02.jpg|Széchenyi Medicinal Bath, Budapest

=== Beaux-Arts buildings in Hungary ===

== Italy ==

File:MergellinaHotelExcelsiorNaples3.jpg|Hotel Excelsior, Naples

File:Palazzo Broggi - ora sede di Starbuck's Reserve Roastery.jpg| Palazzo Broggi, Milan

File:Grand Hotel Tremezzo on Lake Como (Lago di Como).JPG | Grand Hotel Tremezzo, Como Lake

File:Hotel Gallia Milano.jpg | Hotel Gallia, Milan

File:Banca_Carige_Piazza_Ferrari_Genoa_Italy_Sep23_A7C_06610.jpg | Genoa Stock Exchange, Genoa

File:Roma_2011_08_07_Palazzo_di_Giustizia.jpg | Palace of Justice, Rome

File:Palazzo_Meroni,_Corso_di_Porta_Romana_2,_Milano,_veduta_generale.jpg | Palazzo Meroni, Milan

File:Grand Hotel Des Iles Borromees - panoramio (1).jpg | Grand Hotel Des Iles Borromees, Stresa, Maggiore Lake

File:On_the_way_to_Via_Vittorio_Veneto_-_panoramio.jpg | The Westin Excelsior, Rome

File:Teatro_Bellini_(Catania).jpg | Teatro Bellini, Catania

=== Beaux-Arts buildings in Italy ===

  • 1908: Hotel Excelsior, Naples
  • 1890: Galleria Vittorio Emanuele III, Napoli
  • 1894: Palazzo delle Poste, Trieste
  • 1897: Palazzo delle Assicurazioni Generali, Milano
  • 1901: Palazzo Broggi (ex Poste), Milano
  • 1911: Palazzo della Banca Commerciale Italiana, Milano
  • 1912: Palazzo della Borsa Valori, Genova
  • 1912: Palazzo delle Poste, Livorno
  • 1912: Palazzo della Camera di Commercio, Taranto
  • 1913: Palazzo della Cassa di Risparmio, Ravenna
  • 1914-1926: Palazzo Meroni, Milano
  • 1920: Palazzo delle Poste, Palermo
  • 1927: Palazzo della Banca d’Italia, Verona
  • 1931: Stazione Centrale, Milano
  • 1933: Palazzo delle Poste, La Spezia
  • 1936: Palazzo della Provincia, Bari

HOTELS

  • 1863: Grand Hotel des Iles Borromées, Stresa
  • 1894: Grand Hotel Villa d’Este, Cernobbio
  • 1898: Grand Hotel des Bains, Venezia
  • 1899: Grand Hotel Excelsior Vittoria, Sorrento
  • 1901: Grand Hotel Majestic (già Baglioni), Bologna
  • 1906: Grand Hotel Tremezzo, Tremezzo
  • 1906: The Welstin Excelsior, Rome
  • 1908: Grand Hotel Excelsior, Venezia
  • 1910: Grand Hotel et de Milan, Milano
  • 1913: Hotel Villa Igea (già Grand Hotel Villa Igiea), Palermo
  • 1914: Hotel Danieli (ristrutturazione in stile), Venezia
  • 1925: Excelsior Hotel Gallia, Milano

== Netherlands ==

File:Prentbriefkaart Plan C met de Oudehavenkade, de Oude Haven en een boot 1900.jpg|Plan C, Rotterdam

File:Amsterdam, Blauwbrug in 2007.jpg|Blauwbrug, Amsterdam

File:Brug246.jpg|Hogesluis, Amsterdam

File:Rotterdam regentessebrug.jpg|Regentessebrug, Rotterdam

File:513763 Stadhuis.jpg|City hall, Rotterdam

File:Rotterdam coolsingel42.jpg|Former General Post Office, Rotterdam

File:Vredespaleis foto 1.JPG|Peace Palace, The Hague

Compared to other countries like France and Germany, the Beaux-Arts style never really became prominent in the Netherlands. However, a handful of significant buildings have nonetheless been made in this style during the period of 1880 to 1920, mainly being built in the cities of Rotterdam, Amsterdam and The Hague.

