Birdwatching#Birding, birdwatching and twitching

File:Keskisenlampi birdwatching tower.jpg, Finland]]

The first recorded use of the term birdwatcher was in 1712 by William Oldsworth. The term birding was also used for the practice of fowling or hunting with firearms as in Shakespeare's The Merry Wives of Windsor (1602): "She laments sir... her husband goes this morning a-birding."Moss 2004:33 The terms birding and birdwatching are today used by some interchangeably, although some participants prefer birding, partly because it includes the auditory aspects of enjoying birds.

In North America, many birders differentiate themselves from birdwatchers, and the term birder is unfamiliar to most lay people. At the most basic level, the distinction is perceived as one of dedication or intensity, though this is a subjective differentiation. Generally, self-described birders perceive themselves to be more versed in minutiae such as identification (aural and visual), molt, distribution, migration timing, and habitat usage. Whereas these dedicated birders may often travel specifically in search of birds, birdwatchers have been described by some enthusiasts as having a more limited scope, perhaps not venturing far from their own yards or local parks to view birds. Indeed, in 1969 a Birding Glossary appeared in Birding magazine which gave the following definitions:

{{Blockquote|

Birder. The acceptable term used to describe the person who seriously pursues the hobby of birding. May be professional or amateur.

Birding. A hobby in which individuals enjoy the challenge of bird study, listing, or other general activities involving bird life.

Bird-watcher. A rather ambiguous term used to describe the person who watches birds for any reason at all, and should not be used to refer to the serious birder.

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Twitching is a British term used to mean "the pursuit of a previously located rare bird." In North America, it is more often called chasing. The term twitcher, sometimes misapplied as a synonym for birder, is reserved for those who travel long distances to see a rare bird that would then be ticked, or counted on a list.{{cite book|last=Dooley|first=Sean|year=2007|title=Anoraks to Zitting Cisticola|publisher=Allen & Unwin|isbn=978-1-74175-272-4|oclc=174092376}} The term originated in the 1950s, when it was used to describe the nervous behaviour of Howard Medhurst, a British birdwatcher.{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2019/jan/19/why-the-term-twitch-is-ruffling-feathers|work=The Guardian|title=Why the term 'twitch' ruffles feathers|first=Steven|last=Poole|date=19 January 2019}} Earlier terms for those who chased rarities were pot-hunter, tally-hunter, or tick-hunter. The main goal of twitching is often to accumulate species on one's lists. Some birders engage in competition to accumulate the longest species list. The act of the pursuit itself is referred to as a twitch or a chase. A rare bird that stays long enough for people to see it is twitchable or chaseable.{{cite journal |last1=Law |first1=John |last2=Lynch |first2=Michael |date=1988 |title=Lists, Field Guides, and the Descriptive Organization of Seeing: Birdwatching as an Exemplary Observational Activity |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/20009028 |journal=Human Studies |volume=11 |issue=2/3 |pages=271–303 |doi=10.1007/BF00177306 |jstor=20009028 |s2cid=144536028 |issn=0163-8548|url-access=subscription }}{{Cite journal |last1=Tryjanowski |first1=Piotr |last2=Jankowiak |first2=Łukasz |last3=Mikula |first3=Peter |last4=Czechowski |first4=Paweł |last5=Menzel |first5=Annette |last6=Polakowski |first6=Michał |date=2024-10-23 |title=What factors affect the 'flocking' of birdwatchers during bird rarity observations? |journal=People and Nature |volume=6 |issue=6 |pages=2390–2398 |language=en |doi=10.1002/pan3.10732 |issn=2575-8314|doi-access=free |bibcode=2024PeoNa...6.2390T }}

Twitching is highly developed in the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, Denmark, Ireland, Finland and Sweden. The size of these countries makes it possible to travel throughout them quickly and with relative ease. The most popular twitches in the UK have drawn large crowds; for example, approximately 2,500 people travelled to Kent, to view a golden-winged warbler (Vermivora chrysoptera), which is native to North America.{{cite book|title=Rare Birds Day by Day|year=2010|publisher=T. & A. D. Poyser|isbn=978-1-4081-3795-6|first1=Steve |last1=Dudley |first2=Tim |last2=Benton |first3=Peter |last3=Fraser |first4=John |last4=Ryan}} Twitchers have developed their own vocabulary. For example, a twitcher who fails to see a rare bird has dipped out; if other twitchers do see the bird, they may feel gripped off. Suppression is the act of concealing news of a rare bird from other twitchers.

Many birders maintain a life list, that is, a list of all of the species they have seen in their life, usually with details about the sighting such as date and location. The American Birding Association has specific rules about how a bird species may be documented and recorded in such a list if it is submitted to the ABA; however, the criteria for the personal recording of these lists are very subjective. Some birders "count" species they have identified audibly, while others only record species that they have identified visually. Some also maintain a country list, state list, county list, yard list, year list, or any combination of these.

File:Birdwatchers, AH Chisholm, State Library NSW.jpg

The early interest in observing birds for their aesthetic rather than utilitarian (mainly food) value is traced to the late 18th century in the works of Gilbert White, Thomas Bewick, George Montagu and John Clare.Moss 2004:10 The study of birds, and of natural history in general, became increasingly prevalent in Britain during the Victorian Era, often associated with collection, eggs and later skins being the artifacts of interest. Wealthy collectors made use of their contacts in the colonies to obtain specimens from around the world. It was only in the late 19th century that the call for bird protection led to the rising popularity of observations of living birds. The Audubon Society was started to protect birds from the growing trade in feathers in the United States while the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds began in Britain.Moss 2004:72

The phrase "bird watching" appeared for the first time as the title of the book Bird Watching by Edmund Selous in 1901.Moss 2004:88 In North America, the identification of birds, once thought possible only by shooting, was made possible by the emergence of optics and field identification guides. The earliest field guide in the US was Birds through an Opera Glass (1889) by Florence Bailey.{{cite book|last=Barrow|first=Mark|year=1998|title=A Passion for Birds|publisher=Princeton University Press|pages=156–157|isbn=978-0-691-04402-6}}

Birding in North America was focused in the early and mid-20th century in the eastern seaboard region, and was influenced by the works of Ludlow Griscom and later Roger Tory Peterson. Bird Neighbors (1897) by Neltje Blanchan, an early birding book, sold over 250,000 copies.Shearin, Gloria. 2008. [https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=eahYM-4DT0kC&oi=fnd&pg=PA62 Neltje Blanchan.] In: Patterson, D., Thompson, R., Bryson, S., et al., Early American Nature Writers. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, {{ISBN|0313346801}}. pp.62–69. It was illustrated with color photographs of stuffed birds.Dunlap, Thomas R. 2011. [https://books.google.com/books?id=T-2cCv8VIvEC&pg=PT58 In the Field, Among the Feathered: A History of Birders & Their Guides], Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|0199734593}}. p. 47.

