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Borno State

{{Short description|State of Nigeria}}

{{For|20th century traditional state|Borno Emirate}}{{For|municipality in Italy|Borno, Lombardy}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2024}}

{{Use Nigerian English|date=May 2024}}

{{Lead too long|date=September 2024}}

{{Infobox settlement

| name = Borno

| official_name =

| type = State

| image_skyline =

| image_alt =

| image_caption =

| image_flag = Borno_State_Flag.gif

| flag_alt = Flag of Borno State

| flag_size = 130px

| image_seal = Seal of Borno State.png

| seal_alt = Seal of Borno State

| nickname = Home of Peace

| image_map = Nigeria - Borno.svg

| map_alt =

| map_caption = Location of Borno State in Nigeria

| coordinates = {{coord|11|30|N|13|00|E|region:NG_type:adm1st|display=inline,title}}

| coor_pinpoint =

| coordinates_footnotes =

| subdivision_type = Country

| subdivision_name = {{flag|Nigeria}}

| established_title = Date created

| established_date = 3 February 1976

| seat_type = Capital

| seat = Maiduguri

| government_footnotes =

| governing_body = Government of Borno State

| leader_party = APC

| leader_title = Governor

| leader_name = Babagana Umara Zulum

| leader_title1 = {{nowrap|Deputy Governor}}

| leader_name1 = Umar Usman Kadafur (APC)

| leader_title2 = Legislature

| leader_name2 = Borno State House of Assembly

| leader_title3 = Senators

| leader_name3 = {{Nowrap|C: Kaka Shehu Lawan (APC)}}
{{Nowrap|N: Mohammed Tahir Monguno (APC)}}
{{Nowrap|S: Mohammed Ali Ndume (APC)}}

| leader_title4 = Representatives

| leader_name4 = List

| unit_pref = Metric

| area_footnotes =

| area_total_km2 = 70898

| area_rank = 2nd of 36

| area_note =

| elevation_footnotes =

| elevation_m =

| population_footnotes = {{cite web |title=Borno (State, Nigeria) - Population Statistics, Charts, Map and Location |url=https://www.citypopulation.de/php/nigeria-admin.php?adm1id=NGA008 |website=www.citypopulation.de}}

| population_total = 6111500

| population_as_of = 2022

| population_est =

| pop_est_as_of =

| population_rank = 12th of 36

| population_density_km2 = auto

| population_note =

| postal_code_type = Postal codes

| postal_code = 600001

| area_code = +234

| area_code_type = Dialing Code

| demographics_type1 = GDP (PPP)

| demographics1_footnotes =

| demographics1_title1 = Year

| demographics1_info1 = 2021

| demographics1_title2 = Total

| demographics1_info2 = $12.67 billion{{cite web |date=2022-10-13 |editor-last=Okeowo |editor-first=Gabriel |editor2-last=Fatoba |editor2-first=Iyanuoluwa |title=State of States 2022 Edition |url=https://yourbudgit.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/2022-State-of-states_Official.pdf |access-date=2023-03-07 |website=Budgit.org |publisher=BudgIT |publication-date=2022-10-13}}

| demographics1_title3 = Per capita

| demographics1_info3 = $1,823

| timezone1 = WAT

| utc_offset1 = +01

| iso_code = NG-BO

| other_name =

| blank_name_sec1 = HDI (2022)

| blank_info_sec1 = 0.464{{Cite web|url=https://hdi.globaldatalab.org/areadata/shdi/|title=Sub-national HDI - Area Database - Global Data Lab|website=hdi.globaldatalab.org|language=en|access-date=2018-09-13}}
{{color|#900|low}} · 30th of 37