=== Beaux-Arts buildings in the Netherlands ===

  • 1880–1889: {{interlanguage link|Plan C, Rotterdam|nl|Plan C (Rotterdam)}} (destroyed during the German bombing of Rotterdam in 1940)
  • 1883: Blauwbrug, Amsterdam
  • 1883: {{interlanguage link|Hogesluis|nl}}, Amsterdam
  • 1898: {{interlanguage link|Regentessebrug|nl}}, Rotterdam
  • 1914–1920: Rotterdam City Hall (partially damaged during the Rotterdam Blitz of 1940 but later restored)
  • 1915–1923: Former {{interlanguage link|General Post Office, Rotterdam|nl|Hoofdpostkantoor_(Rotterdam)}} (partially damaged during the Rotterdam Blitz of 1940 but later restored)
  • 1907–1913: Peace Palace, The Hague

== Portugal ==

File:01 Edifício na Rua Alexandre Herculano, n.º 25, Lisboa.jpg|Edifício na Rua Alexandre Herculano, Lisbon

File:Av de República n 23 -Lisboa1923.jpg|Edifício de Gaveto, Lisbon

File:Office de l’assistance contre le tuberculose (Lisbonne).jpg|Instituto Central da Assistência Nacional aos Tuberculosos, Lisbon

File:OrdemEngenheirosSede.JPG|Sede da Ordem dos Engenheiros, Lisbon

=== Beaux-Arts buildings in Portugal ===

  • 1909–1911: Building on Rua {{interlanguage link|Alexandre Herculano, 25-25A|pt}}, Lisbon
  • 1912: Headquarters of the Orders of Engineers, Lisbon
  • 1913: {{interlanguage link|Gaveto Building|pt|Edifício na Avenida da República, nº 23}}, Lisbon
  • Central Institute of National Assistance to Tuberculosis Portugal, Lisbon

== Romania ==

{{main|Romanian architecture#The Belle Époque (1877–1916)}}

Biblioteca Central de la Universidad de Bucarest, Bucarest, Rumanía, 2016-05-29, DD 71.jpg|Central University Library on Calea Victoriei, Bucharest, 1891–1895, by Paul Gottereau{{sfn|Celac|Carabela|Marcu-Lapadat|2017|p=64}}

Palacio CEC, Bucarest, Rumanía, 2016-05-29, DD 91-93 HDR.jpg|CEC Palace on Calea Victoriei, 1897–1900, by Paul Gottereau (project) and Ion Socolescu (construction){{sfn|Celac|Carabela|Marcu-Lapadat|2017|p=51}}

The Cantacuzino Palace from Bucharest (Romania).jpg|Cantacuzino Palace on Calea Victoriei, 1898–1906, by Ion D. Berindey{{sfn|Celac|Carabela|Marcu-Lapadat|2017|p=90}}

Palatul Constantin Mihail, (azi Muzeul de Artă) vedere centrală.JPG|Constantin Mihail Palace (currently the Craiova Art Museum), Craiova, 1898–1907, by Paul Gottereau

13 Strada Silvestru, Bucharest (01).jpg|Strada Silvestru no. 13, Bucharest, {{circa}}1900, unknown architect

Casa Assan 1.jpg|Assan House, Bucharest, 1914, by Ion D. Berindey{{sfn|Celac|Carabela|Marcu-Lapadat|2017|p=84}}

In the Romanian Old Kingdom, towards the end of the century, many administrative buildings and private homes are built in the «Beaux-Arts» or «Eclectic» style, brought from France through French architects who came here for work in Romania, schooled in France. The National Bank of Romania Palace on Strada Lipscani, built between 1883 and 1885 is a good example of this style, decorated not just with columns (mainly Ionic), but also with allegorical statues placed in niches, that depict Agriculture, Industry, Commerce, and Justice. Because of the popularity of this style, it changed the way Bucharest looks, making it similar in some way with Paris, which led to Bucharest being seen as "Little Paris". Eclecticism was very popular not just in Bucharest and Iași, the two biggest cities of Romania at that time, but also in smaller ones like Craiova, Caracal, Râmnicu Vâlcea, Pitești, Ploiești, Buzău, Botoșani, Piatra Neamț, etc. This style was used not only for administrative palaces and big houses of wealthy people, but also for middle-class homes.