The organization and networking of those interested in birds began through organizations like the Audubon Society, which was against the killing of birds, and the American Ornithologists' Union (AOU). The availability of first the bicycle and then the car increased the mobility of birdwatchers and this made new locations accessible.Moss 2004:104–106 Networks of birdwatchers in the UK began to form in the late 1930s under the British Trust for Ornithology (BTO). The BTO saw the potential to produce scientific results through the networks, unlike the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds (RSPB) which like the Audubon Society originated from the bird protection movement.{{cite journal|last=Macdonald |first=H.|year=2002|title=What makes you a scientist is the way you look at things: ornithology and the observer 1930–1955|journal=Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences|volume=33|issue=1|page=53|doi=10.1016/S1369-8486(01)00034-6}}

Like the AOU in North America, the BOU had a focus mainly on collection-based taxonomy. The BOU changed focus to ecology and behaviour only in the 1940s.{{cite journal|title=The Ibis: Transformations in a Twentieth Century British Natural History Journal|last=Johnson |first= Kristin|journal=Journal of the History of Biology|volume=37|issue=3|year=2004|pages=515–555|doi=10.1007/s10739-004-1499-3|s2cid=83849594}} The BTO movement towards 'organized birdwatching' was opposed by the RSPB, which claimed that the 'scientification' of the pastime was 'undesirable'. This stand was to change only in 1936 when the RSPB was taken over by Tom Harrisson and others. Harrisson was instrumental in the organization of pioneering surveys of the great crested grebe.Moss 2004:128

Increased mobility of birdwatchers ensured that books like Where to Watch Birds by John Gooders became best-sellers.Moss 2004:233–234 By the 1960s air travel became feasible and long-distance holiday destinations opened up. By 1965, Britain's first birding tour company, Ornitholidays had been started by Lawrence Holloway.Moss 2004:234–235 Travelling far away also led to problems in name usage: British birds such as "wheatear", "heron" and "swallow" needed adjectives to differentiate them in places where there were several related species.Moss 2004:250 The falling cost of air travel made flying to remote birding destinations a possibility for a large number of people towards the 1980s. The need for global guides to birds increased, and one of the biggest resulting projects was the Handbook of the Birds of the World, begun in the 1990s by Josep del Hoyo, Jordi Sargatal, David A. Christie, and ornithologist Andy Elliott.Moss 2004:252–253

Initially, birdwatching was largely restricted to developed countries such as the United Kingdom and the United States of America. Since the second half of the 20th century an increasing number of people in developing countries have engaged in this activity, such as in the Degua Tembien district of Ethiopia.{{cite book |last1=Aerts |first1=R. |last2=Lerouge |first2=F. |last3=November |first3=E. |title=Birds of forests and open woodlands in the highlands of Dogu'a Tembien. In: Nyssen J., Jacob, M., Frankl, A. (Eds.). Geo-trekking in Ethiopia's Tropical Mountains - The Dogu'a Tembien District |date=2019 |publisher=SpringerNature |isbn=978-3-030-04954-6 |url=https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783030049546}} Transnational birding has played an important role in this, as birders in developing countries usually take up the pastime under the influence of foreign cultures with a history of birding.{{cite journal|title=Breve historia de la observación de aves en México en el siglo XX y principios del siglo XXI|last1=Gómez de Silva |first1=Héctor|last2=Alvarado Reyes |first2=Ernesto |journal=Huitzil|volume=11|year=2010|pages=9–20|doi=10.28947/hrmo.2010.11.1.109 |s2cid=252627895 |url=http://www.huitzil.net/HUITZIL_2009-123.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110723145508/http://www.huitzil.net/HUITZIL_2009-123.pdf|archive-date=23 July 2011}} A majority of transnational birders are middle-aged, male, affluent, and belong to the Anglophone countries or Scandinavia.{{cite journal|last=Connell|first=John|date=2009|title=Birdwatching, Twitching and Tourism: towards an Australian perspective|url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00049180902964942|journal=Australian Geographer|volume=40|issue=2|pages=203–217|doi=10.1080/00049180902964942|bibcode=2009AuGeo..40..203C |s2cid=143560339 |issn=0004-9182|url-access=subscription}}

File:Antioquia Brushfinch imported from iNaturalist photo 53700275 on 1 October 2021.jpg, is a goal for some birdwatchers.]]

In the 20th century, most of the birding activity in North America was done on the east coast.{{Cite web |title=The History of Audubon and Bird Conservation {{!}} Audubon |url=https://www.audubon.org/about/history |access-date=2024-04-02 |website=www.audubon.org |language=en}} The publication of Roger Tory Peterson's field guide in 1934 led to the initial increase in birding. Binoculars, an essential piece of birding equipment, became more easily available after World War II, making the hobby more accessible. The practice of travelling long distances to see rare bird species was aided by the availability of cars and their associated infrastructure.Moss 2004:265 Nevertheless, distance to urban centres may still affect number of birdwatchers participating in observations of rare bird species. About 4% of North Americans were interested in birding in the 1970s, and in the mid-1980s at least 11% were found to watch birds at least 20 days of the year. The number of birders was estimated at 61 million in the late 1980s. The income level of birders has been found to be well above average.{{cite book|last=Kerlinger |first=P.|year=1993|title=Birding economics and birder demographics studies as conservation tools in Proc. Status and Managem. of Neotrop. Migr. Birds. eds. D. Finch and P. Stangel|publisher=Rocky Mntn For. and Range Exper. Station, Fort Collins, CO. USDA For. Serv. Gen. Tech. Rept. RM-229|pages=32–38|url=http://www.fs.fed.us/rm/pubs_rm/rm_gtr229/rm_gtr229_032_038.pdf}}

