Blackburn Kangaroo

{{Infobox aircraft

|name = R.T.1 Kangaroo

|image = Blackburn Kangaroo Q 063799.jpg

|caption =

|type = Reconnaissance Torpedo Bomber

|manufacturer = Blackburn Aeroplane and Motor Co Ltd

|designer =

|first_flight = 1918

|introduction = 1918

|retired = 1929

|produced =

|number_built = 20

|status =

|unit cost =

|primary_user = Royal Air Force

|more_users = Peruvian Army Flying Service

|developed_from = Blackburn G.P.

|variants =

}}

The Blackburn R.T.1 Kangaroo was a British twin-engine reconnaissance torpedo biplane of the First World War, built by Blackburn Aircraft.

World War I

In 1916, the Blackburn Aircraft Company designed and built two prototypes of an anti-submarine floatplane designated the Blackburn G.P. or Blackburn General Purpose. It was not ordered but Blackburn developed a landplane version as the Blackburn R.T.1 Kangaroo (Reconnaissance Torpedo Type 1),{{sfn|London|2023|pp=76–77}} reflecting the Air Board's growing interest in using landplanes rather than floatplanes for convoy escort and anti-submarine patrol duties, with operations not being limited by poor sea conditions, and giving better performance than seaplanes.{{sfn|Jackson|1968|p=110}}{{sfn|London|2023|p=77}}

The Kangaroo was a twin-engine tractor biplane of wood and fabric construction.{{sfn|Mason|1994|p=100}}{{sfn|London|2023|p=78}} It had four-bay wings with a large upper-wing overhang which could fold for ease of storage.{{sfn|Mason|1994|p=100}}{{sfn|London|2023|p=78}} The first aircraft was delivered to Martlesham Heath in January 1918. Test results were disappointing, with the rear fuselage being prone to twisting and the aircraft suffering control problems, which led to the order for 50 aircraft being cut to 20, most of which were already partly built.{{sfn|Jackson|1979|p=397}}

From the sixth aircraft, they were powered by the more powerful Rolls-Royce Falcon III engine replacing the {{cvt|250|hp|kW}} Rolls-Royce Falcon II. The Kangaroo entered service later that year with No. 246 Squadron RAF based at Seaton Carew, County Durham which had six months of wartime operations, in which they sank one U-boat and damaged four others. UC-70, was spotted lying submerged on the sea bottom near Runswick Bay on 28 August 1918, by a Kangaroo flown by Lt E. F. Waring. The U-boat was badly damaged by the near miss of a {{cvt|520|lb|kg}} bomb and finished off by the destroyer {{HMS|Ouse|1905|6}}.{{sfn|Jackson|1979|p=397}}

Post-World War I

In 1919, three surviving RAF Kangaroos were sold to the Grahame-White Aviation Co Ltd, based at Hendon Aerodrome.{{sfn|Jackson|1979|p=398}} Eight others were sold back to Blackburn Aircraft, three being converted with a glazed cabin for its subsidiary, North Sea Aerial Navigation Co Ltd, also based at Brough Aerodrome.{{sfn|Jackson|1968|pp=124, 165}} Several different configurations were embodied for the civil market, for cargo, pilot training and/or the accommodation of up to eight passengers. In the first few months of 1919, most of these converted aircraft continued to fly (and sometimes crash) in military markings, then the survivors were repainted with civilian registrations and commercial titles. In May 1919, joy-riding, cargo and passenger charters took place at locations including Brough, Leeds, West Hartlepool, Gosport and Hounslow Heath. During August 1919, three Kangaroos flew to Amsterdam for the ELTA air traffic exhibition and spent several weeks giving flights to an estimated 1,400 passengers. On 30 September 1919, North Sea Aerial Navigation Co Ltd started a regular passenger service between Roundhay Park (Leeds) and Hounslow Heath. In 1920, the company was renamed North Sea Aerial & General Transport Co Ltd and services were extended to Amsterdam.{{sfn|Jackson|1979|pp=398–400}}

In 1919 the Australian government offered a prize of £A10,000 for the first Australians in a British aircraft to fly from Great Britain to Australia within 30 consecutive days. A team with a Kangaroo (G-EAOW) selected Charles Kingsford Smith as navigator, but he withdrew. On 21 November 1919, the Kangaroo took off from Hounslow Heath in an attempt to win the prize. It was forced to make an emergency landing at Suda Bay, Crete with a suspected sabotaged engine and the aircraft was abandoned there.{{sfn|Lewis|1970|pp=106–109}}{{sfn|Jackson|1968|pp=118–119}} The race was won by a Vickers Vimy piloted by Captain Ross Macpherson Smith with his brother Lieutenant Keith Macpherson Smith as co-pilot.{{sfn|Lewis|1970|pp=106–109}}