== Spain ==

File:Estación del Norte.jpg|Estación del Norte, Madrid (renamed the Estación de Príncipe Pío after renovation in 1995)

File:Hotel Santo Mauro (Madrid) 01.jpg|Hotel Santo Mauro, Madrid

File:Casino de Madrid (España) 05.jpg|Casino de Madrid

File:Edificio Metrópolis (Madrid) 25.jpg|Edificio Metrópolis, Madrid

File:Casa Reynot (Madrid) 02.jpg|Casa Reynot, Madrid

File:Círculo de la Unión Mercantil e Industrial (Madrid) 01.jpg|Gran Vía 24, Madrid

File:Viviendas para el Marqués de Encinares (Madrid, 1923) 02.jpg|Homes for the Marquis of Encinares, Madrid

File:Casa-Palacio de Tomás de Beruete (Madrid) 01.jpg|Casa-Palacio de Tomás de Beruete, Madrid

File:Centro de Humanidades del CSIC (Madrid) 01.jpg|Former Humanities Center of the Spanish National Research Council, Madrid

File:Calle Mayor nº 6 (Madrid) 01.jpg|Calle Mayor 6, Madrid

File:Cuartel General de la Armada.jpg|Spanish Navy Headquarters, Madrid

File:Edificiocoruña.png|Casa Cortés, Corunna

=== Beaux-Arts buildings in Spain ===

  • 1876: Royal Economic Society of Friends of the Country of Cartagena building, Cartagena
  • 1876–1882: North Station, Madrid
  • 1981: Casa Resines, Valladolid
  • 1886: Gutierrez Passage, Valladolid
  • 1902: Hotel Santo Mauro, Madrid
  • 1905–1910: Casino de Madrid
  • 1907–1911: Metropolis Building, Madrid
  • 1908–1911: Calle de Montalbán 5, Madrid
  • 1913–1916: Reynot House, Madrid
  • 1919–1924: Gran Vía 24, Madrid
  • 1920–1923: Homes for the Marquis of Encinares, Madrid
  • 1921–1923: Mansion of Tomás de Beruete, Madrid
  • 1922: Former Humanities Center of the Spanish National Research Council, Madrid
  • 1924: Calle Mayor 6, Madrid
  • 1915–1928: {{interlanguage link|Navy Headquarters, Madrid|es|Edificio_del_Cuartel_General_de_la_Armada}}

=North America=

==Canada==

File:Montreal City Hall from Vauquelin Square.jpg|Montreal City Hall, Montreal

File:Government Conference Centre.jpg|Senate of Canada Building, Ottawa

File:2011 Alberta Legislature Building 03.jpg|Alberta Legislature Building, Edmonton

File:Parliamentwinnipeg manitoba.jpg|Manitoba Legislative Building, Winnipeg

File:Hockey Hall of Fame, Toronto.jpg|Hockey Hall of Fame, Toronto

Beaux-Arts was very prominent in public buildings in Canada in the early 20th century. Notably all three prairie provinces' legislative buildings are in this style.

=== Beaux-Arts buildings in Canada ===

===Beaux-Arts architects in Canada===

==Mexico==

File:ASb241-Na ulicach centrum Mwxico City.jpg|La Mexicana Building,
Mexico City (1907)

File:La Presidencia de Chihuahua.jpg|City Hall of Chihuahua,
Chihuahua City (1907)

File:EntranceHidalgoMkt.JPG|Hidalgo Market,
Guanajuato City (1910)

File:Colegio Militar 2012-09-27 02-01-43.jpg|Former Military Academy,
Mexico City (1910)

File:Paseo de Montejo, Merida Yucatan Mexico 02.jpg|Cantón Palace,
Mérida (1911)