The Sibley Guide to Birds, published in 2000, had sold 500,000 copies by 2002.{{cite journal|last1=Cordell |first1=H. Ken|last2=Herbert |first2=Nancy G.|title=The Popularity of Birding is Still Growing|year=2002|journal=Birding|pages=54–61|url=http://www.fs.fed.us/outdoors/naturewatch/resources/Growing-Popularity-Birding.PDF|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081028055225/http://www.fs.fed.us/outdoors/naturewatch/resources/Growing-Popularity-Birding.PDF|archive-date=28 October 2008}} It was found that the number of birdwatchers rose, but there appeared to be a drop in birdwatching in the backyard.{{cite book|last=Pullis La Rouche |first=G.|year=2003|title=Birding in the United States: a demographic and economic analysis. Addendum to the 2001 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting and Wildlife-Associated Recreation. Report 2001-1.|publisher=U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Arlington, Virginia|url=http://www.fs.fed.us/outdoors/naturewatch/start/economics/Economic-Analysis-for-Birding.pdf}}

According to a U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service study, birders contributed $36 billion to the US economy in 2006, and one fifth (20%) of all Americans are identified as birdwatchers.{{cite web|year=2009|title=Fågelskådare bidrar med 36 miljarder dollar till USA:s ekonomi|publisher=Swedish Ornithologic Society|url=http://www.sofnet.org/apps/nyheter/arkiv_period.asp?NewsStart=2009-07-01&NewsEnd=2009-07-31&lev=1|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100325212124/http://www.sofnet.org/apps/nyheter/arkiv_period.asp?NewsStart=2009-07-01&NewsEnd=2009-07-31&lev=1|archive-date=25 March 2010}} According to the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service in 2016, over 45 million Americans consider themselves birders.

North American birders were estimated to have spent as much as US$32 billion in 2001. The spending is on the rise around the world. Kuşcenneti National Park (KNP) at Lake Manyas, a Ramsar site in Turkey, was estimated to attract birders who spent as much as US$103,320,074 annually.{{cite journal|last1=Gürlük |first1=S. |last2=Rehber |first2=E. |year=2008|title=A travel cost study to estimate recreational value for a bird refuge at Lake Manyas, Turkey|journal=Journal of Environmental Management|volume=88|issue=4|pages=1350–1360|doi=10.1016/j.jenvman.2007.07.017|pmid=17766033|bibcode=2008JEnvM..88.1350G }} Guided bird tours have become a major business, with at least 127 companies offering tours worldwide. An average trip to a less-developed country costs $4,000 per person and includes about 12 participants for each of 150 trips a year. It has been suggested that this economic potential needs to be tapped for conservation.{{cite journal|last=Sekercioglu |first=Cagan H.|year=2003|title=Conservation through commodification|journal=Birding|volume=35|issue=4|pages=394–402 |url=http://www.stanford.edu/~cagan/SekerciogluBirding8-03.pdf}}

Birdwatching tourism is considered to be one of the fastest-growing nature-based tourism sectors in the world, often involving well-educated or wealthy travelers with specific interests in the places they visit.{{cite journal |last1=Schwoerer |first1=Tobias |last2=Dawson |first2=Natalie G. |title=Small sight—Big might: Economic impact of bird tourism shows opportunities for rural communities and biodiversity conservation |journal=PLOS ONE |pages=e0268594 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0268594 |date=6 July 2022|volume=17 |issue=7 |pmid=35793337 |pmc=9258859 |bibcode=2022PLoSO..1768594S |doi-access=free }} In addition to this, birdwatching tourism is considered a niche market of nature-based tourism. Birdwatching and other niche tourism markets are good for market diversification and mitigating the impacts of seasonality in a tourism market as well as bringing economic resources to remote communities, thus diversifying their economies and contributing to biodiversity conservation.{{cite web|title=Market Analysis of Bird-Based Tourism: A Focus on the U.S. Market to Latin America and the Caribbean Including Fact Sheets on The Bahamas, Belize, Guatemala, Paraguay|url=https://www.responsibletravel.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/213/2021/03/market-analysis-bird-based-tourism.pdf|url-status=live|access-date=29 November 2021|website=responsibletravel.org|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211129143250/https://www.responsibletravel.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/213/2021/03/market-analysis-bird-based-tourism.pdf |archive-date=29 November 2021}} It is estimated that birdwatching ecotourism contributes $41 billion per year to the U.S. economy.{{cite web|date=2 September 2021|title=Could a birding boom in the U.S. help conservation take flight?|url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/travel/article/could-a-boom-in-us-birding-help-fund-conservation|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210902153524/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/travel/article/could-a-boom-in-us-birding-help-fund-conservation|url-status=dead|archive-date=2 September 2021|access-date=29 November 2021|website=Travel}} The large funds generated by birdwatching ecotourism have been suggested as a replacement for tax revenue generated by bird hunting which has dropped to its lowest levels in decades.

Birding ecotourism companies are also making contributions to conservation. Birding Ecotours, which runs both international and domestic trips, donates a minimum of 10% of its net profits to bird conservation and communities it operates in. Another tour operator, Hardy Boat, has donated $200,000 to Project Puffin to conserve puffin populations off the Atlantic Coast.