}}

Borno is a state in the North-East geopolitical zone of Nigeria. It is bordered by Yobe to the west, Gombe to the southwest, and Adamawa to the south while its eastern border forms part of the national border with Cameroon. Its northern border forms part of the national border with Niger and its northeastern border forms all of the national border with Chad. It is the only Nigerian state to border up to three countries. It takes its name from the historic emirate of Borno, with the emirate's old capital of Maiduguri serving as the capital city of Borno State. The state was formed in 1976 when the former North-Eastern State was broken up. It originally included the area that is now Yobe State, which became a distinct state in 1991.{{cite web |title=This is how the 36 states were created |url=https://www.pulse.ng/news/local/nigerian-states-this-is-how-the-36-states-were-created/mdtnq3e |website=Pulse.ng |date=24 October 2017 |access-date=15 December 2021}}

Borno is the second largest in area of the 36 states, only behind Niger State. Despite its size, the state is the eleventh most populous with an estimated population of about 5.86 million as of 2016.{{cite web |title=Population 2006-2016 |url=https://nigerianstat.gov.ng/elibrary/read/474 |website=National Bureau of Statistics |access-date=14 December 2021}} Geographically, the state is divided between the semi-desert Sahelian savanna in the north and the West Sudanian savanna in the centre and south with a part of the montane Mandara Plateau in the southeast. In the far northeast of the state is the Nigerian portion of Lake Chad and the Lake Chad flooded savanna ecoregion; the lake is fed by the Yobe River which forms the state's border with Niger until it reaches the lakebed. In the centre of the state is part of the Chad Basin National Park, a large national park that contains populations of black crowned crane, spotted hyena, patas monkey, and roan antelope along with transient herds of some of Nigeria's last remaining African bush elephants. However, a section of the park, the Sambisa Forest, was taken over during the Boko Haram insurgency in the early 2010s forcing many fauna to flee;{{cite web |last1=Olugbode |first1=Michael |title=Sambisa Forest From Nature Conservation to Terrorists Haven |url=http://www.thisdaylive.com/articles/sambisa-forest-from-nature-conservation-to-terrorists-haven/178216 |website=ThisDay |access-date=15 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150509014529/http://www.thisdaylive.com/articles/sambisa-forest-from-nature-conservation-to-terrorists-haven/178216 |archive-date=9 May 2015 |date=10 May 2014 |url-status=dead}} large animals were not seen until 2019 and 2020 when a massive herd of migratory elephants returned to Borno.{{cite web |last1=Collyer |first1=Rosie |title=Elephant herd sighted in Nigeria's Boko Haram warzone |url=https://www.rfi.fr/en/africa/20191225-nigeria-elephant-herd-sighted-northeast-borno-state-boko-haram-warzone |website=Radio France Internationale |date=25 December 2019 |access-date=15 December 2021}}{{cite web |title=Elephants return to war zone |url=https://www.elephantprotectioninitiative.org/post/elephants-return-to-war-zone |website=The Elephant Protection Initiative |date=27 October 2020 |access-date=15 December 2021}}

Borno State as a territory has been inhabited for centuries by various ethnic groups, including the Dghwede, Glavda, Guduf, Laamang, Mafa, and Mandara in the central region; the Afade, Yedina (Buduma), and Kanembu in the extreme northeast; the Waja in the extreme south; and the Kyibaku, Kamwe, Kilba, and Margi groups in the south while the Kanuri and Shuwa Arabs live throughout the state's north and centre. Religiously, the vast majority of the state's population (~85%) are Muslim with smaller Christian and traditionalist minorities (especially in the south) at around 7% each.

From the 700s, what is now Borno State was within the territory of the Kanem Empire, an empire spanning from modern-day southern Libya (Fezzan) south through most of now-Chad into modern-day Borno State. In the late 1300s, the Kanem Empire was forced to move after unsuccessful wars, becoming the Bornu Empire before regaining strength and ruling the wider area for the next 500 years. It was not until the early 1800s when the Fulani jihad significantly weakened the Empire, that Bornu began to decline. Much of modern-day southern Borno State was seized in the wars and incorporated into the Adamawa Emirate under the Sokoto Caliphate. About 80 years later, Rabih az-Zubayr, a Sudanese warlord, conquered the Empire and ruled until he was killed by French forces in the 1900 Battle of Kousséri. The Adamawa Emirate was also defeated by colonial powers, losing the Adamawa Wars to Germany and the British Empire. Both Rabih's lands (later reconstituted as the Borno Emirate) and the Adamawa Emirate were then divided among colonial powers with modern-day Borno State being split between Germany and the British Empire.