Beaux-Arts was architecturally relevant in Mexico in the late 19th century and the first decade of 20th century. The style was popular among the científicos of the Porfiriato. The Academy of San Carlos had an impact on the style's development in Mexico. Notable architects include Genaro Alcorta, Alfred Giles, and Antonio Rivas Mercado (the preeminent Mexican architect during this era). Rivas Mercado served as the director of the Academy of San Carlos from 1903 to 1912.{{cite journal |last1=Noelle |first1=Louise |title=Arquitectos y arquitectura francesa en México, siglo XX |url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/vilpa_0242-2794_2012_num_45_1_1496 |journal=Villes en Parallèle |access-date=21 July 2024 |pages=240–260 |doi=10.3406/vilpa.2012.1496 |date=2012|volume=45 }} Having studied at the École des Beaux-Arts in Paris, he aimed to incorporate and adapt its teachings to the Mexican context. Among the texts produced on the Beaux-Artes style, Eléments et théorie de l'architecture from Julien Guadet is said to have had the most influence in Mexico. The style lost popularity following the Mexican Revolution (beginning in 1910). In contemporary architecture, the style has influenced New Classical architect Jorge Loyzaga.{{cite web |title=How These Mexican Designers Are Continuing a Legacy of Craftsmanship |url=https://www.housebeautiful.com/design-inspiration/a35925057/loyzaga-mexico-craftsmanship/ |website=House Beautiful |date=24 March 2021}}

==United States==

Flickr - USCapitol - Library of Congress Thomas Jefferson Building (1).jpg|The Thomas Jefferson Building of the Library of Congress, Washington, D.C., by John L. Smithmeyer, Paul J. Pelz, and Edward Pearce Casey (1897)

View of the Willard Hotel from Pershing Park, Washington, D.C LCCN2011634832.tif|The Willard Hotel, Washington, D.C., by Henry Janeway Hardenbergh (1901)

Metropolitan Museum of Art entrance NYC.JPG|Facade of the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York City, by Richard Morris Hunt (1902)

Image-Grand central Station Outside Night 2.jpg|Grand Central Terminal (1913), New York City

NewYorkPublicLibrary.jpg|The New York Public Library Main Branch in Bryant Park, New York City, by architects Carrère and Hastings (1911)

SFOperaHouse.jpg|The San Francisco War Memorial Opera House by Arthur Brown Jr. (1932)

Palace horticulture 01.jpg|The Palace of Horticulture from the Panama–Pacific International Exposition in San Francisco by Arthur Brown Jr. (1915 demolished in 1916)

Beaux-Arts architecture had a strong influence on architecture in the United States because of the many prominent American architects who studied at the {{Lang|fr|École des Beaux-Arts|italic=no}}, including Henry Hobson Richardson, John Galen Howard, Daniel Burnham, and Louis Sullivan.{{Sfn|Texier|2012}}{{rp|76}}

The first American architect to attend the {{Lang|fr|École des Beaux-Arts|italic=no}} was Richard Morris Hunt, between 1846 and 1855, followed by Henry Hobson Richardson in 1860. They were followed by an entire generation. Richardson absorbed Beaux-Arts lessons in massing and spatial planning, then applied them to Romanesque architectural models that were not characteristic of the Beaux-Arts repertory. His Beaux-Arts training taught him to transcend slavish copying and recreate in the essential fully digested and idiomatic manner of his models. Richardson evolved a highly personal style (Richardsonian Romanesque) freed of historicism that was influential in early Modernism.James Philip Noffsinger. The Influence of the École des Beaux-arts on the Architects of the United States (Washington D.C., Catholic University of America Press, 1955).