One of the expectations of ecotourism is that the travels of birders to a place will contribute to the improvement of the local economy, ensuring that the environment is valued and protected. Birdwatchers contribute to conservation, helping build and disseminate environmental knowledge by participating in citizen science. However, birding can bring about an increased penetration of ecosystem services that are perceived as birdwatchers' indispensable attributes. By their presence and obstinacy, birdwatchers affect the attractiveness of the breeding migration or roosting sites for birds, flush birds, and otherwise increase the pressure on birds and their habitats (e.g., luring birds out of their hideouts and stressing them by playing their calls or exposing birds and their nests to predators).{{cite journal |last1=Kronenberg |first1=Jakub |title=Environmental Impacts of the Use of Ecosystem Services: Case Study of Birdwatching |journal=Environmental Management |pages=617–630 |doi=10.1007/s00267-014-0317-8 |date=1 September 2014|volume=54 |issue=3 |pmid=24993794 |pmc=4129236 |bibcode=2014EnMan..54..617K |s2cid=7657835 }} Furthermore, other impacts include disturbance to birds, the environment, local cultures and the economy. Methods to reduce negative impact and improve the value of conservation are the subject of research.{{cite journal |last=Sekercioglu |first=Cagan H.|year=2002|title=Impacts of birdwatching on human and avian communities|journal=Environmental Conservation|volume=29|issue=3|pages=282–289|doi=10.1017/S0376892902000206|bibcode=2002EnvCo..29..282S |s2cid=86375465 |url=https://web.stanford.edu/~cagan/SekerciogluOrniTourismEnvCons2002.pdf}}

File:Conowingo dam shooters fishing pier (14106368940).jpg's Conowingo Dam, a popular winter location for seeing bald eagles.]]

Many birders occupy themselves with observing local species (birding in their "local patch"{{cite journal| journal=Birding| title=Bare-naked birding| year=2007| last=Eubanks |first=T. L.| url=http://www.aba.org/birding/v39n4p36.pdf| access-date=22 December 2011| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111119003045/http://www.aba.org/birding/v39n4p36.pdf| archive-date=19 November 2011| url-status=dead}}), but may also make specific trips to observe birds in other locales. The most active times of the year for birding in temperate zones are during the spring or fall migrations when the greatest variety of birds may be seen. On these occasions, large numbers of birds travel north or south to wintering or nesting locations. Early mornings are typically better as the birds are more active and vocal making them easier to spot.

Certain locations such as a local patch of forest, wetland and coast may be favoured according to the location and season. Seawatching, or pelagic birding, is a type of birding where observers based at a coastal watch point, such as a headland, watch birds flying over the sea. This is one form of pelagic birding, though birders also seek pelagic species from seagoing vessels.

Weather plays an important role in the occurrence of rare birds. In Britain, suitable wind conditions may lead to drift migration, and an influx of birds from the east. In North America, birds caught in the tail-end of a hurricane may be blown inland.{{cite book |last=Moss |first=Stephen |title=Birds and Weather A Birdwatcher's Guide |year=1995 |publisher=Hamlyn |location=London |isbn=978-0-600-58679-1 |oclc=33207495}}

File:Stretto di messina - bottleneck, sicilia, from the peloritani.jpg, Sicily, a classic migration bottleneck, seen from the Peloritani mountains]]

Birders may take part in censuses of bird populations and migratory patterns which are sometimes specific to individual species. These birdwatchers may also count all birds in a given area, as in the Christmas Bird Count, or follow carefully designed study protocols. This kind of citizen science can assist in identifying environmental threats to the well-being of birds or, conversely, in assessing outcomes of environmental management initiatives intended to ensure the survival of at-risk species or to encourage the breeding of species for aesthetic or ecological reasons.{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/04/15/science/paying-farmers-to-welcome-birds.html?_r=0 |title=Paying Farmers to Welcome Birds |newspaper=New York Times |date=14 April 2014 |first=Jim |last=Robbins |access-date=5 February 2016}}

This more scientific side of the hobby is an aspect of ornithology, coordinated in the UK by the British Trust for Ornithology. The Cornell Lab of Ornithology hosts many citizen-science projects to track the number and distribution of bird species across North America. These surveys help scientists note major changes from year to year which may occur as a result of climate change, disease, predation, and other factors.{{cite book|year=2003|title=An introduction to birdwatching|publisher=Texas Parks and Wildlife Department|url=http://www.tpwd.state.tx.us/publications/pwdpubs/media/pwd_bk_w7000_0476.pdf}}{{cite journal|last=Greenwood |first=J. J. D. |year=2007 |title=Citizens, science and bird conservation |journal=Journal of Ornithology |volume=148 |issue=1 |pages=77–124 |doi=10.1007/s10336-007-0239-9 |bibcode=2007JOrn..148...77G |s2cid=21914046 |url=http://www.dof.dk/sider/images/stories/gu/vu/dokumenter/greenwood_vu.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719123722/http://www.dof.dk/sider/images/stories/gu/vu/dokumenter/greenwood_vu.pdf |archive-date=19 July 2011}}

File:Observación de aves en Nador.JPG activities organized by the Spanish Ornithological Society]]

Because of their accessibility and ubiquity, birds are a useful tool for environmental education and awareness of environmental issues. Birdwatching can increase respect for nature and awareness of the fragility of ecosystems.

File:Birders at Caerlaverock.jpg at Caerlaverock, Scotland, 6 June 2007]]

Birding as a competitive event is organized in some parts of the world.{{cite journal|first=Kenneth |last=Sheard|year=1999|title=A Twitch in Time Saves Nine: Birdwatching, Sport, and Civilizing Processes

|journal=Sociology of Sport Journal|volume=16|issue=3|pages =181–205|url=http://www.humankinetics.com/ssj/viewarticle.cfm?jid=7Yf4apK83Mj7z6Um3Fg4xQbt3Bx3tWt33Rw4a&view=art&aid=1702|doi=10.1123/ssj.16.3.181|url-access=subscription}} Such competitions encourage individuals or teams to accumulate large numbers of species within a specified time or area with special rules. Some birdwatchers will also compete by attempting to increase their life list, national list, state list, provincial list, county list, or year list. The American Birding Association was originally started as a club for "listers", but it now serves a much broader audience. Still, the ABA continues to publish an official annual report of North American list standings.