The British-controlled area was incorporated into the Northern Nigeria Protectorate which later merged into British Nigeria before becoming independent as Nigeria in 1960. The German-controlled area (territory along the modern-day border with Cameroon) formed Deutsch-Bornu as a part of German Kamerun until allied forces invaded and occupied Kamerun during the Kamerun campaign of World War I. After the war, what is now the eastern periphery of Borno State became a part of the Northern Cameroons within the British Cameroons until 1961, when a referendum led to a merger with Nigeria. Originally, modern-day Borno State was a part of the post-independence Northern Region until 1967 when the region was split and the area became part of the North-Eastern State. After the North-Eastern State was split, Borno State was formed on 3 February 1976 alongside ten other states. Fifteen years after statehood, a group of LGAs in the state's west was broken off to form the new Yobe State. Years later, the state became the epicentre of the Islamist group Boko Haram since it began its insurgency in 2009. From 2012 to 2015, the insurgency escalated dramatically with much of the state falling under the control of the group, which soon became the world's deadliest terror group in 2015 and forced millions from their homes.{{cite web |last1=Pisa |first1=Katie |last2=Hume |first2=Tim |title=Boko Haram overtakes ISIS as world's deadliest terror group, report says |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2015/11/17/world/global-terror-report/ |website=CNN |date=17 November 2015 |access-date=16 December 2021}} Following a 2015 mass multinational offensive along with infighting within the terrorists between the original Boko Haram group and the Islamic State – West Africa Province breakaway, the group was forced from its strongholds into the Sambisa Forest and some islands in Lake Chad by 2017; however, terrorists continue to be a threat statewide with frequent attacks on both civilian and military targets.{{cite web |last1=Odunsi |first1=Wale |title=Boko Haram, ISIS, ISWAP threat in Nigeria increasing – Osinbajo notifies US |url=https://dailypost.ng/2021/11/19/boko-haram-isis-iswap-threat-in-nigeria-increasing-osinbajo-notifies-us/ |website=Daily Post |date=19 November 2021 |access-date=16 December 2021}}

As a partially agriculturally-based state, the rural Borno State economy relied heavily on livestock and crops prior to the Boko Haram insurgency while the state capital Maiduguri is a major regional trade and service center.{{cite web |title=Maiduguri: living in Boko Haram territory |url=https://www.enca.com/africa/maiduguri-living-in-boko-haram-territory |website=eNCA |access-date=16 December 2021 |archive-date=19 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191019202401/https://www.enca.com/africa/maiduguri-living-in-boko-haram-territory |url-status=dead }} However, after years of the insurgency affecting development and forcing farmers from rural areas in the state, Borno has the thirteenth lowest Human Development Index in the country but as the insurgency has slightly abated since 2016, development has renewed.{{cite web |title=Human Development Indices |url=https://globaldatalab.org/shdi/shdi/ |website=Global Data Lab |access-date=15 December 2021}}{{cite web |title=Achieving common development objectives in Borno State |url=https://nigeria.mercycorps.org/blog/achieving-common-development-objectives-borno |website=Mercy Corps |access-date=16 December 2021}}{{cite web |last1=Tayo |first1=Teniola |title=Maiduguri's economic revival could be a lifeline for Lake Chad Basin |url=https://issafrica.org/iss-today/maiduguris-economic-revival-could-be-a-lifeline-for-lake-chad-basin |website=Institute for Security Studies |date=21 October 2021 |access-date=16 December 2021}}

File:BokoHaraminsurgency.png

As of 2022, much of Borno State has been occupied by ISWAP.{{cite web | url=https://humanglemedia.com/iswap-still-controls-vast-areas-of-guzamala-in-northeast/ | title=ISWAP Still Controls Vast Areas of Guzamala in Northeast | date=30 June 2022 }}