The "White City" of the World's Columbian Exposition of 1893 in Chicago was a triumph of the movement and a major impetus for the short-lived City Beautiful movement in the United States.{{Cite web|url=http://www.bc.edu/bc_org/avp/cas/fnart/fa267/beauxarts.html|title=Beaux-Arts Architecture in America|last=Howe|first=Jeffery|website=www.bc.edu|access-date=1 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170609081346/http://www.bc.edu/bc_org/avp/cas/fnart/fa267/beauxarts.html|archive-date=9 June 2017|url-status=dead}} Beaux-Arts city planning, with its Baroque insistence on vistas punctuated by symmetry, eye-catching monuments, axial avenues, uniform cornice heights, a harmonious "ensemble," and a somewhat theatrical nobility and accessible charm, embraced ideals that the ensuing Modernist movement decried or just dismissed.Chafee, Richard. The Architecture of the École des Beaux-Arts. New York: Museum of Modern Art, 1977. The first American university to institute a Beaux-Arts curriculum is the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in 1893, when the French architect Constant-Désiré Despradelle was brought to MIT to teach. The Beaux-Arts curriculum was subsequently begun at Columbia University, the University of Pennsylvania, and elsewhere.{{cite book|first=Mark|last=Jarzombek|author-link=Mark Jarzombek|title=Designing MIT: Bosworth's New Tech|publisher=Northeastern University Press|year=2004}} From 1916, the Beaux-Arts Institute of Design in New York City schooled architects, painters, and sculptors to work as active collaborators.

=== Beaux-Arts buildings in the United States ===

Numerous American university campuses were designed in the Beaux-Arts, notably: Columbia University (commissioned in 1896), designed by McKim, Mead & White; the University of California, Berkeley (commissioned in 1898), designed by John Galen Howard; the United States Naval Academy (built 1901–1908), designed by Ernest Flagg; the campus of MIT (commissioned in 1913), designed by William W. Bosworth; Emory University and Carnegie Mellon University (commissioned in 1908 and 1904, respectively),{{cite web |title=Emory to demolish John Portman-designed Dobbs University Center |url=https://archpaper.com/2017/02/dobbs-university-center-emory-portman/ |website=Archpaper.com |access-date=9 June 2019 |date=13 February 2017}} both designed by Henry Hornbostel; and the University of Texas (commissioned in 1931), designed by Paul Philippe Cret.

While the style of Beaux-Art buildings was adapted from historical models, the construction used the most modern available technology. The Grand Palais in Paris (1897–1900) had a modern iron frame inside; the classical columns were purely for decoration. The 1914–1916 construction of the Carolands Chateau south of San Francisco was built to withstand earthquakes, following the devastating 1906 San Francisco earthquake. The noted Spanish structural engineer Rafael Guastavino (1842–1908), famous for his vaultings, known as Guastavino tile work, designed vaults in dozens of Beaux-Arts buildings in Boston, New York, and elsewhere.

Beaux-Arts architecture also brought a civic face to railroads. Chicago's Union Station, Detroit's Michigan Central Station, Jacksonville's Union Terminal, Grand Central Terminal and the original Pennsylvania Station in New York, and Washington, D.C.'s Union Station are famous American examples of this style. Cincinnati has a number of notable Beaux-Arts style buildings, including the Hamilton County Memorial Building in the Over-the-Rhine neighborhood, and the former East End Carnegie library in the Columbia-Tusculum neighborhood.

Two notable ecclesiastical variants on the Beaux-Arts style—both serving the same archdiocese, and both designed by the same architect—stand in the Twin Cities of Minneapolis–Saint Paul, Minnesota. Minneapolis' Basilica of St. Mary,{{Cite web|url=http://www.mary.org/who-we-are/architecture#.WgS-B_-nGUk|title=Architecture {{!}} The Basilica of Saint Mary|website=www.mary.org|language=en|access-date=9 November 2017}} the first basilica constructed and consecrated in the United States, was designed by Franco-American architect Emmanuel Louis Masqueray (1861–1917) and opened in 1914. A year later in neighboring Saint Paul, construction of the massive Masqueray-designed Cathedral of Saint Paul (also known as National Shrine Cathedral of the Apostle Paul) was completed. The third-largest Roman Catholic cathedral in the United States, its architecture predominantly reflects Beaux-Arts principles, into which Masqueray integrated stylistic elements of other celebrated French churches.