Competitive birdwatching events include:

• Big Day: teams have 24 hours to identify as many species as possible.
• Big Year: like a big day, but contestants are individuals, and need to be prepared to invest a great deal of time and money.
• Big Sit or Big Stay: birdwatchers must see birds from a circle of prescribed diameter (e.g.: 17 feetDunne, P. (2007). Big Day Big Stay. Birder's World, 21(5), 18–21.). Once birds are spotted, birdwatchers can leave the circle to confirm the identity, but new birds seen may not be counted.
• Christmas Bird Count: See as many birds as possible between December 14 and January 5.
• World Series of Birding: An annual birding competition organised by the New Jersey Audubon Society. Teams compete to identify the greatest number of bird species in a 24-hour period.
• Migration Madness: A month-long festival celebrating bird migration. Migration Madness features a Birdathon. The Birdathon is a competition at any time during May 2024. The goal is to spot as many bird species as you can.

Prominent national and continental organizations concerned with birding include the British Trust for Ornithology and Royal Society for the Protection of Birds in the United Kingdom, and the American Birding Association and the Cornell Lab of Ornithology in North America. Many statewide or local Audubon organizations are also active in the United States, as are many provincial and local organizations in Canada. BirdLife International is an important global alliance of bird conservation organizations. Many countries and smaller regions (states/provinces) have "rarities committees" to check, accept or reject reports of rare birds made by birders.

{{Original research|section|date=November 2023}}

File:Birdwatchers Liminka Bay 2006 04 14.JPG, Finland]]

Equipment commonly used for birding includes binoculars, a spotting scope with tripod, a smartphone, a notepad, and one or more field guides. Hides (known as blinds in North America) or observation towers are often used to conceal the observers from birds, and/or to improve viewing conditions. Virtually all optics manufacturers offer specific binoculars for birding, and some have even geared their whole brand to birders.

Recognition of bird vocalizations is an important part of a birder's toolkit. Sound information can assist in the locating, watching, identification, and sometimes sexing of birds. Recent developments in audio technology have seen recording and reproduction devices shrink in both size and price, making them accessible to a greater portion of the birding community.

The non-linear nature of digital audio technology has also made selecting and accessing the required recordings much more flexible than tape-based models. It is now possible to take a recording of every bird call you are likely to encounter in a given area out into the field stored on a device that will slip into your pocket and to retrieve calls for playback and comparison in any order you choose.

As the technology continues to improve, researchers and hobby birders have started using convolutional neural networks to mine sound recordings to identify and track specific bird calls.{{cite web |url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2024/05/240502113710.htm |title=Artificial intelligence enhances monitoring of threatened marbled murrelet |publisher=Oregon State University |via=Science Daily |date=2 May 2024 |access-date=15 May 2024}}{{cite journal |title=Passive acoustic monitoring and convolutional neural networks facilitate high-resolution and broadscale monitoring of a threatened species |first1=Adam |last1=Duarte |first2=Matthew J. |last2=Weldy |first3=Damon B. |last3=Lesmeister |first4=Zachary J. |last4=Ruff |first5=Julianna M. A. |last5=Jenkins |first6=Jonathon J. |last6=Valente |first7=Matthew G. |last7=Betts |display-authors=2 |journal=Ecological Indicators |volume=162 |date=May 2024 |doi=10.1016/j.ecolind.2024.112016 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2024EcInd.16212016D }}

Photography has always been a part of birding, but in the past the cost of cameras with super-telephoto lenses made this a minority, often semi-professional, interest. The advent of affordable digital cameras, which can be used in conjunction with a spotting scope or binoculars (using the technique of afocal photography, referred to by the neologism "digiscoping" or sometimes digibinning for binoculars), have made this a much more widespread aspect of the hobby.

As with the arrival of affordable digital cameras, the development of more compact and affordable digital video cameras has made them more attractive and accessible to the birding community. Cross-over, non-linear digital models now exist that take high-quality stills at acceptable resolutions, as well as being able to record and play audio and video. The ability to capture and reproduce not only the visual characteristics of a bird, but also its patterns of movement and its sound, has wide applications for birders in the field.

This class of product includes devices that can play (and in some cases record) a range of digital media, typically video, audio and still image files. Many modern digital cameras, mobile phones, and camcorders can be classified as portable media players. With the ability to store and play large quantities of information, pocket-sized devices allow a full birding multimedia library to be taken into the field and mobile Internet access makes obtaining and transmitting information possible in near real time.

New technologies are allowing birdwatching activities to take place over the Internet, using robotic camera installations and mobile phones set up in remote wildlife areas. Projects such as CONE [https://web.archive.org/web/20080725090118/http://cone.berkeley.edu/] allow users to observe and photograph birds over the web; similarly, robotic cameras set up in largely inhospitable areas are being used to attempt the first photographs of the rare ivory-billed woodpecker. These systems represent new technologies in the birdwatcher's toolkit.{{cite journal|title="Well its remote, I suppose, innit?" The relational politics of bird-watching through the CCTV lens|first= Charlotte N. L. |last=Chambers|doi=10.1080/14702540701624568|journal=Scottish Geographical Journal|volume=123|issue=2|year=2007|pages=122–134|bibcode= 2007ScGJ..123..122C |s2cid= 128827585}}

In the early 1950s, the only way of communicating new bird sightings was through the postal system and it was generally too late for the recipients to act on the information. In 1953 James Ferguson-Lees began broadcasting rare bird news on the radio in Eric Simms' Countryside program but this did not catch on. In the 1960s people began using the telephone and some people became hubs for communication. In the 1970s some cafés, such as that in Cley, Norfolk run by Nancy Gull, became centers for meeting and communication. This was replaced by telephone hotline services such as "Birdline" and "Bird Information Service".Moss 2004:267–275

With the advent of the World Wide Web, birders have been using the Internet to convey information; this can be via mailing lists, forums, bulletin-boards, web-based databases and other social media.{{cite journal|first1=Peter |last1=Montague |first2=Maria B. |last2=Pellerano |title=Toxicology and environmental digital resources from and for citizen groups|journal=Toxicology|volume=157|issue=1–2|year=2001|pages=77–88|doi=10.1016/S0300-483X(00)00342-5|pmid=11164976|bibcode=2001Toxgy.157...77M }}{{cite journal|first1=Kaisa |last1=Still |first2=Minna |last2=Isomursu |first3=Soili |last3=Vainamo |year=2005|title=Exploring the integration of community communication technologies: case birdwatchers|journal=International Journal of Web Based Communities|volume=1|issue=3|pages=346–359|doi=10.1504/IJWBC.2005.006932}} While most birding lists are geographic in scope, there are special-interest lists that cater to bird-identification, 'twitchers', seabirds and raptor enthusiasts to name but a few. Messages can range from the serious to trivial, notifying others of rarities, questioning the taxonomy or identification of a species, discussing field guides and other resources, asking for advice and guidance, or organizing groups to help save habitats.