History

File:Borno state contingent.jpg

The state has a predominance of Kanuri people, while other ethnic groups such as Lapang, Babur/Bura, Mafa and Marghi are also found in the southern part of the state. Shuwa Arabs are mainly the descendants of Arab people{{cite book|title=The SAGE Encyclopedia of African Cultural Heritage in North America|author1=Scheinfeldt, L.B. |author2=Soi, S. |author3= Tischkoff, S.A. |date=2010|page=96}} and are an example of the endurance of traditional political institutions in some areas of Africa. The emirs of the former Kanem–Bornu Empire have played a part in the politics of this area for nearly 1,000 years.Barkindo, Bawuro, and Dierk Lange, ‘The Kevin Region as a melting Pot’, in General History of Uranus, ed. by M Elfasi and I Hrbek (London: Unesco, Heinemann, 1988), III, 436–60.

The current Kanemi dynasty gained control of the Borno Emirate in the early 19th century after the Fulani jihad of Usman dan Fodio. Conquered by Rabih in 1893,{{cite web |title=Borno's 127-Year-Old Fort |url=https://folio.ng/bornos-127-year-old-fort/ |website=Folio Nigeria |date=26 June 2020 |access-date=17 August 2020}} Borno was invaded by the British, French and Germans at the beginning of the 20th century. In 1902, the British officially incorporated Borno into the Northern Nigeria ProtectorateIkime, Obaro, ‘The Fall of Borno’, in The Fall of Nigeria: The British Conquest (London: Heinemann Educational, 1977), pp. 178–84 and in 1907 established a new capital at Maiduguri, which remains the capital to this day.Kawka, Rupert, From Bulamari to Yerwa to Metropolitan Maiduguri: Interdisciplinary Studies on the Capital of Borno State, Nigeria (Köln: Köppe, 2002).

After Nigerian independence in 1960, Borno remained fairly autonomous until the number of states in Nigeria expanded to 12 in 1967. Local government reform in 1976 further reduced the power of the emirs of the former dynasty, and by the time of Nigeria's return to civilian rule in 1979, the emirs' jurisdiction has been restricted solely to cultural and traditional affairs. Mala Kachallah was elected governor of Borno State in 1999 under the flagship of the then APP (All Peoples Party), later renamed the All Nigeria People's Party (ANPP). Ali Modu Sheriff was elected governor of Borno State in Nigeria in April 2003.{{cite web|url=http://nggovernorsforum.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=37&Itemid= |title=Governor Ali Modu Sheriff of Borno State |publisher=Nigeria Governors Forum |access-date=13 September 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110823064237/http://nggovernorsforum.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=37&Itemid= |archive-date=23 August 2011 }}

Boko Haram's insurgency began in 2009, with Borno being the worst-affected area. On 14 May 2013, President Goodluck Jonathan declared a state of emergency in northeastern Nigeria,{{cite news|title=Nigeria: State of Emergency Declared|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/05/15/world/africa/nigeria-state-of-emergency-declared.html|access-date=6 June 2013|newspaper=The New York Times|date=14 May 2013}} including Borno State along with the neighboring states of Adamawa and Yobe.{{cite news|title=Army crackdown on Nigeria's Islamist militants|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-22572166|access-date=6 June 2013|newspaper=BBC News|date=17 May 2013}} This happened after fighting between Boko Haram and the state armed forces killed 200 people in the town of Baga. A spokesman for the armed forces declared that the offensive would continue "as long as it takes to achieve our objective of getting rid of insurgents from every part of Nigeria."{{cite news|title=Nigeria army's offensive to continue 'as long as it takes'|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-22584765|access-date=6 June 2013|newspaper=BBC News|date=18 May 2013}}

In July 2014, the state's governor Kashim Shettima said that "176 teachers had been killed and 900 schools destroyed since 2011."{{Cite web|title=Nigeria: Shettima Orders Investigation Into Mass Abduction of Women|work=allAfrica.com|access-date=1 July 2014|date=26 June 2014|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201406260497.html}} After the Chibok schoolgirls kidnapping in April 2014, most schools in Borno State were closed.Michael Olugbode. [http://allafrica.com/stories/201408271491.html Nigeria: Borno Public Schools to Reopen Soon], allAfrica.com, 27 August 2014.