Other examples include the main branch of the New York Public Library; Bancroft Hall at the Naval Academy, the largest academic dormitory in the world;[http://msa.maryland.gov/megafile/msa/stagsere/se1/se5/001400/001485/pdf/msa_se5_1485.pdf#page=3 National Register of Historic Places Nomination Form] [page 3]. National Park Service of the U.S. Department of the Interior, September 1977, as recorded to the Maryland State Archives, 2 December 1992. Accessed 14 January 2016. and Michigan Central Station in Detroit, the tallest railway station in the world at the time of completion.{{cite web |last1=Marcus |first1=Jonathan |title=Michigan Central and the rebirth of Detroit |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/extra/KnxBMVGAcn/michigan_central_detroit |work=BBC News |publisher=BBC |access-date=16 July 2019}}

=== Beaux-Arts architects in the United States ===

In the late 1800s, during the years when Beaux-Arts architecture was at a peak in France, Americans were one of the largest groups of foreigners in Paris. Many of them were architects and students of architecture who brought this style back to America.Beaux-arts Architecture in New York: A Photographic Guide Front Cover Courier Dover Publications, 1988 (page vii–viii) The following individuals, students of the {{Lang|fr|École des Beaux-Arts|italic=no}}, are identified as creating work characteristic of the Beaux-Arts style within the United States:

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Charles McKim, William Mead, and Stanford White would ultimately become partners in the prominent architectural firm of McKim, Mead & White, which designed many well-known Beaux-Arts buildings.Richard Guy Wilson. McKim, Mead & White, Architects (New York: Rizzoli, 1983)

=South America=

==Argentina==

File:Aguas Corrientes-2011-TM.jpg|Palace of Running Waters, Buenos Aires

File:Fachada_del_Teatro_Colón_en_Buenos_Aires,_Argentina.jpg|Teatro Colón, Buenos Aires

File:Congreso Nacional Buenos Aires.jpg|Palace of the Argentine National Congress, Buenos Aires

File:Buenos_Aires_Centrum_Kirchner.jpg|Libertad Palace, Buenos Aires

File:J31_597_Bf_Retiro_Mitre.jpg|Retiro Mitre railway station, Buenos Aires

File:Casa de gobierno - panoramio (1).jpg|Tucumán Government Palace, San Miguel de Tucumán

File:Casa de la Cultura, Buenos Aires.jpg|Buenos Aires House of Culture, Buenos Aires

File:Bolsa_de_Comercio_Rosario.jpg|Rosario Board of Trade, Rosario

From 1880 the so-called Generation of '80 came to power in Argentine politics. These were admirers of France as a model republic, particularly with regard to culture and aesthetic tastes. Buenos Aires is a center of Beaux-Arts architecture which continued to be built as late as the 1950s.[https://books.google.com/books?id=opvy1zGI2EcC&pg=PA186 Encyclopedia of Twentieth Century Architecture, Stephen Sennott (ed.), p. 186]

=== Beaux-Arts buildings in Argentina ===

===Beaux-Arts architects in Argentina===

==Brazil==

File:Casa Lebre - Vincenzo Pastore.jpg|Casa Lebre, São Paulo

File:Casa Caetano de Campos, 02.JPG|Caetano de Campos House, São Paulo

File:101 2886-RK-Palácio Campos Eliseos- jardim -SP.jpg|Palace of the Champs Elysees, São Paulo