On 8 September 1922, two Kangaroos took part in the King's Cup air race from Croydon Aerodrome but both retired. In 1924, under contract with the North Sea Aerial & General Transport Co Ltd, the RAF used three Kangaroos (named Pip, Squeak and Wilfred after popular cartoon characters) as dual-control trainers for refresher training but by 1929 the last Kangaroo had been withdrawn from service and scrapped.{{sfn|Jackson|1974|p=402}}

A single ex-North Sea Aerial Navigation Kangaroo was purchased from the Aircraft Disposal Company run by Handley Page in July 1921 for the Peruvian Army Aeronautical Service, paid for by private donations. It entered service in July 1922, but after the departure of the British military mission later that year, there were no pilots qualified to fly the Blackburn, and it was scrapped early in 1923.{{sfn|Rivas|2019|p=81}}

Operators

=Military=

;{{PER}}

Peruvian Army Flying Service

;{{UK}}

=Civilian=

;{{UK}}

The Grahame-White Aviation Company
North Sea Aerial Navigation Co Ltd, renamed in 1920 as North Sea Aerial & General Transport Co Ltd

Specifications (first prototype)

{{Aircraft specs

|ref=Blackburn Aircraft since 1909{{sfn|Jackson|1968|p=122}}

|prime units?=imp

|crew=3

|length ft=44

|length in=2

|length note=

|span ft=74

|span in=10

|span note=

|height ft=16

|height in=10

|height note=

|wing area sqft=868

|wing area note=

|aspect ratio=

|airfoil=

|empty weight lb=5284

|empty weight note=

|gross weight lb=8017

|gross weight note=

|max takeoff weight lb=

|max takeoff weight note=

|fuel capacity=

|more general=

|eng1 number=2

|eng1 name=Rolls-Royce Falcon II

|eng1 type=V-12 water-cooled piston engines

|eng1 hp=250

|eng1 note=

|prop blade number=4

|prop name=fixed-pitch propellers

|prop dia ft=

|prop dia in=

|prop dia note=

|max speed mph=98

|max speed note=at {{cvt|6500|ft|0}}

|cruise speed mph=

|cruise speed note=

|stall speed mph=

|stall speed note=

|never exceed speed mph=

|never exceed speed note=

|minimum control speed mph=

|minimum control speed note=

|range miles=

|range note=

|combat range miles=

|combat range note=

|ferry range miles=

|ferry range note=

|endurance=8 hours

|ceiling ft=13000

|ceiling note=

|climb rate ftmin=480

|climb rate note=

|time to altitude=

|lift to drag=

|wing loading lb/sqft=

|wing loading note=

|fuel consumption lb/mi=

|power/mass=

|more performance=

|armament=

2× 0.303 in (7.7 mm) Lewis machine gun
Up to 920 lb (417 kg) of bombs

}}

Footnotes

References

{{cite book |last=Jackson |first=A. J. |title= Blackburn Aircraft since 1909 |year=1968 |publisher=Putnam |location=London |isbn=0-370-00053-6}}
{{cite book |last=Jackson |first=A. J. |title=British Civil Aircraft since 1919 |year= 1974 |publisher= Putnam |location=London |isbn=0-370-10014-X}}
{{cite magazine |last=Jackson |first=A. J. |date=August 1979 |title=Blackburn's Marsupial |magazine=Aeroplane Monthly |publisher=IPC |location=London |volume=7 |issue=8 |pages=396–402 |issn=0143-7240}}
{{cite book |last=Lewis |first=Peter |title=British Racing and Record-Breaking Aircraft |year=1970 |publisher=Putnam |location=London |isbn=0-370-00067-6}}
{{cite magazine |last=London |first=Pete |title=Database: Blackburn Kangaroo |magazine=Aeroplane |date=February 2023 |volume=51 |issue=2 |pages=75–88 |issn=0143-7240}}
{{cite book |last=Mason |first=Francis K. |title=The British Bomber since 1914 |year=1994 |location=London |publisher=Putnam |isbn=0-85177-861-5}}
{{cite book |last=Rivas |first=Santiago |title=British Combat Aircraft in Latin America |year=2019 |location=Manchester, UK |publisher=Crécy Publishing |isbn=978-1-90210-957-2}}