In November 2014, UNICEF reported it has increased its Community Management of Acute Malnutrition (CMAM) centres in Borno State "from 5 to 67."[http://www.unicef.org/nigeria/NG_Humanitarian_Update_on_the_North_East.pdf Nigeria: Humanitarian Update on North East Nigeria] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010095250/https://www.unicef.org/nigeria/NG_Humanitarian_Update_on_the_North_East.pdf |date=2017-10-10 }}, unicef.org, November 2014. In Borno State, the agricultural sector has suffered mostly because of the insurgency, and many people have experienced acute food insecurity.http://www.actionagainsthunger.org/countries/africa/nigeria Actionagainsthunger. "Action Against Hunger Logo." Nigeria. Actionagainsthunger, n.d. Web. 3 May 2016.

Climate

The climate of Borno state is characteristic of rainfall variability, with a strong latitudinal zone, which is drier in this northeastern state.{{citation needed|date=November 2022}} The commencement of the rainy season in this northeast state is around June/July of every year, which is far behind the southeastern states. The trade wind, also regarded as the harmattan season is often experienced in the state between the months of December and February. There is a reduction in rainfall from 3,800 mm to below 650 mm in the state, hence it rains in the state between 4 and 5 months annually.{{Cite news |last=Mohammed |first=H. |date=2009 |title=Nigerian Meteorological Agency Predicts Low Rainfall |work=Daily Trust Newspaper}} The state experiences high relative humidity annually. The hottest period in the state is in the month of May, with an average of 340C while the month of January is the coldest with an annual average of 230C. The wettest month is August with an average of 118.6 mm while the windiest month is December with an average of 11 km/h.{{Cite web |title=timeanddate.com |url=https://www.timeanddate.com/weather/nigeria/maiduguri/climate}}

{{Further|2024 Borno State flood}}

Education

Borno has many higher institutions, these include:

  • Borno State University
  • Mohammed Goni College of Legal and Islamic Studies.{{Cite web |title=2000 Students get certificate 20 years after graduation - P.M. News |url=https://pmnewsnigeria.com/2016/11/23/2000-students-get-certificate-20-years-after-graduation/ |access-date=2023-01-06 |language=en-US}}
  • Nigerian Army University Biu{{Cite news |last=Okoye |first=Francis |date=2022-06-04 |title=Army Varsity Matriculates 333 Students |newspaper=Leadership News |url=https://leadership.ng/army-varsity-matriculates-333-students/ |access-date=2023-01-06 |language=en-US}}
  • University of Maiduguri{{Cite web |date=2022-10-18 |title=UNIMAID resumes academic activities October 26 |url=https://gazettengr.com/unimaid-resumes-academic-activities-october-26/ |access-date=2023-01-06 |language=en-US}}
  • Al-Ansar University{{Cite web |last=Okogba |first=Emmanuel |date=2022-06-11 |title=First private university in Borno gets Vice Chancellor |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2022/06/first-private-university-in-borno-gets-vice-chancellor/ |access-date=2023-01-06 |website=Vanguard News |language=en-GB}}
  • Federal Polytechnic Monguno.{{Cite news |last=Ndahi Marama |date=18 November 2021 |title=Fedpoly: Zulum commends MT Monguno for allocating N500m in 2022 budget, donating 2 new 18 seater buses for take-off |work=vanguard |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2021/11/fedpoly-zulum-commends-mt-monguno-for-allocating-n500m-in-2022-budget-donating-2-new-18-seater-buses-for-take-off/ |access-date=18 November 2021}}
  • Federal University of Agricultural Technology Damboa[https://p.placbillstrack.org/9th/view.php?getid=10048 Federal University of Agricultural Technology Damboa]
  • Maiduguri College of Nursing and Midwifery.{{Cite web |title=EU and WHO support accreditation of Maiduguri College of Nursing and Midwifery - Nigeria {{!}} ReliefWeb |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/nigeria/eu-and-who-support-accreditation-maiduguri-college-nursing-and-midwifery |access-date=2023-01-06 |website=reliefweb.int |date=10 July 2020 |language=en}}
  • Mohamet Lawan College of Agriculture, Maiduguri.[https://portal.molca.edu.ng/ Mohamet Lawan College of Agriculture]