File:Teatro Municipal de São Paulo 8.jpg|Municipal Theater of São Paulo

File:At Santos, Brazil 2017 380.jpg|Coliseu Santista Theater, Santos

File:Palacete Tereza Toledo Lara 09.jpg|Tereza Toledo Lara Palace, São Paulo

File:Image001 Anhangabau.jpg|Prates Mansions, São Paulo

File:Palácio Tiradentes 2.JPG|Tiradentes Palace, Rio de Janeiro

File:Palacete Helvetia 11.jpg|Helvetia Palace, São Paulo

File:Edifício Alexandre Mackenzie 34.jpg|Alexandre Mackenzie Building, São Paulo

=== Beaux-Arts buildings in Brazil ===

  • 1858: {{interlanguage link|Casa Lebre|pt}}, São Paulo
  • 1890–1894: {{interlanguage link|Casa Caetano de Campos|pt}}, São Paulo
  • 1896–1899: {{interlanguage link|Palace of the Champs Elysees, São Paulo|pt|Palácio dos Campos Elíseos}}
  • 1903–1911: Municipal Theater of São Paulo
  • 1909: {{interlanguage link|Coliseu Santista Theater|pt|Teatro Coliseu (Santos)}}, Santos, São Paulo
  • 1910: {{interlanguage link|Tereza Toledo Lara Palace|pt|Palacete Tereza Toledo Lara}}, São Paulo
  • 1911: {{interlanguage link|Prates Mansions, São Paulo|pt|Palacetes Prates}}
  • 1922–1926: Tiradentes Palace, Rio de Janeiro
  • 1923: {{interlanguage link|Helvetia Palace|pt|Palacete_Helvetia}}, São Paulo
  • 1926–1929: Alexandre Mackenzie Building, São Paulo
  • Artemis Hotel, São Paulo
  • Banco de São Paulo Building, São Paulo
  • Hôtel de La Rotisserie Sportsman, São Paulo
  • Mococa Building, São Paulo

==Colombia==

File:Av. Jiménez Palacio de San Francisco.JPG|Palacio de San Francisco, Bogotá

File:CapitolioNacionalDeColombia2004-7.jpg|Capitolio nacional, Bogotá

File:Palacio Echeverry 1.jpg|Palacio Echeverri, Bogotá

File:Nariño BOGOTÁ - COLOMBIA.jpg|Casa de Nariño, Bogotá

File:Bogotá Museo de la Policía.JPG|Museo de la Policía, Bogotá

File:TeatroColon.jpg|Teatro Colón, Bogotá

File:Bquilla - 17 ago 2007 200.jpg|Banco Dugand, Barranquilla

File:Barranquilla Edificio Administración Aduana.jpg|Antigua Aduana, Barranquilla

==Peru==

File:Club Nacional en Lima.JPG|Club Nacional, Lima

File:Casa Roosevelt o Edificio Rímac.jpg| Edificio Rímac, Lima

File:Palacio Legislativo of Peru.jpg|Palacio Legislativo del Perú, Lima

=== Beaux-Arts buildings in Peru ===

=Africa=

==Mozambique==

File:Mercado Municipal (4107187974).jpg|Mercado Municipal, Maputo

File:TT CMZ-AF-GT E 2-1 8 6 - Casa Benoliel.jpg|Banco da Beira

File:TT CMZ-AF-GT E 2-1 14 11 - Casa Infante de Sagres vista do Chiveve.jpg|Casa Infante de Sagres, Beira

File:TT CMZ-AF-GT E 2-1 4 55 - Edificio do Almoxarifado.jpg|Edifício do Almoxarifado, Beira

File:TT CMZ-AF-GT E 2-1 9 34 - Escola de Artes e Ofícios.jpg|Escola de Artes e Ofícios, Beira

File:TT CMZ-AF-GT E 2-1 10 46 - Grémio dos Empregados da Companhia de Moçambique.jpg|Palácio dos Desportos, Beira

File:TT CMZ-AF-GT E 2-1 10 50 - Edifício do Standard Bank.jpg|Standard Bank Building, Beira

File:TT CMZ-AF-GT E 2-1 9 22 - Edifício do Tribunal.jpg|Tribunal da Beira

=== Beaux-Arts buildings in Mozambique ===

  • 1901?: Municipal Market, Maputo
  • 1933: Gil Vicente Theater, Maputo
  • Banco da Beira, Beira
  • Casa Ana, Beira
  • Casa Infante de Sagres, Beira
  • Edifício do Almoxarifado, Beira
  • Escola de Artes e Ofícios, Beira
  • Palácio dos Desportos, Beira
  • Standard Bank Building, Beira
  • Tribunal da Beira

