Biqulzar
{{Short description|Historic state in Horn of Africa}}
Biqulzar (Harari: ቡቁልዘር) also spelled as Baqulzar or Bequl zar was a historical region located in eastern Ethiopia.{{cite journal |last1=Cerulli |first1=Enrico |title=Il Sultanato Dello Scioa Nel Secolo Xiii Secondo Un Nuovo Documento Storico |journal=Rassegna di Studi Etiopici |year=1941 |volume=1 |issue=1 |publisher=Istituto per l'Oriente C. A. Nallino |page=39 |jstor=41460159 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41460159}}{{cite book |last1=Gelgelo |first1=Surafel |title=HISTORY OF ETHIOPIA AND THE HORN |publisher=Ministry of Science and Higher education |page=49 |url=http://ndl.ethernet.edu.et/bitstream/123456789/89124/1/HISTORY%20Module%20(Revised).pdf}}{{cite book |last1=Feto |first1=Jemal |title=A HISTORICAL SURVEY OF THE ISLAMIZATION OF ARSI OROMO: WITH PARTICULAR EMPHASIS ON GADAB AREA, 1935-2000 |publisher=Haramaya University |page=11 |url=http://ir.haramaya.edu.et/hru/bitstream/handle/123456789/907/JEMAL%20KEDIR.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y}} According to Taddesse Tamrat, the state was positioned east of the Awash River however historian Hussein Ahmed, proposes it was a general term for districts east of Amhara region in the fourteenth century.{{cite book |last1=Tamrat |first1=Taddesse |title=Review: The Chronicle of 'Amde-Siyon |publisher=Cambridge University Press |page=513 |jstor=180118 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/180118}}{{cite book |last1=Ahmed |first1=Hussein |title=Islam in Nineteenth-Century Wallo, Ethiopia Revival, Reform and Reaction |date=October 2021 |publisher=Brill |page=6 |isbn=9789004492288 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zM1GEAAAQBAJ&dq=bequlzar&pg=PA6}}
==Etymology==
Biqulzar originates from the Harari language meaning “verdure along a stream.”{{cite book |title=Gidaya |publisher=Encyclopedia Aethiopica |url=https://en.sewasew.com/p/gidaya-(%E1%8C%8D%E1%8B%B3%E1%8B%AB)}} According to British historian George Huntingford, sixteenth century Adalite writer Arab Faqīh in his text Conquest of Abyssinia describes Biqulzar as "a river full of water."{{cite book |last1=Huntingford · |first1=George |title=The Historical Geography of Ethiopia From the First Century AD to 1704 |date=1989 |publisher=British Academy |page=89 |isbn=978-0-19-726055-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kpIiAAAAMAAJ&q=The%20Historical%20Geography%20of%20Ethiopia:%20From%20the%20First%20Century%20AD%20to%201704}}
History
According to fourteenth century Arab historian Ibn Fadlallah al-Umari, Biqulzar was one of Ifat's ancient metropolises or regions alongside Kwelgora, Hubat, Gidaya, Hargaya
and Fedis.{{cite book |last1=TUFFA |first1=TSEGAYE |title=THE DYNAMICS OF TULAMA OROMO IN THE HISTORY OF CONTINUITY AND CHANGE, CA. 1700-1880S |publisher=University of Toronto |page=43 |url=https://uir.unisa.ac.za/bitstream/handle/10500/28940/thesis_tsegaye%20zeleke%20tuffa.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y}}{{cite journal |last1=Braukamper |first1=Ulrich |title=Islamic Principalities in Southeast Ethiopia Between the Thirteenth and Sixteenth Centuries (Part 1) |journal=Ethiopianist Notes |year=1977 |volume=1 |issue=1 |publisher=Michigan State University Press |page=23 |jstor=42731359 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/42731359}}{{cite book |last1=Trimingham |first1=J. |title=Islam in Ethiopia |date=13 September 2013 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |page=75 |isbn=9781136970221 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UfrcAAAAQBAJ&dq=baqul-zar&pg=PA75}}{{cite journal |last1=Fauvelle |first1=François-Xavier |title=The Sultanate of Awfāt, its capital and the necropolis of the Walasmaʿ |journal=Annales Islamologiques |date=22 November 2017 |issue=51 |pages=239–295 |publisher=Institut français d'archéologie orientale |doi=10.4000/anisl.4054 |url=https://journals.openedition.org/anisl/4054?lang=en|url-access=subscription }}{{cite journal |last1=Hirsch |first1=Bertrand |title=The account of the wars of King ʿAmda Ṣeyon against the Islamic sultanates, epic fiction of the fifteenth century |journal=Médiévales |date=2020 |volume=79 |issue=2 |pages=91–116 |publisher=Presses universitaires de Vincennes |doi=10.4000/medievales.11072 |url=https://www.cairn.info/revue-medievales-2020-2-page-91.htm}}{{cite book |title=Kwelgora |publisher=Encyclopedia Aethiopica |url=https://en.sewasew.com/p/kwe-lgora-(%E1%8A%A9%E1%88%8D%E1%8C%8E%E1%88%AB)}}
In the fourteenth century, Ethiopian emperor Amda Seyon fought the Wargar or Warjih people in Biqulzar.{{cite book |last1=Trimingham |first1=J. |title=Islam in Ethiopia |date=13 September 2013 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |page=72 |isbn=9781136970221 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UfrcAAAAQBAJ&dq=wargar+adal&pg=PA72}}{{cite book |last1=Tamrat |first1=Taddesse |title=Church and state |publisher=University of London |page=156 |url=https://eprints.soas.ac.uk/28644/1/10672804.pdf}}{{cite book |last1=Pankhurst |first1=Richard |title=Ethiopian borderlands |year=1997 |publisher=Red Sea Press |page=41 |isbn=9780932415196 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zpYBD3bzW1wC&dq=the+emperor+followed+up+this+victory+by+sending+his+army+further+into+all+the+lands+of+the+muslims&pg=PA41}} According to Salvatore Tsdeschi, in 1332 Amda Seyon had summoned his vassal ruler of Ifat, Jamal ad-Din I in Biqulzar however Manfred Kropp believes Amda Seyon met with a distinct ruler of Biqulzar.{{cite journal |last1=TEDESCHI |first1=SALVATORE |title=LE GESTA DI 'AMDA-ṢEYON NELLA CRONOLOGIA E NELLA STORIA |journal=Rassegna di Studi Etiopici |year=1978 |volume=27 |publisher=Istituto per l'Oriente C. A. Nallino |page=144 |jstor=41299651 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41299651}}{{cite book |title=Jamal Ad-din Mansur |publisher=Encyclopedia Aethiopica |url=https://en.sewasew.com/p/gamaladdin-ii-b-dalhuy-b-mansur}}