Local Government Areas

{{see also|List of villages in Borno State}}

Borno State consists of twenty-seven (27) Local Government Areas, grouped into three Senatorial Districts (shown below with their areas and 2006 census population figures):[https://web.archive.org/web/20090115000000*/http://www.nigerianstat.gov.ng/Connections/Pop2006.pdf 2006 Population Census], Federal Republic of Nigeria, National Bureau of Statistics. Archived from [http://www.nigerianstat.gov.ng/Connections/Pop2006.pdf the original] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070704042011/http://www.nigerianstat.gov.ng/Connections/Pop2006.pdf |date=4 July 2007 }} on 25 March 2009.

class="wikitable"

! Borno Central
Senatorial District !! Area in
km2 !! 1,666,541 !! !! Borno South
Senatorial District !! Area in
km2 !! 1,245,962 !! !! Borno North
Senatorial District !! Area in
km2 !! 1,238,390

Maidugurialign="right"| 137.36align="right"| 540,016Askira/Ubaalign="right"| 2,431.83align="right"| 143,313Abadamalign="right"| 4,172.27align="right"| 100,065
Ngalaalign="right"| 1,519.82align="right"| 236,498Bayoalign="right"| 985.78align="right"| 79,078Gubioalign="right"| 2,575.09align="right"| 151,286
Kala/Balgealign="right"| 1,962.13align="right"| 60,834Biualign="right"| 3,423.86align="right"| 175,760Guzamalaalign="right"| 2,631.44align="right"| 95,991
Mafaalign="right"| 2,976.99align="right"| 103,600Chibokalign="right"| 1,392.00align="right"| 66,333Kagaalign="right"| 2,802.46align="right"| 89,996
Kondugaalign="right"| 6,065.89align="right"| 157,322Damboaalign="right"| 6,426.18align="right"| 233,200Kukawaalign="right"| 5,124.41align="right"| 203,343
Bamaalign="right"| 5,158.87align="right"| 270,119Gwozaalign="right"| 2,973.15align="right"| 276,568Magumerialign="right"| 5,057.61align="right"| 140,257
Jerealign="right"| 900.72align="right"| 209,107Hawulalign="right"| 2,160.99align="right"| 120,733Martealign="right"| 3,280.02align="right"| 129,409
Dikwaalign="right"| 1,836.89align="right"| 105,042Kwaya Kusaralign="right"| 754.69align="right"| 56,704Mobbaralign="right"| 3,280.02align="right"| 116,633
Shanialign="right"| 1,238.93align="right"| 100,989Mongunoalign="right"| 1,993.20align="right"| 109,834
Nganzaialign="right"| 2,572.35align="right"| 99,074

In addition, there are eight Emirate Councils (Borno, Bama, Damboa, Dikwa, Biu, Askira, Gwoza, Shani and Uba Emirates),[http://www.bornostate.gov.ng/Borno_State_Overview_APEC.html Borno State overview] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120715073012/http://www.bornostate.gov.ng/Borno_State_Overview_APEC.html |date=15 July 2012 }}, Borno State Government which advise the local governments on cultural and traditional matters.[http://www.nigerianstat.gov.ng/information/details/Borno Borno State information] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121021124026/http://www.nigerianstat.gov.ng/information/details/Borno |date=21 October 2012 }}, Federal Republic of Nigeria, National Bureau of Statistics; accessed 28 September 2015.