=Asia=

==Japan==

File:Kobe yusen bld02 1920.jpg|Kobe Yusen Building, Kobe

File:Mitsui Main Building 2009.jpg|Mitsui Main Building, Tokyo

File:Meiji Yasuda Life Insurance Company Head Office 2016.jpg|Meiji Life Insurance Building, Tokyo

=== Beaux-Arts buildings in Japan ===

  • 1918: Kobe Yusen Building, Kobe
  • 1926–1929: Mitsui Main Building, Tokyo
  • 1930–1934: Meiji Life Insurance Building, Tokyo
  • Yokohama Yusen Building

==Philippines==

File:Central facade of the Legislative Building.jpg|Legislative building

File:China Banking Corporation Building (Binondo).jpg|China bank Manila

File:Regina Building Main Corner Facade.jpg|Regina Building, Manila

File:Thomasian.jpg|University of Santo Tomas Main Building, Manila

File:Nelly Garden.jpg|Lopez Mansion Iloilo

File:0235jfSanta Cruz Escolta Binondo Streets Manila Heritage Landmarksfvf 02.JPG|Calvo Building, Manila

File:Cebu Capitol Compund.jpg|Cebu Capitol

File:El Hogar building Manila.jpg|El Hogar

File:Mailajf9457 26.JPG|Don Roman Santos Building

=== Beaux-Arts buildings in Philippines ===

=Oceania=

==Australia==

File:Melbourne Flinders St. Station.jpg|Flinders Street railway station, Melbourne

File:Perth CBD 200520 gnangarra-111.jpg|General Post Office, Perth

File:(1)Commonwealth Bank Sydney-1.jpg|State Savings Bank building, Sydney

File:Bank of New South Wales building seen from Reddacliff Place, Brisbane.jpg|Bank of New South Wales building, Brisbane

Several Australian cities have some significant examples of the style. It was typically applied to large, solid-looking public office buildings and banks, particularly during the 1920s.

=== Beaux-Arts buildings in Australia ===

==New Zealand==

File:Auckland Old Railway Station.jpg|Former Auckland railway station, Auckland

=== Beaux-Arts buildings in New Zealand ===

See also

{{Portal bar|Architecture|France|Visual arts}}

References

{{reflist}}

Bibliography

  • {{cite book |last1=Celac |first1=Mariana |last2=Carabela |first2=Octavian |last3=Marcu-Lapadat |first3=Marius |title=Bucharest Architecture – an annotated guide |publisher=Order of Architects of Romania |year=2017 |isbn=978-973-0-23884-6}}
  • {{Cite book|last=Texier|first=Simon|title=Paris- Panorama de l'architecture|year=2012|publisher=Parigramme|isbn=978-2-84096-667-8}}a ddi

Further reading

  • Reed, Henry Hope; Gillon Jr. Edmund V. (1988). Beaux-Arts Architecture in New York: A Photographic Guide. Dover Publications: Mineola NY.
  • United States. Commission of Fine Arts. 1978, 1988 (2 vols.). Sixteenth Street Architecture (The Commission of Fine Arts: Washington, D.C.: The Commission) – profiles of Beaux-Arts architecture in Washington D.C. SuDoc FA 1.2: AR 2.

External links

{{Commons category|Beaux-Arts architecture}}

  • [http://www.nyc-architecture.com/STYLES/STY-BeauxArts.htm New York architecture images, Beaux-Arts gallery]
  • [http://www.siematic.com/INT/en/our-kitchens/collection/new-in-the-programme/beauxarts/film/film.html Advertisement film about the usage of the Beaux Arts style as a reference in kitchen design]
  • [http://www.greatbuildings.com/buildings/Hallidie_Building.html Hallidie Building]

{{Revivals}}

{{Architecture in the United States}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Beaux-Arts Architecture}}

Category:Neoclassical architecture

Category:Neoclassical movements

Category:Revival architectural styles

Category:19th-century architectural styles

Category:20th-century architectural styles