Occasional postings are mentioned in academic journals and therefore can be a valuable resource for professional and amateur birders alike.{{cite book|last=Hailman |first=J. P.|title=Computer networking in ornithology in Computer Networking and Scholarly Communication in the Twenty-first-Century University (Eds. Teresa M. Harrison, Timothy Stephen)|pages=[https://archive.org/details/computernetworki0000unse_q8a0/page/167 167–175]|publisher=SUNY Press|year=1996|isbn=978-0-7914-2853-5|url=https://archive.org/details/computernetworki0000unse_q8a0/page/167}}{{cite book|title=Ecology and Conservation of Owls: Proceedings of the Owls 2000, Canberra, Australia|first1=Ian |last1=Newton |first2=Rodney |last2=Kavanagh |first3=Jerry |last3=Olsen |first4=Iain |last4=Taylor |publisher=CSIRO Publishing|year=2002|isbn=978-0-643-06794-3|page=353}} One of the oldest, Birdchat{{cite web|url=http://www.k-state.edu/audubon/chatguidelines.html |title=BirdChat Guidelines |access-date=6 August 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080512012633/http://www.k-state.edu/audubon/chatguidelines.html |archive-date=12 May 2008}} (based in the US), probably has the most subscribers, followed by the English-language fork of Eurobirdnet,{{cite web |url=http://physis.pnw.fi/mailman/listinfo/ebn |title=EBN Info Page |access-date=6 August 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080620060616/http://physis.pnw.fi/mailman/listinfo/ebn |archive-date=20 June 2008}} Birding-Aus{{cite web|url=http://www.shc.melb.catholic.edu.au/home/birding/index.html |title=Birding-Au |access-date=26 October 2006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060917233426/http://www.shc.melb.catholic.edu.au/home/birding/index.html |archive-date=17 September 2006}} from Australia, SABirdnet{{cite web |url=http://lists.nu.ac.za/mailman/listinfo/sabirdnet |title=Sabirdnet Info Page |access-date=6 August 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080423190917/http://lists.nu.ac.za/mailman/listinfo/sabirdnet |archive-date=23 April 2008}} from South Africa and Orientalbirding.{{cite web|url=http://www.orientalbirdclub.org/news/emailgroups.html |title=OBC | club news | email groups |access-date=6 August 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080704121852/http://www.orientalbirdclub.org/news/emailgroups.html |archive-date=4 July 2008}}

The increasing availability of mobile devices in the 2010s allowed the smartphone to become a useful tool for birding. Mobile apps can be used as replacements for physical birding field guides, such as the digital version of the Sibley Guide to Birds and the official Audubon Society app.{{Cite web |date=2015-08-04 |title=The Best Birding Apps and Field Guides |url=https://www.audubon.org/news/the-best-birding-apps-and-field-guides |access-date=2023-11-03 |website=www.audubon.org |language=en}} Other apps utilize machine learning to automatically identifying birds from photographs and audio recordings, such as the Cornell Lab of Ornithology's Merlin Bird ID application and iNaturalist.{{Cite web |last=Bowman |first=Dale |date=2021-07-08 |title=App-solutely enhancing outdoors experience: iNaturalist, Seek and Merlin Bird ID apps; plus Stray Cast |url=https://chicago.suntimes.com/2021/7/8/22568173/appsolutely-enhancing-outdoors-experience-inaturalist-seek-merlin-bird-id-apps-stray-cast |access-date=2023-11-03 |website=Chicago Sun-Times |language=en}}

Cornell Lab of Ornithology's eBird database is a popular tool used by birders to document their sightings. In addition to serving as a citizen science project used by ornithologists to document trends in bird populations,{{Cite web |date=2023-09-22 |title=We Helped Scientists Track Birds This Summer |website=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/explain/2023/birds-science |access-date=2023-11-03}} it allows birders see recent reports by other birders and search by species and location.{{Cite web |last=McKee |first=Jenny |date=2022-10-07 |title=A Beginner's Guide to Using eBird |url=https://www.audubon.org/news/a-beginners-guide-using-ebird |access-date=2023-11-03 |website=www.audubon.org |language=en}} Some species, including endangered species and others likely to be disrupted by increased human activity, are designated "sensitive species" by eBird and have locations of sightings hidden from the general public.{{Cite web |last=Minor |first=Nick |date=2018-03-07 |title=eBird Is Now Censoring Sightings for 325 At-Risk Species |url=https://www.audubon.org/news/ebird-now-censoring-sightings-325-risk-species |access-date=2023-11-03 |website=www.audubon.org |language=en}}

As the numbers of birdwatchers increases, there is growing concern about the impact of birdwatching on the birds and their habitat. Birdwatching etiquette is evolving in response to this concern.{{cite book|last=Bumstead |first=Pat|year=2004|title=The Art of Birdwatching|publisher=Simply Wild Publications Inc.|isbn=978-0-9689278-2-3|oclc=56329274}} Some examples of birdwatching etiquette include promoting the welfare of birds and their environment, limiting use of photography, pishing and playback devices to mitigate stress caused to birds, maintaining a distance away from nests and nesting colonies, and respecting private property.{{cite web |url=https://www.aba.org/aba-code-of-birding-ethics/ |title=Code of Birding Ethics |date=3 January 2020 |publisher=American Birding Association |access-date=12 December 2022}}

The lack of definite evidence, except arguably in the form of photographs, makes birding records difficult to prove but birdwatchers strive to build trust in their identification.{{cite journal|journal=Qualitative Sociology|title=Take my word for it: Trust in the context of birding and mountaineering|volume=17|issue=3|pages=215–241|year=1994|last=Donnelly |first=Peter|doi=10.1007/BF02422253|s2cid=144678537}} One of the few major disputes was the case of the Hastings Rarities.