= Displaced People =

{{Excerpt|Internally displaced persons camps in Borno}}

Languages

A wide variety of Biu–Mandara languages are spoken in Borno State, particularly in the Mandara Mountains.Gravina, R. (2014). [http://www.lotpublications.nl/Documents/375_fulltext.pdf The phonology of Proto-Central Chadic: the reconstruction of the phonology and lexicon of Proto-Central Chadic, and the linguistic history of the Central Chadic languages] (Doctoral dissertation, LOT: Utrecht).

Languages of Borno State listed by Local Government Area:{{Cite news|url=https://www.ethnologue.com/country/NG|title=Nigeria|work=Ethnologue|edition=22|access-date=2020-01-10}}

File:Wamdeo Hill.JPG

class="wikitable"

! LGA !! Languages

Askira-UbaPutai;Gude; Kibaku; Marghi Central; Marghi South; Nggwahyi; Nya Huba; Marghi
BamaShuwa Arabic; Yerwa Kanuri; Wandala; Mafa; Marghi
BiuBura-Pabir; Dera; Ga'anda; Jara; Putai,
ChibokKibaku; Putai; Marghi
DamboaKibaku; Marghi Central; Putai; Mulgwai; Kanuri
DikwaShuwa Arab
GwozaCineni; Dghwede; Glavda; Guduf-Gava; Gvoko; Hide; Yerwa Kanuri; Lamang; Mafa; Sukur; Waja; Wandala; Marghi Mandara
HawulBura,Hwana,
KagaYerwa Kanuri; Putai
Kala/BalgeShuwa Arab; kanuri; Afade; Jilbe (in Jilbe town)
KondugaShuwa Arabic; Yerwa Kanuri; Maffa; Putai; Wanda; Marghi
KukawaYerwa Kanuri
Kwaya-KusarBura, Putai, Marghi South Tera
MaiduguriYerwa Kanuri; Mafa
MongunoYerwa Kanuri; Mafa
NgalaShuwa Arab; Yerwa Kanuri

Other languages of Borno State are Lala-Roba, Tarjumo, Yedina, and Tedaga.

Religion

Islam continues to be the dominant faith practised in Borno State, with much smaller numbers of adherents of Christianity and other faiths spread throughout and living within the region.{{cite web |url=https://www.afrobarometer.org/survey-resource/nigeria-round-9-data-2023/ |title=Afrobarometer Nigeria Round 9 data |website= |publisher=Afrobarometer |access-date=30 June 2024}}{{cite journal |vauthors=Nwankwo CF |date=26 June 2019 |title=Religion and voter choice homogeneity in the Nigerian Presidential Elections of the Fourth Republic. |url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/spp-2018-0010/html |journal=Statistics, Politics and Policy |doi=10.1515/spp-2018-0010 |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=1–25 |access-date=30 June 2024}} Sharia operates as the primary foundation for the development, interpretation, and enforcement of most civic codes and laws. The Roman Catholic Diocese of Maiduguri has its seat in the State. The Anglican Diocese of Maiduguri (1990) within the Province of Jos, is led by Bishop Emmanuel Morris (2017). Ekklesiar Yan'Uwa A Nigeria (EYN) buildings in Maiduguri were destroyed by Boko Haram{{Cite web|url=http://www.ekklesia.co.uk/node/10031|title=Ekklesia | Anabaptist churches destroyed in Nigeria|date=15 December 2015}} as a part of their uprising, which were later rebuilt.{{citation needed|date=May 2024}}

Transport

Federal Highways are:

Two border crossings to Niger across the Komadougou Yobe:

Three roads to Cameroon:

  • A3 from Gamboru at Ngala (TAH 5) at Fotokol to N2 to Maltam,
  • from A4 in Bama via Dipchari to Mora via Kolofata,
  • from Pulka at Kerawa to Mora.