{{See also|Biophilia hypothesis}}

Ethologist Nikolaas Tinbergen considers birdwatching to be an expression of the male hunting instinct, while Simon Baron-Cohen links it with a male tendency for "systemizing".{{cite journal |last=Maddox |first=Bruno|year=2006|title=Blinded by Science: Birding Brains|journal=Discover|volume=27|issue=12|url=http://discovermagazine.com/2006/dec/blinded-twins-birding-instinct|pages=66–67}} There have been suggestions that identification of birds may be a form of gaining status which has been compared with Kula valuables noted in Papua New Guinean cultures.{{cite journal|doi=10.1111/1467-8322.00077|last=Liep |first=John |year=2001|title= Airborne kula:The appropriation of birds by Danish ornithologists|journal=Anthropology Today |volume=17|issue=5|pages=10–15}}

A study of the motivations for birdwatching in New York concluded that initial motivations were largely similar in males and females, but males who participate actively in birding are more motivated by "sharing knowledge" with others, and active female birders are more motivated by their "intellectual" interest in studying birds, and by the "challenge" of identifying new and rare birds and improving their skills.{{cite journal|last1=Sali |first1=M. |last2=Kuehn |first2=D. |last3=Zhang |first3=L. |year=2008|title=Motivations for Male and Female Birdwatchers in New York State|journal=Human Dimensions of Wildlife|volume=13|issue=3|pages=187–200|doi=10.1080/10871200801982795|bibcode=2008HDW....13..187S |s2cid=143802893}} Another study suggested that males lean towards competitive birding, while females prefer recreational birdwatching.{{cite journal |first1=Cooper |last1=C. B. |first2=J. A. |last2=Smith |year=2010 |title=Gender patterns in bird-related recreation in the USA and UK|journal=Ecology and Society |volume=15|issue=4|page=4|doi=10.5751/ES-03603-150404 |doi-access=free}} A study for birdwatchers in Poland found that the proportion of female birdwatchers involved in twitching has grown in recent years and that female birdwatchers were more willing to participate in observations of more common bird rarities than male birdwatchers. While the representation of women has always been low,Moss 2004:316–330 it has been pointed out that nearly 90% of all birdwatchers in the United States are white, with only a few African Americans.{{cite book|last=Robinson |first=J. C.|year=2005|title=Relative Prevalence of African Americans among Bird Watchers. General Technical Report PSW-GTR-191|publisher= U.S. Department of Agriculture–Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station. Albany, Calif.|url=http://www.fs.fed.us/psw/publications/documents/psw_gtr191/Asilomar/pdfs/1286-1296.pdf}} Other minority groups have formed organizations to support fellow birders, such as the Gay Birders Club{{cite web|url=http://www.gbc-online.org.uk/|title=Home page|publisher=Gay Birders' Club}} and Birding For All, formerly the Disabled Birders Association.{{cite web|url=https://birdingforall.com/about-birding-for-all/ |title=About Birding For All |publisher=Birding for All |access-date=19 June 2023}}

The study of birdwatching has been of interest to students of the sociology of science.{{cite book|last1=Law |first1=J. |last2=Lynch |first2=M. |title=Lists, Field Guides, and the Descriptive Organization of Seeing: Birdwatching as an Exemplary Observational Activity in Representation in Scientific Practice |editor-first1=M. |editor-last1=Lynch |editor-first2=S. |editor-last2=Woolgar |location=Cambridge |publisher=MIT Press|year=1990|pages=267–299}} A 2024 study conducted in Iran examined how personality traits predict birdwatching interest and self-identification as a birdwatcher. The results highlighted that openness to experience, agreeableness, and conscientiousness positively influenced engagement, while neuroticism had a negative effect.{{cite journal |last1=Ebrahimi |first1=I. |last2=Kazemi |first2=F. |last3=Agha Ebrahimi |first3=M. A. |date=2025 |title=Personality Traits Influence Birdwatching Interest: A 6-Month Study in Iran |journal=Ecopsychology |doi=10.1089/eco.2024.0041 }} People who have nature-based experiences report better well-being and lower psychological distress than those who do not, and birdwatching in particular was found to have higher gains in subjective well-being and more reduction in distress than more generic nature exposure, such as walks.{{cite web |url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2024/05/240503135334.htm |title=Birdwatching can help students improve mental health, reduce distress |publisher=North Carolina State University |via=Science Daily |date=3 May 2024 |access-date=15 May 2024}}{{cite journal |title=Birdwatching linked to increased psychological well-being on college campuses: A pilot-scale experimental study |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0272494424000793 |first1=M. Nils |last1=Peterson |first2=Lincoln R. |last2=Larson |first3=Aaron |last3=Hipp |first4=Justin M. |last4=Beall |first5=Catherine |last5=Lerose |first6=Hannah |last6=Desrochers |first7=Summer |last7=Lauder |first8=Sophia |last8=Torres |first9=Nathan A. |last9=Tarr |first10=Kayla |last10=Stukes |first11=Kathryn |last11=Stevenson |first12=Katherine L. |last12=Martin |display-authors=2 |doi=10.1016/j.jenvp.2024.102306 |journal=Journal of Environmental Psychology |volume=96 |date=June 2024 |access-date=15 May 2024|url-access=subscription }}

{{See also|List of birdwatchers}}

There are about 10,000 species of bird and only a small number of people have seen more than 7,000. Many birdwatchers have spent their entire lives trying to see all the bird species of the world.{{cite book |isbn=978-1-4193-3299-9 |last=Koeppel |first=Dan |year=2005 |publisher=Hudson Street Publisher |title=To See Every Bird on Earth|oclc=68757783|title-link=To See Every Bird on Earth}} The first person who started this is said to be Stuart Keith.Moss 2004:261