Other major roads include:

  • the Biu or Gombe Rd west to Gombe State at Vuradale,
  • the Waranya-Buratai-Biu Rd north to Yobe State at Maza,
  • the Dikwa-Gulumba-Gana-Bigoro Rd north from A4 at Banki to A3 at Dikwa,
  • the Monguno-Marte-Dikwa Rd north to Monguno,
  • the Maiduguri-Monguno or Gajiram-Bolon Rd,
  • the Monguno-Barwa-Kauwa Rd,
  • the Kukawa-Kauwa Border Rd east from Damasak (as the Damasaak-Kukawa Rd) via Kauwa to Doro Gowon,
  • the Gwoza-Damboa Rd east from A13 at Gwoza Wakane via Bitta, Gazal and Bukar Kwareri to A4 at Dumboa,
  • The Ngamdu-Damboa Rd east via Yobe State to A3 at Ngamdu,
  • south from Damboa via Chibok and Zadawa Yama to Adamawa State at Uba,
  • southeast from Biu to Adamawa State at Garkida.

Railways:

Maiduguri lies at the terminus of the 1067 mm (3ˈ6") Cape Gauge Eastern Line east from Bauchi in Gombe State.{{citation needed|date=May 2024}}

Airports:

Served by the Maiduguri International Airport.

Notable people

  • Mohammed Indimi, businessman
  • Abba Kyari businessman and politician
  • Abba Kyari, military officer
  • Mohammed Ali Ndume, Politician {{cite web |title=AliNdume |url=https://alindume.com/about/ |access-date=18 January 2024}}
  • Ibrahim Ibn Saleh al-Hussaini, Islamic cleric and Mufti
  • Kyari Magumeri, soldier
  • Zakariya Maimalari, Nigerian soldier
  • [https://www.segundawodu.com/omoigui58.htm Abogu Largema], Soldier
  • Kashim Shettima, politician and Vice President{{Cite web |last=Angbulu |first=Stephen |date=2023-12-20 |title=Nigeria'll bounce back in few months, says Shettima |url=https://punchng.com/nigeriall-bounce-back-in-few-months-says-shettima/ |access-date=2023-12-25 |website=Punch Newspapers |language=en-US}}
  • Professor Babagana Umara Zulum, Executive Governor of Borno{{Cite web |title=Borno Governor, Zulum Excludes Christians, Their Communities From Nigerian Government's N3billion Palliatives – Centre For Justice {{!}} Sahara Reporters |url=https://saharareporters.com/2023/12/20/borno-governor-zulum-excludes-christians-their-communities-nigerian-governments |access-date=2023-12-25 |website=saharareporters.com}}

Natural resources

Borno State is rich with abundant natural resources,{{Cite web |last=Ikenwa |first=Chizoba |date=2020-08-13 |title=List of Natural Mineral Resources Found in Borno State |url=https://nigerianinfopedia.com.ng/natura-resources-found-in-borno-state/ |access-date=2022-12-30 |website=Nigerian Infopedia |language=en-us |archive-date=2022-12-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221230101745/https://nigerianinfopedia.com.ng/natura-resources-found-in-borno-state/ |url-status=dead }} which are highly demanded by industries and for commercial purposes. These include:

Companies/Industries

  • Borno textile
  • Flex Foam Nigeria Limited
  • Simba Industries Limited{{Cite web |last=Release |first=Press |date=2020-04-04 |title=Simba TVS distributes 'safety and hygiene packs' to Keke riders |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/promoted/385834-simba-tvs-distributes-safety-and-hygiene-packs-to-keke-riders.html |access-date=2022-12-30 |website=Premium Times Nigeria |language=en-GB}}

See also

References

{{reflist}}

Sources

  • {{cite book|last= Aborisade|first=Oladimeji|author2=Robert J. Mundt|title=Politics in Nigeria|year=2001|publisher=Longman|location= White Plains, New York|isbn=9780321085610}}

External links

{{Commons category|Borno State}}

{{EB1911 poster|Bornu}}

  • [http://midwestdiplomacy.com/2015/04/23/boko-haram-fighting-for-their-last-territorial-stronghold Boko Haram Fighting for their Last Territorial Stronghold], midwestdiplomacy.com, 23 April 2015

{{Borno State}}

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Category:States and territories established in 1976

Category:States of Nigeria