Birders have been known to go to great lengths and some have lost their lives in the process. Phoebe Snetsinger spent her family inheritance travelling to various parts of the world while suffering from a malignant melanoma, surviving an attack and rape in New Guinea before dying in a road accident in Madagascar.{{cite book|title=Birding on Borrowed Time|first=Phoebe |last=Snetsinger|publisher=American Birding Association|year=2003|isbn=978-1-878788-41-2}} She saw as many as 8,400 species. The birdwatcher David Hunt who was leading a bird tour in Corbett National Park was killed by a tiger in February 1985.{{cite book|title=Through the Tiger's Eyes: A Chronicle of India's Wildlife |first1=Stanley |last1=Breeden |first2=Belinda |last2=Wright|publisher=Ten Speed Press|year=1997|isbn=978-0-89815-847-2|page=[https://archive.org/details/throughtigerseye0000bree/page/173 173]|url=https://archive.org/details/throughtigerseye0000bree/page/173}}{{cite book|title=Confessions of a Scilly Birdman |first=David |last=Hunt|publisher=Croom Helm|isbn=978-0-7099-3724-1|oclc=12080015|year=1985}} In 1971, Ted Parker (who later died in an air crash in Ecuador) travelled around North America and saw 626 species.Moss 2004:242 This record was beaten by Kenn Kaufman in 1973 who travelled 69,000 miles and saw 671 species and spent less than a thousand dollars.Moss 2004:240–241

In 2012, Tom Gullick, an Englishman who lives in Spain, became the first birdwatcher to log over 9,000 species.{{cite news|last=McCarthy|first=Michael|title=World's greatest birdwatcher sets a new record|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/environment/nature/worlds-greatest-birdwatcher-sets-a-new-record--then-hangs-up-his-binoculars-8210960.html|access-date=16 October 2012|newspaper=The Independent|date=15 October 2012}} In 2008, two British birders, Alan Davies and Ruth Miller, gave up their jobs, sold their home and put everything they owned into a year-long global birdwatching adventure about which they a wrote a book called The Biggest Twitch. They logged their 4,341st species on 31 December 2008, in Ecuador.{{cite book|title=The Biggest Twitch: Around the World in 4,000 Birds|first1=Alan |last1=Davies |first2=Ruth |last2=Miller |publisher=A & C Black|year=2010|isbn=978-1-4081-2387-4 |page=298}} Noah Strycker recorded 6,042 species during 2015, overtaking Davies and Miller.{{cite book|title=Birding without Borders|first=Noah |last=Strycker |publisher=Houghton Mifflin Harcourt|year=2017|isbn=978-0-544-55814-4 |page=255}} In 2016, Arjan Dwarshuis became the world-record holder for most species seen during the span of one year, logging 6,852 bird species in 40 countries.{{cite book|title=The (Big) Year That Flew By|first=Arjan |last=Dwarshuis |publisher=Chelsea Green Publishing|year=2023|isbn=978-1-64502-191-9 |page=228}}

In early February 2024, Peter Kaestner became the first birder to log over 10,000 species, a record surrounded by much controversy as he was initially claimed to be beaten by Jason Mann who later conceded defeat.{{cite web |url=https://explorersweb.com/birding-controversy-two-birders-claim-10000-species-record-on-the-same-day/ |title=Birding Controversy: Two Birders Claim 10,000 Species Record on the Same Day |first=Martin |last=Walsh |date=27 March 2024 |website= |publisher=ExplorersWeb |access-date=16 August 2024}}

Birdwatching literature, field guides, and television programs have been popularized by birders such as Pete Dunne and Bill Oddie.

The 2011 film The Big Year depicted three birders competing in an American Birding Association Area big year, and the 2019 film Birders is a short documentary.

• Bird feeding
• Bird hide
• Bird migration
• Black Birders Week
• Important Bird Area
• List of birding books
• List of ornithology journals

Similar activities

• Butterfly watching
• Mothing
• Planespotting

Institutions:

• American Birding Association
• Cornell Lab of Ornithology
• National Audubon Society
• Royal Society for the Protection of Birds
• World Series of Birding
• BirdLife Australia

{{Reflist}}

• {{cite book |last=Cocker |first=Mark |authorlink=Mark Cocker |date=2002 |title=Birders: Tales of a Tribe |publisher=Grove Press |isbn=0-871-13844-1}}
• {{cite book |last=Lewis |first=Daniel |date=2012 |title=The Feathery Tribe: Robert Ridgway and the Modern Study of Birds |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=978-0-300-17552-3}}
• {{cite book |last=Moss |first=Stephen |authorlink=Stephen Moss |date=2004 |title=A Bird in the Bush: A Social History of Birdwatching |publisher=Aurum Press |isbn=1-85410-993-6}}
• {{cite book |last=Weidensaul |first=Scott |authorlink=Scott Weidensaul |date=2007 |title=Of a Feather: A Brief History of Birding |publisher=Harcourt |location=Orlando |isbn=978-0-151-01247-3}}

{{Wiktionary|birdwatching}}

{{Commons category|Birdwatching}}

{{Wikivoyage|birdwatching|birdwatching|travel information}}

• [http://www.AllAboutBirds.org/ All About Birds – Cornell Lab of Ornithology]
• [http://video.idahoptv.org/video/1513625536/ Birders, Banders, & Binoculars] Video produced by Idaho Public Television
• A six-part History of Birding magazine, covering the period 1968–2006, appeared in Birding magazine in 2006:
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20100625004512/https://www.aba.org/birding/v38n1p20.pdf 1968–1974], [https://web.archive.org/web/20120521074345/http://www.aba.org/birding/v38n2p20.pdf 1975–1980], [https://web.archive.org/web/20100625004509/https://www.aba.org/birding/v38n3p18.pdf 1981–1887], [https://web.archive.org/web/20100625004515/https://www.aba.org/birding/v38n4p18.pdf 1988–1993], [https://web.archive.org/web/20100625004504/https://www.aba.org/birding/v38n5p18.pdf 1994–2000], [https://web.archive.org/web/20100625004501/https://www.aba.org/birding/v38n6p18.pdf 2001–2006]

{{Birds}}

{{Birds in culture}}

{{Authority control}}

Category:Outdoor recreation

Category:Observation hobbies